reconnaissance fish and fish habitat inventorya100.gov.bc.ca/appsdata/acat/documents/r18/... · a...

Reconnaissance (1:20,000) Fish and Fish Habitat Inventory of the

Stoddart Creek, Shuswap Creek, Bornais Creek and Windermere Creek Watersheds

WSC: 300-972300, 300-973800, 300-975200, and 300-979100

Prepared for: Slocan Forest Products, Radium Division

P.O. Box 39 Radium, BC V0A 1M0

Prepared by:

Artech Consulting Ltd. 229 Industrial Road F

Cranbrook, BC V1C 6N4

Approved by:

Brian Phillips, R.P. Bio

February 15, 2002Project Reference Information

ARTECHCONSULTING LTD

Windermere Creek Phases 4-6

Artech Consulting Ltd ii 02/15/02

KBM Number 98203 FRBC Activity Number 712279 FDIS Project Code 5578-5585 GIS 2 digit code 12 FRBC Region Kootenay-Boundary MSRM Region 04 MSRM District Kootenay MSRM Representative Albert Chirico, Nelson, BC Forest Region Nelson Forest District Invermere Forest District Forest Licensee and Contract # Slocan Forest Products; 01FM015FI 4-6

Windermere

Watershed Information

Watershed Group COLR Watershed Names Stoddart Creek, Shuswap Creek, Bornais

Creek, Windermere Creek Watershed Codes 300-972300, 300-973800, 300-975200, 300-

979100 UTM at Mouth 11.567635.5602030, 11.567870.5600515,

11.572725.5597075, 11.571545.5590035. Watershed Area 21310 ha Total of All Stream Lengths 526.8 km Stream Order 5th order, 5th order, 4th order, 6th order NTS Map 82J/5, 82J/12, 82K/8, 82K/9. TRIM Map 82J041, 82J042, 82J051, 82J052, 82J061,

82K050, 82K060. BEC Zone ESSF, MS. Air Photos 30BCB91142 25-30; 30BCB91143 133-143, 252-

260; 30BCB91188 52-62, 249-258; 30BCB91152 18-30; 30BCB91189 50-60, 86-97.

Sampling Design Summary

Total Number of Reaches 724 Random Sampling Sites 12 Discretionary Sample Sites Total Sample Sites

24 36

Field Sampling Dates July 16 - August 13, 2001.


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Contractor Information

Project Manager: Name: Brian Phillips, RP Bio, Senior Biologist Address: 229-Industrial Rd F, Cranbrook, BC. V1C 6N4 Phone: (250) 489-1940 Field crew: Names: Brian Phillips, Adam Phillips. Data Entry by: Names: Jane Phillips Report prepared by: Name Brian Phillips Report edited by: Name Brian Phillips, Jane Phillips Maps prepared by: Name: Graham Smith, GeoSense Consulting Ltd Address: 203-507 Baker Street, Nelson, BC. Phone: (250) 354-0277 GIS services: Company: GeoSense Consulting Ltd Tech: Pat Williams Address: 203-507 Baker Street, Nelson, BC. Phone: (250) 354-0277


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Disclaimer

This product has been accepted as being in accordance with approved standards within the limits of Ministry quality assurance procedures. Users are cautioned that interpreted information on this product developed for the purposes of the Forest Practices Code Act and Regulations, for example stream classifications, is subject to review by a statutory decision-maker for the purposes of determining whether or not to approve an operational plan.


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Acknowledgments We would like to thank the following firms for their contributions to the project: GeoSense Consulting Ltd – map work and GIS Alpine Helicopters Ltd – overview reconnaissance flight and site access Cranbrook Photo & Studio – photo development The Copy Desk – report and photo reproductions Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management – provided existing reports Ministry of Water, Lands and Parks, Sue Crowley – provided existing reports Slocan Forest Products – provided existing reports and access information Forest Renewal British Columbia provided funding for this inventory.


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Table of Contents Contractor Information……………………..………………………………………………………...ii Disclaimer…………………………………………………….……………………………………….iii Acknowledgments..……………………………………………………………..……………………..iv List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………..vi List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………vi List of Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………….vi List of Attachments available at MSRM office……………………………………………………..vi

1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 PROJECT SCOPE/OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................ 1

1.2.1 Access ........................................................................................................................................ 3

2 RESOURCE INFORMATION............................................................................................................ 4

3 METHODS ............................................................................................................................................. 5

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................................................................. 6

4.1 LOGISTICS ............................................................................................................................................ 6 4.1.1 Planning Program. .................................................................................................................... 6 4.1.2 Field Program. .......................................................................................................................... 6 4.1.3 Compilation and Reporting ....................................................................................................... 7

4.2 HABITAT AND FISH DISTRIBUTION........................................................................................................ 7 4.3 FISH AGE, SIZE AND LIFE HISTORY .................................................................................................... 10 4.4 SIGNIFICANT FEATURES AND FISHERIES OBSERVATIONS.................................................................... 13

4.4.1 Fish and Fish Habitat .............................................................................................................. 13 4.4.1.1 Critical habitats. .................................................................................................................. 13 4.4.1.2 Special populations. ............................................................................................................ 13 4.4.1.3 High value sport fishing opportunities. ............................................................................... 13

4.4.2 Habitat Protection Concerns ................................................................................................... 13 4.4.2.1 Fisheries Sensitive Zones. ................................................................................................... 13 4.4.2.2 Fish above 20% Gradients .................................................................................................. 14 4.4.2.3 Restoration and Rehabilitation Opportunities ..................................................................... 14

4.5 FISH BEARING STATUS ....................................................................................................................... 14 4.5.1 Fish Bearing Reaches .............................................................................................................. 14 4.5.2 Non-Fish Bearing Reaches ...................................................................................................... 15

5 FOLLOW-UP SAMPLING REQUIRED .......................................................................................... 15

6 REFERENCES CITED ....................................................................................................................... 17

