recruiting campaign-facts and extracts for speakers organisers and recruiters 1918

8/8/2019 Recruiting Campaign-Facts and Extracts for Speakers Organisers and Recruiters 1918

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COMMONWEALTH O F AUSTRALIA

RECRUiTlNG CAMPAIGN

Facts and Extracts

For Speakers. Organizers.

and Recruiters.

’*J U N E , 1 9 1 8

Issued by

THE DIRECTOR-GENERALO F RECRUITING,Victoria B m e c k s . Mclboumc.

1918

-:.0>2s. \ b

U



I N D E X . ’-reface .. . ... .. . ...

Great Brituin’R War Aim s .., . . . . . . . ... 7Th e Voice oi tha Dominions-

Sir Robert Bordcn ... ... ... ... !ILicut. .General Sm uts .... ... ... .., 11,

The Empire’s Forces .... ... ... ... ... 13India’s Par t ._ . ... .., ... ... 15

. .Garmnn Grip on R u s h ... ... ... ... l iT eu ton s wan t Snlanikir ... ... ... ... 17T he \\‘m S i t w t i m -

Mr. Lloyd George ... ... ... .... 18Australia’s Sh nre~f G ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ,~ ~l, ~ ~~~Jlr. A r c h i l d d T. Strong 21-25, ~ ;l i~ ~ }

Tho Aqerionn Att i tude ... ... ... ... 33Why America is Figh t ing ._. .. . ... . . . . 34Ameriou Declnrcs “ S t a t e of \\‘or ** ... ... ... 35Pence

otlly pence ,,}~renidetrt. ~ i ~ s o n : ... 40-43._

Reawns Why t h e United Sta tes is Fight ink (;erorany ... 46Mr. Lansing’s Address to Aincricnn Soldiers ... ... 40Lnbour’s At t i tude towards the War in Australisi-

.. iovernor.Ganernl’s Conference _.. ... 54DIr. Tudor ... ... ... ... ... 6.5Senator Gnrdincp ... ... ... ... ... 56Dlr. Ansley ... ... ... ... ... 57



4

. Y16R

Labour's Att i tude A b r o d -M r . Henderson, M.P., England . ... ... ... 55Mr. Gompers, United States ... ... ... 58

Mr. Lloyd George, Eagland . ... ... ... 60Generid Smut s , South Africa ... ... ... 64

Pron lincnt 'Americans Spcnk ......

... ... 66Honours to Girllant Australinns ... ... ... 78HQW Germany Made the W m ... ... ... ... 105

:l,ichnowsky's Memoirs ... ... ... ... 108.AliUsace-Lorr%ino ... ... .... ... ... 112

How Gcrrnans V iew Austrnliiuis .., ... .... 122Who cnii Shut Out Fate? ... ... ... ... 124

SorneTel l ing Yhrnscs ... . ... ... ... ... 125Germnil Atrocities ... ... ... ... ... I27Cruel Treatment of Prisonem . * ... ... ... I28They and YO" ... ... ... ... ... 128Democlacy and Militarism ... ... ... 130342 years @.go ... ... ... ... ... 131



.-

PREFACE.This small book of “Fac t s and Ex t r ac t s” rclating t o

the War in i ts varying stagesand phases has been pre-pared so t i iat spcakers advocating Voluntary Enlistmcntm ay h av c a conv enient hasisof ‘algument. It is-intendedto he used ,accordingto circumstanccsand t o the discrimi-nation of the speakers . . .



7~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ .~~~~

GREAT BRITAIN’S WAR AIIYIS.On th e 19 th December,1917,in th e R o m e of Commons,

th e Prime M inister,Mr. Lloyd George said:-A grea t dealhad been madeof th e complaint th at the Government hadnot fully stc ted its war aims. H e would repeat th e poiritsof his Glasgow speech, and auk th e critic8 if .thcy could

challengeany of them. They were:-FIRST.

’ , “ Com plete rest,orationof territories which Germanyhail

conquered and reparationf o r damage. Ii Russia decides. to en ter on skparate negotiations shemust look after her

own territdrirrs. H e r act ion also disposes of th e question

of Constantinople. SECOND.“T he questionof Mesopotamia must he lef t to th e Peace

Congress, provided t h a t Mesopotamia and Arm enia. neveragain a re subjected to the blighting, blasting influence ofth e Turks.

THISD.“ T h e gre at I nte rna tion al Peace Congrcss must settle the .

question of the Cerinan colonies, having regard to thcwishes and interestsof th e inhabitants. I s tand by t h a tprinciple, whichI ha ve - already laid down, viz., th a t th ePeace Congress will settle all the questions upon principle,



6

respecting the desires an d se nt igen ts of th e peoples them-selves, the confidence which German rulehns inspired, an dwhether the coloiiists desire tlroirforrncr miwters or tointrust themselvesto others. The wishes of th e peoplestbemuelvesm u s t be th e dom inant factor settling.the fut.uregoverrirnent. W e have conquered no countryin which the

population 6elongs to thc'ruling race."VICTORY FOIL ~ E C U R I T Y.

Th e most imp ortant Brit ishwar aim was security, andtlicrefore the dertruc tion of militarism an d tlie democrnti-za tion ' of Germany werea t the root of the p ss ib il i ty ofpeace negotiations. W ehad no ideng of aggragdisem cnt.W e ad entered thewar believing that Britain's honourwits inlolverl. . w e were no t aimingat annexing a singleyrrd of territory. W e were determined to sta nd by ourallies u n t i l we broke th e tem per of Prusuinnism, otherwisewe would never have peace. W hen we s sid th a t victoryWBS essential to peace we did no t nican the satis fyin goflow, vin die tire motives, b u t realized th a t victorywas tbe

only thin g to give peace terms. A Leagu e of Nations inwhich Germmy would he represonted bya t r iumphant' military &ste rvoulrl be ahollow farce. Tha t was wby the .

Go vernm ent were askingfor powers to equip t.liemselvesw i t h means to w in t h e war.



9

THE VOICE.OF THE DOMINIONS.

Exlractsfrom Addressesby Sir RobertBorden (PrimeMinister

o Canada ) and Lt.-Gen.J . C . Smuls (Minister of Defence,

South Africa).-Znd April , 1917.

. A D D R E S S BY S l R ROBERTBORDEN.

The Right Hon. Sir Robert R o r d h , G.C.M.G., M.P.(Prim e M inisterof Canada), said :-Little m ore than twentymonths have clapsed sinccI last addrcssedyou. We hadsome realization, but hardly an ndequatc conception eventhe n, of th e tremendous task which st illlay beforc ns inthis war. In these islanas $ou ha vc risen splendidly. tothe need ; me of t he Dominions h v c s t rivenalso to .doour part. I then rcminded you that 350,000 mcn hadjoined thc colours in the oversea nations. To-dayI cantell you that not less thanone million men i n those Do-minionshave taken up 'arm sfor th e Em pire. The Canadian

Expeditionary Force in Europe then numbercd 75,000;to-day I am proud to tellyou that Canada has sent fortht o aid th e Alliedmuse more than 325,000 men. Our. to ta lehlistmcnts exceed400,000, and in thc CanadianExpedi-t ionary Forcealone more thqn 300,000 men havc left theshores of onr Dominion.



10

'How GERMANYMAY.GETPEACE.The Gerinan people are fighting with desperation under

the belief, engendered and fostered by their militaryautocracy, th a t we seek to crush Germany an d t o term inateher national existence. No such purpose ever wasor couldbe in th e mindof the Brit ish people. It is impossibleto

crush in "that sensea nation ' of IO millions. Beyondconi-parison, Germany was a t the beginningof the war them ost powerful m ilitary S ta te in th e world's histo ry. Anyidea of successful aggression ag ainst her a a s unthink able.Confident in that strength, the German nation, followingblindly the behests of militarism, entered upon this war,'

fo r world domination. For th e health of Germany'ssoul

her people must be taught beforeit ends that mil i taryagg rqsion is neithera legi tim ate ".or a profitable businessenterprise: that world domination is impossible; t h a ttreaties are sacred; - t h a t th e .public conscience of th e.world will not permit the rape of small, weak nations, will"not tolerate the horrible methods of barbarity which have

characterized the passage of the German armies and theiroccupancyof conquered territory .; and , finally, th a t thereis a world conscience. which c o m m a n h an d can arouseB

force sufficient to subdue any nation thatr u n s amok.The lesson must be thoroughly learned by the Germanpeople or the Allied nationswill have taken up.arms in

.



11.a

vain. L et Germany so set her house in ordef th a t , achange of ideal and'of purpose can be relied on; let hermake reparation for the evil ' she has wrought; let hergive adequate guaranteesfor the future. Thus, b u t no totherwise, can s he ha ve pence:For this, but not to crushher, th e Allied nations a re fighting.

EFPOnTS O F T A B , D O M l N I O h . S .

Lieutenant-General th e Righ t Hon .J. C. Smuts, K.C.,M.L.A. (Ministerof Defence, South Africa), said.:-Withregard t o th e ,Dominions--we ha ve listened t o t h e veryeloquent and wise speech which Sir Robert Bordenliasmade; an d i t is certainlya marvellous effort which hasbee n.m ade by the D ominions. Is i t no t a wonderful thin g

th a t the Dominion of Canada by herself ha s made an effortalmost equal,if not qui te equal , to that made ' by GreatBritain ' in the Boer War1 Here you have an out lyingnation of th e E m pire,. whichhas raised almost half amillion men in the courseof this, war. I a m credibly in-formed th a t in proportion t o her widely d istributed popula-.tion, the effortof Australia hasbceu nlmost more magnifi-cent, As regards the Empireof India I cannot speak,b u t I can say, as one who has commanded thousandsofIndian troopsi u one of our campaigns, thatI never wisht o command more loyal, braver', an d better troops. TheIndia n troops who are now b reakingup the T urkish Em pire



in Mesopotamia ore making aPcoutribution to the warwhich shou ld never be forgotten . New Zealand, tlic m ostBritish of all the Dominions,has made a m a g n z c e n teffort ; with a small population of a l i t t le more than am illion, she 'has raised appro xim ately100,000 men. Thisis an effor t of which we might all well h e proud. Th esa m e applies to Newfoundland.

SOUTEAFRIC~;AND THE EXPIRE.HON was this done? Here I come to the wider issue.

It was do ne because th e Boer W arof 1899-1902was sup ple-mcuted, was complemented,or conipensated by one of ,

-

the wisest political settleinents ever made in the historyof this nation. ' I hope that when in future youd r a b up

a calend ar of Em pire-builders yoiI will not forget th e nam eof S i H en ry Campbell-Bannerman. II ewas not eitherintellectuallyor politically a superm an, b u t h e wasa wiseman w ith profound feeling. an d profound political instinct,a n d h e achievedn work in S outh Africa by one wise a c tofstatesman ship w hichhas already borne, and will continue =_t o b ear, t h e moat far-reaching results in th ehistory of this .Empire.

This completed what was begun in theBoer W ar, and i tswitched South Africa again on to the riglit track and theBritish Empire again on60 the right track because, afterall, the British Empire is not founded on might or force,



13

but on moral principles-on principlesof freedom,eqiiality,

and equity. It is thcse principles w!iich we stand forto-dayos an Empirc in this mighty struggle. Our opponent,the German Empire, has never learned that lesson yet inhe? shor t h is tory. She s til l believes th a t might is r i g h tt h a t a military machine is suflicient to govern the world.She has n o t yet realised that ultimatelyall victories . a remoral and th a t even the political governm entof the worldis a nioral government. The fundamental issue in th isstruggle in wbichwe ar e engaged to-da yis th a t th e govern-ment of the wbrld is no t m ili tary, andit cannot be brough tabout by a m ilitary machine,. b u tby tlie principlesofequity, justice, ,fairness, ad d 'eq ua lity , suchas have bui l tup this Empire.

THE EMPIRE'S FORCES.

OVER 7,000,000 BIEN.*

Of6eial figures received in Washingtonshow t ha t on 1stApril, 1918, the British Empire had, roughly,7,500,000



14

men in the arm y an d the navy. The various par tsof th eEm pir e ar e represented as follows:-

Eng land and W ales - . . . . 4,530,000 ..Scotland . . . . ' . . 620,000 -

Ireland . . . . . . 170,000Dominions and Colonies . . 900,000 ?

Total .. . . . . 6,220,000

I n addit ion to these there were included in the grandtotal of 7,500,000 over 1,000,000 native labourers and menfor special services furnished by India,Africa, and otherdependencies.

. . -

[The laat census, th a tof 1911, gave t h e following-figuresfor the various parts of the United Kingdom :-Englandand Wales , 36,070,492 ; Scotland, 4,760,904; Ireland,4,390,210, or a tota l of 45,231,615. A month before theoutbreak of WBI the population ofthc United Kingdom

w as o5 cin lly estimated a t 46,089,249. Reckoningthis asthe present population,11.56 per cent., or oyer one-ninthof the population of the United Kingdou,is serving ine i ther t h e armyor th e navy. Takingas a basis the figuresof the 1911 census. the proportions of the populationof



I 6\,, . .

the various parts of the United 'Kingdom enlistedforservice in the arm y a n d nav y a re:-Per Cent.

Scotlirnd . . . . . . 13.02England and Wales . . . . 12.251-

INDIA'S PART.SINKINGDIFFERENCES.

(Oficial Message.)

Simla, Thursday.

The Viceroyof India (Lord Chelmsford) has decidedt oconvene and preside over a meeting of representntivesofall parts of.India, a t Delhi, from 27th t o 29th April,1918.His Excellency hasinvidd the attendanceof a number ofthe leading ruling chiefs, and also of all the non-officialmembers of the Council. He has asked h&ds of the pro-vinces to choose delegates ofall shadea of opinion t o at te nd

the conference.Th e objects ar eto invite the co-operationof all classes.

&st, to sink all domesticand political differences; second,t o secure the active.supportof all classes, especially regard-ing man power and the developmentof resources fo r the



//i rosecut ion of th e war ; and, thirdly, to bear cheerfullya n y sacrifices which m ay be necessary. The Viceroyalsohopes that the provincial rulers mill convene meetingsi ntheir respective provincesto give carly’effckt t o th eDelhiresolutions.

His Excellency has offeredhis personal bodyguard andbend to th e military authorities.

KING’SMESSAQETO VICEROY.London, 28th April,1915.

Th e K ing h as se nt th e following message to the Viceroyof India (Lord Chelmsford),for communication t o the W arand R ecru iting Conference to be held a t .Delhi onSa turday :-

( ‘ I learn w ith deep satisfaction t h a t in response to theViceroy’s invi tat ion th e ruling princes, chic$, ropresen ta-t ives of the provincial governments,and the leaders ofall sections of th e community-European an d Indian-are meeting to reaffirm the abiding loyalty of the Indianpeople, and their resolute mill to prosecute to the utmostof. the ir abil ity a nd to . thehill limit of .th e ir resources, inassociation with the restof the Empire,this w ar mhich theenem y bas wantonly provoked, and is ruthles sly .wagingagainst t h e freedomof the world. I rejoice to know thata fuller utilization of India’siiian power will be the firstcare of th e Conference. The Empire’s need is India’sopportuni ty.



‘l i

“ Recent eventshave made the s truggle on the V e s t i r nfro nt more bitter a nd sustained. Our position in th e Ea stis menaced by dis turb ances in Asia, which hav e been insti-gated by the enemy. It is of increasing importance thatth e operations of th e armiesin Eg ypt, Palestine, andMeso-potamia should largely be sustainedfrom India, and I lookconfidentlyto the Conference to proniotea spirit of unity,

concentration of purpose and activity, and‘ a cheerfulacceptance of sacrifice, without which no”bigb object andno lasting victory can be ?cbieved.”

GERMAN GRIP ON RUSSIA.

UKRAINE TEUTONCOLONY.

Adiiecs bave been received by the State Departmentin Washington that tho Teutonic invaders are convertingth e &nine into a. German colony. Germans an dAus-trians are supplnnting the Ukrainian officials.. me usualcnrrency has been withdrawn, and German money is beingcirculated instead .

TEUTONS WANT SALONIKA.IB BRITISURETAINGIURAT.TAR.

The Rerlin correspondentof t h e blunclmer Zeilung(IInnich ) states t h a t Bulgaria objects t o th e proposal th a t



it shall conipcnsete Turkey andthe Central Powers foroccupying Dobrudja (now in the possessionof Roumania).Official advices have been received a t W ashingtonfrom

Rome to tbe effect that a breach between Bulgaria andAustria is threatening on accountof the bitter Bulgarianopposition to the proposed joiningof Bessarabia to Rou-m ania w hichhas the endorsementof Austria and Germany.

The co&ospopdent adds t h a t if G reat Britaindoes n o tsurrender Cyprus, Gibraltar, Nalta, Egypt, l’alestine,andNesopo@pia, th o Central Yomerswill m ak e Salonika their -’

nnval base.

THE WAR SITUATION.SPXECH BY IW. LLOYD GEORGE.

London, 20th D e c e d e r ,1917.In the House of Commons to-day Jh. Lloyd George

addrcssed a ful l House on the naval and military situation.THE RUSSIANCOLLAPSE.

Regarding the si tuation, i t was idle to pretend th a tourhopes a t th e beginningof the year lind been renliscd. Thedisappointment was attr ihuhble entirely to the Rus+ncollapse. A t the hcginningof the year .the Russian armyhad been better equipped with guns, machine.guns, aero-



\1Y

planes, an d~ -am & un itio n th an ever before. :‘The Alliedsuccesses in1917,the captureof Bagdad an d the surrenderof J e N s a ~ e m ,would have.a permanent effect upon theworld’s history . Th e cap tureof Jerusalem, which wouldnever be restored t o the Tu rk, ha d,.ri gh tly or wrongly,added more to th e prestigeof the British a r m than anyother event of th e war. Some peoplehad said these wereonly side-shows. T he British Em pire oweda good deal toside-shows.

One great eventin the year, he said, was the adventofAmerica in to world politics. Another inemorable oventwas the creationof a n Intern ationa l Council a t Versailles,thus setting u p for the first tim e thc m achinery for a League

.of Nation s. This Council would havea greater effect

on international relations than’any one now imagined.So far it had been a conspicuous success.It was free fromfriction, and had helpedt o remove friction.

It was absolutely necessary th a t G reat ‘B rita in shouldmake greater sacrifices to strengthen the army for thecoming year. W ith th e viewof incre;~sing he supply ofmen,for the army it would be necessary to ask the trade

unions to consent to an alteration in the pledges giventhe m , owing to the changed conditions having p u ta greaterdemand on the nation’s man-power. This step wasunavoidable because Great Britinn must, draw upon herreserve of man-power rather thansend back to the frontmen who had been badly wounded, which would be unfair



a n d intdlerable while nien sta ye d home who h a d never goneto fight. The Government also wanted to meet th e needsof shipbuildingy i d agriculture.

The next few monthswould be the most tryingof thewar, because one greatpowor had praetically gone outand the other great power NRS no t fully in . Our burdenwould be great, but wemust not imagine that the enemyha d no di5c ulties. The physical qua lityof the German

workers had so deteriorated that their output was33 percen t. less th anit was in 1914. Germany was u si n g u p herreserv e. m an 'power. France ha d lost heavily. TheItalian losses wcre not comparable with thoseof Austria,while th e B riti sh losses wcre only equ alto one-quarteror one-fifth of Germany's pcvmaneutlosses. The Allies'reserve of nian power was more than doublo the reserve'

of all their enemies. Time an d tonnage onlyx\.ere required,and the enemy know it .

h I T I S n W A R A I M S .

