RED CHINA

People’s Republic or National Socialism?

By William P. Litynski

Yale-in-China: A Political Intrigue?

Former President of Yale University Timothy Dwight (left), U.S. President William Howard Taft (center), and President of Yale University Arthur Twining Hadley (right) walk together during a commencement at Yale University on June 21, 1911. The Wuchang Uprising began in China on October 10, 1911. All three men were members of Skull & Bones, a secret society at Yale University. (Source: Manuscripts & Archives, Yale University Library)

“In politics, nothing happens by accident. If it happens, you can bet it was planned that way.” – Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.

President George H.W. Bush greets the Chinese people in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, Communist China on February 25, 1989. The Tiananmen Square Massacre occurred in Beijing on June 4, 1989.

Vice President George H.W. Bush visits Red China’s Commissar Deng Xiaoping in Beijing on January 1, 1986. George H.W. Bush is a member of Skull & Bones, a secret society at Yale University. (Jean Louis Atlan/Sygma/CORBIS)

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry (left) is greeted by Communist China’s President Xi Jinping upon entering the Fujian Room at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on April 13, 2013. John Kerry is a member of Skull & Bones, a secret society at Yale University. (U.S. State Department Photo/ Public Domain)

Communist Chinese paramilitary police officer stands outside the entrance of the United States Embassy in Beijing, Communist China on Sunday, April 29, 2012.  (AP Photo/ Vincent Thian)

Yale-in-China: Yale-Educated Ambassadors to Communist China

George H.W. BushB.A. Yale 1948

U.S. Liaison Officer to Communist China(October 21, 1974-December 7, 1975);Member of Skull &

Bones

Winston LordB.A. Yale 1959

U.S. Ambassador to Communist China

(November 19, 1985-April 23, 1989);

Member of Skull & Bones

James R. LilleyB.A. Yale 1951

U.S. Ambassador to Communist China

(May 8, 1989-May 10, 1991);Director of the

American Institute in Taiwan (1981-1984)

Clark T. Randt Jr.B.A. Yale 1968

U.S. Ambassador to Communist China

(July 23, 2001-January 20, 2009)

Gary LockeB.A. Yale 1972

U.S. Ambassador to Communist China(August 13, 2011- February 28, 2014)

Prominent Yale Graduates & Their Occupation during the Second Chinese Civil War (1945-1949)

Robert Ten Broeck Stevens

B.A. Yale 1921Chairman of Federal Reserve Bank of New

York (1948-1953)

W. Stuart SymingtonB.A. Yale 1923

Secretary of the Air Force (1947-1950)

Dean G. AchesonB.A. Yale 1915

U.S. Secretary of State (1949-1953)

Chester BowlesB.A. Yale 1924

Governor of Connecticut (1949-1951)

Stanley F. ReedB.A. Yale 1906

Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court

(1938-1957)

Russell C. Leffingwell B.A. Yale 1899

Partner of J.P. Morgan & Co. (1923-1950);

Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations

(1946-1953)

B. Brewster JenningsB.A. Yale 1920

President of Socony-Mobil Oil Co. (1944-1955)

Eugene MeyerB.A. Yale 1895

Chairman of the board of The Washington Post Co.

(1947-1959)

J. Irwin MillerB.A. Yale 1931

President of Cummins Engine Co. (1947-1951)

Ellsworth BunkerB.A. Yale 1916

Chairman of the board of National Sugar Refining

Co. (1948-1951)

Robert LehmanB.A. Yale 1913

Partner of Lehman Brothers [Jewish banking

firm in New York City] (1925-1969)

James S. RockefellerB.A. Yale 1924

Vice President of National City Bank of New York [Citibank] (1940-1948)

James C. Auchincloss B.A. Yale 1908

U.S. Congressman(R-New Jersey,

1943-1965)

John TaberB.A. Yale 1902

U.S. Congressman(R-New York, 1923-1963)

Thruston B. MortonB.A. Yale 1929

U.S. Congressman(R-Kentucky, 1947-1953)

Robert Maynard Hutchins B.A. Yale 1921

Chancellor of University of Chicago (1945-1951)

William Vincent Griffin B.A. Yale 1912

President of English-Speaking Union of the

United States(1947-1957)