APPENDIX 1 - FDIS REPORTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS

APPENDIX 2 - HARD COPY MAPS


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List of Tables

Table 1 - Summary of historic and new barriers to fish migration found in the Study Area. 8 Table 2 - Summary of length-at-stage data from fish sampled July-August, 2001. 11 Table 3 - Summary of data from surveyed fish bearing reaches in the Stoddart Creek, Shuswap Creek,

and Windermere Creek Watersheds July to August 2001. 15 Table 4 - Summary of data from surveyed non-fish bearing reaches in Stoddart, Shuswap, Bornais

and Windermere Creek watersheds, July to August 2001. 16

List of Figures Figure 1: Overview Map of the study area. 2 Figure 2: Concrete dam (NID 21951) on lower Windermere Creek. Structure is situated on a natural

rock falls and is a permanent migration barrier. 9 Figure 3: Length - Frequency Histogram of sampled bull trout and westslope cutthroat trout from the

Stoddart, Shuswap, Windermere Creek project areas, July to August 2001. 11 List of Attachments Available at MSRM Office I. Original Field Notes, Site and Fish Cards II. Photodocumentation

Photodocumentation Form 1 FDIS Photodocumentation Form Photo CD: Windermere FFHI – 1 CD with 104 images, thumbnail reference. All negatives

III. Digital Files: FDIS; GIS Source Files; Attribute Table; Metadata Table; Plot Files; Report Text (all saved on

Photo CD). IV. FISS data forms and maps


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1 Introduction

1.1 Project scope/objective The Reconnaissance (1:20000) Fish and Fish Habitat Inventory describes watershed-wide

distributions of fish and habitat characteristics for watersheds within a project area. The program follows a standardized province-wide format that is adapted to meet regional requirements. For 2001 in Kootenay Region, projects are based on a stream sampling protocol designed and implemented in accordance with the current Reconnaissance (1:20000) Fish and Fish Habitat Standards manual (BC Fisheries 2000). In addition to the random sampling process of the reconnaissance program, this project also includes selected (biased) sample reaches intended to tailor the distribution of data gathering throughout the watershed to meet specific inventory objectives.

This report, undertaken on behalf of Slocan Forest Products, Radium Division (Slocan), represents Phases 4-6 of an inventory study of the Stoddart Creek, Shuswap Creek, Bornais Creek and Windermere Creek watersheds located near Invermere, BC. Artech Consulting Ltd completed the planning part of the program (Phases 1-3) in May 2001, under a separate contract to Slocan. A report titled, Reconnaissance 1:20000 Fish and Fish Habitat Inventory (Phase 1-3) in the Stoddart, Shuswap, Bornais, Holland and Windermere Creek Watersheds (Phillips 2001) was submitted to Slocan prior to undertaking the second part of the study. The Project Plan presented in the Phase 1-3 report was used as the planning basis for the field program. The Phase 1-3 study area included the aforementioned watersheds in their entirety as well as a number of smaller 1st to 3rd order systems, which are independent tributaries to Windermere Lake. As specified in the Project Plan, the field program was limited to the mid and upper watersheds of the four major creek systems within Slocan’s operational area.

1.2 Location The study area is located immediately east of the Town of Invermere, in southeastern

British Columbia (Fig. 1). Stoddart Creek, the most northerly of the study watersheds, is a 5th order system comprising

84 streams with a mainstem length of 11 km. From its headwaters at 2300 m elevation in the Stanford Range of the Rocky Mountains, the creek flows westward to join the Columbia River downstream of Lake Windermere. The upper half of the watershed is situated within Kootenay National Park.

The Shuswap Creek watershed lies directly south of Stoddart Creek and shares a similar flow pattern. It is a larger system comprising 158 streams and having a mainstem length of 17.5 km. Its headwaters are at 2500m elevation, near Kimpton Pass.

Bornais Creek, the smallest of the major watersheds, is situated to the south of the Shuswap watershed. In the Phase 1-3 report this system is considered to be flowing into the smaller Holland Creek watershed to the southwest as shown on TRIM maps. However, field observations show that the two systems are actually independent, with Bornais Creek disappearing to ground more than one km from the nearest waterbody. Bornais Creek is actually much smaller than mapped, consisting of several kilometers of mainstem with little or no tributary development.

Windermere Creek is the southernmost and largest watershed of the study area. It is a 6th order system, with 244 streams including the large 5th order North Windermere subbasin. The creek headwaters are near Pedley Pass at 2260 meters elevation, from where the system flows west for 22 km to the confluence with Lake Windermere.



Figure 1: Overview Map of the study area.



1.2.1 Access Stoddart Creek – follow Highway 93/95 for 7.3-km north from the Invermere highway turnoff and turn right onto Eacrett Road, a paved public road that passes through a small trailer park. The road ends where it intersects a narrow gravel road. Turn right on this road and travel south for two km where the road meets and parallels the creek. The road continues for several km up the stream but is impassable by vehicle after a few hundred meters. The lower stream can be accessed on foot from this point. The upper watershed (in Kootenay National Park) has no roads and even access by air is difficult due to dense crown cover and limited landing sites. All sample sites were accessed on foot from the lower road. Shuswap Creek – Ground access to the upper watershed is very difficult. Private roads from Highway 93/95 do access the lower stream and may be useable with the owner’s permission. One such road follows the creek for approximately eight km to a guiding camp in the upper watershed, but is in disrepair and impassable by any type of vehicle in the lower reaches. Near the camp, the road is in reasonably good condition (although overgrown) providing good access on foot to upper sample sites. All upper watershed sites were accessed by helicopter using the camp as a landing site. There is a rough, steep four-wheel drive road connecting the upper watershed to the Bornais/North Windermere roads, however it was not used during this study due to its unknown condition and presumed slow access time. Bornais Creek – This watershed can only be accessed by road in the upper reaches from the North Windermere subbasin (see below). A narrow, rough dirt road follows the stream providing access to Reaches 1 and 2. Windermere Creek – from Highway 93/95 traveling south from the Invermere turnoff, take the first left turn onto Cooper Road and travel 0.6-km to where it intersects the Westroc Mine haul road. Turn right onto the Westroc road and travel for approximately five km (passing the Mine offices) to where the road meets and follows Windermere Creek over its entire length. Alternatively, the Westroc Road can also be reached at the Mine offices from the Windermere Loop Road, which joins Highway 93/95 at two locations near Windermere. This is the best access if approaching on the highway from the south. Approximately four km from the Westroc Mine office site, the haul road splits with the left branch leading to the site of the old Westroc Mine, which is now abandoned. The right branch is the newer main haul road, which continues for another four km to the active mine site. From this point, a network of rough but reasonably accessible secondary roads allows driving to the upper Pedley and Teggart subbasins. The North Windermere subbasin is accessed from the old mine site on foot using roads that are now out of service for vehicles. All upper North Windermere access is by air only with a number of good landing sites available. Continuing to follow the road from the old mine leads through switchbacks up and through the height of land to the Bornais Creek subbasin, which is ground accessible only by this route. The previously noted Shuswap Creek upper watershed access is also from this road.