A great deal had been madeof the complaint tha t theGovernnient had no t fully stated i t s waraims: He wouldrepeat the pointsof his Glasgowspeech, and askhis criticsif they would challenge any01 them . They were, firstly,the complete restoration of the territories Germany hadconquered, and reparationlor the damage. If Russiadecided to enter into separabe negotiations with Germanyshe must look after her own territories. Her action &I

. disposed of the questionof Constantinople. The second



question,of Mesopotamis, m us t be leftto th e peace-congress,.provided Mesopotanuaand &menin were nevcr again sub -jected to t h e blighting an db las ting influenceof the Turks.

The third pointmas that the great international peace. congress must settle thc questionof German colonies,

having regard to the wishes and inte re stsof the inhab i tmts .Hc stood by th a t principle which he had already laiddownt l iat the peaco congress m ust settle all th e questions upon

, the principle of respecting the desires and sentimentsofth e peoples themselves, 't h e confidence which Germanrule hnd inspired, and whether thc colonists desired theiriormer masters or t o en tnis t themselves to other s. Thewishes of th e peoples themselves m ust be the dom inantfactor in sett l ing their future government. We hadconquered no country in which the population belonged

. ,

to the rul ing race.

AUSTRALIA'S SHARE.By Avohibald T. Strong.

T ha t Australia canno t claim to havc don e more thanhcr share is apparentfrom the lact;s set out hclow byMrStrong :-

Since the beginningof the war, Great Britain has beenstaggering underan alm ost intolerable financial burd en,for



22

which Australis is a t least in some sense responsible.Since hostilities began, Britain's advnnces to the Allies.amount to f1,264,000,000, nnd shehas lent anotherf180,000,000 to the Dominions.Her estiinated Nationald e b t on 31st March, 1918, was f5,900,000,000. H er average'daily expenditure on thewar from 1 st December, 1917, to9th February, 1918,was f6,107,000. Thesc figures are so

huge os almost t o bnffle understanding; bu t w hat everyone'can understand is that the country whichia finking suchsacrifices is dra ining herselfof hor very life-blood. L et .u snow look a t our own responsibility in the matter.

Since th e war beganne have borrowedfrom Britain byway of direct loan 247,500,000. Consideringour prosperity

t h i s is hnrdly nil exploit to be proudo f ; and i t does notrepresent the greater part ofour indebtedness. Manypeople imagine that we hnve defrayed the whole expenseeof our army. It may astonish them t o hear th a tfor th ispurpose we are 250,000,000 in Britnin's dcbt, and that bythe end of the finnncinl year 1917-1918o& estimatedliability over this matt er will sta nd a t 261,550,000. Wehave, therefore, borrowedfrom her considerably more thanf100,000,000 aince the war beg an; an d we have onlyar rang ed for the repayment of, €13,500,000. Canada,on

t h e oth er hand, who borroned largely&om Britain a t thebeginning of the war, has now repnid the whole debt, and



-is lending Britsin money. This ‘factis made plain by thereport of Sir Thom as Wh&e’s speech, givenin T.he MonetaryZ’irnes, Toronto, of 16 th November,1917.

W H ATWE OWE BRITAIN.It is clainied by those who. urge t h a t “A us tra lia has

done her share” that hei case is different from Canada’e,in as mu chaa Canada hasreceived @ e&slims Wam Englandfor munitions, and therefore repayment has been madeeasy. Th e an8werto this is th a t, firstly, m unition-mak ingis a direct contribution to t he war,of a kind t h a t we havenot made here,>od tha t , therefore,if Canada has beenable to make repayment, this has been ult imately due toher own enterprise. BIunitions a re essei?tialt.) the wor’s

success. G rea t B ritain go t the mfrom Canada ; she didnot get them fromus. There may be valid reasons whywe did no t send them. T h a tis no t the point. The pointis t h a t w.e haven o r i g h ft o c ite our not having made muni-tions as &mexcusefor our failure t opay our wayin thewar.

Quite a p ar t fromthis point, we, too, hav ebeen receivinghuge sums from G reat B ritain, n ot, inde ed, fo r munitions,b u t for our natural produce; so that here again, we arelef t w ith no excuse for failing to subscribet o W ar Loans,or, generally spenking,’toplay our tinancinl part in thewar. In 1915-1916 th e Bri t ish Government advancedf11,000,000 in anticipation of part of our wheat harvest.



24

I n 1916-1917, i t purchased 3,500,000 tons of wheat ' an d'paid for them, before delivery,f26,600,000. It purchasedthe greater part ofour 1916-1917 wool clip, and paid forthis, ' before shipment,€25,340,000. It has bought ' th eNhOh of 1917-1918 wool clip beforehand, at.a valuationof €45,000,00~. During the past two years i t .has spentf15,000,OM) on our meat and rabbits, and f4,500,000 onour bu tte r an d chcesc. Largesn& have also becn spentin purehane of our meta lr, j a m , &c. Th e ' to ta l amountm e have received from Great Britainin these ways duringt h e l a s t two years exceeds the huge sumof €150,000,000 ;an d th e significanceof this figureie enhanced bj. the univer- ,,sally !mown f ac t t ha t a very great deal of the produce

thus purchssed ha s never left these shores, an d in th epresent dearth of shipping, cannot leave them for anin d e h i t e period.

During the presentseason some €100,000,000 will havebeen distributed amongoiu primary producers, and thishas only heen possible bem useof t he hanc i a l a r r ange -ments made by tlic Commonwealth Government with theBritish qovernment.

So much has Britain donefor. us Have we done our" fair share" for her a nd for ourselves2

"Herald," Tuesday, 9 d A p d , 1918.



25

~ IF GERMANY RULED AUSTRALIA.11th Nay,-1915.

Th e following article is prin ted m &ly by way of answerto the suggest ion thatwe would not he worseoff underGermnn rule:-

Official figures published a few evenings ago reg ardin g

the relative 'nm ount .of unemployment in Australia, and inthe belligerent countriesof the Old Worl?, must havebrought home t o m an y people th e extraordinary for tunateconditionswhich Australia is to-day enjoying in spite ofthe fac t tha t she i s n twar with Germany.

It is a n object-lesson a t once salu $s ry an d terrible t ocom pare her condition w ith th a t of Belgium-the la tte rcountry harried with fire, sword, and outrage, and on theverge of utter starvation; ourselves enjoying conditionswhich, even when the grave rnvages of drought have beendiscounted, hardly vnry for thc average Australian fromthose of pence and prosperity.

This is not to say tha t wedo no t possess an unemployed

problem or thato w rate of living is precisely that whichwe enjoyed eight months ago. It is practicnlly certain,too, thnt before the war is overy e shall feel t oa greaterdegree tha n heretofore th c pinch whichis operating tluough-out England and Central Europe. Hut the fact remainst h a t for the average Australian non-bc'lligerent lifeis a t



present a th ing fiee from hardship an d horror. N otonly,

is he so fa r immune fIom “ frightfulness” as practised bythe valiant Teuton upon innocent non-combatants, suchas th e inhabi tantsof Belgium and the passengerson theLusitania ; b u t he is comfortably housed, clothed a nd fed,a@ , a s far as one can see a t present,is l ikely t o remainso for a considerable time, with the aid of reasonableeconomy.

All these things w e owe to England; her command oft h e sea, and the .heroic struggle which sh e isa t presentunder takin g i n Belgium an d Northern France-; strugglein which we, in o w own place and fashion, have a t lastbeen able t o play our‘part right worthily.

Australia’s de btt o Britain a t the present m om ent shouldseem fairly obvious, except to those sinisterfolk who takeall th a t the British Em pire can give in th e wny of saf etyand prosperity, and when that Empireis . in her utmostneed turn roundand rail upon her as if she were theirt y r an t or foeman. These people a reaa far past hope asthey are past shame. To the normal patriotic. Australiani t m ay be useful to recall the f a c t th at i t is not only in

.this crisis of warfare that Australia enjoys unprecedentedconditions of life, but that the conditionof her workers inpeace-time too is one of economic, social, an d politicalprosperity unprecedented in the world to-day.It is cer-



. _ 2’1

tain that if Australia could possibly becomea German’ossa4sion to-morrow hcr Wages Boards, Arbitration

Courts, and whole system of industrial regulation woulda t once go by,the hoard andbe replaced by that conditionof ty rann ou s repression t o whichI ha ve repea tedly referredin those columns. T he point of notice he re is t h a t evenif t h e Au stralian w orker were permitted, in thiscon-tingency, t o fare a8 dom the German worlcer, his wholestandard of living would be out of all comparison inferiorto th a t which he enjoysn t present.

B u t it is furtherm ore iiiconceivable th a t the Au stralianworker would he allowedt o enjoy even the relativelylowstandard of existence which prevails in Hamburg rindCharlottenburg. If lie wishes to see what hisfate mighthave been had it not been for the British flag, he shouldglance a t the description of Germany’s adm inistra tion inPoland, supplicd by German’s own Chancellor in“ In]-perial Germ any,” an d byM. Snrolen hi “ T h e Anglo-GermanProblem.”

H e would 6nd bj ieference to thesebooks tha t in thecase indica ted h e would h ave been regarded a s belongingto a subject, nnya servile, class, and t h a tif he happenedto poss&s land of his own he would have been compnlsorilycxproprin ted fo r th e benefit of th e Pru ssian capitalist.Asa m atter of fnct, he probn bly would no t fare even thu swell,



28

since he comes under th e m ost hate d nation clause" a s'

fa r as Gormany is concerned,and would be luck y'ifhe mereallowed to possess propertyof a n y kind, or even life. B u tt o p u t such a liideous possjbilityfor a moment outof tlwquestion, letus glance a t a few figures which willshow thecomparat ive ' s ta tmof the worker ih Australia, the United

Kingdom, and Germany.Through the kindnessof m y friends,Mr. G . H. Knibbs ,

the Fede rai Statist , andMr. Gerald Lightfoot,I ha ve beforem e a list of the wages and Iionrs affecting eighteen tradesin these thre e countries. To takehours first, the standardnum ber in A ustralia is48 (for all trades), as against from58 to 52 in Germany, and 57 to 494 in the U nitedEingdom.These'figurcs speak for themselves, b ut they becomeall themore significantwhen we glance a t th e scaleof wages.

There are on ly two of th e trad es in w hich t h e Australianra tc i s n o t more than twice thatof the Gcrmm, whilc intwo or three instancesit is three t imes th a t rate. In thefnrniture trnde, for instance, themeekly Australian wage

is 58s. a8 against 21s. i n Germ any. Nearly the sameproportionholds in brass-vorking , papcr-m aking , saddlery,carriage-building, and the tobacco trade, the Australianwa$es here being respectively54s. Gd., 55s. Zd., b., 3s.6d., OS., thc German 27s. lld.,27s. lOd., 2Gs., 25s.6d., and22s. The corresponding En@ ish ra te s a re36s. 4d., 47s.,



29

29s. Zd., 29s. 5d., and 30s. 6a. By far the most startlingfigures, homcvcr, a r c those for saw-nlilling, hosiery,machinery, and electric working. .Here th e Australianrates are 60s. 3d., 61s. Ed., 62s. 7d., and 61s. 9d. TheGerman rates urc21s. 7d., 21s. 3d., 23s. 5d., an d 29s. I ld .The English rates are31s. 5d., 35s. 4d., 37s. 7d. , for th e

last three trades, no re tu rn being furuished for th c 6r st.Comparing theGcrman with th e English ratesof pay

we find th a t th e superiority in th e Unitcd Kirigdom rangesfrom abou t 5s. a week to about 20s. I n no single cnsc isthe English rate of pay asl o w as the German.

These figures hardly rcrpire comment; but, of course,th e question will a t once be asked :-Yes, bu t T h a t ab ou tthe relativc costof living ? Well, as far as England andGermany go, th e cos t of living is givenas 18 per cent. lowerin England ou the basis of thc English food rcgimerr,and .,

8 per cent. highcr in Gerniauy on the basisof the Germanfood regimen.

Th at is tosay, if a n English worker a c r e to live iri Germany

a t tho samc s tandard of diet which he enjoysia Englandi t mould cost him18 per cent.mom than i t did in England.If he were to livein England 'on tlic d ie tar y scheme ofBGerman w orkcr, h e could live8 per cent. cheapcr thnn tlicGerman rate. R en ts ar c practically th esame value inGermanyBnd E ngland, an d expenditure on ren tsi.s, roughly,



30

about one-half of expenditure on food,so tha t the abovevalue will no t be acnsibly affec ted by th e add ition of th isi tem. To p u t th e mzztter in anotherwny, nn Xnglishworkman in Germany, living asfnr ns possible as he hadbeen accustomed to live in E ngland, wouldfind his cxpendi-tme on rent (erclusive of local taxation),food, and fuelincreased b y some18 per cent.

As regards wages and hours of labour, the results givenin the. afore-mentioned listuf wages may be reduced totlie following proportions:-

Weekly money wagesof the working classcs in Germantowns a te t o weekly wages o f ' t t e sam e classes in E ngland,in th e trad es selected for comparison, a s83 o 100.

T h e a verage workinghorns a week of th e working classesin Germ an towns a re to those of th e same classes in Eng land,

~

in the trades selected for comparison,ns 111 to 100.. Consequently the hourly rntes of money wages for the

working classes in German towns are to thoseof tl+e sam eclasses iu Englandfo r the tradcs selectedfor comparison,as 75 t o 100.

Thus, on the above basis, the German rateof moneywages a n houris abo ut three-quartersof t h e XngLish rate,a n d t h e cost of rent, food,'aiid fuel nearly on e-fif thgreatertha n in England.

Tbe above figures, which nre, of course, absolutely re-liable. dispose a t onceof the cant, still oocasionally tobe



' 31

heard in our community,as to the high s tandardof livingguaraiitecd b y Germany t o her workers, an d t he relativelylo w one guaranteed b y Britain.

W hen we come toeA ustralia, however, th e result isstillmore remarkable. .

On the baais of the Australisnfood regimen, the costoffood in Eng land a nd Germany compared w ith Australia,is.as 89 an d 116, respectively, aret o 100 ; t h a t is, i t is 11 percent. lower in Eng land th an in Australia, bu tis 16 per cent.higher in Germany than i n Aua t rd i a . The above figuresd o no t include Iiouue rent .

T h a t is t o s ay t h a t if he had to coufincliimnelf t o tho .ordinary uecessaries of life, an Australian could liveIG

per cent, c h e a p n Australia tha n in Germany. B utw l i s 6

is the ac tual s ta teof affairs? Australian r ads of pay are80. high compared with Germau that the Australian work-ma n, no t. having th us t o restrict himself, an d living a town standard, actually spends56 per ccnt. iiiore on allitems thnn does th e German.

These figuresbring us back t o our original point, nam ely,t h a t the Anstralian workman to-day cnjoys absolutelyznprecedented social, political, and economic conditionsof

living-conditions which areonly made possible fo r himto-day by his participation in the British Bmpire.IfAustralin were notn p a r t of tliat Empire, but wereforced



32

to depend on her own resources,i t is certain t h a t with herpopulation at its present strength--or weakn-3s-withinsix montlis she mould become the vassnl of k eoreignpowcr ; and i n this case, where, I ask, mould be herniinimum wage and her oight-hours day'?iLs a matter ofsclf-interest alone, Australiawould be bound to spend her' L las t m an and her last shilling" in helping England to

ca rry this war through t o a clean Gnish.But evcryonc who h o ~ ser spiri t to-day, the spiri t

which her heroes hnvc just met theip dc ath ,knows t h a tit is something far higher than self-interest which hasricrvedhcr to play her p ar t worthilyi n this suprcme struggle.

-The vast majority of hcr citizens realize that they bclongt o a race which exercises poweronly th at i t may prescrve,as fa r as m ay be, th a t which makes for th c peacc of th eworld, for hu m an ity, mercy, a nd cl ea n living-a racewhich guaran tces to each of it s component pa rtstbepowe: to realize itselffrecly and independently after thelam of its own being. All th a t we have' of goodin life weowe to Britain to-day; and never hasany citizen of our

rac e hnd greater cause to be proud of theEmpire than inth is suprem e m om ent of her trial.

P r o i ? ~' Auslraliu and the War," by Archibald Ip. Strong.



3 3

THE AMERICAN ATTITUDE.There is no use blinking thc fact th a t m any Australians

are withholding themselves from thewar because theyconsider it solelyas En glan d’s war. Therefore, letit bedriven home to them that thisis not Englnnd’s war, butn war in which Australiannd the world’s Democracy areimperilled.

It is in. this evangel th a t th e entrnnceof America intothe wa r possesses such’ pa ram ountand immeasurablesignificance. Am erica would nev er ha ve inte rven ed h adher President and her people held that this was “onlyEngland‘s war.” Am erica, like Australia, was originallycolonized by adventurous Englishmen, Scotsmen, Welsh-men, nnd Irishmen, who, forn var ie ty of rensona, wishedto get away from England, Ireland, Scotland,and Wales:The .&st and second generations retained nffectionfortheir motherland, but nfter that thc feeling of love diaap-pcared, or became changed in to indifference, antagonism,and even hnte. La ter on wave nfter wnvcof emigrantsrolled ncross th e A tlnnticnnd t h e Pacific,so t h a t it has nowbeen officially st at ed t h a t fightingfor America nnd Liberty

to-dny thereare 38 different rnces.It is , therefore, abu nd antly clear th a t th e United S tates

neither stayed o ut of,nor we nt into, th e war because i t was‘‘England’a war.” No. They went in to it beonuse it iaBreedom’s wnr, beonuse it is n new wnr of Independence,a war of the people, by the people, for the people’s

C.F628.-2



34

privilegesol Lib erty an d Independence. The citizensof theUnited States are fighting for theUnited States and thegodd ess of Lib erty. E ve n the German an d Au strian, bornand;descended there , ar e fighting for th e m aterial ob ject,which ia their co untry, an d th e ideal nim, which is Liberty.T h a t is what Americn’s tardily undertaken but yetwhole-heartedly g iven alliance dem onstrates to Austra lia.

It dem onstrates th a t the narrow-minded notion t h a t Aus-tralia is fighting fo r En gland is afallacy, which may causethose who cling to i t to makea fatal mistake. A ustrd iansin th e b attlefield are ranged alongsideL f th e Allies, who are

* nofonly fighting for their own countries, butfor the Free- .dom, the Independence,and the Democracy of the world,and every free country, big or little, which therein is.

They ar e fightingfor th e brotherhood of man , an d Govern-m e n t by the people.It is for this main and momentous reason that the

Am erican at titu d e should be stressed, an d wh y someof themore important of the United States official pronounoe-menta have been collectedfor the use of recruiters.

WHY AMERICA IS FIGHTING.The following stat em en ts of th e American point of view

shou ld be usefnlas showing( I ) t h a t t hewnr is not,EngZand’swar ; 2) that America regardsit ns a war for freedom ;(3) t h a t the United States were forced to go t o war by theinhuman ferocity of Germany‘s submarine policy.



95

PRESIDENT WILSON DECLARES " A STATE OFWAR."

W ASHINGTO N, Ap ril 9,1917.President Woodrow Wilson addressea the extraordinary

session of the United StateaCongress on Tuesday asfollows:-

" Gentlemen of Congress,-" I have called you together in extraordinarg sersion

heoauae there is a serious-a ve ry serious-choiceof policywhich m ust be m ade ;mm ediately, an d whichit is neitherright nor constitutionollq permissible thatI should assumethe responsibility for making.