Frank AltschulB.A. Yale 1908

Secretary of the Council on Foreign Relations

(1944-1972)

Allen WardwellB.A. Yale 1895

Member of Davis, Polk, Wardwell [law firm]

(1909-1953)

Juan Terry TrippePh.B. Yale 1921President of Pan

American World Airways, Inc. (1927-1964)

Prominent Yale Graduates (Skull & Bones) & Their Occupationduring the Second Chinese Civil War (1945-1949)

Henry R. LuceB.A. Yale 1920

Editor-in-Chief of Time magazine (1923-1964)

W. Averell HarrimanB.A. Yale 1913

U.S. Secretary of Commerce (1946-1948)

Robert A. LovettB.A. Yale 1918

Under U.S. Secretary of State (1947-1949)

Charles SeymourB.A. Yale 1908

President of Yale University (1937-1950)

Henry L. StimsonB.A. Yale 1888

Counsel of Winthrop, Stimson, Putnam &

Roberts (1891-1906, 1913-1927, 1933-1940,

1945-1950)

Harvey H. BundyB.A. Yale 1909

Trustee of World Peace Foundation (1934-1963)

Harold StanleyB.A. Yale 1908

Partner of Morgan, Stanley & Co.(1941-1955)

Prescott S. BushB.A. Yale 1917

Partner of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. [bank]

(1931-1972)

E. Roland HarrimanB.A. Yale 1917

Partner of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. [bank]

(1931-1978)

Knight WoolleyB.A. Yale 1917

Partner of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. [bank]

(1931-1982)

Robert A. TaftB.A. Yale 1910U.S. Senator

(R-Ohio, 1939-1953)

John Sherman CooperB.A. Yale 1923U.S. Senator

(R-Kentucky, 1946-1949, 1952-1955, 1956-1973)

J. Quigg Newton Jr.B.A. Yale 1933

Mayor of Denver, Colorado (1947-1955)

James W. Wadsworth Jr.B.A. Yale 1898

U.S. Congressman(R-New York, 1933-1951)

John Martin VorysB.A. Yale 1918

U.S. Congressman(R-Ohio, 1939-1959)

George L. HarrisonB.A. Yale 1910

Chairman of the board of New York Life Insurance

Co. (1948-1954)

Morris HadleyB.A. Yale 1916

Partner of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy

[law firm] (1924-1979)Charles M. Spofford

B.A. Yale 1924Member of Davis, Polk &

Wardwell [law firm](1940-1950, 1952-1973)

H. Neil MallonB.A. Yale 1917

President of Dresser Industries, Inc.(1929-1958)

Henry John Heinz IIB.A. Yale 1931

President of H.J. Heinz Company (1941-1959)

Tiananmen Square: Revolution, Repression, orThe Establishment of a New World Order?

Student demonstraters congregate in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, Communist China on April 27, 1989.(Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin)

Students in Tiananmen Square sit in silent protest before the People’s Liberation Army in late spring of 1989. (Forrest Anderson - Gamma/Liaison)

President George H.W. Bush greets the Chinese people in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, Communist China on February 25, 1989, less than four months prior to the Tiananmen Square Massacre.

Thousands of students from local colleges and universities march to Tiananmen Square, Beijing, on May 4, 1989, to demonstrate for government reform. (AP Photo/Mikami) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2012/06/tiananmen-square-then-and-now/100311/

Beijing police parade through Tiananmen Square carrying banners in support of striking University students, on May 19, 1989. The students were in the sixth day of their hunger strike for political reform. (AP Photo/Sadayuki Mikami)http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2012/06/tiananmen-square-then-and-now/100311/

This file photo taken twenty years ago on June 2, 1989 shows some of the hundreds of thousands of Chinese gathering around a 10-meter replica of the Statue of Liberty (center), called the Goddess of Democracy, in Tiananmen Square demanding democracy despite martial law in Beijing. Hundreds, possibly thousands, of protesters were killed by China's military on June 3 and 4, 1989, as communist leaders ordered an end to six weeks of unprecedented democracy protests in the heart of the Chinese capital. (CATHERINE HENRIETTE/AFP/Getty Images) http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/06/remembering_tiananmen_20_years.html

A Chinese man attempts to stop an approaching column of People’s Liberation Army tanks on Changan Avenue, east of Tiananmen Square, in Beijing during the Tiananmen Square Massacre on June 5, 1989.