2 Resource Information

Resource use information was collected for the study area as part of the Phase 1-3 program. A summary follows: 1. Industry use.

Stoddart Creek. There is currently no active industry within the watershed. Historically some logging is believed to have taken place in the mid watershed and there is an old sawmill site near the creek in that area. In the lower watershed water is drawn from the stream for domestic and other uses. Most of the upper watershed falls within Kootenay National Park and has no development whatsoever. Shuswap Creek. There is no active industry in the upper watershed however previous logging has occurred in some of the upper subbasins. The lower stream is used as a source of water. Bornais Creek. The upper watershed has been extensively logged in the past. The lower stream may serve as a water source but the small flow volume limits this use. Windermere Creek. At this time, mining is the primary industry in the watershed. Westroc Inc. operates a gypsum mine at the Elkhorn and Extension Quarries on the east slope of Four Points Mountain in the upper watershed. This is a well-established mining operation producing 450,000 tons of gypsum per year (Westroc Industries 2001). The original mine was established approximately 50 years ago at the Windermere Quarry several km west of the current mine site, with the latter coming into operation in 1993. The old mine is now abandoned. In the past there has also been extensive logging in the upper watershed however there is no current activity. The lower stream is used heavily as a source of water (37 current licences) for various purposes and has dams and weirs in several locations.

2. Recreational use. The study area watersheds are situated within a short distance of Invermere and Highway 93/95, however access restrictions limit public use in some areas. Stoddart Creek has little access and does not appear to provide significant recreational opportunities. Shuswap Creek also has difficult access but is a more open and scenic watershed. There is a guiding camp in the upper watershed and it is believed that hunting is an important activity in the area. Bornais Creek may provide some potential for hunting and the unusual karst landscape (see section 4.2) may be of geological interest. Windermere Creek is readily accessible and general recreational uses including hiking, riding, camping, etc. appear to be very popular. In particular, the Pedley Pass hiking trail and Blue Lake (a small karst lake) recreational area both receive extensive use. Recreational fishing opportunities in the study area are probably limited to the mainstem of Windermere Creek which is easily accessible and holds large numbers of small resident trout.

3. Wildlife. Wildlife observations included species typically found in the region and terrain type. Both whitetail deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) were observed on a time to time basis and signs of other ungulates were also noted occasionally. A herd of elk (Cervus elaphus) was observed in the upper Shuswap watershed during the reconnaissance flight. Beaver activity (Castor canadensis), which is of particular interest due to its potential effect on stream flow, was noted only in the Windermere Creek system where it is extensive on the mainstem over much of the length of the stream. Tributaries are less affected due to limited flow volumes and steep gradients.

4. Fish records. Historical fish presence in the watershed is documented by the Fisheries Information Summary System (FISS)(BC Fisheries 2001b). Additionally, projects completed within the last ten years by Griffith and Associates (1994) and AGRA Earth and Environmental (1997, 1998a) identified species observed or captured in the study area. Stoddart Creek is documented as having Eastern brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)



occurring in the lower stream. Shuswap Creek has bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) burbot (Lota lota), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) also recorded as occurring within the lower stream system. Windermere Creek is recorded as supporting all of the above species (except burbot) as well as kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) and mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in the lower watershed. Only cutthroat trout have been observed in the upper stream above an impassable dam barrier at the top of Reach 3. Bornais Creek, Holland Creek and independent tributaries have no fish records. The BC Fisheries Data Warehouse (BC Fisheries 2001a) records show that Windermere Creek was stocked with brook trout in 1926 and 1928, rainbow trout in 1952 and kokanee in 1985.

5. First Nation Issues. The Shuswap Indian Reserve occupies a portion of the lower Shuswap Creek watershed encompassing all of Reach 1 and part of Reach 2 of Shuswap Creek. The Columbia Lake Indian Reserve borders the lower reaches of Windermere Creek, but none of the study streams fall within the reserve. The remainder of the study area lies outside First Nations lands and there are no specific related issues in those areas.

6. Water Quality Data. Some water quality data has been previously collected on Windermere Creek by AGRA (1998a, 1998b) and can be referenced in those reports. All of the major watersheds in the study area serve as sources of water supply and are extensively licensed. A complete listing of current licensing can be found on the BC Ministry of Sustainable Resources Management (MSRM) website (MSRM 2001c). Crowley and Baldwin (1998) report that Windermere Creek is under review for Community Watershed status, however at the time of this writing, the watershed is not listed in the MSRM Community Watershed directory (MSRM 2001b).

In the past there were hydrometric stations on Stoddart, Shuswap and Windermere Creeks with the most recent of these ceasing activity in 1982 (BC Fisheries 2001a).

3 Methods Methodology for the project followed the guidelines provided by the 2000 reconnaissance

standards manual in conjunction with current Resource Inventory Committee (RIC) and Forest Practices Code (FPC) documents. The project was based on the Project Plan developed for the system under the Phase 1-3 contract. In accordance with the provisions of Slocan’s Contract 01FM015 FI 4-6 Windermere, and subsequent discussions with Slocan’s representative and the MSRM Contract Monitor, some alterations to the standard program were made. These are detailed as follows: 1. Lake sampling was not required as part of the field program. A lake-sampling plan was

completed in the Phase 1-3 contract for future reference. 2. An aerial overflight was conducted during the field program to observe proposed sample

sites, potential fisheries constraints and access. Based on the findings of this flight, some changes were made to the original sampling plan. This included deleting some sites that were deemed to have little fisheries potential and substituting sites that were anticipated to provide more useful fish distribution information. These changes received prior approval from MSRM and Slocan before implementation.

3. Water chemistry sampling was not included as part of this program. 4. Fish aging structures and tissue samples were not required to be collected for this project. The following major equipment was used to complete the project: 1. Dirigo 850 backpack electroshocker. 0-800 V, 0-120 Hz, integral timer. 2. Gee traps (4). ¼” mesh.