" On 1st February lastI informedCongress of Germany'sintention to undertake ruthlesn submarine warfare, andto sink every vessel which approached Great Britain ora n y European po rts. Th is followed on Germany's earliercompromise t h a t passenger ships would not besunk withoutwarning and when resistancewas no t offer$d,and that thecrews would be given a fa ir chance to escape with the irlives.

'' These precau tions wcre meagreand hap haza rd enough.as was prove dby th e distressing instancesin the progress ofth e cruel, unm anly business, bu t a certa in degreeof restraintwas observed. Thenew policy, however, has sw ept everyrestriction aside. All vessels, irrespectiveof cargo an d flag,have been sent to the bot tom, without help and without



36

mercy. Even hospitalahd relief ships, though providedw ith th e Germans’ safe conduct, were sun k with th e samereckless lackof compassion or principle.

‘‘For a while I was unable to believe th a t such thingsaould be done by nny Government subscribingt o civilized”practice. The intentionof internatio nal law was t o estab-lish a ru le which would be respected qnd observedon t h ehigh seas , which is th e world‘s free higliway. Germanysw ep t aside thin rule under t h e pleaof retaliation, throwing

’t o th e winds all scruples of humanity.

‘‘Germnny’s submaiine warfare isno longer directedagninst belligerents, but against tke whole world Allna tion s are involved in Germany’s action.The challengeis t o a l l m ankind. Wanton, wholesale des tructio n h as beeneffected agains t women an d children while they have beenengnged i n pursuits which even in the darkest periods ofmo dern history h av e been regarded as innocent and legiti-mate.

‘I The Germnn submarining warfareis against mankindan d all nations. American ships ha ve beensunk. Therebas n o t been discrim ination. Germany challengesallm ankind. Each nation m ust decide how to meet thechallenge. Our choice m ust be made.

“ Moderntion of counsel and temperateness of judgmentwill be fitting for th e nation . Our motive will n o t berevenge or th e victorious asse rtion of phyaical might, b u tt h e vindicationof right.



37~~

"Submar ines a re out laws. It is common prudence,indeed a grim.nccessity, t o endeavour to destroy themupon s ight. Germany has in t im ated th at th e armcd guardson our m erchantm en will be trea to da s pim tes. Thereforearmed neutrali ty is absolutely ineffectual.

'' Th ere is one choiceI cann ot makc. I will not chooset h e p a th of submission, an d suffer th e'm o st sacrcd rightsof

th e nationand of the people t o be ignored a n d violated." Wi t h a profound senseof the solemn and even tragiccharacter of the s tep I am,taking, an dof th e grave respon-sibilities involved, b u t in unh esitating obedience t o m yconstitutiona,l du ty,I advise Co nge ss to declare th a t th erecent course of th e G erman Governm ent is nothing less tha nwar against th e Un ited S tates , an d t h a t the United States

accept th e s ta tu sof a belligerent which has been th ru st uponi t , and will take imm ediate steps to p u t th e countryinto a thoroug h s ta te of defence, an d t o e xert all her poweran d resonrce in bringing Germany to terms, an d in endingth e war.

" This will involve the utmost practicable co-operationwith th e Powers now a t war with G ermany, an d th e exten-

sion to those Governmentsof the most liberal financialcredits in order t h a tour resonrces m a y be ad ded t o theirs." It will also involve th e o rgan ization an d mobilizationof

the navy to enablcit t o cope with subm arines, an d animmediate addit ion t o th e armed forcesof th e United States.At least 500,000 men should be chosen upon the principleof universal liabilityfor service.

I



38

" W e mu st not in ter ferewith our duty of supplying th eAllies w ith materials. They are in the field, a n d should behelped in eve ry w ay possible. I mil l suggest detailed mea-sures for the aeeomplishment of these objects.

"BIeanwhile'I must makeour motives a nd objects clear.They are the vindicationof the principles of peace andjustice, as again st selfish, autoc ratic power, a n d th e'estab-

lishment of concerted purpose and action, whichWillhenceforth insure th e observance of these principles.

" W e are a t th e beginningof a n age whichWill insis t th a tth e same stand ards of conduct and responsibil ity forwrong shall be observed among nations and Governmentsas am ong indiv idual citizens.

' ' We have no quarrel with th e German people, b ut afeeling of sym pathy and friendship. Germany entered th ewar without the German people's knowledgeor approval.This war was provokcdiu the interestsof am bitious men,who used thc ir fellow-men a s pawns an dtools.

" Self-governed nationsdo no t fill neighbouring Stateswith spies, nor employ intrig ue to produce a critical st at eof affairs which mill enable th emto m ake a conquest. Suchdesigns .and cunningly co ntrivedplans of deceptio n nndaggression can only be carried out where no one has therig ht t o ask questions.

" A steadfnst concert of peacee n n be m aintained only b ya partn ership of dem ocratic nations.No autoc ratic G overn-m en t can be trustedt o keep fa ith an d observe covenants.

I



39

“R ece nt events in R ussia have added hope for the futu repeace of the world. Th e grea t Russian people ar e nowa mighty force fightingfor freedom, justice, and peace.They are a fit pa rtn cr in a League ofHonour.

“ F r o m th e ou tse tof th e war Gcrniany hasfilled Americawith spiesa n d se t afo ot criminal intk’igues ag ain stour peaceand comm erce. Intr igu es ha ve been carriedon under thepersonal direction of official ag en ts of Germ any, accreditedt o th e United States. An interccpted no te sen t to Mexicoproved that Germany endeavoured to stir up enemiesa tour very doors.

“ W e ar e acc ep ting the challengc because we realize t h a tin the German Government we could not have a friend:We are abo utt o acc cp t th e gauge of battle. Thisis naturalfo r liberty. If necessary, we will spend the whole forceof th e nation to check an d nullify th e G erman Government’spretentions to power.

“ We will be glad t o figh tfor tho peace, liberty, an d rightsof h e small an d g reat nations, an d to make th e world safefor democracy. We do not desire conquestor dominion.

We do no t scek indem nitiesfor ourselves or m aterial com-pensation. In h e sacrifices which we inte nd t o freely m akewe will scrupulonsly observe the principles of right andfair play.

“ Austria indorsed Clermany’s subm arine war. Thcreforeit is impossiblefor th e Un ited S tate s to receive Co unt vonTarnowski as ambassador. But Austria has not actually



40

engaged in warfare again st the Un ited Stateson t h e seas.I therefore postpon ediscussionof ow reletions with Vienna.

‘‘Th e irresponsible G erman G overnm ent ha s throw n asideconsiderations of hu m anity an d is running am uck.

‘ I W e hope t o prove friendship fur the Germ an people b your at titu d e towa rd th e millions of menand women ofGermanbirthandnativesympathyinourmidst, themajor i ty

of whom are tru e loyal Am ericans. B u tif there is disloyaltyit will be met by stern repression.“ There are many m onths oflie17 trial and sarrifice ahead,

b u t we dedicate to th e f ightour lives an d fortunes-every-thing, w ith th e pride,of knowing th a tday will come whenAmerica is privileged to spend her bloodand resonrces forprinciples t h a t gave ber birth. God helping her , she can d o

no other.” (Tu m ultuo us cheering.)

“JUST AND STABLE PEACE.”THE WSENTIAL CONDITIONS.

. .

On 9th January, 1918, President Wilson delivered to

Congressa

message from which th e following a rc cxtract.9:-:‘To whom have we been listening?To those who.speak the spir i tand intention of the resolutions of theGerm an lteichsta g of 1 9 thJuly last , the sp iri t and intentionof th e Liberal lead ersand pa rtics of G erm any ,o r to thosewho resist and defy that spir i tand intcntion, and insistupon conquest and subjugation2 Or are we listening, in



41~~

, fact, t o both unreconciled an din open and hopeless con-tradictions? Upon the answer to that quest ion dependsth e peace of theworld.

‘‘There isno co nh sion of counsel amon g th e adversariesof the Central Powers,no uncertainty of principle, novagueness of de tail. T he only secrecy of counsel, th e onlylack of fearless fr a n h e s s , th e only failure to make definites ta tementof the objectof the w ar, lies with Germanyandher allies. The issues of lifeand death hang upon thosed e h i t i o n s . No statcsman who has the least conceptionof his responsibility ought fora moment t o permit himselfto continue this tragicaland appalling outpo uring ofbloodand treasure unless he is sure, beyond a peradventure,th a t the objectsof the sacrifice are vita l,and pa rt an d parcelof the very .life of society,and that the people for whomhe speaks th ink them r ightand imperative, as he does,

“ W h a t we demand in th i swar is nothing peculiar toourselves. It is that the world be madefit and snfe tolive in ; and part icularly that i tbe madc safe for every

peaceloving nation which, likeonr own, wishes t o live itsomn Life, d eterm ine i t s own institu tions, beassured ofjustice an d fair dealing by th e oth er peoplesof th e worldus against forceand s c l h h aggression. All th e peoplesofthe world are in effect partners in this interest,and forour own part we see very clearly thatU ~ C S S ustice bedone to others i twill not be done to us.



42

'' W e have no-jealousyof German greatness. W e grudgeher no achievcment or distinction of learning or of pacificenterprise. We do not wish to injure heror to block inany way her legitimate intiuenceor power. W Odo notwish t o fight her either withnrms or w ith hostile arrange-ments of trade if she is willing to associate herself withus a n d th e othe r pence-loving nntions of .the world in

covenantsof justice an d law and fair dealing. We wish heronly to accept a place of equalitynmong the peoples ofth e' world-the new world in which we now live-insteadof a place of mastery.

" An eviden t principleruns throu gh th e whole programmeI have outlined. It is th e principle of ju stice t o al l peoplesand nntionalities, and their right to liveon equal terms

of l iberty and safety with one another, whether they bestrong or wenk. Unless this principle hemade the founda-.tion no par t of w hat is gainedby th e struggle0 1 internationaljustice can stan d. Th e peopleof th e Uni ted States couldac t upon no oth er principle, nnd to th e vindica tion of thisprinciple the y are ready t o devo te the ir lives, their honour,an d everything th a t they possess. The m oral climax

of this the culminating and final war for human libertyhas come, and they are ready t o p u t their own strength,th eir own highest purposes, their own intcg rity an d devotionto the test."

Rapidly occurring events in Russia rudely shatteredth e President's hopes,so th a t three months la terhe foundit .necessary to speak again.

, . . <. . ,



43

" THE ONLY PEACE."On Saturday ,7 t h April, 1918, President Wilson addressed

B meetingheld a t Baltimore in commemoration of tho firstanniversaryof America's entry into the war, and inaugurat-ing tlie openingof the campaignfor the T hiid LibertyLoan.

The Prcsidcut said.:--" This is th e annive rsaryof our

acceptance of Gcrmuny's challcngcto fight fo r our rightto live and be free, an d for th e sacred rightsof free nieneverywhere. Thc nation .is awak e. Them is no need t ocall to it. We know that thewiIr ruust cost our utmostsacrifice, the lives of our fittest men, and, if need be, allthat we possess. . . .

'' I have notGomehere to urgc the loan. I have comeonly to giveyon, if I can, a more vivid conception of thetea6OI18lor this great war, thereason why i t had to conie,the need t o fight i t through, and t h e issues th a t han guponits outcome, which arernore clearly disclosed now thanever before. Men in Am erica m ay bemore sure than theyever were before t h a t the cause is their own, an d th a t ifitshould bo lost their own great nation's placeand mission

,i q the world would be lost with i t .'' I have sought t o learnfrom those who speakfor Ger-

many whether i t is jnsticcor dominion and th e executionof their own will upo n tho other nation s of the world th a ttheir German leadersare seeking. Th ey havo answered--answered in unm istakable t e r m . They have avowed



44

that it is not justice, but dominion and the unhinderedexecutionof their own will. Th e avowalhas no t come fromGermany’s s tatesmen. It has come from her militaryleaders, who are her real rulers.” . ?

“ H e r s tatesmen haqc said t h a t they wished peace,and were ready to discussits , t e r m whenever thei roppo-nents were willing to sit downat nwonference tableG t hthem . H er present Chancellor has said-in indefinite and’uncertain terms indeed, and in phrases thatoften seemto deny their own meaning, hut with as much plainnessas he thought p r u d e n e t h a t he believed th a t peace shouldbe based upon the principles which we bed declared wouldbe our own in th e final sett lem ent. A t Brcst Litovsk hercivilian delegates spoke in similar tirms; professed theirdesire to concludeD fair peace and accord to the peoples

’ with-whose fortunes the y mere dealing th e rig h t to choosetheir own allegiances. B u t actin g accompanied an d fol-lowed th e profession. Their m ilitary masters, th e men whoa c t for Germany and exhibit her purpose in execution,proclaimed a very different conclusion. We cannotm istak e w ha t the y have done-in Russia, in Finland,i n ’

th e Ukraine, in Rou mania. From this wemay judge the-res t. They are enjoyingin Russia a cheap tr iumph,in which no brave or gallant nation canlong take prid;.A great people helpless by their own act liesfor the‘timea t the ir mercy. Their fair professions are forgotten.Th ey nowhere setup justice, but everywhere impose theirpower an d exploit everything for their own nse‘and



46

aggrandisemcnt, an d th e peopleof the conquered pro vkc esare invited to be free under their dominionI .. . .

" h e we not justified in believing that they woulddothc same things a t their W estern front,if they wcre notthere face to facewith armies, whom even thcir countlcssdivisions cann ot overcome1

" If when thcy have ,felt the ir check t o be final the y

should proposc favorable and cquitable'terms withrceardto Belgium, and France, and Italy, could they blameUB

if we concluded&at they did so only t o assure themselvesof a free hand in Russiaand t h e E a s t ? .

"T he German programmeonce carried out, Americaan d all who careor dare to s tand with her must ar mandprepare themsclvcsto contest the maatery'of thc world,

a m astery in which t h e rightsof common men, the rightsof women, andof all whoare weak, must for tho tim e beingbe trodden underfootand disregarded, theold age-longstrugglefor freedom an d righ t begin ag ain a t its beginning,and the gatesof mcrcy will oncemore be piteously shutupon mankind. ,

" W hat , then, a re wet o do 2 For myself,I a m rendy,

ready , .still ready ev en now todiscus; a fair and jus t andhonest peace a t a n y t ime th a t i t is sincercly proposed-a peace in which th e stron g an d the wcak shall share alike.But the answer whenI proposed such a peacc came fromthe German com mandersin Hussia, and1 canno t mistakethe meaning of the answer. I accept thc challenge. It



16

shall appear in the utter sacrifice and self-forgetfulnesswith which we shall give all that we love and alI that wehave t o redeem the world an d makeit fit for free men likeourselves to live in. This now is th e meaning of a11 t h a twe do.

‘‘Germanyhas once more said t h a t force andforce aloneshall decide whether justice and peace shall reign in theaffairs of men ; whether right,as America conceivesit, ordominion, as she conceives it , shall determ ine th e destiniesof m an kin d. There is therefore h u t one response possiblefrom us : force, force to the utmost force, without stintor limit, the righteous and triumphant force which shallmake right the law of the world and cast every selfishdominion down in the dus t .”

REASONS W W EIE UNITED STATES I8i ’ FIGHTING GERMANY..

BY MARY RO BE RT SR IN EE~R T.

‘‘ War for Humanity and ugainst the Belieftu

M y h tMakes Right.”. . . . , Germanyhasbungled. Shehaadisclaimed

f r igh th lnessin Belgiumonly to bring i t home t o the worldat large. She has introducedint0 warfare such crueltiesof killing, such, inh um an methods, snch destruction, such



47

contemptof the lawsof war as ha ve se t the world pale w ithhorror. She ha s added ha te t o the vocabulary of war,and hatred is a contagion:

Yet, persistently, andin the faceof th e evidence, shehnsdisclaimed the atrocitiesin Belgium. She ha s beenwifingto shoulder th e sinkingof women an d children in unarm edships. She is proud of the inventionof poison gases and

of liquid fire. She believcs th a t the shellingof unforti6edcities an d th e useof the subm arine against helpless fishingbo ats will,on her initiative, be acceptedby the next H agueConvention89 ethical and legal.

But she continues to disclaim the atrocitiesof Belgium.Why should she not? Tho thousands who diedin pro-tecting the advaueo of her army, the other thousands who

were shot without inquiry against the brick wallsof cap-tu red towns, those men who were bayoneted wbilet&to protect their womenfrom th e assau lts of d runk en sol-diers, th e little childre n whose bodies la y un bu riedby theroadside-none of them will ever tell the story. .

The atrocitiesin Belgium are true. They are mattersof record. German soldiers themselves have se t down the

details in the diaries their Governmept gave them .have read'som e of those diaries.Not all G erm an soldiersturne d into beastain Belgium. Th ere are some who recordt h a t t h e horrors sickened them. It is not t rue tha t theGerman Government ordered assaultson women. Butitdid order looting a nd arson a nd wholosale murder.

. . : I .

I



- 148

The result of t h a t order for looting was a mo bof drunkenmen, whose v i c t i m to-d ay fill great graves. .

It WBS impossible n o t t o believe. The accumulationofevidence waa too grea t. The German Arm y ha d come intoBelgium prepared fo r opposition. Th ey brou ght firecon fetti, which they flung into the houses while th ey wereoccupied. More th an one Germ an dia ry tells of the shootingof tho inh ab itan ts as they tried to escape. Drun ken Gcrmansoldiers k i n g the irguns lcd the soberones to believe th ecivil population was rising, although i t was known th a t theyhad no weapons, an d50 or more leading citizens were shotwithout a hearing, Women were attacked in publicplaces.

Here is t h a t interview, brought now to the attentio nofthe American people, lost we forget; in the tangle of inter-na tio na l law and th e outc ry of Germanythat we a re fighting .th e Allies' war, thk real causeof our entrance into th e worldcon0ict.

A W ar against Brutality.

T o t h e A merican people to -d ay this isa war not only of

democracy against mili tary autocracy, noto d y of thebreaking of treaties, not at all of diplomatic juggling anddisputed pointsof law, it is a' war against brutality andinhumanity; a war against cruelty; a war against ruth-lessness and barbarism and incredible savagery; a k a tagainst the German conviction that might is right.



\49

EXTRACTS FROM MR. LANSING'SADDRESS TO AMERICAN SOLDIERS.

2 9 ~ ~U LY, 191'7.

O w Cause is the Cause of Justice, and of Right, and ofHumanity.

',

Fi rst, we mu st all realize th a tWe

are living in the m ostmomentous timein all history, in a time when the lives anddestinies of nations are in the balancc, when even thecivilization, which has t ak en ccnturies t o build, m ay crumblebefore the terrihle'storm whichis 8wceping over Europe.We are not only living in this critical period, b u t we,as anation, have become a pa ltic ipan tin th e struggle. Hav ingcast our lo t on the side of the Powers allied against theImperial German Government,we w i U pnt behind ourdeOision thefull power and the rcs~urcesf the Republic.We intend to win in this mighty conflict, and wewill winbecauseour cause is th e causeof justice andof right and ofhumanity.

It needed but the words reported to have been utteredby the German Chancellor to complete thc pictureof thecharacter of his Government when he announced that theonly reason w hy the intensified subm arine cam paign 'wandeldyed until F eb ru ary la st was t h a t sufficient subma.riqescould'not be built before th at tim eto make the at tack soncomm erce effective. Do you realize that this means,if i t



means anything, that the promises to refrain from brutal :sub m arine warfare which Germany had made to the U nitedState s were never intended to be kep t, th a t they wereonlymade in order t o ga in t imein which tobuild more sub- .marines, and t h a t when th e time came to a ct t h e Germanpromises were unhesitatingly torn to pieces like other“ scraps of paper” ?