This file photo taken on June 4, 1989 shows an armored personnel carrier in flames as students set it on fire near Tiananmen Square in Beijing. (TOMMY CHENG/AFP/Getty Images) http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/06/remembering_tiananmen_20_years.html

A Chinese man attempts to stop an approaching column of People’s Liberation Army tanks on Changan Avenue, east of Tiananmen Square, in Beijing during the Tiananmen Square Massacre on June 5, 1989. (AP Photo/Jeff Widener)

The Chinese Communist People’s Liberation Army (PLA) murders the Chinese people on Tiananmen Square during the Tiananmen Square Massacre in the early hours of June 4, 1989. The PLA was reportedly under orders to clear the square by 6:00 A.M., with no exceptions.

A victim of the Tiananmen Square Massacre and Communist Chinese terrorism

A Chinese man in Beijing condemns and curses the Chinese Communists after the Chinese Communist People’s Liberation Army soldiers killed a Chinese man.

Chinese onlookers run away as a soldier threatens them with a gun on June 5, 1989 as tanks took position at Beijing's key intersections next to the diplomatic compound. (Catherine Henriette/AFP/Getty Images)http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2012/06/tiananmen-square-then-and-now/100311/

A Chinese man displays a leather belt after he was severely punished by members of the Chinese Communist secret police.

An estimated 150,000 Chinese people in Hong Kong commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square Massacre on June 4, 2009. (Photo: EPA)

Members of the Chinese Communist paramilitary police march in unison on Tiananmen Square in Peking [Beijing], Communist China.

Liu Xiaobo, a Chinese dissident who is currently imprisoned by the Chinese Communist regime in Beijing, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on October 8, 2010. Liu Xiaobo was detained by the Chinese Communists on December 8, 2008 and formally arrested on June 23, 2009 for criticizing the Communist Party and circulating the ‘Charter 08’ petitions promoting freedom. Liu Xiaobo was tried and convicted in a Communist Chinese court on December 25, 2009 and sentenced to 11 years in prison. Liu Xiaobo protested with students in Tiananmen Square in Beijing in 1989 and was imprisoned by the Chinese Communists afterwards. (Photo: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Photo: Bi Yimin)

Chinese people in Hong Kong demand the Communist Chinese government release all prisoners of conscience during a demonstration on November 13, 2009. U.S. Congressman Ron Paul, a member of the Republican Party and a former presidential candidate, was the only member of the U.S. House of Representatives to vote against a bill on December 8, 2010 honoring Chinese freedom activist Liu Xiaobo.

“China’s political reform [...] should be gradual, peaceful, orderly and controllable and should be interactive, from above to below and from below to above. This way causes the least cost and leads to the most effective result. I know the basic principles of political change, that orderly and controllable social change is better than one which is chaotic and out of control. The order of a bad government is better than the chaos of anarchy. So I oppose systems of government that are dictatorships or monopolies. This is not ‘inciting subversion of state power’. Opposition is not equivalent to subversion.” – Liu Xiaobo, 9 February 2010

Liu Xiaobo, in his “final statement” on December 23, 2009

June 1989 was the major turning point in my 50 years on life’s road. Before that, I was a member of the first group of students after restoration of the college entrance examination after the Cultural Revolution (1977); my career was s smooth ride from undergraduate to grad student through to Ph.D.

After graduation I stayed on as a lecturer at Beijing Normal University. On the podium, I was a popular teacher, well received by students. I was at the same time a public intellectual. In the 1980s I published articles and books that created an impact, was frequently invited to speak in various places, and was invited to go abroad to Europe and the U.S. as a visiting scholar. What I required of myself was: both as a person and in my writing, I had to live with honesty, responsibility and dignity.