3. Assorted capture nets. 4. Various angling gear. 5. Fish measuring boards and tapes. Readable to 1 mm. 6. Suunto PM 5 clinometer. 1% divisions, readable to 0.5%. 7. Hip chain. Readable to 0.1 m. 8. 30m fiberglass tapes. 1 mm divisions. 9. Bushnell 400 rangefinder. 0-400 m, accuracy +/- 1 m. 10. Pinpoint CM6 conductivity meter. 0-2000 and 0-20000 mho. Temperature compensated. 11. Hanna pHep1 pH meter. Resolution 0.1 pH. 12. Hanna Checktemp 1 digital thermometer. Readable to 0.1 degree. 13. Pentax Spotmatic F SLR camera c/w 55 mm and 28 mm lens. 14. Fujifilm Superia 35 mm 200ASA-colour print film. 15. Garmin Etrex 12 channel GPS.

4 Results and Discussion

4.1 Logistics

4.1.1 Planning Program. In the preparation of the Phase 1-3 Project Plan it was determined that the random selection

process based on the standard computer-modeling format would need to be modified to provide the desired coverage of the study area. Factors considered included reducing the field program study area to Slocan’s operational boundary, adapting sampling to multiple independent watersheds, and accounting for previously studied areas. This resulted in the final Project Plan calling for the completion of 19 random and 19 biased sites.

A ground reconnaissance trip was made to Windermere Creek on July 2, as an initial familiarization with the watershed. A helicopter overview flight was made during the field program on July 24 to view the entire study area and to finalize the details of sampling in Stoddart, Shuswap and North Windermere basins (Windermere Creek and Bornais Creek were already substantially complete at this time). Based on information gathered during the reconnaissance flight some additional adjustments were made both to the random and biased site selection with the total number of proposed sites remaining at 38.

4.1.2 Field Program. Site sampling began on July 16 and was completed on August 13. Fieldwork was

undertaken first in the Windermere Creek watershed followed by Bornais Creek, as both areas were mostly readily accessible by road. Stoddart, Shuswap and North Windermere watersheds were completed following the reconnaissance flight. No major problems were encountered in undertaking the field program. Access to most sites in the project area was as specified in the Project Plan using ground access to the majority of sites and helicopter for remote locations. Discretionary adjustments to sample site locations were made by field crews based on access and stream flow conditions. Field information also resulted in the relocation and addition of several new reach breaks.

As new field data was gathered, some additional changes were made to the sample program in order to establish well-defined limits of distribution in streams where fish were located. A number of sites were eliminated as specified in the Project Plan based on sample information from downstream, as well as several sites that were believed to have no potential fisheries value. These sites were replaced with ones specifically intended to identify upstream limits of



known fish occurrence. MSRM and Slocan approved these sites prior to implementation. As a result of the additional changes, the final sample program was heavily biased, consisting of 12 random and 24 biased sites. Following discussions with the Contract Monitor and Slocan, the total planned sample of 38 sites was reduced to 36 due to a lack of suitable alternative site locations.

4.1.3 Compilation and Reporting All new and revised data gathered from the field program has been incorporated into the

Field Data Information System (FDIS). The format for data compilation and digital processing has been continuously updated since

the program inception. There are still some areas where problems or inefficiencies exist which have been or will be directed to the Contract Monitor. Detailed discussion of these areas is beyond the scope of this report. New watershed codes replacing the ILPs produced for the Project Plan became available from MSRM in September 2001 and have been incorporated into the report and maps.

4.2 Habitat and Fish Distribution The project study area is located in a karst geological formation comprised of gypsum

deposits underlying a sequence of limestone and mudstone (Westroc 2001). According to the U.S. Global Change Research Information Office (GCRIO) karst landscapes are typified by surface depressions, well-developed underground drainage, and a paucity of surface streams (GCRIO 2001). There is evidence of karst geology throughout the study area, including sinkholes (dolines), disappearing streams and springs. The effect of this geology on the overall flow regime of area streams is significant and is the major factor in determining limits of fish distribution and habitat in the study area. As mapped, the study watersheds show a normal network of tributary development typical of regional systems in mountainous terrain. However, ground observations reveal that the actual stream network is poorly defined, with the majority of watercourses falling into one of the following categories: 1. Non Visible Channels (NVC). These occur in all regions, usually representing a small

proportion of sampled 1st and 2nd order streams in inventory programs. In this study area, NVC “streams” are believed to constitute the majority of 1st through 3rd order systems. Of the 36 project sample sites, 18 were found to be NVC and all 1st – 2nd order systems fell into this category. Almost the entire Bornais Creek watershed appears to be NVC with only a few km of mainstem meeting stream criteria.

2. Intermittent streams. These occur both as completely dry streams, which apparently flow only at times of high runoff, and streams that have sections of subsurface flow that re-emerge downstream. North Windermere Creek is an example of the former situation where surface flow only occurred in the lower part of Reach 1 of this 5th order system at the time of the study. Windermere Creek typifies the latter case where surface flow in Reaches 9 and 10 disappears to ground, re-emerging further downstream. There is a continuous defined streambed in these cases suggesting that surface flow is uninterrupted at higher flow periods.

In addition to the flow regime limitations noted above, there are two stream systems, Stoddart Creek and Shuswap Creek, in which barriers play a part in limiting fish distribution. Table 1 provides a summary of all historic and newly identified natural barriers that are believed to limit fish distribution within the project area.



Stoddart Creek Watershed Difficult access and heavy crown cover, which obscured a clear aerial view of this watershed, made it difficult to assess the flow characteristics of the upper watershed. The mainstem has good flow from the bottom of Reach 4 and on downstream, but tributary development in the surveyed area is non-existent. This includes the 3rd order Shaft Creek subbasin that is NVC at the mapped confluence with Stoddart Creek. Stoddart Creek is unique among the study area streams in having a streambed composed primarily of carbonate mineral deposit. In Reaches 3-6 these deposits have created step-pool morphology of deep pools with soft sediment substrate divided by steps of hardened deposit. The stream has very little granular substrate. Cutthroat trout are abundant in the stream up to the bottom of Reach 4 where the gradient rises sharply over approximately 200 meters creating a series of impassable falls and cascades. In Reaches 5 and 6 the gradient again lessens however, extensive sampling of both reaches reveal them to be non-fish bearing despite the presence of good cover. It can be inferred that the entire upper watershed is also non-fish bearing.