It is th is disclosure *of the characte r of th e Imp erialGe rman Governm cut whichis the underlying causeof ouren t ry in to the w ar.

F o r nearly three years we have watched the condu ct ofthe German Government, and we have learned more andmo re of the characterof th a t Governmentand of. its a i m .We came very slowly t oa realizing sense t h a tnot only was

the freedom of the E uropean nat ionsa t s t ake , bu t t ha tlibe rty through out the world was threaten edby the pow erh lauto cracy which NO^ seeking to gratify i ts v ast am bition.

Th e President has said, with the wonderfulability whichhe h a o express aptlya gre at tho ug ht in a single phrase,t h a t ‘‘ the world m ust be m ade .safe for democracy.”In

th a t tho ught therc is more th an the establishment of l ibertyand self-government forall nations ; there is in i t the hopeof a n enduring peace.

The ,on ly way tha ta people can express their will is’ throu gh dem ocratic institutions . Therefore, whenthe



51

World is made safe for democracy, when th a t great p r k -eiple prevails, unive rsa l peace will bean accomplished fact.

Jo nation or people will benefit more than the UnitedStates when th a t t ime comes. B ut i t has not yet come.A gre at people,ruled in thoughtand word,as wellas in deed,by the moat sinister Governmentof modern times, isstraining every nerve to su pplan t democracy by the auto-.oracy which the y h av e been tau g ht t o w orship.. .

And yet in spite of these truths which have brnughtto l ight in these last th ree years,I wonder how m an y Ameri-cans feel that OUT democracy is in peril, that our liberty,needs protection, that the United States is inreal dangerhom the ma l ignan tforces which are seeking t o impose

their will upon the world,as they have .upon Germanyand her deceived allies.

If an y among you have the idea that weare1 fightingothers’ battles and not our own, the sooner he getsawaytrom th a t idea the bet ter i twill be for him, the better i twill be fo r al l of us.

Primarily, then, everyA n who c r w e s the ocean to6gh t on foreign soil aga inst th e arm iesof the German Em -peror goes fo rth t o fight for his cou ntryand for the preser-vation of those thing s fo r whichour fore fathers were willingt o die. To those who thus offer themselves we owe 6he-me de b t th a t we owe to those men whoin the pas t fought



62

.on American soil in th e cause of liberty . No, not t he samedebt , bu ta greater one. It calls for more patrio tism , moreself-denial, an da tru er visibn to wage waron distan t iboresthan t o repelan invader or defend one's home.

I h o w ' that some among you m ay consider the ideath a t G ermany would a t tackus, if she won this bar, to beimprobable; but le t h im who doubts remember that theimprobable, yes, tbe impossible, has been happening inthis war from th e beginning. If you had been told priorto August, 1914, th at the German Government woulddis-rega rd i ts solemn treaties an d send its armies into Belgium,would wantonly burn Louvain, would murder defeneelesspeople, would extortransom from conquered cities, wouldcarry away men ond women into slavery, would, likeYandels of old, destroy some of his tory's m ost cherishedmonuments, and would with malicious purposelay wastethe fairest fieldsof Prance and Belgium, you would haveindignantly denied the possibility. You would have ex -

'clai,mcd that Germans, loversof a r t and learning, wouldnever perm it such foul deeds. To-dayyou know tha t theunbelievable has happ ened , th a t all these erimcs have beencom m itted, no t under t h e impulse of passion, b u t undero5 eia l orders.

Again, if you had been told before the war t h a t Germansubmarinecommanders would sink peaceful vessela of com-merce and send to sudden deatb men, women,and littlechildren, you would 'have declared such scientific bru tali ty



68~ ~ .

to be impossible. Or i f you had becn told that Germanaviators wouldfly over thickly populated cities, scattering

' missilesof death and dest,mction, with no other purposeth an to terrorize the innocent inha bitan ts, you would hav edenounced the very thou ght as unworthyof belief and as acalumny upon German honour. Yet , God he lp us , theethings have comet o pass, and iron crosses hsvc rewarded

the perpetrators.German Bribery, Spies, and Conspha&s.'

But the re ia more. . . . . Spies and conspiratorswere' sent througho ut the.world.&Civil discord was en-couraged to wcaken the potential strengthof nations,which might beobstacles t o the lust-of Germany's rulersfor world mastery. Thoseof German,blood who owedallegiance to oth er countrics were appealed t oto suppor tthe Fatherland, which beloved name masked the militaryclique a t B erlin.

' Democracy no longer SleepsBut democrncyno longer sleeps. It is fuUy awake to

the menace which tlireatcns it.

Insp ired by, the highest m otives, American manhood.prepared to risk all for the right. . . . With loftypurpose, w ith pa triotic fervou r, w ith intense earnestness,the pmerican democracyhas drawn the sword, which it



64

will not sheathe until the baneful forcesof absolutism go. down defeated and broken.

I am iirmly convinced t h a t the independence ofno nntionis safe, thnt the liberty of no individualis sure, until them ilitary despotism whichholds the German people in thehollow of i ts hand has been made impotent and harmless

for ever. Appeals to justice,to moral obligation, to honour‘no longer avail with sucha Power. Thereis b u t one way. to restore peace to the world,and th a t is b y overcoming

the physical m ightof Germ an Im perialismby force of arms.

When your t.mk is completed, whcn the grim daysofba tt le are over and you retu rn oncemore t o the quiet lifeof your profession or occupation, which you havesogenerously aban don ed a t your country’s call, you willfind in the gratitud e of you r cou ntrymen a n am ple rewardfor th e g rea t sacrifice whichyou have made.-ABOUR’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE WAR.

GOVERNOR-GENERAL’SONFERENCE.

A t t h e recen t Conferenceof all Austrnlian Pa rties held a tGovernm ent House, ‘Melbourne, th e following Resolutionwas passed :-

‘“That this conference, meetinga t a time of unparal-leled emergency, resolves to mako all possible effortst oaver t de fea t a t thehands of German mili tarism, and



. 55

urges the people of Australia to secure the necessaryreinforcements under the voluntary system. Andresolves t h a t every possible eff ort be mad e t o give effectto i ts purpose.”Since this Conference, extending from 12th April .to

19th April, 1918, the Leadersof the Labour P ar ty in theComm onwealth and in the several St ates have all appeared

on the platform to urge the necessity of Recruiting. TheFeZeral .Leaders have spoken a s follows:-

MR. TUDORSPEAKS.At the Recruiting Revival Meeting held at the

Melbourno Town Hall o n . 6th May, 1938, he Honor-able Mr. Fra nk Tud or, Lcader of the Lab our P ar ty ,said that when the Governor-General inrited him

. t o at ten d tho Conference with a vicw t o obtainingharm ony , he accepted the invitation in the spirit in which itwas given. H e hop ed t h a t a s a result of th e meeting newlife would be pu t int o recruiting. A ta n interjection,Mr. Tudo r said the y w ere no t therefor pa rty politics. If 80,

Dr. Maloney and he would no t be the re sitting alongside MrWa t t aud Senator Pearce. .Nor would the Governor.General be present. H e would no t have come even8s a

referec. H e paid trib ute to the men and their great deedsA Voice : God bless them!MI. Tudor : God bless them, God bring them safelj

back again I They m us t do their best t o m ake recruitinga

succese+o do their d u ty t o th e boys a t the front. Harm on)., . ’!” >

, I , ! ; , ’ ;, , .

. : I . . (



66

should p revail a8far as th is question was concerned, an d hehoped it would prevailas a re sult of th e Conference-thatthe . Governor-General’s efforts wouldbe rewarded, no t onlywith regardt o recruiting, b u t b y the prevalenceof harmonythroughout thelength and breadthof Australia.

CARDINER’SEXATOR VIEWS. .Speaking in the Sen ate of the Commonwealth P arliam ent

on 1s t &fay,1918, Senator Gardiner, Leaderof the LabourP a r t y in the Senate , said:As fa r as the Australian Labou r P ar ty was concerued,

i t was in this , fight to theh i s b . Let there be no &stakeab ou t th a t . H e pu t before the Senate the peace policywhich was considered by theLabour Party a t the lastS tate Conference, an d st a te d emphatically th a t , as farashe understood the Labour movement, therehad been nodecision in favour ofa cesaatiou of hostilities. It it were ’possible to thin k th a t the delegates atten din g the comingLabour Conference could be duped,or by an y other meansinduced to put forward, as an Australian Labour policy,th e cessation of fighting, he fo r one would repud iateit.

’ H e kn ew th a t he spoke for the grea t,.strong decision of theAustralian working classes, andit was his opinion thySe nate was now getting. ThisWRS no t the tim e t o be callingfor .peace, when the Allieshad their backs to thewall.This was the t imefor hitt ing out, and for national andpar ty uni ty. This was not the t ime fo rparty strife. To-dayeve ry A ustralian should be working together for Australia’sdefence.



Th a t g reatissue is no t to be settl ed by personal animosity,but by considering the problems ofour relations t o the.Illlied,countricsand to tho Em pire , andour inte rna l policy.And I care not what manor body of men mny pu t beforeme a clear and definite policy ns t o how this cou ntrymay bc placed inn s t a t e of preparedness t o meet the grea tperiod of crisis that will follow th e war. Giveme such apolicy, and 1 will follow thnt man and thatparty as th einstrumen t by whichwe shall a t ta in t h a t part icular thingfor which the cou ntry calls.-HE LABOUR ATTITUDE.‘‘ORGANIZED BRUTALITY MUST BE DESTROYED.”

On 8th April , 1918, M r . Arthur Hendcrson, M.?., Eng-land’s L abou r Leader, said he favourcda policy of concilia-tion, believing th e intercstsof hum anity demandedt h a t thewar should no t con tinue longer th an was necessary t o securcan honorable and clean democratic peace;.but th e latestmilitary aggression involveda te6porary suspensionof



58

moral an d diplomatic effort . The present offensive,fol-lowing on the sham eful trkntmen tof Ru ssia, ha s made com-ci l ia t ion di5cul t . He agreed with PresidentWilson t h a torganized brutality, coupled withan arFogant autocracy,m ust be destroyed. Although the continuanceof the fightwould be costly, we must await a changein the menta l i tyof the German Government and the German people.

LABOUR IN THE UNITED STATES.The utteranees,quotcd above serve to show that the

A ustralian Labou r Lea ders are in line w ith thosein t h e

other Allied countries, such as Samuel Gompers, theforemost L abouri tein th e . United States.

' Here are some thingsMr. Gompers hns said-' ' To me this war has qu ite ano tber significance tha n the

mere winningof batt les. It is to br ing n rejuvenation ofthe dem ocratic peoplesof the nat ionsof all th e w orld.

" Some grounds must be reached on which the indus-tries of our country may be speodedup.

" The war must he speedily won. Of i t s results I havenot the sl ightest mental reservation.It is written intothe s ta r s of freedom above us.

'' The man who talks now of pacifism is not a pacifistb s t a coward an d poltioon."



On 15th May, 1917, Presid ent W ilson, addressing theLabour Committee of theU.S.A. Council of NationalDefence, of whichM I . Gompers, L abour L eader; is Chairman,said :-Mr. Gompers has no t overs tated th e case in sayingt h a t we are fightingfor democracy in a larger sense thancan he expressedin any political term. Thcre are manyfo rms of dcmocratic government, and we are not fighting

for an y particular form; h u t we are fighting for the essentialpart of it all, namucly, that we arenll eq nd ly interested inour social and political life, andall have n r ight to H

voice in the Government under which we live; and tha twhen men an d wdmen are equally adm itted to those rightswe hav e'th e best .snfe@~ ardf justice an d of peace t h a t theworld affords. There isno other safeguard. Let any

group of muen, whatever their original intentions, attemptt o dic tate to their fellowmen w ha t their political fortun esshall he, and the result is injustice, an d harduhik, an dwrongof th e deepest sort. Therefore, we a re ju stnow feelingaa we have never felt before our senseof comradeship.W e shall fe d i t even more, because we hav e not g et madethe sacrifices that we are going to make, we have not yet

felt the terrible pressureof suffering and painof war, andwe are going presen tly to feel it , an dI have ev ery confidencet h a t as its pressure comes upon us our spirits will n ot fa lter,bu t r ise and he s trcngtl~encd , nd th a t in thelwt wc shallhave a national feeling anda national unity suchas nevergladdened ourhcarts before.



60

EXTRACTS FROM LLOYD GEORGE’SSPEECH TO THE TRADE UNIONISTSOF GREAT BRITAIN.

1 9 ~ ~ 1918.A N U A R Y,

The War Aims of the Labour P a l l y.

‘‘I

assume th a t in your hea rts you believe th e war aim sdeclared by th c great Labour Conference represent the’minimum of justice th at can probably be accepted. B u tif we are unnblc to defeat the German forces, if we areuna ble to resist the m ili tary powerof Prussia, is there a m anpossessed here with common sense who believes that oneof your t e r m , even the least of them , Will be enforced?I am no t ta lkingof the demands’of the Imperialists,I a mtalkin g of the m oderate d e n p n d sof the m ost pacifistsoul.This assembly should go to H inde nbu rg w ith such demands,an d t ry to cash them a t the HindenburgBank. It s cheque

. will be returned dishonoured.”

Might not Right is still the Cerlnan Watchwmd.“Wliatevcr terms are submit ted byany p a c i h t s in

these lands, you will no t get th em cashed by General Luden-dorff and the Raiser or anyof these magnates-not oneof.them unless you have t h c powerto enforce them . . , .I urge especially those who think that we were responsiblefor the perpetrat ionof th e horror of war, t o consider thyreception of our demands in Germany, where theonly



61

com m cnt has been-‘ Behold howEngland is weakening.Go on, and they will come down again.’’’

I‘ When I suggested that Mesopotamia and Palestineshould never again bc subjebted to the tyrannyof theTu rk, Germ any answered, ‘ W e will goon until they nrerestored.’ ”

A Delegate : ‘‘You say Ludendorff will no t cash a chequ eWith regard t oour war, aims. Canno t we reasonably expectHerr Scheidemannor Dr. Liebnecht to cash it 2 ”

The Premier:. ‘‘D r. Liebnecht is in gaol, nnd HerrSchcidemaun would find himselfin th e snme place if heat tempted to cashyour cheque. Th e Germ an Socialistsmus t first impose their termson their Government.”

The Prwsian Atdocrat st i0 Dkfufesto the Gnman Socialist.

‘ I N ot a single condition containedin the Bri t ish t radeunion w a r a i m bas met with any nuthoritative responsefrom Gcrmany; . it is ve ry significant t h a t there h ad beenno civil ian amwer from Germany atall.”

“ Marshall von Hindenburg and General Ludendorflwere hurriedly summoned ton conference a t Berlin, b u tBaron von Kulhmaunwas not allowed to speak.”

‘‘That means that the Piussian mil i tarycaste is stilldominant, and Germany’s answer to civilizationis to begiven a t th e cannon’s mo uth.”



62

Mailed Fists to Smash a God in Armour.' A Delegate : "Wi l l Mr. Lloyd George promise thatcompulsory military trainingwill he withdrawn as soonas a peace settlement is reachedon the Allied t e r m 1 "

Mr. Lloy d George: '' T h a t is really w ha t we'are fightingfor. We want to make sucha war impossible again.It 'is not a question of stopping i t in this country. You

must s top i t in every country, otherwise yon can not sto pit here."

The RussianSociulistu' Delusion." It would he a mistake to harbor any delusion. L e t

U H talk quite clearly here, ~ i u o n g s t urselves.You mightas well stop fighting unless you are goingto do it well.Unless you a re going todo it with all your m ight i t isreal

murder of those gallant fellowswho have stood there forthr ee yea rs. Unless we are going todo it well, le tus stop i t.There is no alternativc. You have either got t o p u t yourwhole st ren gth into it ,or just do w h a t ha8 been done withthe Russian army, and tell those brave fellows that theycan 60 homo whenever they like."

ReinforcementsM

S n r r d e r ." If there are men mho sa y the ywill not goto he trenches,

then th e men in th e trenches ha vea r ight t o Say, ' Neitherwill we remain here.' T h at would end the wa r, b u t w ha ts,ort of an end ? W hen the R ussian soldiers ceased fightingand fraternized, an d sim ply talkedof great ideas and great



6s

principles to the German arm y, the G ermans did not re:t rea t , b ut took Rig s and the Islands .”T r d m Unionists! Mignt must be answered by Might.

‘‘Fraternization has n ot prevented thc Germans march-ing forward,and if Petrograd had been nearer they wouldhave had th a t too.”

“ If you send Hindenhurga peacc dolegation, hewill j u s tmook your request th a t he should evacu ate Belgium. Hewill say in his heart

‘ You cann ot tu rn me o ut of Belgiumwith trade un ion resolutions.’”The answer yo&.cangive him is-“ W ecan and will turn you

oui of Belgium with Trade Union Guns with TradeUnionists behind them.”

Y

E. .“Let us harbor no delusions. No democracy hasever long eurvived the failure of ita adherents t o be readyto die for it .”

Go on or Go Under ! . Thai is the Question.‘‘Democracy in p lain t e r m is gdvernrnentby a m ajority

of the people. It is a fundamental travestyon the pr in -

ciples of democracyif one profession, one tra de , one sectionor clsea of the community claims immunityfrom obli-gations imposed upon the rest . . . . If any man willstan d in m y plscoand can find a n honorableand equitableway o u t of this conflict without fighting it through,forheaven’s sake let him tell me2 My own conviction ist h a t this people must either go onor go under.”

9



64

'

GENERAL SMUTS TO WORKERS.London, 18 th May, 1918.

On his visit to the Clyde shiprbuilding yards yesterdayLieut.-General J . C. Sm uts , a m ember of the British W arCabinet, was enthusiastically received. Addressing the .wo rkers a t Fairfield yards, he said:-" The Germ ans have

achieved a success which .few tho ug ht possible. W e haveha d reverses, b u t in a sense they are ve rygood for us. W eused to talk a lotof nonsense abo ut defc ating the Boohe.b u t ' Brother Boche' has come and knocked thiskind ofdamnable nonsense out ofus. If we are to win the warwe m us t strain every nerve. If we do t h a t t h en I shall no tfeel a moment's do ub t ab ou t th e result. Th e enem y has.made us realize the great dangers aheadof civilization.The Americans also realize this. Every month theAmericans will bear moreof their fair an d proper sha reofthe struggle."

On the occasionof receiving the ireedomof the city ofGlasgow, General Smuts said the downfallof Russia andRoumania made the enemy think his chance had come,an d it enabled him t o concentrate on the W est front. Th eenemy recognisedif he could beat the Brit ish the warwould bc over, because the remaining membersof thoalliance would break up.'<W e have g ot to prove," he continued," h a t the BritishEmpi re is never likely to get tired. Our att ac k s on Zee-brugge and Ostend have already shown advantageous



65

results , b u t they have given the enemya new incentive t ogain possession of t h e channel po rts. We sufferedin menin the g reat bat t leon the west front, bu t the results havecompensated for the losses. Mr. Lloyd George ha s faults,b u t they are the faults ofa genius. When a live msncomes forward in th e supreme crisis to guide th e n ation weshould not look a t his mistakes; h u t a t his big work.”