Subsequently, because I had returned from the U.S. to take part in the 1989 movement, I was imprisoned for “counter-revolutionary propaganda and incitement to crime,” losing the platform which was my passion; I was never again allowed publish or speak in public in China. Simply for expressing divergent political views and taking part in a peaceful and democratic movement, a teacher loses his podium, a writer loses the right to publish, and a public intellectual loses the chance to speak publicly, which is a sad thing, both for myself as an individual, and for China after three decades of reform and opening up.

Thinking about it, my most dramatic experiences after June Fourth have all linked with courts; the two opportunities I had to speak in public have been provided by trials held in the People’s Intermediate Court in Beijing, one in January 1991 and one now. Although the charges on each occasion were different, they were in essence the same, both being crimes of expression.

Twenty years on, the innocent souls of June Fourth do not yet rest in peace, and I, who had been drawn into the path of dissidence by the passions of June Fourth, after leaving the Qincheng Prison in 1991, lost in the right to speak openly in my own country, and could only do so through overseas media, and hence was monitored for many years; placed under surveillance (May 1995 – January 1996); educated through labor (October 1996 – October 1999), and now once again am thrust into the dock by enemies in the regime.

But I still want to tell the regime that deprives me of my freedom, I stand by the belief I expressed twenty years ago in my “June Second Hunger Strike Declaration” — I have no enemies, and no hatred. None of the police who have monitored, arrested and interrogated me, the prosecutors who prosecuted me, or the judges who sentence me, are my enemies. While I’m unable to accept your surveillance, arrest, prosecution or sentencing, I respect your professions and personalities, including Zhang Rongge and Pan Xueqing who act for the prosecution at present. I was aware of your respect and sincerity in your interrogation of me on December 3.

For hatred is corrosive of a person’s wisdom and conscience; the mentality of enmity can poison a nation’s spirit, instigate brutal life and death struggles, destroy a society’s tolerance and humanity, and block a nation’s progress to freedom and democracy. I hope therefore to be able to transcend my personal vicissitudes in understanding the development of the state and changes in society, to counter the hostility of the regime with the best of intentions, and defuse hate with love.

As we all know, reform and opening up brought about development of the state and change in society. In my view, it began with abandoning “taking class struggle as the key link,” which had been the ruling principle of the Mao era. We committed ourselves instead to economic development and social harmony. The process of abandoning the “philosophy of struggle” was one of gradually diluting the mentality of enmity, eliminating the psychology of hatred, and pressing out the “wolf’s milk” in which our humanity had been steeped. It was this process that provided a relaxed environment for the reform and opening up at home and abroad, for the restoration of mutual love between people, and soft humane soil for the peaceful coexistence of different values and different interests, and thus provided the explosion of popular creativity and the rehabilitation of warmheartedness with incentives consistent with human nature.

Externally abandoning “anti-imperialism and anti-revisionism,” and internally, abandoning “class struggle” may be called the basic premise of the continuance of China’s reform and opening up to this day. The market orientation of the economy; the cultural trend toward diversity; and the gradual change of order to the rule of law, all benefited from the dilution of this mentality of enmity. Even in the political field, where progress is slowest, dilution of the mentality of enmity also made political power ever more tolerant of diversity in society, the intensity persecution of dissidents has declined substantially, and characterization of the 1989 movement has changed from an “instigated rebellion” to a “political upheaval.”

The dilution of the mentality of enmity made the political power gradually accept the universality of human rights. In 1998, the Chinese government promised the world it would sign the the two international human rights conventions of the U.N., marking

China’s recognition of universal human rights standards; in 2004, the National People’s Congress for the first time inscribed into the constitution that “the state respects and safeguards human rights,” signaling that human rights had become one of the fundamental principles of the rule of law. In the meantime, the present regime also proposed “putting people first” and “creating a harmonious society,” which signaled progress in the Party’s concept of rule.

This macro-level progress was discernible as well in my own experiences since being arrested.

While I insist on my innocence, and that the accusations against me are unconstitutional, in the year and more since I lost my freedom, I’ve experienced two places of detention, four pretrial police officers, three prosecutors and two judges. In their handling of the case, there has been no lack of respect, no time overruns and no forced confessions. Their calm and rational attitude has over and again demonstrated goodwill. I was transferred on June 23 from the residential surveillance to Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau Detention Center No. 1, known as “Beikan.” I saw progress in surveillance in the six months I spent there.