Table 1 - Summary of historic and new barriers to fish migration found in the Study Area. *

Stream name Watershed Code

TRIM map # Reach Barrier

Type Height of

barrier (m)Verified in Field Description of Barrier

Stoddart Creek

Shuswap Creek

Shuswap

Creek

Shuswap Creek

Windermere

Creek

300-972300

300-973800

300-973800

300-973800

300-979100

082J051

082J051

082J051

082J051

082J041

4

4

4

4

4

Cascade

Log wedge falls

Log wedge

falls

Falls

Dam

4.5

1.3

1.5

1.5

5

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Permanent. Believed impassable. U/S limit of WCT observed. Series of impassable falls above.

Persistent barrier. U/S limit of BT observed. Persistent barrier. Believed impassable. Permanent barrier. Believed impassable. Permanent barrier. Impassable

*Note: This table includes only those barriers thought to prevent upstream migration from known fish-bearing water. Potential barriers upstream of confirmed barriers are included if the latter are not permanent or fish passage is uncertain. Shuswap Creek Watershed Shuswap Creek has substantial sustained flow over most of the mainstem length and at least a few active tributaries in the upper watershed. The stream rises at moderate gradient up from the Columbia River valley flat becoming steep only in the upper basin. Flow volume is significantly reduced in Reach 5 and above as a large volume of subsurface water enters the stream in upper Reach 4. Below Reach 5 tributary development appears to be almost non-existent.

Bull trout were captured at two locations in Reach 3 and are inferred to inhabit the lower reaches as well. The distribution of fish in the sample sites was sparse and overall numbers of observed fish was relatively small. At the bottom of Reach 4, a series of small falls and cascades appears to be the upstream limit of fish in the system. Although there is available



good habitat above this point, extensive sampling produced no fish. There are no identified fish bearing tributaries to Shuswap Creek. Bornais Creek As previously noted, the entire Bornais Creek system consists of only a few km of mainstem with so little flow that there is no fish habitat whatsoever. The stream is totally isolated and terminates by disappearing to ground in a field, three km from Lake Windermere. The upper Bornais “watershed” shows abundant evidence of a karst landscape. Large sinkholes are numerous, suggesting significant dissolution of subsurface minerals. There is no evidence of any surface flow in the vicinity and it is certain that the majority of water movement in the area is subsurface. Windermere Creek Watershed

Windermere Creek is fish bearing throughout Reaches 1-8 with two distinct populations inhabiting the lower and middle reaches. The lower creek zone (Reaches 1-3) is generally low gradient and is accessible throughout its length to fish migrating from Windermere Lake. The lower stream is believed to support at least six species of fish including brook trout, bull trout, kokanee, mountain whitefish, rainbow trout and westslope cutthroat trout based on previous data records but not confirmed by this study. The upstream limits of the various individual species is not known at this time as there has been considerable restoration work recently completed in this part of the stream (see 4.4.2.3). It is certain however, that fish cannot migrate past a large concrete dam (NID 21951) at the top of Reach 3. This feature (Fig. 2) is a permanent impassable barrier to the upstream migration of all species, as it is situated on a natural rock fall.

Figure 2: Concrete dam (NID 21951) on lower Windermere Creek. Structure is situated on a natural rock falls and is a permanent migration barrier.



Above the dam, the middle reaches of Windermere Creek are low gradient and have abundant habitat for resident trout. Although not sampled in this study, AGRA (1998a) found numerous westslope cutthroat trout in these reaches. The middle fish bearing reaches extend upstream 7.5 km above the dam to Westroc’s Elkhorn quarry access, where a 30-meter long culvert (NID 21975) passing under the road establishes the top of Reach 8. This location is believed to be the upstream limit of fish in the Windermere Creek watershed.

Reach 9 marks the beginning of intermittent flow in the upper Windermere Creek reaches and approximately one km of the lower reach was found to be dry at the time of survey. Westroc’s Mine Supervisor reports that the stream above the culvert typically resumes surface flow in the fall months (Kohorst, Personal communication 2001) but it is believed that the lack of sustained surface flow and potential over-wintering in the reach renders it permanently non-fish bearing. The access road culvert is not considered an obstacle, as it does not restrict access to potential fish habitat. Intermittent flow and NVC reaches characterize the watershed above Reach 9. There are only a few isolated sections of flowing water capable of supporting fish and during extensive sampling in these areas no fish were caught or observed. It is probable that there is no sustained year-round potential fish habitat in the entire upper watershed and it is considered to be non-fish bearing.

Tributary development in the Windermere Creek watershed is very limited and field observations suggest that North Windermere Creek may be the only significant existing tributary to the mainstem downstream of Reach 9. Five sample sites located on other tributaries to the fish bearing reaches of Windermere Creek were all found to be NVC. Approximately one km of North Windermere Creek extending upstream from the confluence provides good fish habitat and supports a fish population. Further upstream in the system, flow was intermittent and most of the upper watershed was found to be dry. Minimal surface flow was observed in a short section of Reach 3 fed by a small tributary, but there appeared to be no sustainable fish habitat above Reach 1. A clearly defined upstream limit of fish distribution was not established in Reach 1, as there are no apparent barriers, and habitat availability is determined by the stream's flow regime at any given time. Judging by the well-defined channels and disturbance indicators, it is apparent that North Windermere Creek is a hydrologically dynamic system, which sustains high peak flows at some times. It is conceivable that under certain conditions spawning cutthroat could migrate above Reach 1, however it is extremely unlikely that successful fry recruitment could ever take place in this part of the stream.

4.3 Fish Age, Size and Life History No aging structures were collected from fish sampled during this project, and therefore

reference to fish age is based on identification of general age groupings according to size and physical characteristics. Fish are categorized by life stage as either fry, juvenile, or adult. A summary of fish captured is given in Table 2 and a length-frequency histogram of all fish sampled is presented in Figure 3.

Westslope cutthroat trout

This species was found in Reach 3 of Stoddart Creek and lower Reach 1 of North Windermere Creek. Previous studies also show it to occur in substantial numbers in the mid reaches of Windermere Creek which were not sampled in this study. The capture sample for this species was quite small due to the limited presence in sampled reaches, and very little statistical information can be derived about individual fish age and size. Furthermore, the



Stoddart Creek and North Windermere populations must be considered individually as they are independent Table 2 - Summary of length-at-stage data from fish sampled July-August, 2001.