T H EN E E ~ IOR a BIG ARMYOB MAXCEUYRE.Referring to his visi t to Franc e last year a t thwrequ est

of th e Co vcmm ent, Gencral Sm uts said he reported t h a t themost necessary thing was a big a rm yo f mancaume-anarmyof s trategic reservef o r contingencies. Ceneral von Jmden-dorff‘s &ensive was an eye-opener-like a blinding flash oflighbning on a dark nigh:ht-but it did the Allies the best

povsihle.service. It showed them where the danger lay,aud emphasiaod the need for exerting themselvesas theyhad ncvcr had todo before to stav eoff disaster.

e‘ rl h e r e has been over much unw orthy pacifism,” headded, “ b ut to-dayall classes in G rea t Britain a re preparedto sink their differeuees and combine their energiei tosecure victory. The Ge rma n offensive will-not sh at ter the

B ritish armies or the B ritish Empire,a8 he enemy expected.It will only result in laying bare thc nation’ssoul in itsheroic fervour,and a s long as th a t is the spiri t pre vs i lhgthere will be no do ub t abo ut the result. Americans arenow coming in hundreds and thou sand s m onthly. Thesubmarines are powerless against the transports. The

c.oa.-3



66

enemy will come within nu nce of victory, but he will notsecure it,-becausehis cause is th ewrong one. Th e situationwill be m o ~ tnkious for many days t o come. If the las tBritish soldier is driven out of France the Germans willstill n o t have won, because they m ust win on bo th sea andland."

General Sm uts s ta ted t h a t hedid no t believe th a t an ont-and-out victory wns possiblefor any group of nations, buthe conkidered t h a t the stiuggle ha d been fou ght t on stagewhere the enomyv n s now rendy to consider and concedeterms. . ...

i ' ' It would be-n m ost dangerous thing ," he concluded,' ' to. go to a pence conference before we knew the principa lterm s to be considered. The Gov ernm ent willdo i ts duty,know ing w ha t ,we are fighting for. W hena conference is

ultimately called it will sett le details aft er th e principalco m ba tan ts have agreed upon the m ain issue."

' PROMINENT AMERICANS SPEAK.,

Cheering thanksgiving messagesto Americans at Homeand Fighting Forces Abroad from the President's Cabinetare as fouows :-

I n this day of t h e revelationof onr du ty not , only t odefend our own rights a8 a nation but to defend also therights of free nien througbout theworld, there has beeii



67

vouchsafed us in full and inspiring measlue the resolutionand spirit of united action.. W e Bhould especially thankGod th a t in such circumstances, in th e midstof the greatest

.enterprise the spiritsof men have ever enteredupon, wehave, if we but observe a reasonable and practicableeconomy, abundance with which to supply the needsof

those associ&ed with us as wellas o u r own.From the President's Thanksgiving P r o c la d io n .

" SOUL OF NATIONP U T TO TEST AND NOT FOUND'WANTTNQ."

By Robert hm'ng, Seoretoy of State.If w e measured our national blessings by th e materialistic

standard of physical comfort and prosperity, which. hasbeen in recen t yearsso potent in our thought as a people,the observanceof Thanksgiving Daythia year m ight seemalmost a mockery, for we are engaged in the most de-structive and terrible warof all times. B ut a new con-ception of national blessings has come to the Americanpeople, a conception in w hich the spiritua l is exalted abovethe mnterial, in which the life of the Nationis placedabove t he lifeof .the individual. No greater blessing couldhave come t o th e Republic tha n this awakening t o th e factthat patriotism is more to be prized than wealthand thatth e loyal service an d self-sacrificeof a people are theonlysure protectors of national'existenoe.



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W hen we conside; t h a t thousan ds of stalw art ,youn gAm ericans, inspired b y love of coun tryand by a deepsense of du ty, a re to-day in t h e trenchesor near the bat t lef ront i n France, and thnt thousandsupon thousands ofothers are in the canips in this country makisg ready todo their part in the struggle against the enemy which.

menacea our l iberty nud the l ibertyof all mankind, weou ght t o he grateful to th e Supreme Being th a tso splendidn sp ir it of devotion an im ate sour citizens and stands guardover our natio nal life. . .

Whoever feared that as a people we had given ourselvesover to selfish materialism needno longer fea r. M aterialinte rests are submerged ben eath the tide of patriotismwhich has swept over thisland and which has found itsfullest expression in the indomitable spirit of those whohav e gone for th o fight for their country wh ereverdutycalls.

This is a time when we as a Nation should give thankato the Almighty for ha6ng revealedt o us the spiritualblessings which nreours. Re has blessed us with know-

ledge th a t t h e soul of th e Nation has beenput t o t h e t e sta n d h as not been found wanting; th a t t h e people of thisgrea t land are united and patr iot ic , and that they haveconsccrnted themselves tounselfish service withn supremefai th i n the righteousnessof their cause and in theGodwho rules t h e destiniesof nations.



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69

I AMERICACALLEDN GLORIOUSSERVICETO' MANKIND."' [By telegraph from NewYork t o The OficiaZBull&]

By WilliamG. McAdoo,Secrdmy of the Treasury.For th e f i rs t timein more than Srty yea rs Thanksgivinp

D ay hnda America at war. In this chaos of civilization

th e powerof America was neededt o tip th e scales in fav our-

of s e e d o m .and democrncy a s ngainst th e enslavementofthe world which would inevitablefollow the t r iumph ofm ilitary despotism. Terrible a s wnr is, an dfearful as a rethe sacrificcs it entails, nothing is comparable to freedomand liberty., For thousands of years suffering humanityhas been strivingfor th e goal of heedom and democmcy.

To-day that goalhas been only partially won. It nevercan be sccured until the last remaining stronghold ofuii'itary deapotismin the world is destroyed.

Gcrmanp, under the Kaiser, not content with threaton-ing th e civilization of Europe, finally sought t o destroyAmerica. For more th an two years, while we were scrnpu-loualy observingom treaty obligations with Germany, thcKoiscr was secretly plotting againsto u t securi ty andsu btly iindermining America's vital rights. N ot alonewas the safetyof dem ocratic insti tutio ns in America chnl-lenged bp th e Kaiser's agpe ssions , bu t t h e very lifeofOUT peoplc, an d t h e ideals for which we havc alway s stoodwere imperiled. Wc ha d to fight t o sav e ourselves an d to



IO

secure the national integrity. To accomplish that we arebound to destroy Kaiserism. mien we shall have per-formed this great servicet o humanity and the world, .weshall have l iberated i tfrom t h e fear of futurewars an d weshall have brought immeasurably nearer the day whenChrist’s divine message of “peaceon earth, good NIII

toward me>’ will be realized.Grim and terlible as is the task beforeus, le t us thank

God on this Thanksgiving Day, in nineteen seventeen,t h a t noble ,America, faithfu l to her tradition s,, theun -daunted champion of democracy, has becn called to per-form thisgreat and glorious service to m a W d . . ’

HEARTS‘FIQETWILL BE WONUY TE E STOUT O F M E N . ” ,

By Newton D . Baker, Secretaryof War.I am glad t o tak e advantage of th e op portunity which

th e Ofleial Buuetin gives to send a word of appreciationand good cheer bom the men of the War Departmentwho are in this country t o th e men who are now in Fran ce.

We are striving onr hardest to send them, promptlya n d plentifully: t h e m aterial things they needas they taketheir stand b y the si d e of th e gallant men who, for80 longhave been holding the bat t le hont for a world that shal llook forward and no t look bnc&ard.

Bi!t we know that vitally importantas equipmentn ~ y

be, th e fight will be won b y tbe stout hearta of mcn,and



71

t h e message fromour hearts to their hearts is o m of con-fidence an d tru st .

“ Thrice is he arm ed t h a t h ath his qu arrel just .”“ PRESERVINQ FOR HUMANITY.”REEDOM

. . B y Thomas W. Gregory, Allorney-General.Nearly a century an d a halfago ou r forefathers, hungry

and poorly fed , clothed, disciplined, a$ arm ed ,gave, when

needed, theiri l l to tr y wh ether liberty couldlive undefiledby licence;, whether, after all, t h a t wise men had said,free self-government could exist. Th ey dream ed an dlaboured, an d real freedom an dfree ins titutio ns were born.To-day you bat t le th a t thesemay no t d ie but may live onand reach untold millionswlio now‘live under the blight

qf despotism. Be thankful on this day of Thanksgiving ., th a t yours is th e high honou r to sav e freedom for hum anity.If yon do thisyour children, and your children’s children,will blfss and revere you; you will beknown among thegreat ones of history until freedom is blotted from theworld ; succeeding generations will .envy yon.Be men,strong, brave, courageous, willingand able to preservewh at your fatherswon.

WAa TO PRESERVE DEMOCRACY,HOLY LIBERTY, LAW.”B y AlberlS. Burkson, Poslmaster-General.

Our~~Thanlssgivingol iday islike ‘many other goodthings-of New England origin. It came into uational .



I 2

use du ring the civil war. The people of the 'United s t a t e si n the celebration of this festival now have special Emmefo; returningthanke t o the Alm ightyRuler of th e universefor the many blessingsHe has showered upon us. WhileEurope, Asia, and.Africa are ravaged by war,no foe hasinvaded our country,OUT cities have not been destroyed,and our people go about their business and live in peace,

in plenty, an d in security.After every honorable effor t had been exhausted to avoid

i t we were thrust in io th e world's war. In the van ofallied nations we have entered into the contest.IT c havem o t th e crisis nnsel6shly, patrio tically , and nobly. Oursons, true to the traditions, ideals,and s tandardsof thcirhe:oie fathers are m usteringon th e battlefields of Europe.

Upon us ha s been imposed the bu rden of s up porting theunbffcnding, strugglingallied nations of Europe in thismom entous contest. W e ar e the gra na ry of t h e .world,th e arsenal.of our friends, an d t h e bank er of every nationwhich on its own soiland in ita own homes fronts th e cruelre norseless foe who seeks the ir des truc tionand the snb-

jugation of t h e world. I n this holy war we fight to preserveliherty , democracy, th e laws of nations, th e usages ofcivilized warfare, and the blessinge of Christianity.

The people of th e United S tatcs hav e a tlast awakened. to national consc iousnas. Seotionallines, policies, and



73 0

. diffe rences which in oiu prerioue history hindered .andplagued us hav e forever disappeared. The past is behidd'us. I t s animosities hav e been buried withit. They willnever be invoked hereafter save by noisy disappointedpoliticinns nnd tra itors. This beneficent result justifiesour sncrifice, and to th e Diviue Au thorof nll things shouldbe return ed our grateful thanks.

' AMERICAN ADDINGNEWGLOW TO HUMANITYALOUR ."

By J O S C ~ ~ U Saniels, Secretary of Nuvy.

W e are thank ful to have discovered what some doubtedbefore the wnr-

1 . . Th a t we have many you th fu l Na than h l e sin ' thisgeneration who regret t h a t they hav e only one life to givefor their country.

2. That the sp i r itof ' I Don't giveup t he sh ip " actuat ingmen i n t h e Navy to-day gives us many Lawrenoes whomeet death with little thought of self but deep concekfor their country.

3. T ha t th e peopleof the United States are justified intheir f ai th in the soldiers an d sailors an d marines who areof t h e samo stuff as % h e men whose courage m ade BunkerHill an d King's Mountain an d Yorktown an d L ake Chnm-plain meccas of patriotism.



4. T h a t all America is mobilized and all true Ameridnshave highly resolved to make every sacrifice that may bedemanded for t he sway of liberty and freedom in t h eworld, w here neither t h e autocracy of crowned headsnorentrenched privilege can d e n y 't h e right ofall men togovern themselves.

5. T ha t men and women .hold fa st to th e faith of thefathers , an d t h a t this fai th enables them to count no t theirlives dear unto themselves, but girds them with enduranceand willingness to cheerfully make the fullest surrender to~ e c u ehe only peace t h a t can abide-the penc0 based on

justice between m en an d between nations.

6. T hat ou t of t h e tragedie s of war blossoms th e flowersof generosity, lore, and brotherhood, ennobling nationalideals and consecrating n ation al character.

I. T h a t a spiritual vision ha s, come t oour countrymenenabling them t o see th a t American vnlour is add ing a newglory to our humani ty so we can bchold the better days,which will be ushered in only by those who, hating war,a n d oovetingn o foo t of land, batt le in t h e spiri t of himofwhom Tennyson snng-

'' * *. * h e n e e d s m u s t f i g h tTo mak e tru e peace hisown ;H e needs must com bat m ight w ith m ight,Or Might will ru le alone."



\16

*I SPIRITO F BUSKERHILL AND SANTIAGO\ STILLLIVES.”I By Fr0mklin K . Lane, Sm&7y of Interior.

I can n ot givc than ks fo r war,nor for the m ethod th a tmen make war, nor for the turning of themiiids of ’inenfrom things constructive to things destructivo; b u t I cangive thanks that this is a Nation unashamed; t ha t t he

spir it of Bunker H ill an d San tia$o is still quick and aggres-sive ; th a t men a re willing t o die th a t l iberty and justicemay live ; t h a t we a r e no t to see the free pcoples of theearth humiliatedor crushed ; and th a t Fear i s not t o masterthe world.

‘(UPHO LDING HO NO UR SELFISEATION’S WITHOUTIYIOTIVE.”

By Edwin P . Sweet, Acting Secretaryof Conmierce.

Year after year, as ThanksgivingDay recurs, our heartsare filled with gratitude forour many blcssings. Wc arethankful for bountiful crops,for prosperous business,andfor fiany things material of immcdiate concern, but farhcyond a nd above all these v e a re thankful forour greatcountry and thc blessingswe enjoy as it s citizens. We arethankful for our free institutions, for equal opportunitytha t. inspires to individual e ff or t, forour growing influenceas a nation among the nations of the earth

I



I’ W e hav e talked muchof the blessingsof peace, an d yeara ft e r yea r we hav e deemed our peaceful relations with othernations to be abun dan t causefor thanksgiving. This year,conditions ha ve changed. Inste adof being a t peace withthe world we are engnged,in the most terrible wartheworld has ever witnessed. It is not of our choosing.. Noone believes that, andno. one connectsus even remotelywith its inception, It is the wrong-doer who can nevertruly give thanks. H emny gloat over his barbarit ies an dcrimes, bu t than ks to th e Giverof all Good, in the nameofthe P rinceof Peace, would,on his lips, bc a h ideous mockery.Our own country, truet o itself and its glorious traditions,has been guiltyof no wrong. W e have broken no pledge;

we are neither ruthless nor truthless.W e shudder a t theatrocities of our enemies. We do not imitate them. Ino w offorts to m aintain peas$ we wen t t o the l imit . Thec a u s a of all our former foreignwars are pitifully iuaig-nificant in comparisonwith the accumulated insultsandotimos which have forcedus into this war. Not to fightnow with everyOMCO of n u n and moneycpower we possess

would bring disgraceupon the memories of the heroesof1776 and 1812 ; h a t we have m aintained theold stmilards ;t k a t we have ke pt religiously in th e pa thof duty, both inour ef fo rt s to preserve peacc, and in our preparations forvigorous and successfulwar; that we arc, without selfish

I



78

..'The u ltim ate sacrificeis made by those a t th e ba t tl efront, and readiuess tomnke t h a t sacrifice arousea t h e ,gra ti tu de of th e whole country. Those a t the front m ustbe supportedby those a t home in farm, field, mine, an dfactory.

The whole Nation must dedicate itaelf, nndas the issuebetween freedom and a uthority is clearly d r a mI find

evidences on all hands that the whole Nationis rising toita responsibility and dedicating nll ita resources, materialas well as spiritual, to the successful prosecutionof th ewar and to the realization of those idealsfor which wehave entered uponit .

HONORS TO GALLANT AUSTRALIANS.

It is important that recruiters should impresson theirnudiences the heroic and sporting sideof the war. Porthis purpose sh ort accounts of ten01 the Au stralians ,whohnve.gaincd theV.C. have been compiled, and a statementas nearly to date ae possible is appep ded showing theto ta l number of distinctions gained by membersof theA.I.P.



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1.\ SOUTH AUSTRALIA'S FIRST V.C.. There is amplc evidence to show,if any were needed,

that the legal professionhas nobly acquitted itselfa t the\,front. It cannot,of course, compete w ith th a tof medicine,'in . c e w of t he f a c t tha t th c l at te ris represented by theArky Medical Corps, oneof t h e most gallant branchesofthe service; bu t there is no rcason why the lawyer need

feel ashamedof th e exploitsof his contrbres in tho Iiring. line.A notablo exampleis Captain Arthur ScaforthBleck-

bu rn, V.C., of th e Sou th A ust ralisq ba ttalionk n o p a s,'' The Glorious Tenth." H e was the 6r st Sou th Australianto' gain the VictoriaCross, which he w o n as lieutenant inFrancc n t the age of 26 years. H e returned to Australiain Decembcr, 1916, and his appointment was terminateda l i t tle later, honoraryrank as l ieutenantin tho Australian

&filitnry Forces being conferred upon him. He subse-quent.ly was a-can didate a t th c recent S outh Australianelections.

A son of Canon Blackburn,of Woodnlle (South Auu-tralia), he was educated at St. Peter!? College, Adelaide,and was subsequently adm it ted t o practiceas a barristeran d solicitor. En listing0 1 ~ 9 t h ugust, 1914,as a private,hc took part in th e Landing a t Gallipoli with thegallantThird Brigade under Brigadier-Genenl. (now Major-

. General) E. G. Sinclair-Itaclngan,'C.B., D.S.O., whoserecent work in Prance in comrnxndof. the Fourtl! Division



80 f'emrned particularly high praise.He went through theDa rdanelles Ca m paign'without receivinga wound or fallingill, a n d while on the Peninsula he gained his commission.in August, 1915, he. went to France w ith th eh t f the , ,Au stralians who left E gy pt, gaining his lieutenancy on 20th'February, 1916. ,

The deed for which he won the VictoriaCross was aparticularly daring one. With 50 men he directeda driveagainst an enemy strong post. He and his followersdis-play ed ' th e most dogged determination an d eventually'

captured the trench, b ut not bcfore Blackburn ha d person-ally led four separate partiesof bombing troops, many ofwhom sustained casualties. He took 250 yards of thetrench in the face of furious opposition and then crawledfonvard witha sergeant t o reconnoitre. H e returned and

delivered a fresh atta ck , seizing a n add itional120 yards oftrench rad estnblishing communication with the battalion ,on his left. Aa- a partial reward forh i gallantry he wasprom oted captain, an d on hisa rrivalin London\vas decoratedb y th e K ing a t Buckingham Palace on 4th October,1916.

A bro ther of Ca ptain Black burn isDr. C. R.'Blackburn,of P o tt s Po int, Sydney, who joined th e forces on 1s tAugust, 191.6,and is now alieutennnt-C olonel in the Arm yMedical Corps, being attachedto the 14th AustralianGeneral Hospital. Another brothe r, Pr iva teJ. Rlack-burn, enlisted in Adelaideaud w a s draf ted t o Tasmania .H e we nt right through t h e Gdlipoli campaign, where he.mas wounded, a nd afterwards went t o Fran ce. Private



81

b.Blackburn, the third brother, joined the forcesa t+lbury.and went t o the fro nt with adraft from New Southya le s .

. .. . T R U E TILL D E AT H .