I spent time in the old Beikan (Banbuqiao) in 1996, and compared with the Beikan of a decade ago, there has been great improvement in the hardware of facilities and software of management.

In particular, Beikan’s innovative humane management based on respecting the rights and dignity of detainees, implementing more flexible management of the will be flexible to the detainees words and deeds, embodied in the Warm broadcast and Repentance, the music played before meals, and when waking up and going to sleep, gave detainees feelings of dignity and warmth, stimulating their consciousness of keeping order in their cells and opposing the warders sense of themselves as lords of the jail, detainees, providing not only a humanized living environment, but greatly improved the detainees’ environment and mindset for litigation, I had close contact with Liu Zhen, in charge of my cell. People feel warmed by his respect and care for detainees, reflected in the management of every detail, and permeating his every word and deed. Getting to know the sincere, honest, responsible, goodhearted Liu Zhen really was a piece of good luck for me in Beikan.

Political beliefs are based on such convictions and personal experiences; I firmly believe that China’s political progress will never stop, and I’m full of optimistic expectations of freedom coming to China in the future, because no force can block the human desire for freedom. China will eventually become a country of the rule of law in which human rights are supreme. I’m also looking forward to such progress being reflected in the trial of this case, and look forward to the full court’s just verdict — one that can stand the test of history.

Ask me what has been my most fortunate experience of the past two decades, and I’d say it was gaining the selfless love of my wife, Liu Xia. She cannot be present in the courtroom today, but I still want to tell you, sweetheart, that I’m confident that your love for me will be as always. Over the years, in my non-free life, our love has contained bitterness imposed by the external environment, but is boundless in afterthought. I am sentenced to a visible prison while you are waiting in an invisible one. Your love is sunlight that transcends prison walls and bars, stroking every inch of my skin, warming my every cell, letting me maintain my inner calm, magnanimous and bright, so that every minute in prison is full of meaning. But my love for you is full of guilt and regret, sometimes heavy enough hobble my steps. I am a hard stone in the wilderness, putting up with the pummeling of raging storms, and too cold for anyone to dare touch. But my love is hard, sharp, and can penetrate any obstacles. Even if I am crushed into powder, I will embrace you with the ashes.

Given your love, sweetheart, I would face my forthcoming trial calmly, with no regrets about my choice and looking forward to tomorrow optimistically. I look forward to my country being a land of free expression, where all citizens’ speeches are treated the same; here, different values, ideas, beliefs, political views… both compete with each other and coexist peacefully; here, majority and minority opinions will be given equal guarantees, in particular, political views different from those in power will be fully respected and protected; here, all political views will be spread in the sunlight for the people to choose; all citizens will be able to express their political views without fear, and will never be politically persecuted for voicing dissent; I hope to be the last victim of China’s endless literary inquisition, and that after this no one else will ever be jailed for their speech.

Freedom of expression is the basis of human rights, the source of humanity and the mother of truth. To block freedom of speech is to trample on human rights, to strangle humanity and to suppress the truth.

I do not feel guilty for following my constitutional right to freedom of expression, for fulfilling my social responsibility as a Chinese citizen. Even if accused of it, I would have no complaints. Thank you!

Source: http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/08/jailed-chinese-dissidents-final-statement/

Human Rights in “Communist” China:

National Socialism at Work

“Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.” – Mao Tse-tung

A Member of Communist China’s secret police steps on a Chinese man’s face.

A Chinese man is seen getting assaulted by Red Chinese secret police officers.

A Chinese Falun Gong member attempts to exercise his freedom of religion as a Red Chinese police officer prepares to eliminate dissent.

A Canadian Falun Gong activist is kidnapped by the members of the Red Chinese secret police.

A Chinese woman is detained by three Red Chinese police officers.

A Chinese man is tried in a Chinese court for “subversion against the State.”

A Chinese man awaits his verdict and possibly his fate.

Members of the Red Chinese secret police prepare to execute two men.

A group of Red Chinese terrorists prepare to execute innocent Chinese women.

