Chapter 17Chapter 17Chapter 17Chapter 17

Key QuestionsKey Questions

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

Key Constitutional Question !!

13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

A state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of voters (as counted in the presidential election of 1860) had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation.

Proclamation of Amnestyand Reconstruction(December 8, 1863)

1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the

number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congr.Henry

W. Davis(R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

“Iron-Clad” Oath.

“State Suicide” Theory.

“Conquered Provinces” Position.

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

PocketPocketVetoVeto

PocketPocketVetoVeto

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Purpose of the Freedmen’s Purpose of the Freedmen’s BureauBureau• At the end of the war, the Bureau's main At the end of the war, the Bureau's main

role was providing emergency food, role was providing emergency food, housing, and medical aid to refugees, housing, and medical aid to refugees, though it also helped reunite families. though it also helped reunite families.

• Later, it focused its work on helping the Later, it focused its work on helping the freedmen adjust to their conditions of freedmen adjust to their conditions of freedom. Its main job was setting up work freedom. Its main job was setting up work opportunities and supervising labor opportunities and supervising labor contracts. contracts.

• It soon became, in effect, a military court It soon became, in effect, a military court that handled legal issues. that handled legal issues.

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

*Biggest accomplishment of FB = Education!!!

President Andrew Johnson

President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian

Democrat.

Anti-Aristocrat.

White Supremacist.

Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.

Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Growing Northern Alarm!

Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state

constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES BLACK CODES

Black CodesBlack Codes Purpose:

* Guarantee stable labor

supply now that blacks

were emancipated.

* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?

SharecroppingSharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing

MerchantTenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

14th Amendment14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868. (Permanent fix

for Civil Rights?)

* Defined national citizenship to include former slaves (all persons born or naturalized in the US)

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

The 1866 Bi-ElectionThe 1866 Bi-Election

Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.

Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.

Republicanswon a 3-1majority in bothhouses andgained controlof everynorthern state.

Waving the Bloody Shirt!Waving the Bloody Shirt!

Republican “Southern Strategy” – Remind the

voters of Southern treachery

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

Quick Recap – Write this!!!Quick Recap – Write this!!!

• Summarize the main issue between Summarize the main issue between the Presidents and Congress the Presidents and Congress regarding Reconstructionregarding Reconstruction

• Summarize the 13Summarize the 13thth amendment amendment• Summarize purpose of the black Summarize purpose of the black

codescodes• Summarize sharecroppingSummarize sharecropping• Summarize the 14Summarize the 14thth amendment amendment

Congressional Reconstruction & Congressional Reconstruction & Legacy of ReconstructionLegacy of Reconstruction

Pages 575-584Pages 575-584

• Radical Plans for ReadmissionRadical Plans for Readmission• Impeaching the President?Impeaching the President?• Election of 1868Election of 1868• 1515thth Amendment Amendment• SharecroppingSharecropping• African American PoliticsAfrican American Politics

Radical Plan for Readmission

Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories

were subject to military supervision.

Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act

Command of the Army Act

Tenure of Office Act

Military Reconstruction Act

Military Reconstruction Act

The Tenure of Office ActThe Tenure of Office Act

Edwin Stanton

The Senate must approve any presidential dismissal of a cabinet official or general of the army.

Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government.

Question of the constitutionality of this law.

President Johnson’s Impeachment

President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February,

1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

Johnson the Martyr / Samson

Johnson the Martyr / SamsonIf my blood is to be shed If my blood is to be shed

because I vindicate the because I vindicate the Union and the Union and the preservation of this preservation of this government in its government in its original purity and original purity and character, let it be shed; character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if be erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me it is necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and and lay me upon it, and the blood that now the blood that now warms and animates my warms and animates my existence shall be existence shall be poured out as a fit poured out as a fit libation to the Union.libation to the Union. (February 1866) (February 1866)

The Election of 1868The Election of 1868

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

1868 Presidential Election

1868 Presidential Election

President Ulysses S. GrantPresident Ulysses S. Grant

“Grant Our Citizen”

Galena, Illinois

Grant, Edwin Stanton (WarSecretary), and Lincoln

Grant’s Home – Galena Grant’s Home – Galena IllinoisIllinois

GrantGrantJulia Grant

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.

Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

The Balance of Power in Congress

The Balance of Power in Congress

StateWhite Citizens

Freedmen

SC 291,000 411,000

Miss 353,000 436,000

Louis 357,000 350,000

GA 591,000 465,000

AL 596,000 437,000

VA 719,000 533,000

NC 631,000 331,000

Black Senate & House Delegates

Black Senate & House Delegates

Colored Rule

in the South?

Colored Rule

in the South?

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]

• The The Enforcement ActsEnforcement Acts were four acts were four acts passed from 1870 to 1871 that were passed from 1870 to 1871 that were meant to protect rights of all blacks meant to protect rights of all blacks following ratification of the Fourteenth following ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, which entitled freedmen and Amendment, which entitled freedmen and all others born in the United States to full all others born in the United States to full citizenship. citizenship.

The Failure of Federal Enforcement

The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 &

1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. Initially

successful but difficult to maintain enforcement….

Ideals

Supreme Court challenges

End of ReconstructionEnd of ReconstructionPages 585-598Pages 585-598

• Political IssuesPolitical Issues• Legal Challenges to 14Legal Challenges to 14thth/15/15thth

AmendmentsAmendments• Election of 1872Election of 1872• Panic of 1873Panic of 1873• Election of 1876Election of 1876• End of Reconstruction?End of Reconstruction?

Northern Support WanesNorthern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption.

Panic of 1873 [6-yeardepression].

Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.

Key monetary issues:

* should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.

* should war bonds be paid back in specie (hard money) or greenbacks.

Legal ChallengesLegal Challenges The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

Did the creation of the monopoly violate the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments?

No. The involuntary servitude claim did not forbid limits on the right to use one's property.

The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

• The Slaughterhouse Cases, resolved by the U.S. The Slaughterhouse Cases, resolved by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1873, ruled that a citizen's "privileges Supreme Court in 1873, ruled that a citizen's "privileges and immunities," as protected by the Constitution's and immunities," as protected by the Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment against the states, were limited Fourteenth Amendment against the states, were limited to those spelled out in the Constitutionto those spelled out in the Constitution and did not and did not include many rights given by the individual states.include many rights given by the individual states. Thus, Thus, a state may grant business monopolies to some of its a state may grant business monopolies to some of its citizens but not to others without running afoul of the citizens but not to others without running afoul of the Constitution. Slaughterhouse was the Court's first Constitution. Slaughterhouse was the Court's first interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, arguably interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, arguably the most important addition to the Constitution after the the most important addition to the Constitution after the Bill of Rights.Bill of Rights.

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of

unprecedented growth and corruption.

The Election of 1872The Election of 1872 Rumors of corruption

during Grant’s first term discredited Republicans.

Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.

Greeley attacked as afool and a crank.

Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

1872 Presidential Election

1872 Presidential Election

Popular Vote for President: 1872

Popular Vote for President: 1872

The Panic of 1873

The Panic of 1873

Caused by?

Commercial overspeculation

It raises “the moneyquestion.”

* debtors seek inflationarymonetary policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks.

* creditors, intellectuals support hard money. 1876 Greenback Party formed & makes gains in

congressional races The “Crime of ’73’!

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets

“Regional Balance?”“Regional Balance?”

1876 Presidential Election

1876 Presidential Election

The Political Crisis of 1877

The Political Crisis of 1877

“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

COMPROMISE???COMPROMISE???• Compromise essentially stated that Southern Democrats Compromise essentially stated that Southern Democrats

would acknowledge Hayes as President, but only on the would acknowledge Hayes as President, but only on the understanding that Republicans would meet certain understanding that Republicans would meet certain demands. demands.

• REPUBLICANS WOULD:REPUBLICANS WOULD:– Remove all federal troops from the former Confederate Remove all federal troops from the former Confederate

States. States. – Appoint at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes's Appoint at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes's

cabinet. cabinet. – Construct another transcontinental railroad using the Construct another transcontinental railroad using the

Texas and Pacific in the South Legislation to help Texas and Pacific in the South Legislation to help industrialize the South.industrialize the South.

• DEMOCRATS WOULD:DEMOCRATS WOULD:– Accept Hayes's presidency. Accept Hayes's presidency. – Respect blacks' rights.Respect blacks' rights.

Hayes PrevailsHayes Prevails

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!

A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877

End (death?) of Reconstruction

Success or Failure?Success or Failure?

How would you defend both sides?How would you defend both sides?Summarize successes and Summarize successes and

failures!!! List and explain at least failures!!! List and explain at least three of each for Monday.three of each for Monday.