The Victoria Cross has been won by men in every walkof life. There isno one calling th a t m ay be snid to be the

. indispensable apprenticeship to the tradeof war. But

bravery and devotionare needed, nnd these werepossessedto the full by No. 3065, Private Thomas Cooke,of the24th (Victoria) B atta lion , whowas killcd in action inFrance in 1916, having stood by his gun until he died.

Cooke w ho wns 3 builder Ky occupition,.wasborn atK sik om a, Marlborough, New Zealand. H e came t o Vic-

toria in 1911 and sett led a t .Richmond. Even a t schoolhe had been ard en t and high-spirited, bu t whenhis pranksgot him into trouble he submitted to pnpishment withouta murmur. He will be remembered by Victoria bands-men as a m em ber.of thc RichmondCity Band and a solocornet player of more th an ordinary merit. W hen hevolunteered for active service hiswife and three children

returned to New Zealand. He joined t h e colourson

16thFebruary;1916, a t th e ageof 33 year6,andleftfor the frontwith the 7th reinforcementsof th e 24th Battalion. On28th J uly, 1916, during a hard-fought action in F rance, h cwas ordered to ta ken Lewis gun an d gun team to a dangcr-ous par t of the line. The Germans were attack ing heavily.nnd their onslaught had been preceded by a 6erce.artillery



bom bardm ent, hu t Cooke maintained hisgun with m a g i9!ent courage. One by one his comrades fell dead besidehim, b u t the d iminutionof their num bers could not da un t

. his h e pirit. E ven whenalone in t he m ids tof the ileadh e continued to fu e into th e ranks of t h e advancingGerm ans, an d when a t last assistance wassent i t came to olate.

The relieving party foundhim dead beside his gun. .The brief official report closes with the words,“his wasa splendid example of determination and devotion toduty.”

. S P O RT S W. AND SOLDIER.

The fust Australian cricketer to win the Victoria( 3 0 8 s

w as Cap tain R ob ert Cu thb ert Grieve, of th e 37th (V ictoria)Battalion. It was gained a t Ypres, t h a t fatefula n d glori-ou s aren a of B rit ish feat s of arm s.

‘It was here about the middleof 1917 that thk 37th ,38th, and 39th (Victoria) Battalions,who had made sucha nam e for themselveson the gre;Lt battlefieldof Messines,were involved in hard fighting.The 37th Battalion was

engaged ju st a t th e point where two A ustralian divisionsjoined a t Septieme Barn andNun’s Walk.According to N.r. C. E. W. Bean, the Australianwar

correspondent, th e Germans held several stro ng machinegu n positions here, an d th e fact t h a t som e of th e hedgesaround th e B arn were no t shownon t h e maps, and offeredunexpected coverfor th e defence,did not m ake th e position



’

8.3 .

‘iasier. A number of German machine guns were delayingthe Australian attack, and Captain Grieve realized that

they mu st be pu t o u t of act ion before th e advance could’

proceed towards the Germun third.line system.

“ H e IC & his m en forward,” says LieutenantJ. P. Lloyd,the British chronicler,‘‘ under heavy machinegun andshell fire which inflicted beavy casualties. Durin g th ewhole of th e advance he moved constant lyup and downth e 18ading line, reassuring an d cheering his men. A fterpussing the enemy’s second system of trenches, theCON-

pany came under an evenmore intense fire from twomachine guns ina house.on th e right of.the line. All theo5 cers , with th e exceptionof Captain Grieve, were killedor wounded, a considerable pro po rtion of th e company

w a f p u t o u t of action, and the whole attack was tempo-rarily checked.”

Giving ordersfor th e company to pushon, Grieve dashedoff alone towards the spot from which the machinegun

’. lire was coming. H e covered50 yards of open groundunder heavy fire, reached the doorway from which.themiizzle of one of th eg u n s projected, an d threw bom b afte rbomb inside until both were silenced. H av ing killedth e remainder of t h e crewsw i t h his revolver lie rejoinedhis company, re-organized his men, an d entered tho Germ antrenches at their hend. It was entirely duo tohim t h a tth e assault’was successful. W hen finally he fell woimded,

- t h eposition was in Australian h ands a nd the few remaining



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Germans werein flight. It was here-around Bethlehemand Schnitzel Farm-that the Victorians cap ture d th e 6 rs ttw o guns which were taken intac t by t h e hustralianiinfant ryduring the war.

Ca ptain Grieve, who was decorated by th e King a tBuckingham Palace in October;1917, is an old WesleyCollege boy, and some years agowas a leading memberofth e Melbourne Swimming Club, H e joined th e AustralianImperial Force in ‘1915, and left as a .second l i e u t q an t .When he won his Victoria Cross he was 28 years of age.a;S mother, a widow, is a resident of Brigh ton . H eis amember of t h e 6m1 of Messrs. Connibere, Grieve, and Con-nibere, of Blinders-lane,and took an interest in t h e man-agement of St. Cuthbert’s Church, Brighton.

H is example is one th a t no goodsportsmanneed hesi$ate,to follow.

WITH BOMB AN D BAYONET.That he deserves well of his countrywas shown by the

spontaneou s welcome Corporal George Ju lia n Howell, V.C.,MM., of th e 1st (N.S.W.) Battalion, received when hereturned to Sydney last December wearing on his breast

th e ribbons which th e K ing had pinned there a t Bucking-ha m Palace five mon ths before.A fine ske tchof this soldier, together with details of how

his awardwas won, appeared in the S ydneyMorning Hcraldou 1 st January, 1918,from which this aocoUdt is, in part,taken.



85

Howell, whois a~ uilder in civil life, washorn at.P,nfield,N.S.W., and having received a StateSchool education,served his apprenticeship in bricklaying and sttrtedinbusiness for himself. H ehad no previous m ilitary cxperi-ence, but was a keen follower of athletics,and a t LiverpoolCamp acq uitte d himself well in bayo net work. H c enlistedin June, 1815, an d sailed from Anstralia in ' July. H e basreceived many wounds, and has narrowly escaped beingblown t o pieccs by a bomb. H e went throug h Gallipoliwithout h urt , b u t in F rance he was wounded a t Pozieresand invnlided to England. Having risen to t h e rank of

, corporal he rc turned to the kout , andsoon afterwardsgained his Victoria cross. The officii1 sto ry of his exploitis as follows:-

'' Seeing a p art y of th e enemy likely t o out-flankhis

battalion, H owell,on his own initiative and single-handed,while exposed to heavy bomband rifle fire, climbed uponth e top of th e parapc tand proceeded to bomb th e Gcrmans,pressing the m back along the trench. Hav ing exhaustedth e stock of bo mbshe at tacked t h e cnemy w ith th e bayonetuntil he was severely wounked. His prompt act ion audgallant conduct in the fnco of superior numbersN H . ~ it-

nessed by th e whole battalion, and greatly inspircd the menon the subsequent successful counter-attack."

Somethmg more m ap be addedCO t h e brief official story .After th e A ustralianshad managed to geta footing in th eHindenburg line n t Laguicourt, the Germans lannchedacounter-attack which imperilled the Australians' position.



86

(Howell .had, by the way,won his Military Medalin thesame neighbourhooda month earlier for bombing outofexistent-ecertain German machineguns on the Australianfront . ) He nom saw the danger confronting his battalion.H e picked u p a box of bombs and dashed out of t h e line.Some of his com rades followedhim, but were killed or .wounded' alm os t immediately. Howcll'a life seemedsacred, in spi te of th e fact t h a t t he Germans'' hurled every

' available item of ironmongery a t him." He threw bombsa t t h e enem ywith such persistencyand accura te a im th a the drove them back t o th e poiut f rom which they h adsta rte d. This allowed his battalion to consolidate an dim prov e its cover. W hen his bombs were exhausted,Howell a t tacked the foremost partyof Germans 'with arusty rifle an d bayo net.. H e killed three in hand-to-hand

combats, and held othersa t bay till he was woundedandforced t o retire. Before leavinghis own trench he hadbeen hit by machine gnu fire, and when he was pickeduphours later, twenty wounda were foundupon him.

'

Sergeant Howell, whoia 25 years of age, was born a tBrighton (England). His fa th er is of English descent b u tcomes of a mother bred in Co unty Cork. Young Howell

left for Australia. a t th e age of9 gears. Soon after theou tbreak of war t h e fathe r enlistedin the AustralianImperial Force, taking with him George Julian and twoothers of his five ~ o n s . One of them, Vblentine Howell,of th e 18 th (N.S.W.) Battalion, was wounded in Gallipoliand afterwards saw service in France withhis father and



his brother Frederick, of t h e 1st (N.S.W.) ioneer Bat-talion. The father returned t o Sydney lastyear, having,although he ia over 60 years of age, spen t six months inth e 6rin g line. His General in F ran ce grantedhim specialleave t o go t oLondon an d see hieson decorated with th eVictoria Cross.

George Jul ia n H owell possessesa wonderful physique.‘‘H e is buil tfor a bomber,” said a General in Fran ce t o

whom he was presented, “ I wish I had him.” A t r u eAnglo-Saxon, his characteristics a re b lue eyes, flaxen ha ir,an d h es h complexion..

When Howell was presentedt o t h e King, His Majestyremarked, “ Yo u look vcry well aftcr your wonderfulexploit.”

How ell qu ietly replied,‘‘You look very well too ,sir.”AUST’ULIA’S F IRS T V.C .

It is only t o be expected t h a t th e best-known man in th eAustralian army, not evcn exccpting Gencral Birdwood,should hav e been t h e6 r s t of its soldiers t o win t h e VictoriaCrossin th e present war. This is Captain Albert Jacka,V.C., M.C. a nd B ar , who, born a t W edderburn , a littl eVictorian country village, and erirning his llving as a buehworker, has now won,in addition to th e highest honourwhich the King can bestow for valour, the reputationamong his comrades of beinga soldier and a man in thehighest senseof those words. I t % n ot to o much t o saythat a t 26 years of age he is one of th e most famous mcnwho ever left Australia.



I

of th e men mho were-guarding th e ~ e u tr a u c e nder L ieu-

ten an t Crabbe.For th is e x p l o i b t h e overcoming s ing le rhandedof ten

Turks-Jacka won hii Cross. I n his eight m onths a tb a c , from the Landing to tho Evacuation,he won hiscommission and the reputation fromhis Colonel as “ h e. .model of what a n Anzac soldicr.should be.”

I n addit ion t o winning thoGTOSS,he was givenSO500

byMr. John Wren. I n1916, with th erank of 2nd Lieu tena nt,, he‘went to France, where he subsequently gained his

lieutenancy an d captaincy.I t. w a s on th e nig ht of 5 th August,1916, t h a t he pe r-

formed the exploit which gained him the Military CrossThis was a t Podcres,a nam c which will be surrou nded b y

a n aureole of glory as long as Au stralia rcmainsa nation.With 44 men of he 14th Battnlionhe was sent to relievctroops holding anw lvan ced t rench to th c no r th -e atof t h evillagc. It was n mere string of shell-holes joined byexcavations. A furious German bombardment beganhalf a n hour af ter ’Jack a’s squad entered th e t rench.I t

was maintainedfor hours, seven men being killedand folv

wounded. Then600 Germans charged. The Anzacs stoodup to fight the m back, b gt thcy went right over the trench’sgallan t defenders,. leaving beh indonly seveu unwoundedAustralians. Jacka himself had been ‘‘splashed ” b y abursting bomb, which inflicted seven wounds. H e managedto send back an ‘‘S.O.S.” call for help. I n th c mcnntime



- t h e Germans, having taken prisouers, were coming backin a ’ c o ~ p a c tbody.

Jacka and his seven Australians faced600 GermansBushed with victory.

‘‘ I would sooner be dead than a prisoner,” said Jacka.“ Th e supporta cannotbe long in coming up. Let’s go forthem ! ’’

A t the word the e ight m en leap t fo rward, k i n g the irrifles from the h ipas the y charged. A few Germans threwup their hands, but others beganto fire a t t h e advancingAustralians, mho successfully attackod withthe bayonet.The Germans closed around th e eight in a narrowing greyriug. T.wo bullets in succession struck Jacka.

Then th e cheers of th e suppo rts coming to their assistancein response to th e call begun to be heard. Someof theGermans fled and some surrendered, but the remainderwere sho tdown 01 pursued t o their death. T he Australianprisoners were released, and a corresponding numberofGerm an captives were taken . Ev ery m an of Ja cks’splntoon h a d been wounded.

Jack a was tak en to England, an d after undergoingt rea tmcut io hospital was decorated by th e Ring a t

Buc kingham Palaceon 29th September,’ 1916. Subsequentlyh e re turned t o the firing line afte r having been invited t oWindsor Castle by His Majesty. For another deed ofgallantry in France he was awardeda b a r t o his NilitaryCrc8s.



91

Jacka is sh ort in stature, b ut ofs tur dy physique.’ Beforehe joined th e colours h e w a s living a t th e houseof Mrs.John McArthur,near Heathcote, and he enlisted in theNorth-eastern District of V ictoria. H e ha d previouslybeen engaged near Wedderburn in fcncingfor the S ta teForest Department . His paSeuts live a t Ridge-street,Wedderburn, and hia father, Mr. Nathaniel Jacka, was

for some years in tlfe Police Force. A younger bro ther,LieutenantW. Jac ka , also fought a t the Dardanelles, whileanotl ier brother, Sydney, is with the Australian ImperialForce.

Jac kn ha s been wounded three times, b u t althoughit hasbeen several times proposed t h a t h e should retur n60 Aus-tra lia , with th o obje ct of gaining recru its, heis so much a

soldier, and so intensely interested inhis work, that heconsiders his place t o b e i n t h e firing line. After every .engagement in which th e 14 th Battalionis engaged, theword is passed along.‘‘ Is Jackn al l r ight? ”

An answer in t h e affirmative givea he ar t to the soldiersfor anotb er glorious day. .

A QUEENSLAND HERO.Although a Queensland Ba ttalion, the 9th; was thek a t

to land in Gallipoli, itwas not unt i l af ter th e AustralianImperial Force had reached France that a Queenslandsoldier gained the supreme honourof the Victoria Cross.This was 2063, Private John Leak,of the 9th Bat tal ion,who, though he enlistedin the nor thern Sta te,on 28th



t o d u t y on 9t h October,1916, and as far as is knon,.pis still' in t he firing line.

YOUNU B A N K E R S H E R O I S M .



Q L

mander came to the surface, 'he founda number of hisown machine guns already mountedon the p arap et of the

'German trench by Lieutenant Harold Trevan, whoafter-wards won the MilitaryG ~ O S Snd the Croix de Guerre.Th e guns were pumping bullets a t th e rae of500 a minutein to t h e fleeing rem nants of t h efoe. Within ten minutesLieutenant.Moon'8 pa rty had a p t w e d th e German redoubt

af ter a aharp .bomb fight. This redou bt, the ir imm ediateobjective, was a position in advanceof an intermediatehosti le trench, and i t was intended that from here Liewten an t Moon's men sho uld co-operate in a n assa ulton th estro ng point further in th e rear. Although wounded inthe initial advance,$loon led his men against the trenchitself, being again wounded a nd mom entarily incapaci-tated. Nevertheless he recovered, aud lad hismen to h etrench's capture. By this time hi3 command was muchdiminished, b u t he ledin thegeneral a t tac k w ith. the utmostvalour, and although wounded for the third time, helpedih successfully pressingit home. Duringthe consolidationof t h e position he was again bad ly wounded, th is tim einthe face. It was only atfter this four th wound t h a t b econsented, with th e aid of two men, t o ret ire from th e fight.He a n d those with hfm had pushcd th e enemy back intoasunken road, where fully a hundred demoralized Germans' threw up he ir a r m and called for mercy.

After hospital treatment in England, Lieutenant$loonwas decorated by thc King a t Buckingham Palsee inAugust, 1917, and subsequently returned to Australia,



97

is generated. by sheer death-dc fyingvalour, hc iiiade hispresence f e l t throu ghout t h e whole line, encouraging hismen, heeding bomb piirties, le;rding bnyonet charges, and. ,carrylug th e wonnded toplaces of safety.. The occasion of his winning the Cross was \vhen the13th and 45th Dattnlionshelped t o b a t h t h e Clermans o u tof Stormy Trench on the eve of their retirement in theSomme campnigii of Feb ru ary ,1916.

So notable werehis cxploits thatwhcii he w n s presentedto th e King for investi ture a t Hyd ePark on King's Birth-dtiy, 1917, he was given p d e of placc in the special seatsnear t h e royaldeis.

This gallantsoldier prior to the present~ v i userved forsix years in the Australinn Ficld Artillery,and is now 36years of age. TIe vas boru in Lannceston an d enlisted a tBlackhoy E l l , We.stern Australia, describing himselfas abushman. His next of kin is his mother, who livesatLannceston, where he has relntkes. :He is a cousin of thefam ous L itt le r family, two of whose fnmily won respec-tively theD.S.O. and D.C.M., &id the N.C.

The comm anding officerof Jus first ba ttalion on his re turnto Perth paid a high tribute to Ivlurray's gallantry.'' I t was," he said, '' common talk among the officerst h a t h is reivsrdwould either be de athor the Cross. Manyof his deeds seemed to leaveno alternative, bu t he alwayscame through unscathed. Ai1 instnnce of Ius extremebravcry occiirred a t N on qu et Fa rm . Portion ofthe bat -tdion. after hard fighting, stormedand goined entrance

C.6628-4 '



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t o t h e F a rm . It was u e t by overwhelming numbersofGe rmans nnd forced t o retire.I This nffair ~ 8 surried outb y Nurray, who not only succeeded io extricating hissm all force, bu t brough t backa large numberof prisoners.Au idea of his feat DBU be obtained from the fact thata l though he and 100 men entered K ouq uet Fa rm , i twasafterw ards nnsuccessfully attac kedby ,700 men, and fitinlly

tnkeii b i a force of 3,000.”A HERO O F TEE FLYING CORPS.

Like mauy another Victorianwho has gained notabledi8tinetion in the present war, Flight Licuteiinnt(nowCapta in and Fl ight Comnlmder) Frank H ube r tRIcNamara,V.C., was a S ta te School teacher before he enliuted.

The dced which won his distiuctiouwas oue of the fiiiestexnmples of hcrojsni and self-sacrifice t h ~ t ustni linumili tary iiuuals can show.

He w as t r a ined a t Po in t Cook Flyiug School underCnptain Eric Rorrisou, and wasn Rushworth boy. Hewon the Cross for gallnutry in Palestinc n t thc age of 23years. One morninghe and t h e e companions lef t.ElArish to bomb the enemy r d h e a d30 miles outsideGam..

W here the Bcershecba railway crosses th c river theyat tacked A troop train briugiug u p Turkish reinforcements.M cN am n~ a e lensedfout of h is bom bs successfully, b u t bhefi ft h premnturely explodedand wounded his leg. Bleedingaud feeling dazed, he turued to mnkefor camp, but sawdistress signals which one of his party was making with



-99

smoke bombs. Lookingdowi; he found thatbis comradeand his macliinc wereon th e ground, w ith theTurks onlya little distalice aw ay . McNamara pron iptly alightedmidfound CaptainS. W. Rutherford, of Queensland, standingby his disabled aeroplane.

Therc was nothing to ;lo b u t to r c ~ c u cint.