A victim of the Tiananmen Square Massacre and Communist Chinese terrorism

These Chinese women are murdered at the hands of the Chinese Communists. The Chinese Communists sell human organ on the black market that are “harvested” from dead Chinese dissidents.

This Chinese woman became another casualty of Chinese Communist terrorism. May she rest in peace.

“One is impressed immediately by the sense of national harmony.... There is a very real and pervasive dedication to Chairman Mao and Maoist principles. Whatever the price of the Chinese Revolution, it has obviously succeeded not only in producing more efficient and dedicated administration, but also in fostering high morale and community purpose. General social and economic progress is no less impressive.... The enormous social advances of China have benefited greatly from the singleness of ideology and purpose. ... The social experiment in China under Chairman Mao's leadership is one of the most important and successful in history.”– David Rockefeller, Chairman of the board of Chase Manhattan Bank, in an article in The New York Times on August 10, 1973

James McNerney (left), Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Boeing Company, meets with Communist China’s Vice Premier Li Keqiang (right) in Beijing, the capital of communist-occupied mainland China, on June 4, 2008, the 19th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square Massacre. (Xinhua/Fan Rujun) http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/xw/t461920.htm

James McNerney (left), Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Boeing Company, shakes hands with Communist China’s Vice Premier Li Keqiang (right) in Beijing, the capital of communist-occupied mainland China, on June 4, 2008, the 19th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square Massacre. James McNerney earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at Yale University in 1971. (Xinhua/Fan Rujun) http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/xw/t461920.htm

Left photo: Hu Jintao (right), President of Communist China, shakes hands with American businessman Richard Parsons, Chairman and CEO of Time Warner Inc., during a meeting in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on May 16, 2005. Richard Parsons is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a private foreign affairs organization in New York City. (Xinhua photo)

Right photo: Hu Jintao (right), President of Communist China, shakes hands with American banker Charles Prince, CEO of Citigroup Inc., during a meeting in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on May 16, 2005.  Charles Prince is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a private foreign affairs organization in New York City. (Xinhua photo)

Left photo: Hu Jintao (right), President of Communist China, shakes hands with Richard Wagoner Jr., chairman and CEO of General Motors Corporation, during a meeting in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on May 16, 2005. (Xinhua photo)

Right photo: Hu Jintao (right), President of Communist China, shakes hands with John Menzer, President and CEO of Wal-Mart International, during a meeting in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on May 16, 2005. (Xinhua photo)

Left photo: Hu Jintao (right), President of Communist China, shakes hands with Katsuaki Watanabe, Executive Vice President and Incoming President of Toyota Motor Corporation, during a meeting in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on May 16, 2005. (Xinhua photo)

Right photo: Hu Jintao (right), President of Communist China, shakes hands with Thomas Putter, CEO of Allianz Capital Partners GmbH, during a meeting in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on May 16, 2005.  (Xinhua photo)

Lo Jui-ching (left, March 5, 1956 edition) and Chen Yi (right, February 26, 1965 edition)

Mao Tse-tung (left, December 1, 1958 edition) and Lin Piao (right, September 9, 1966 edition)

A Red Chinese prison guard monitors Chinese prisoners in a labor camp (laogai). (AFP/Getty Images)(Source: http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/australia/torture-labor-camp-olympic-site-2178.html)

Chinese women are seen manufacturing toys in a sweatshop in Communist China.

A Chinese factory supervisor monitors Chinese workers in a sweatshop in Communist China.(Photo: http://newsblaze.com/story/20070126232727nnnn.nb/topstory.html)

A Wal-Mart store in Communist China

Communist China’s President Hu Jintao (R), former President Jiang Zemin (C), and National People’s Congress Chairman Wu Bangguo attend a banquet marking the 60th anniversary of the Communist oppression of the Chinese people and the Communist occupation of the Chinese mainland at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on September 30, 2009. (Reuters)

In this photo distributed by the official Xinhua news agency, Red Chinese President Hu Jintao (center) flanked by former President Jiang Zemin (2nd right) and other senior leaders, applauds as they watch the grand gala celebrating the 60th anniversary of Communist occupation of mainland China on the Tiananmen Rostrum in Beijing on October 1, 2009. (AP Photo)

President Bill Clinton and Red China’s President Jiang Zemin share a toast during their state dinner at the White House in October 1997. (Greg Gibson/AP)

World Bank President Paul Wolfowitz (left), Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson (right), Governor of People's Bank of China Zhou Xiaochuan laugh privately during the G7 summit in Essen, Germany on February 10, 2007.(Photo by Ralph Orlowski/Getty Images)

Communist China’s incoming President Xi Jinping delivers a speech at a Communist Party meeting in Beijing (Peking) in February 2013.