Stream Name Watershed Code Spp. Stage Number of Fish

Mean Length (mm)

Range of Lengths (mm)

Stoddart Creek

Shuswap Creek

N Windermere Creek

300-972300

300-973800

979100-44600

WCT

BT

WCT

A J A J A J

10 2 5 1 4

10

172 123 234 135 174 96

150-205 100-145 200-250 135-135 150-195 65-130

Stage: Fry–F; Juvenile-J; Adult –A N=32.

Length - Frequency of BT and WCT

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0-25 26-50 51-75 76-100 101-125 126-150 151-175 176-200 201-225 226-250 251-275 276-300 301-325 326-350

Size (mm)

Num

ber

WCT-Stoddart Ck n=12BT-Shuswap Ck n=6WCT-N Windermere Ck n=14

Figure 3: Length - Frequency Histogram of sampled bull trout and westslope cutthroat trout from the Stoddart, Shuswap, Windermere Creek project areas, July to August 2001.



watersheds with limited potential of genetic intermixing. Theoretically, Windermere fish could migrate into Stoddart Creek but not vice versa due to barriers. In Stoddart Creek a total of 12 fish were captured or observed, ranging in size from 100-205mm. Two of the fish were considered juveniles with the others noted as small adults. Large adults and fry were not captured or observed anywhere in the system. Where they were found, the fish appear to be relatively abundant and are occupying a variety of habitat types including deep pools, woody debris and to a lesser extent boulder, undercut bank, and overhead and instream vegetation. No areas of suitable spawning gravel were observed in the sample site. The life history of the population is not clearly defined as there were no downstream sample sites and the relationship to downstream stocks in the lower creek and Columbia River is unknown. There are no recorded barriers (with the possible exception of the Highway 93 culvert) in the lower stream and the relatively low gradient suggests a good possibility of fish migration. The lack of observed fry rearing near the upper distribution limit suggests that much of this activity probably takes place downstream in lower gradient reaches with the fish moving upstream at later life stages. It was noted that fish are present upstream of several significant migration obstacles. Stoddart Creek is a relatively large stream and likely sustains year-round flow on a continuous basis, which allows for the possibility that the cutthroat population is stream resident.

In North Windermere Creek a total of 14 cutthroat ranging in size from 65-195mm were sampled. These fish were generally smaller than those in Stoddart Creek, with ten of the individuals categorized as juvenile and the remaining four as small adults. As in Stoddart Creek there were no large fish or fry observed. Although there is less than one km of potential fish bearing water in the reach, the fish are abundant, occupying a variety of habitat types but particularly in association with woody debris and small pools. Large pools are limited by the small size of the stream. There is a substantial amount of potentially good spawning gravel and fry rearing capability in the reach making the absence of underyearling fish unexpected. Given the atypical flow patterns noted in the watershed, it is possible that the flow regime in the creek during spawning season is not suitable for cutthroat trout. It is not known whether or not this stream, which had a small volume at time of sampling, maintains year-round flow from a subsurface source. Clearly, the North Windermere fish population is closely tied to the Windermere Creek stock and the stream probably serves as a seasonal nursery at times of sustained flow, for juvenile rearing of fish reproduced in the parent stream. Bull trout Bull trout were found exclusively in the Shuswap Creek system and were the only species present in the sampled area of that watershed. The fish sample was very small, with only six fish captured or observed, even though spot sampling was conducted over a significant length of stream. Individual size ranged from 135-250mm, with one fish classified as juvenile and the remaining ones as small adults. No large adults or fry were observed. Fish numbers in the stream appear to be quite low and a considerable amount of available cover is not utilized. All of the fish observed appeared to be in good condition. Fish were observed primarily holding in pools, which are the dominant habitat type in the reach where fish were found. Good spawning gravel is relatively abundant. Lower Shuswap Creek has several significant barriers, which probably prevent upstream fish migration (based on aerial observation), and it is assumed that the bull trout population is resident to the stream. Shuswap Creek is believed to have sufficient volume to sustain continuous year-round flow, however it does not appear to have a large number of substantially deep pools so over-wintering holding may be limited. The



seasonal concentration of this highly predatory species into isolated habitat may be responsible for the low number of fish present.

4.4 Significant Features and Fisheries Observations

4.4.1 Fish and Fish Habitat

4.4.1.1 Critical habitats. The lack of significant tributary systems associated with the major subbasins concentrates

fish into mainstem reaches. Relative to the overall size of the study watersheds, the amount of fish habitat is quite limited and therefore all fish bearing reaches are considered critical habitat. The Shuswap Creek bull trout population may be stream resident and isolated from migration, with fish completing their life cycles entirely within the mainstem. Spawning and rearing areas of this stream are considered essential to maintaining the Shuswap population. A short section of North Windermere Creek near its confluence provides excellent habitat for juvenile cutthroat rearing and is an important nursery system for the resident population of Windermere Creek. This is believed to be the only viable tributary to the Windermere Creek system.

4.4.1.2 Special populations. Both cutthroat trout and bull trout are regionally significant blue-listed species (MSRM

2001a). As noted previously, both the Shuswap Creek bull trout population and upper Windermere Creek cutthroat population are thought to likely be stream resident stocks genetically isolated from migration by downstream barriers. In other respects both populations appear to have characteristics typical of their respective species as displayed in other regional systems.

4.4.1.3 High value sport fishing opportunities. None of the study streams provides high value sport fishery opportunities. Stoddart Creek

fish are small and public access to the stream is somewhat limited. Shuswap Creek provides an opportunity to angle for bull trout in a setting with some aesthetic values but access is difficult and the fish are scarce. The mainstem of Windermere Creek probably provides the best fishery due to easy access and good numbers of small cutthroat trout.

During the field program no angling was observed although a considerable amount of other recreational activity took place in the Windermere watershed.

4.4.2 Habitat Protection Concerns

4.4.2.1 Fisheries Sensitive Zones. No specific fisheries sensitive zones (FSZ) were identified in the Stoddart or Shuswap

watersheds. This is primarily attributed to the nature of the terrain, which is steep with limited development of valley flat areas along the mainstems. The streams are confined or frequently confined to a restricted course and there are only a few areas where off-channel habitat could potentially occur. Reach 8 of Windermere Creek has a considerable amount of sidechanneling and potential off-channel habitat, which has been previously identified and mapped as FSZ (AGRA 1997).