There was only one seat in NcNnmma's machine, and'flutherford had to olinib out on to the cowl. As theaeroplane gatheredsly.& in tho at tempt to r ise ,it beganto sway from side to side. Suddenly i t swung around an dthe under-carriagc was smashed ag rin st the ground. Theonly coursc left \vas to abandon and destroy th e uiachineand place Rntherford's enginei n working order. Thiswas done under a heavy Turldsh fire, nud.as the machinewas adoublc-seatcd one, hoth aviato rs were enabled t o en terand fly to safety, a t the basc outsideEl Arish, 75 milesaway. Captain KcNauiara stuck t o his task nut il th e end,though faint with t h eloss of blood

Captain McNaniosa retimed to Nelbourne lnst Scp-tember, and received many municipal and othcr welcomesBe now holds a post 01 1 the instructional s taff a t th e CentralFlying School, Point Cook, whcre hcwns trained. He is

believed to have been the ErstViotoriau civil servant andth e first residentof Caulfield to win t h e VictoriaCross. H eis of medium h eightand slight build, with ac leau cu t, boyishfacc. Hc has won the admirationof every one bro ug ht,%contact .with him a t the Flying School



A GALLANT WEST AUSTRALIAN..4 fine elrninple of gallantrya i d of loyalty t o his comrades

w.cs set by 9970, Private Hart in O’>Ieara, of the JGth(South Bustratio and Western Aostrklia) Battalion, thesecond ‘\Vcsteni Austra lian soldier to gaio th e VictoiiaCross. The Grst was Captain €I. . H. Throssell, who,howcver, served with the 10th Light Horse,a Victorianregiment , and. won his award AS a second lieutenant ‘inGnllipoli.

O’Neara, who is a na tive of Ireland, his next-of-kin’beinghis siste r Alice,. who lives a t . Ra thenb inBirr, arrived inWestern hmtraliu. someyears before war broke ou t a n dwent t o Collie,mherehe\vas engaged i n sleepeccutting. He,joined the Forcrsfor active service in August,1915, andlef t for the Front as a inemher of t h e four th Reinforcem entsdf th e famous 16th Battalion. . .

Strang ely enough, thewar, according to one of his friends,made no appeal to him , and h eheqnently expressed repug-u an ee a t t he idea of killing men. J u s t bcfore em barkinghe asked whether itwas possible for him to join someotherbranch of the service, witha view to his exclusion from theactual fighting force. He received a reply that he wasdo ing exoellently wherehe was, and th a t th e f irst dutyof aAoldier was to perform it wherehe was most reqnired.This did not altogether reconcile him to his position,inasmuch as shortly afterwardshe received news of, hismother’s illness and con6dedto a coiurade t h s the blamed



101

himself for th e change in his mother ’s health. H e was n o tsure that he mas right in volunteeringfor active service,bu t subsequen tly he x i d ,‘‘ Aa I am .going,I will do mybest to bring back theV.C.” How well he fulfilledhisprophecy was seen in th e event.

A strict teetotaler, ‘O’Meara .is a n exceptionally h ephysical type a nd had th e repu tation of being the one manin the bnttalion withh i s nerves so perfectly under controlth at he did no t turn his head whena large shell burst nearhim. His coolness an d resourcei n danger were, indeed, aregimental byword.

I t wns a t Mouquet Fa rm in1916 that O’lfeacawon hisVictoria Cross. During four days of tho heaviest fightinghe repeatedly went out intoNo Nan’s Land, whence hebrought back mounded officers and men under sustainedartillery and machinc-gunfirc. He volunteered to carryup ammunition and bombs throughn n intense Germanbarrage t o a portionof th e trenches whichwas being heavilyshelled, an d showed throug hou t utt er con tem pt of danger.He undoubtedly saved many lives by his heroismanddcvotion.

When the 16th Battalion retired from Mouquet Farm,O’Heara stayed bchind, muchto his comrades’ anxiety.A fter some time he managcd to getn note down t o hisofficer, L ieute nan tW. J. Lynas, KC., mho has it still.‘Hcregards i t asone of th e finest war trophies t h a t he couldpossess and, indeed, as an cxninpleof devotion to duty,

C.6628.-5



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HOW GERMANY MADE TIIE WAR.LICHNOWSBY'B E ~ ~ o I R s .

The publication by B ritain a nd Franceof the diplomaticcorrespondence and. interviews i n ' July,1914, followed bythe issue of a German White 'Book, oontaining a selectionof such documents. m ad e' i t clear th a t th e warwas forcedon Great Britain and France by Germany, but the con-clusion thus derived has been recently strengthened bytha publication ofPrinoe Lichnowsky's memoirs.

Prince Lichnowsky, Gerhan Ambassador in London in1914, in his 'memoirs, +hich were w rit ten8s a rebord forpriv ate use; b u t ha ve obtnined publicity, makes th e follow-ing indictment of Gerinany:- ;

"

As is e vide nt fromall official publications-and this isnot refuted byour White Book,which, owingto the povertyof its contents and toits omissions,is a gravely self-accusingdocunient-

We encouraged Count Berchtoid (Austrian MinistarforForcign Affairs) to a tt ac k Serv ia, althoug hGerman interestswere not involved,and the danger of a world-war must

ha ve bcen known to us. W hetherw e were aware of thewording of the nltim atnm is completely inmiaterial.

Du ring the tim e between23rd an d 30th July, 1914, whenM. Sazonoff (Ruasian Minister fo r Foreign Affairs) em phati-salty declared that he would not tolerate any attackon



I/104

/

Servia, we rejected the British proposal8of mediation,although SerGa, under Russian and British pressure, hadacc epte d almost the w hole of the ultim atum , an d althougha n agreement abou t the two points a t issue could easilyha ve been reached, an d Co unt Berchtold w as even preparedt o co nte nt himself with the Servian reply.

On 30th July ( the eve of the w ar), Co unt Berchtoldwanted to come to terms. We sent a n ultima tum to P etro-gr ad merely becauseof the Russian mobilization, althoughAustria ha d not been at ta ck ed ; andon 31st July i<edeclared waron Russia, although th e Czar pledgedhis wordt h a t he would not order a m an t o march as long as negotia-tio ns were proceeding-thns delibera tely destroying th epossibility of a pescefnl settlement.

1.n view of th e abo ve .und en iable facts,it is no wondert h a t th ewhole of the civilizedworld outside G erm any placesthe entire respons,ihility for the world-war uponourshoulders.

Is i t n & i,ntclligible t h a tour enemies should declare th a tthey will not rest before a systemis destroyed whichis a

con stant menaceto our neighbour;? Must they no t other-wise fe ar t h a t in a few years' time they will ag aiw ha ve totake up a r m and again see their provincesovrrrun an dthe ir towns and villages de stroy ed?H ave n ot they provedt o be right who declared t h a t the sp irit of Treitschke and



Bernhardi governed theGerman people, that spirit which "

glorified war a s such, anddid no t loatheit as an evil; t h a twith us th e feuda l knigh t an d junke:, th e warrior caste ,st i l l rule, an dform ideals an d values, no t th e civilian gentle-m en ; h a t the loveof th e duel, which aniinntesOUT academicyouth, still persists in those who control the destinies ofthe people? Did not th e Zabcrn incident and tho Parl ia-

m entary discussions s h o u tit clearly d em onstrate t o foreigncountries the value we place on the rights and liberties ofthe citizen if these collide with questionsof militmypower ?

If Russia and England had wanted the war in order toa t tack us, a hint to Belgrade would have heen enough, and

th e unprecedented (Au strian) Note would not hav e beenanswered. The impression grew stronger an d,s tro ng er t h a twe wa ntedwar unde r a n y circumstances. It was impossib et o in te rpretour at t i tud e ona question which did not dire ctlyconcern UB in an y other way. The urgent requests an ddefinite assurancesof M. Sazonoff, followed by theCzar'spositively humble telegrams, th e repented proposalsof SirE. Grey, the warnings of the Marquis San Giuliano andSignor Boliati,my urgent counsels, all wereof no avail.Berlin peraisted; Servia m ust be massacred. Th emom Iprcssed theless were they inclined to come roun d, were i t.only t o deny me the successof ave rting war in conjunction



I06

w ith Sir Ed w ard Grey. Finally,on the 29th, the la t terdecided on the famous warning. I replied that I hadinvariably reported that we should have to reckon withEnglisli oppositionif i t came. to a war with France.Rep eatedly th e Minister said to me: ‘ If w ar b r e a h Outit will be the gre ate st catastrophe the world has ever seen.’After that events followed each other rapidly.”

LICHNOWSKY’S MISSION TO LONDON.Prince Lichnowsky’s high socialrank, his agreeable

m anners, an d th e generous hospitality which he showed inLondon, where he w a s , German Ap bassad or when warbroke out, gave hima position in English society which,facilitated t h e negotiations between E ngland an d Germany,

and did m uch to diminish the fi iction th a thad arisen du ringthe t ime th a t PrinceBulow held thepotit of German chan-cellor. Th e pam phlet @om which the abo ve extra cts aretaken) gives an account of his London mission. After hisreturn t o Germany he livedin retirement in the country,b u t contr ibuted occa sio~a l ar ticlest o th e press. Thepamphlet, which was written in August,1916, was notintended for publication, butwas dis tribute d confidentiallyto a few friends. Th e ex istm ce ofit had long been known,b u t it was only in M arch of th isyear th a t for the f i rs ttimeextracts from it were published inthe Swedish paperPoEtikm. Longer extracts afterwards appeared in the

~



101

London press. For th e first ti&e a com plete trans lation ,m ad qfro m th e German original, ha s been placed before th epublic.

CONMERCIALJEALOUSY.

Independent of cxtracts publislicd above, thereis much ,

interesting information in the memoirs under the heading

‘‘Commercial Jcnlousy.” Prince Lichnowsky writes:I

The “commercial jealousy” about which we hearsomuch is based on a wrong conception of th c circumstances.Certainly Germany’s rise asa commercial power after thewar of 1870and du ring t h e following decades wasn menaceto British comm ercial circles, .yh ich , w ith their industries

an d exp ort houses, had held a vi rtual monopoly of t rad e.,

The increasing commerce with Germany, which was theleading country in Europe a s regards Bri tish exp orts -afact t o whichI inv ari ab ly referred inmy public speeches-had, however, given rise to the,wish to maintain friendlyrelations with their best customer and business friend, andhad driven all other considerations into the baokgronnd.

However,it was a pe t idea of &fr. Churchill an d t h e Goveru-meut , an d I think th a t b y cntering upon this plan an d theform uln’sixteen t o ten for battleships we m ight h ave giventangible proofof our goodwill and strengthened an d eucour-aged t he tendenc y (which already prevailed in th e Govern-m ent) t o ente r into closer relations withus.



108

But , as I have said, it was poasibleto ar riv ea tan understand ing “ i n spite of the fleet” and without a “navalholiday.” I had always regardediiiy mission from thispoint of view, an d I had also succeedcdin realizingmy planswhen the outbreak of war destroyed everything1 hadachieved., The Briton is m a t t e r - o f - f a c t h etakes’ things

as the y are, and does not til t against windmills. Notably incommercial circlesI encountered tho most friendly spiritan d th e endeavour to furtherour common economic intercsta.In order t o gct into touch with im portan t commercialcircles 1 accepted invitations bom the United Chambersof Commerce and from th e Londonnna BradfordChambers,and was th e guestof th e cities of Ncwoastle and Liverpool.T was wellreceived everywhere; Illirnchester,Glasgow, andEdinburghhad also invited me, andI intended to go there ,

later.People who didn o t understand British conditions, and

di d no t realize th e importance of public dinners,”alsopeople to whom my successes were unwelcome, reproached

me withh aviug don e harm with my speeches.I believe,onth e contrary, t h a t by appearing in public a n d emphasisingcommon commercial interestsI contributod in no smllmeasme to the improvementof the relations, quite apar tfr om the fac t th a t it would have been clumsy and churlisht o r e h e all invitations. In all o ther circleaI also m et with



109

the most friendly reception and hearty co-operation-atCourt, in society, and from the Government.

SIR EDWARDREY.

Prince Lichnowsky remarks th a t “ t h eBriton loathes abors, a schemer, and a pr ig : he likes n good fellow.”R eferring to Viscount (then Sir Edw ard) Grey, hc nays:-Sir Edw ard Grey’s influence iu all ma tte rsof foreign policywas almost unlimited. On important occasions he oped,indeed, t o say ,‘‘ I m us t first bringit before th e Cabinet’‘;but this always agreed to his views.His authori ty wasund isputed . Tlie scionof a n old North Country family,which had already furnished Grey, the well-known states-

man, he joined the left wing ofhis party an d sympathizedwith socialists and pacificisb. You may call him a socialistin t he idea l sense, a s he c a r h the theo ry in tohis privatelife ‘and lives very simply and unpretentiously, althoughhe has extensive means. The simplicity an d honestyofhis ways secured him t h e estoem evenof his opponcnts,whowere to be found ra ther i n th e sph ere of home affairs than offoreign policy. Lies an d intrigue ar e equally repugnan tto him.

MR. ASQUITH’S TTITUDE.Dlr. Asqnith is a man of an entirely differentstamp.

Form er ly a well-known barrister with a large income, an dfor a number of years in Piulianient, then aIfini8ter under



110

Mr. Gladstone,a pacificist, like his friend Grey, an d fnvoringa n understanding' n,ith Gerniany, he treate d all questionsw ith th e cheery .calm a n d assuranceof a n experiencedm anof business. His daughters were n t school in Germany,and spoke German fluently. Only on rare occasions didhe concern himself with foreign politics when important

questions nrose; then , ,of course, his decision 'wash n l .During the cr i t ical dnysof Ju ly (1914), N r a . Asquith.repeatedly came tous to warn us, and in th e end shewns

q ui te distrniight a t the tragic turn'of events.Mr. Asqnith,also, when I called on him on 2nd August , t o make a lasteffort in the direction of expectnnt n euhal i ty,N ~ S quitebroken though absolutelycalm. Tears were c o m in g downhis cheelw.

LAST DAYSIN LONDON.

Before m y d eparture fiom L ondon (after the declarationof mar) Sir. E. Greyreceiverlmeou 6th Au uyst a t hi8 house.I hbd been called a thi8 requcst. H e w as'deeply moved.H e told me he would always be prepared to m ed iae.'' W edon't want to c r y h Germany." U nfo rtun ately , this con-fidcntialinterviewwas m ade public, and H err von Be thm nn nHollweg thus destroyed the last chanceof gaining peacethrough England.

T h e arrangem ents forour de pn rtu re were perfcctly.digni-fied an d q+et. The Ri ng ha d previously sen this Equerry,



111

Sir E. Pornonby, to express his regrets at my departure,an d t h a t. he could n ot see m e himself. Princess Louisewrote to me that the whole family were sorry we wereleaving. lks. Asquith and other friends came to theEm bassy to take leave.

A special tra in too k us t o R arwioh, where a gu ard ofhonorGas drawn up for me. I was treated l ike a departingSovereign. Such was th e end of my London mission.Itwas wrecked;not by th e perfidy of th e British ,b u t by th a t ofour own policy.

Count Mensdorff an d his Staff had come to the s tatio n inLondon. H e was oheerfnl, an d gave me t o understand t h a t

perhaps he would remain there, but he told the Englishth at we and no t.Au striahnd wanted th e war.

THE SCAPEGOAT.

Looking back after two yearsI come to the conclusion.t h a t I realized too late t h a t the re wasno room for mein asystem th a t f or years had livedon routine and traditionsalone, an d th n t only tolerated representatives who repo rtedw hat their superiors wished to re ad . Absenceof prejudiceand a n indepe nden t judgm ent are resented. Laok ofab ility an d w an t of ehnrneter a re praised and esteemed,while successes m eet w ith disfnvonr an d exc ite alarm, . ,

I had to support in London a policy the heresy of whichI



112

recognised. T h a t brou gh t down vengeanceon me, becausei t was a sin ag ains t t h c H oly Ghost:

AYsoon as I m i v e d in B erlinI saw th at I was to be mad eth e scapegoatfor th e ca tas trophefor which onr Governmenthad made itself responsible aga inst m y adv ice and warnings.The report mas deliberately circulated by o5cinl quartera

t h a t I bad allowed myself to be deceivedby Sir E. Grey,beeauae if he had no t wan ted war Russia would not mobilize.C ou nt Porteles, whose reporte could be relied o n, was t o beprotected,not the least on accountof his relationship. Hehad conducted himself," magnificently" ; he waa praisedenthusiastically, and I was blamed the more severely." W h at does Servia m atter t o Russia? " this statesma n saidt o m e after eight years in office a t Petroerad. The wholething was a Brit ish trick thatI had no t lioticed. A t th eForeign Ofice, th ey to ld m e t h a t war would in a n y w e av e,come in 1916. Then Ru ssiawoiild have seen ready;the re fhe ,it waa be tte r now.

' Extracts from '' The Annexation of Alsace-Lorraine and its recovery (1870-1914), with anAddress by Marshal Joffre."

ADDRESSAY NARSEAL A T T H A N N .O F F R E

We have come back for good and all. Henceforwardyou are and everwill be 'F rench . Together with those



1 1 3

liberties for wbich her namehas stood throughout theages, Piance brings you tho assurance t h a t your ownliberties will be respected: your Alsatian liberties,traditions, an d waysof .living. As her rcpresentativeIbring y,ou France’s matern al em brace.

J. JOFPRE.-

~ N T R O D U C T I O N .

The exprassion Alsace-Lorraine was devised by theGermans t o denote th atpart of our natio nal territory, th eannexat ion of which Germany imposed upon us by thetreaty of Frankfort , in 1871. Alsace and Lorraine werethe names of two provinces under our monarchy, butprovinces-as such-have ceased to exist in Fra nce since

1790 : tbc couq t ry i s d iv ided in to depar tmcntsmereadm inis trativ e subdivisions under t he same national laws

. and ordinances-nor ha s tho most prejudiced historianm er boen able to po int t o th e slightest dissatisfaction withthis arrangem ent on the p er t of any distr ictin France,fromDu nkirk to Perpignan, or from Brest to Strasbourg: Branceaffordsa pcrfe ct example of th e communionof one and all

. in deep love and reverence lor the mother-country; andthe history of the unfortunate departments subjected tothe yoke of Prussinn militarism sin&1871 is the mosteloquent and striking c on fim atio nof th e justiceof Prance’sdemand for reparationof the crime then committed byGermany.



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The territories annexed in1871 weie made up of all or..par t of four Fren ch .departments.. I n th e Moeclle dep artm en t, thc y eou stituted th e ':&on-dissemcnts " of Metz, Thionville, an d S a ~ e y ~ m i n e S .

In th e Mcurthe .dep artm ent, thoseof Sarreb6urg andCh&tcas-Salins.

They comprised the wholcof the Bas-Rhin department

(with Strasbourg as its cliej-Lieu) and all the Haut-Rhindepar tment -(chef-liepcColmar) with the exception of theBelfnrt district, which remained French.

-U dd er - the old regime, the Moselle and thc Meurthedep,akm ents were pa r tof 'Lorraine ;. the Haut-Rhin andthe Bas-dhin went tomake u p Alsace.

Our purpose, i n t,lic present SUNCY ,s t o givea summary

o f. th e docu m ents w hereby is demonstrated-incoutro-vert ibly, in onr opinion-the injustice.of the Germanannexation in1870, and the necessityfor the rcseindmentof th a t measureaud the rcst i tnt ionof the French depart -m cnts t o the mother-country; it is our intontion, whilesodoing, t o quote liberallyfrom the writings of neutrals ,andlikewise from a number of German publications t h a t haveapp eared since t h e declarationof war on 4th d u y s t , 1914.

No l&r'than 21st January, 1914, the .lozcmald'dlsace-Lwraine published under the headingU x e ooiz dlemiwdsur Succme, the following remarks by a South-Germ an,Her r Emil Deyener-Boening, whose irrefutable testimonyrecords beforehand t he objechive and im pa rtial .judgm ent



115

of History as regards the situation'of Algace-Lorraineonthe eve of the presont war:-\

'' Borty-three years ago we conquered Fra nc e 'n f&aserias'?f glorious, victories. In the town hclovcdof theRoi .Soleil, in the Gallery of Mirrors of Verssaillea Palace,the Imperial crownwas laid upon the hcadof the founderof our national unity. . Our grea t Chancellor coip cU cd th e

enomy t o pay us 6,000 millions of francs and t o consent toth e separa tion of Alsace-Lorrainefrom th c mother-country.WO might have obtained even more, perhaps. Frnncewas utter ly exhausted, though no t so depressed or 80

despondentas was Prussia after her defeatn t Jena. By astroke of the pen, one anda half millionsof Fre nc h citizensbecame German subjects.

'' T h a t is th e open'sore.' I Thousands of men who, fa? evera at generalions had

belonged to the yrwL civilized nation in the .West, were lornaway from Frame to be incorporated in our counbry in spiteof their entreaties and as the result of a bloody contest. Suchproceedings belong to another age. The land became German,'the .?pirit 0.l the inhabiiants reniained French, and Alsace-Lorraine rebelled against the t ioh t ion ,y its rights.

L There w;ts no open resistan'cc, no rioting,;. Whatcould be attempted against millionsof German bayonets2But beneath the surface, passive resistance was organized-the resistance opposed by th es p s t to the r ight of t h e

A



i16

mailed list. And i t is on acco unt of this faithful at tach-m en t t o France t h a t our w arriors and chanvinists arebeside themelves with rage, that they stoop,as th?f dida t Sav erne, to a cts th a t m ake th em th e laughing-stockof Europe . A blush of shame rises to our chcoks.

L / Fo r m y own par t , indeed,I bow with reverence beforethe fealty of Alsacc-Lorraine,so well in keeping with the

tradi t ions of its intelligent and sturdyrffie. B u t I standagh ast a t the blindnessoi our authorities, at their con-temptuous treatment of i ts civil iansand of the youngsoldicrs sprun g from it . Js it a matter of no importanccth a t, even a t the present t ime, th e foremost Frenchgenerals bear Alsatian nam es?

" And you, officcrs of th e German arm y, who have duly

celebrated the anniversariesof 1813, have you forgottenthat Ney, Klhber, and Eellermanu were sous01 Alsice ?

F o r this is t h e pcople yon think yourselves entitlcd tosubject t o the insul tsof a young lieutenant, barely outofhis teens, and as devoid of manners asof experience. Youdo not.scem to realize th e imm ense ha rmyou are doing theGerm an canse. By reason of your insults, of your thrcu ts,

the moral ccnquest of Alsace-Lorraine bccomcs more audmore problematical. T o lead such a people, a Governmentis needed having at its head men that are iudepoudcnt,aGovernm ent imbued with ideasof fraternity, tolerance, andequ ali ty before the law. Every attem pt t h a tis made t oenslave their minds, .to stifle their idealof liberty and



1 1 7

independence, which ha s become since the gre at ,F renchRevolution the common patrimon yof civilised n ation s, willb u t make Alsace-Lorraine.look back to France w ith greater

. regret.'' W hen 'Heinrich Heine, some75 years ago, was re-

proached by certain Germ an patrio ts with having insultedthe German flag and betrayed his country, this was the

'

cutting reply he addressed to his traducers:-

" 'You may be easyin your minds,I will honour yourcolours when they deserve to be hono ured . Se tup theGerman flag on the cxalted levelof the German ideal,make it the s ta n dn ra o l free humani tyand you willfind meready to.shed the bestof m y blood in it s defence.

"

' I do not find so easy as youdo to incorporate Alsaceand Lorraine with Germany;for their population ares trongly a t tached t o Franceon i ccoun t of the rights be-stowed upon them by the French Revolution, laws equalfor all, free institution s. The Alsatians and th e Lorrainerswill revert to their allegiance to Germany when we have

' accomplished what the French have begun, when we have

excelled th e F rench i n o ur deeds as we have exeelled th emin words, when we have redeemed God-in-man from deg ra-dation and granted their proper place to the people, togenius and to beauty, as our masters have written andsung. And not only shall Alsace and Lorraine revert to

.us, but all Europe, the whole world,kill become German..As I take my walks unde r the acacia trees,my dreams are



118

of thm universalG e m n domination. And there yo uh av em y patriotism.’

“Heine’s ideal is still far up there, among,,’the stars.Nothing is yet accomplished.Alsace-Zorr.a~ne has notTeuerted to its allegiance to Gnnznny. W e have conqueredth e land by w ading in gore, hu t the h earts have remainedclosed against us. We have not set up the German flag

on tb(? exalted levelof German se ntim en t, we have n otmade i t the s tandardof free hu m anity . Neither Europenor the world have become more Germansince Hebe’st ime, bu tour ovcr-bearing attitud e has, littl e by little, madeall Europe bristle with bayonetsand imp lanted gunsoneve ry bastion. And some day those bayonets and thoseguns will be poin ted, one an d all, ag ain stus.”

IN RECONQUEREDLSACE.Th e time has n o t ye t come to describe w h at has been, for

t h c l a s t three years, the l ifeof th e small portionof Alsacejoined once more to Fra nce a t, th e beginningof the war.By publishing fo rth certain particula rs we m igh t call downupon ‘the country, i ts inhabitants,or their relatives, the

m os t cruel reprisals.It is permissihle, how ever, to st at e hriefly t h a t theFren ch occupation, greeted a tfist with e f i s iv cjoy, is nowlooked upon as the m ost natu ral thing in the world. TheAlsatian of th e villages and small towns, of th e valleys, and

.of the plain, has takenhis seat once again a t tho Frenchfireside, and i t might be.thought, a t times, t h a t he has never



119

l e f t i t ; the Frenchman who has come from -beyond theVosges, feels a t hom e in t h e Alsatian coun try. The s,oldiersquartereckin Alsace are filled with wonder and gratitudeat the welcome extendedto the m in A lsatian homes.

On public holidays, with a spontaneity unwitnessed for45 years, the windows are dressed‘in bunting ; old dis-coloured hags appearon the scene, th a t had lain carefullyhidden in thc deep wardrobesof th e country.

The children, in whom the Alsatiansoul is mirroredfreely, encouraged thereto by their elders, have s et t owork with passionate eagerness to learn the Frenchlanguage ;‘ fa r more efficacious than the “ fe arof the s t ick”has been the loveof Pranc e to insure pun ctual attcndanoea n d the dnily effort.

Nor ca n the results obtain ed th is year he looked upon a sany thing b u t m ost encouraging,if we tak e into account th a tthe m ajorityof the pupils knewno French a t the beginningof the war:-

Sixteen children were awarded thebrevet e‘E&ntaire.Nineteen children were awarded scholarshipa in the

Lydes and Ecoles primaires supdrieures.520 were aw arded theCert i jmt d ‘ b t u d e s .

(In 1915, seventeen ha d been awarded theCertifiatd’dtudes; in 1916,283.)

Nunieipal life haa revived wherever m ilit iry eir, um -stances have permitted, sometimes even under daily shel-ling b y ‘theenemy. The Comm uues have reorganized the ir

. .



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Concurrently, the re has been suhscribed-250,000 francsfor the purchase of National Bonds. ,

2,200,000 francs t o the War Loan.11,800,000 francs for the purchase of 5 per cent. Govern-

me nt Stock.

14,250,000 ba nc s i n a ll .The numberof subscribers t o th elast War Loan reached‘the figure of 2,500, a very high one considering the actualnumber of the inhabi tants of reconquered Alsace.

The above results are the more remarkable in that thepeople ar e c u t offfrom th e financial establishments Thereintheir funds are deposited ; they afford further evidence as

regards the sentimen tsof the A lsatian population,and thesuccess of the effo rts m ade to re-establish the economiclife of $he coun try.

Ho w different from the b itter resen tm ent caused by t heannexation in 1871! There is no resistance to Frenchideas, no regret is fel tfo r the G ermanrkgirne.

France, when 8he re tu rned to the southern valleysof theVosges, mas wolcomed with outstretchedarms 6 g herfaithful children.



122

HOW GERMANS VIEW AUSTRALIANS.

To us it is incomprehensible. B u t i t isas much a par tof th e G erm an Socialist mindas i t is of t h a t of the GcrmanProfessor or of the German War Lord:--

" W e hav e the greatest contcmpt.possihlefor any human L.

t o possessfor the Australian, doingas little workas hccan ,spend ing his substance insport, in gambling (which is'hisreligion), an din drinking. W e who can claim t obe honestlaugh a t the Quixotic braveryof the Australian whoaeenthusiasm carried him away to faceour God-led army.. . . . W e will break th e hea rts of unionista fo rall t ime,W e are grntified a t the .successof ou r agents in Australia,and th e powerof German gold. Those G erm am who, likeJudas, have turned against the Fatherland in i tahour oftrial w ill bo suitab ly de alt w ith. ThosE.who have stoodlirm an d are now interned will he placed'over their c apto rsand in high administrativc positions.. . . The Aw-tralians are th e m ost ignorant people in the w ide. world.T he y c ann ot speak or write correctly th e British language.Our propngandain the land of the Sou thern Crosshas been

most successful. . . . We will scatter them over theface of the ea rth , wh ilst we will retain in A ustralia .theirwomcn to be mothers ofa new German racc in the greatP a o i f i c . - h l m m a HARDON,German Socia2istLeader.

Again, this was th e reportupon Australia which ProfessorJacob Burokhardt, who atten ded the1914 Science Congress



1

124. .save the i rskin is white, when the pain t an d powder ad m itof a glimpse. W e ar e inclinedto forgive them , becausethey admire our German youth, especially those withplen ty of coin. W e look foqvard with interestt o ourtw entie th century Arabian Nights in AustralInnd. Thefactory girls and scwing girlsart. even worse. They areutterly impossible creatures. The domestic servants are

a lazy, insolent, bra in less lo t , mith only one t h o u g h t t h a tis, t o got awayh o r n toil an d promennde th e stre ets in wh atth ey ap pe ar to consider sm art frocks, often costing as much ,if no t more, th an their mistresses’ costumcs, leaning onthe arms of pimple-faced boysor old rakes. Our women-

folk will straighten them up. If they rebel we will piitt h e m on the roads or in the fields.

-

“ WHO CAN SHUT OUT FATE ?”“ I DON’T KNOW WHA T T H E YOUNG MENARE

AXRAID OF. I17 YOUR NAME IS NOT ON ._~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~

BULLETO R A BIT OF SHRAPNEL IT WON’T REACH

YOU ANY N O R E T HA N W I L LA L E T T E R .T H ATISN’T ADDRESSEDTO YOU.”-Age.

If you go to the rvnr you will achieve the imperishablereward of duty done: if you don’t go you ma y be run overb y a hearse, because yon were too alow to ge t ou t of t heway, or doddert o a n inglorious de ath of senile decay.



I 126

SOME TELLING PHRASES.Let it not be forgotten tha t Gompers and American

labour arofor U vigorous prosecutionof th is war. The yure no t th e championsof trad e expansion schemes, h u t t h eguardians conserving 't h e liberties of th e peoplo, an d th eagents of m ilitant domocruey, attem ptin g t o improveonthe existing conditions.

To-day th e one way to proveyour loyal ty to yo ur ownAu stralia is t o enlist. Au stralians are no t called up ont ofight for tho other portionsof the Empire, for the o therall ied nations, but they are askedt o fight for Australia,th e homeland they profess t o lovo, an d all t he Australianinst itut ions thnt tend to m aks Australia w hati t is:

YOU DO YOUR DUTY. PRACTICE IS W O RT HM O R E THAN EBlPTY P R E C E P T, AND T E E O T H E RFELLOW MAY FOLLOW YOUlE EXAMYLE. YOUknow th a t he should enl is t , an d hc knows t h atyou shouldenlist.

To encom pass peacc we need t o fight. Willyou enlist inthe A .I .P. , the a rm y t h a t is fightingfor peacc ?

If bhe war is justified we m us t fight t o th e finish.If t h ewar is no t justified lo tus sa) so an d applaud bhe H u n w ithhis militarism, his excesses, and the depravity, whichhehas scientifically producedand applied.

Australia to-d aymuse be with the world's democrpciea,f ighting t o th e last d i tch,and the last hulleb,if needs be,for civilisation. '



1%

Peaceho-day, w itho ut th e vanquishing ofthe foe, would bea crime against postefity.It would be a mockery t oour glorious dead, an insu lt t o

our glorious stalwarts,a criminal legacy to posterity,ifwe to -d ay welcomeda peace based upon any thing less tan -gible than the crushingof that Germanic vandalism, thatPru ssian junkerdom, which~ 8 8esponsible for th e calami- '

t ous war th a t Augvst, 1914, y h e r e d in, and in whichyoung Australia had to take an active partor for ever begauged with the mensureof poltroonery.

To think ab ou t this war w ithout act ing ist o see Hell inthe offing,the brutalities of Belgium re-enactedon Austra-lian shores.

Every great publicist, every grent moralist, every great

teacher, uni tes i na comm on condemnation of th e perfidy,the aggressive awfulness of t heHun:The re never WBB safety in aug ht b ut quick though tand

act ion in unison; procrastination has brought many aproud nation to national obliteration..

It is a struggle between th e free peoples of m anldn d andth e iro n despotismof a war lord. Our soldiers-yes, andth e na tio n behind them-and those ofour AUiesknow whatthey ar e fighting for, and theylov e w ha t they know . Theirhe ar ts will no t fail them.

Germany covets Australia, andAustralia's first line ofdefence b - a n infrangible row of the Lithgow bayonetsmanned by Anvrcs in th e trenches of Europ e an d Asia



1 2 7

. Will you be Australian1 Yo ur answ er decides the issue.The correct answer can only be given in the recruitingofficer 's office, an d o n th e 8tt tst ntio n pape r you can withyour s ignature demonstra te t h a tyola are loyal to Australia-every inch a n Austral ian.

Reinforccments will show that Australia is trueto herobligations an d proveher desire to do her du tyto t h e full.

It is for peace we a rc fighting, and pcncecan alone he'wonon th c battlefieldsof Europe.

Au stralia is only fightinga t present for th e good estateof Australia, and for Australin every eligible Australianshould volunteer his services.

CAPTAIN G. A. BURHETT,' . Invpector bf Renuitin3.

-GERMAN ATROCITIES.

By wireless from America to the American Consul inMelbourne (Mr.W . C. Dlagalssen).

.Rev. Newell DwightHillis has narrated his personalobservations of G erm an ntrocities, especially i n Belgium.Hecharges t h e Germans w ith havingkil led125,000 women,ohildren, andold men, besides abducting100,000 Frenchand Belgian girls.

-30th Apri l , 1918.



128

CRUEL TREATMENT OF PRISONERS. .

Private Vernon Mullin has returned to Box Hill , afterhaving h ad some thr il ling cxperiences a t th e Fron t and aprisoner of war in Germany. He served in Gallipoli andFrance . Duringah engagementin Franc en bomb explodeda n d h e lost his s ight. H e fel l, a n dhours seemed t o passwhile h e lay there. H e was grabbed by th c shoulder,a n d was toldby n brutal voice to“ Up stand.” H e knewhe was in th e g rip of the Hun. Pr ivateMullin, had hiseyes removed byR German doctor, an d hewas subjectedt o cruel t rea tmen t while hewas a prisoner of war. Even-tual ly he was sentt o England as an exchange pr ismer,and a t St .Dunstan’s he was taugh t typewri ting , shor thand,telephony, Braille,&c.

-Daily Press, 3rd M a y, 1918.

THEY AND YOU.

TIIEYhav e been fo r threc yea rs fighting hnrd fo r your

hom e a n d l iberty.’You have, during the same period,becn enjoying th eco m for t of your hom e a n d th e delights of l iberty.

THEYhave faced dangera daya n d nightYon ha ve becn safeand secure.



. ,

129

THEYhave FOUQHT ouble overtime.Yo u have W ORK ED rd ina ry t ime .TBEY have had the briefest periods of rest-just

sufficient to satisfy th e absolute necessitiesof Nature .You haye had ample res t , an d m any hourst o spare.T H E Yhav e ha d scarcely a n y of th e ordinary pleasures

of life.Y o u have had th e theat res a n d music. ha lls,and daily

op po rtu nit y for social interoourse.THEYhave eaten their food only when they ha d t h e

t ime, and th en un de r gre at difficulties.'Y ou have ha d your meals regular ly, an d in com fortand

ease.T H E Yhave ha d n o choice% th e na tur e of theirfood.Y ou ha ve had va riety whcnever yo u desiredit.THEYhave been making glorious history, winning

honour an d fame for their country.You-what ha vc Y O Udone for your country?Is there any need for fur ther comparisons1

Weigh these thingson th e scales ofyour judgment ,andask yourself honestly i n whose favour the weight ofsacrifice shows.

Then consult your conscience.W h a t aboutit 2

-Cuptuin Carmichael.



130

DEMOCRACY v. MILITARISM.&. BALFOURS AY S “ O m MUST PREVAIL.”

0 .

E. Balfour, on 7th April, 1918, said :-‘‘ There is notroom enoughon this earth for the German m ilitary party’sideals and the ideals which thegreat free democraciescherish. They cann ot flourish sideby side. One m w tprcva il. Could anyth ing be more painful thnu the. uset o

‘which the statesmenof the Central Powers have p u tPresi-d en t Wilson’sfour principles. They praised the principlespublicly, b u t violated th em cynically, openly,and flagrantlywithout reproach from their own people. These statesm en,

.professing approvalof President Wilson’s principles, told‘Roumania th a tif she did no t conclude peace she wouldbeextinguished as an iudepcndent nation,and divided be-

tween Bulgaria and Hungary. Looka t the tcrritoryravished from Russia,. andyou will be able to e stim ate thecliaricter of &e statesmen with whom we havet o deal.T he world‘s peace will be jeopardized if such u njus t arrange-mcnts are allowed^ to remain. . . .

‘‘Germany has said t h a t the w aris won, and has askedUB to look ’a t the map. I have lookedat the map, and 1

‘come$0 a diff erent conclusion. Germ any has madeterri-torial gains against unpreparcd and unresisting nations,bu t her gains against efficientarmies have n ot heen great.”



131

142 YEARS A G O .

I n 1776 Thom as Paine , radical, wrote:-“ These are t h etimes t h a t tr y men’s souls. The sum m er soldier an d t h esun shine pa trio t will, in.this crisis, shrink from th e serviceof their country, b u t h e t h at s tnods i t now deserves t h elove and thanksof man and woman. Tyranny, like hell,

is not easily conquered, yet we have this consolation withus-that t h e ha rde r t h e conflict t h e more glorious th etr iumph. What we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly.It is dearness only t h a t gives anyth ing its value. Heav enknows how t o pu ta proper priceon its goods, nndit wouldbe stran ge indeed ifso celestial an articleas freedom shouldnot be highly rated.” And th e words t h a t Thomas Paine,

radical, addressed toall classes are applicable to the cir-cumetanccsof to-day.-Avgus, 6thMay, 1918.

recruiting campaign-facts and extracts for speakers organisers and recruiters 1918

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