4.4.2.2 Fish above 20% Gradients No fish were captured or observed in reaches exceeding 20% in the project area. In Stoddart

Creek fish occur in 10% gradient water and over short sections are believed to be utilizing areas up to approximately 15%. Barriers prevent migration into the upper higher gradient mainstem and there are no viable tributaries. Shuswap Creek bull trout are similarly limited in distribution by barriers and lack of tributaries and there are no fish accessible reaches exceeding 5% overall. Intermittent flow and lack of tributaries limit Windermere Creek fish distribution and there is no fish accessible water exceeding an overall reach gradient of 6%.

4.4.2.3 Restoration and Rehabilitation Opportunities Natural permanent barriers and morphology are the primary limitation to fish

distribution in the upper Stoddart and Shuswap Creek watersheds and there were no areas identified where the streams have degraded habitat, requiring restoration. There are no culverts within the study area of either system and an old metal weir on Reach 3 of Stoddart Creek has been partially lifted and is not an obstacle. Both systems have large highway culverts and dams in the lower watersheds but these fell outside the sample area for this project and were not assessed.

Over the past several years, Windermere Creek has been the subject of an extensive Watershed Restoration Program (WRP). Initial studies by AGRA (1998b, 1998c) identified a large number of areas of mainstem Reaches 1-8 where rehabilitation and restoration activities were warranted. A WRP Technical Bulletin (Crowley and Baldwin 1998) provides a synopsis of the program and at the time of this writing, most of the identified projects have been completed (AGRA 1998d). The WRP work has been comprehensive, dealing with virtually all of the fish-bearing reaches in Windermere Creek. Our study did not identify any new restoration opportunities, as intermittent flow in the watershed above Reach 8 and in the North Windermere subbasin precludes viable fish habitat on a sustained basis.

4.5 Fish Bearing Status

4.5.1 Fish Bearing Reaches Sampled reaches identified as fish bearing are summarized in Table 3. Fish presence was

confirmed in three sample reaches with none identified as potentially fish bearing. In the project area overall, 15 reaches are designated as known or inferred to be fish bearing, representing 2% of the total number of reaches. All fish-bearing reaches are of at least 5th order, including Stoddart Creek Reaches 1-3, Shuswap Creek Reaches 1-3, Windermere Creek Reaches 1-8 and North Windermere Creek Reach 1.

In accordance with standard reconnaissance protocol, unsurveyed reaches of less than 20% gradient adjoining fish-bearing water are identified as potentially fish bearing pending ground confirmation. Forty-one such reaches occur in the overall study area, mostly located in the lower valley flat outside the sampling program area. Within the sampling area, field observations reveal that none of the mapped streams in this category likely exist as defined by Forest Practices Code (FPC) stream criteria, and have extremely low probability of being fish-bearing. For fish-stream identification purposes in accordance with FPC guidelines for riparian management planning, ground confirmation may still be required in some cases.

Stream classifications have been assigned to sampled reaches based on channel width and fish bearing status, in accordance with the FPC Riparian Management Guidebook (British Columbia Forest Service and BC Environment 1995).



Table 3 - Summary of data from surveyed fish bearing reaches in the Stoddart Creek, Shuswap Creek, and Windermere Creek Watersheds July to August 2001.

Channel

Stream name Watershed code Reach Species Width

(m)

Site gradient

(%)

Proposed Riparian

Class

Follow-up Sampling (Y or N)

Comments

Stoddart Creek

Shuswap

Creek

North Windermere

Creek

300-972300

300-973800

979100-44600

3

3

1

WCT

BT

WCT

5.8

5.1

3.9

10

4

3

S2

S2

S3

N

N

N

Fish up to barrier at top of reach. Fish up to barrier at top of reach. Upper reach dewatered at time of survey.

4.5.2 Non-Fish Bearing Reaches A summary of non-fish bearing sample reaches in the project area is given in Table 4. A

total of 33 of the 36 sample reaches were designated as non-fish bearing. For the project area overall, 709 (98%) of the 724 identified reaches are considered to be non-fish bearing. Five of the sampled reaches either had impassable barriers within the reach or in reaches downstream and three reaches were isolated from downstream fish-bearing water by significant sections of dry channel. Seven reaches were either dry or had too little water to support fish and 18 reaches were found to be NVC. The NVC category is particularly large in the study area, accounting for 50% of all sample sites.

Some of the non fish-bearing reaches listed were sampled only by one method (electroshocking) at the discretion of the field crew. All such sample sites met one or more of the following criteria: 1. Stream size and morphology allowed thorough coverage by electroshocking and coverage

by a secondary method was not warranted. 2. The sample site had limited access only and secondary methods requiring re-access were

not considered. 3. No practical secondary methods suited the site.

Fish sampling was not conducted in the NVCs, dry streams and the streams with so little water that no practical sample method could be used or was warranted.

5 Follow-up Sampling Required No follow up sampling is specified for this project as all reaches were positively identified. Additional sampling for reaches not selected under the project sample plan is also not

recommended as the upper watersheds were thoroughly covered by the strongly biased sample program. In conjunction with previously recorded data, overall fish distribution in the study systems is now well defined.

One area of possible future study may be to define distribution limits of target species within the various stream systems. Stoddart and Shuswap Creeks would be of primary interest in this regard as their respective lower reaches are not well studied and the role of downstream barriers is not clearly defined. The Holland Creek system, which falls within the general project



area, was not part of the sample program but given the small watershed and the generally dry characteristics of the immediate locale it is probably a poor candidate for study. Griffith (1994) found insufficient water in the system to sample during their 1993 reconnaissance program. Table 4 - Summary of data from surveyed non-fish bearing reaches in Stoddart, Shuswap, Bornais and Windermere Creek watersheds, July to August 2001.

Electrofishing Specifications Other Methods

Stream name Watershed code Reach Gradient (%)

Proposed Riparian

Class

Dist. (m) Time (s) Cond (uS) Temp

(C) Type Effort Comments

Stoddart Creek 300-972300 4 5 6

19 6

10

S5 S5 S5

190 200 200

259 284 446

380 361 332

8.5 8.3 7.8

AG AG AG

21 minutes 33 minutes 20 minutes

NFP. Reach barriers.NFP. D/S barriers. NFP. D/S barriers.

Shaft Creek

972300-57900

1

NVC.

Unnamed

972300-61000 1

NVC.

Shuswap Creek 300-973800 4 5

8 8

S5 S5

220 200

338 281

200 235

5.2 6.0

AG 27 minutes

NFP. Reach barriers.NFP. D/S barriers.

Unnamed

973800-49400

1

20

S6

NFP. Minimal water.

Unnamed 973800-57900 1

NVC.

Bornais Creek 300-975200 1 3 4

4 S6 NFP. Minimal water.NVC. NVC.

Unnamed 975200-59411 1

NVC.

Unnamed 975200-66900

1 NVC.

Windermere Ck 300-979100 9 11

4 12

S6 S6

200

360

444

7.1

2 MT

Overnight

NFP. Minimal water.NFP. Isolated reach.

Unnamed 979100-41400 1

NVC

N Windermere Creek

979100-44600 2 3

9 7

S5 S5

NFP. Dry reach. NFP. Dry reach.

Unnamed

44600-19900 1 NVC.

Unnamed 979100-46400 1 NVC.

Unnamed

979100-52500 1 NVC.

Unnamed

979100-58000 2 NVC.

Unnamed 979100-64800 2 NVC.

Unnamed 979100-68200 1 2

10 10

S6 S6

200 200

246 410

225 226

6.0 4.2

NFP. Isolated reach. NFP. Isolated reach.

Unnamed 68200-38500 1 8 S6 NFP. Minimal water.

Unnamed 38500-2430 2

NVC.

Unnamed 68200-54900 1 9 S6

NFP. Dry reach.

Unnamed 68200-61700 1 NVC.

Unnamed 979100-88600 1 NVC.

Unnamed 979100-93991 1 NVC.



Electrofishing Specifications Other Methods

Stream name Watershed code Reach Gradient (%)

Proposed Riparian

Class

Dist. (m) Time (s) Cond (uS) Temp

(C) Type Effort Comments

Unnamed 979100-94300 2 NVC.

NVC – no visible channel. NFP- no fish present.

6 References Cited [AGRA] AGRA Earth and Environmental Limited. 1997. Overview Fish Habitat Assessment of the Windermere Creek Watershed, British Columbia. Consultant’s report submitted to Slocan Forest Products, Radium Division. [AGRA] AGRA Earth and Environmental Limited. 1998a. Level 1 Fish and Fish Habitat Assessment, Windermere Creek Watershed, British Columbia. Consultant’s report submitted to Slocan Forest Products, Radium Division. [AGRA] AGRA Earth and Environmental Limited. 1998b. Windermere Creek Channel Condition and Prescription Assessment. Consultant’s report submitted to Slocan Forest Products, Radium Division. [AGRA] AGRA Earth and Environmental Limited. 1998c. Detailed Design of Fish Habitat Rehabilitation and Stream Channel Restoration Prescriptions. Consultant’s report submitted to Slocan Forest Products, Radium Division. [AGRA] AGRA Earth and Environmental Limited. 1998d. As-built Drawings of Fish Habitat Rehabilitation and Stream Channel Restoration Prescriptions. Submitted to Slocan Forest Products, Radium Division. BC Fisheries. 2000. Reconnaissance (1:20000) Fish and Fish Habitat Inventory: Standards and Procedures. Resources Inventory Committee. Victoria, BC. BC Fisheries. 2001a. Fisheries Data Warehouse. Provides links to FISS data, stocking records, and other pertinent stream information. http://www.fisheries.gov.bc.ca/fishinv/db/default.asp BC Fisheries. 2001b. Fisheries Information Summary System (FISS). NTS Maps 82K07, 82K08. British Columbia Forest Service and B.C. Environment. 1995. Riparian Management Area Guidebook. Forest Practices Code of British Columbia. 68 pp. Crowley, S. and R. Baldwin. 1998. Windermere Creek: Restoration Success through Partnerships in Stewardship. Watershed Restoration Program. Streamline Technical Bulletin Vol. 3 No. 4. [GCRIO] Global Change Research Information Office. 2001. Geoindicators: Karst Activity. www.gcrio.org/geo/karst.html Griffith, RP. 1994. A Reconnaissance Survey of Windermere Lake. Prepared for Mica Compensation Program, BC Hydro/BC Environment, Nelson, BC.

http://www.bcfisheries.gov.bc.ca/fishinv/db/default.asp



[MSRM] Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. 2001a. BC Conservation Data Centre: Provincial Vertebrate Animal Tracking List web site. Provides information on red/blue listing of species. http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/cdc/trackinglists/red_blue/ablue.doc [MSRM] Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. 2001b. Community Watersheds Home Page. Provides links to community watershed directory. http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/wat/cws/ [MSRM] Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. 2001c. Water Rights Home Page. Provides links to water licencing query. http://www.elp.gov.bc.ca:8000/pls/wtrwhse/water_licences.input Phillips, Brian. 2001. Reconnaissance 1:20000 Fish and Fish Habitat Inventory (Phase 1-3) in the Stoddart, Shuswap, Bornais, Holland and Windermere Creek Watersheds. Consultant’s report by Artech Consulting Ltd prepared for Slocan Forest Products, Radium, BC. Westroc Industries. 2001. Windermere Mining Operations. Promotional brochure, Windermere, BC. Additional Referencres British Columbia Forest Service and B.C. Environment. 1998. Fish-Stream Identification Guidebook. Forest Practices Code of British Columbia. BC Fisheries. 2001. Watershed Atlas web site. http://www.bcfisheries.gov.bc.ca/fishinv/rgn4tbl.html#colr Cannings, S.G. and J. Ptolmey. 1998. Rare Freshwater Fish of British Columbia. B.C. Environment. Carl, G.C., W.A.Clemens and C.C.Lindsey. 1967. The freshwater fishes of British Columbia. B.C. Provincial Museum. Handbook No. 5, 192 pp. Gadd, B. 1995. Handbook of the Canadian Rockies. Corax Press. Scott, W.B. and E.J.Crossman. 1973 Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/cdc/trackinglists/red_blue/ablue.doc

http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/wat/cws/

http://www.elp.gov.bc.ca:8000/pls/wtrwhse/water_licences.input

http://www.bcfisheries.gov.bc.ca/fishinv/rgn4tbl.html#colr


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APPENDIX 1 - FDIS Reports and Photographs


Artech Consulting Ltd 02/15/02

APPENDIX 2 - Hard Copy Maps

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