Communist China’s President Xi Jinping meets with former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, a member of the Bilderberg Group and the Trilateral Commission, at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on April 24, 2013. (Photo: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t1035804.shtml)

Chinese Communist Party Leadership

Deng XiaopingParamount Leader of

Communist China(1978-1992)

Chou En-laiPremier of Communist

China (1949-1976)

Mao Tse-tungDictator and Chairman of

Communist China(1949-1976)

Jiang ZeminPresident of Communist

China (1993-2003)

Hu JintaoPresident of Communist

China (2003-2013)

Chen YiForeign Minister of the People's Republic of China (1958-1972)

Lin PiaoMinister of National

Defense of Communist China (1959-1971)

Liu ShaoqiChairman of the People's

Republic of China(1959-1968)

Li PengPremier of the People's

Republic of China(1988-1998)

Qian QichenForeign Minister of the People's Republic of China (1988-1998)

Zhu RongjiPremier of the People's

Republic of China(1998-2003)

Wen JiabaoPremier of the People's

Republic of China(2003-2013)

Gen. Chi HaotianMinister of National

Defense of Communist China (1993-2003)

Gen. Cao GangchuanMinister of National

Defense of Communist China (2003-2008)

Jiang Qing(Madame Mao Tse-tung)

Chinese Communist Party Spokeswoman

Chinese Communist Party Leadership:Mao Tse-tung (December 26, 1893-September 9, 1976) – Dictator and Chairman of Communist China (1949-1976)Chou En-lai (March 5, 1898-January 8, 1976) – Premier of Communist China (October 1, 1949-January 8, 1976); Foreign Minister of Communist China (1949-1958)Deng Xiaoping (August 22, 1904-February 19, 1997) – Paramount Leader of Communist China (December 22, 1978-October 12, 1992)Jiang Zemin (born August 17, 1926) – President of Communist China (1993-2003); Mayor of Shanghai (1985-1988)Hu Jintao (born December 21, 1942) – President of Communist China (March 15, 2003-present)Liu Shaoqi – Chairman of the People's Republic of China (1959-1968)Lin Piao – Minister of National Defense of Communist China (1959-1971)Li Peng – Premier of the People's Republic of China (25 March 1988 – 17 March 1998)Zhu Rongji – Mayor of Shanghai (1988-1991); Governor of the People's Bank of China (1993-1995); Premier of the People's Republic of China (1998-2003)Wen Jiabao – Premier of the People's Republic of China (2003-2013)Qian Qichen – Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China (1988-1998)Chen Yi – Mayor of Shanghai (1949-1958); Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China (1958-1972)Gen. Chi Haotian – Minister of National Defense of Communist China (1993-2003)Gen. Cao Gangchuan – Minister of National Defense of Communist China (2003-2008)Jiang Qing (Madame Mao Tse-tung) – Chinese Communist Party Spokeswoman

PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY

Chinese Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) soldiers patrol in front of Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet on June 20, 2008. (Reuters)

Chinese Communist People’s Liberation Army (PLA) troops line up in a parade ground in Hong Kong's New Territories during the city's annual rotation of military personnel, or 'Changing of the Guard' as it is better known, in Hong Kong on November 25, 2008. Over 5,000 PLA troops have been stationed in Hong Kong since the handover from British rule in 1997. (AFP/Getty Images)

Chinese Communist People’s Liberation Army goose-steps in a military parade. (AFP/Getty Images)

Chinese Communist People’s Liberation Army goose-steps in a military parade. (AFP/Getty Images)

China’s Qinshan Nuclear Plant II Stage’s Construction (Photo: http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/?cat=36)

Policemen stand guard at the exit of Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant in Qinshan of Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, Red China on June 10, 2005. Qinshan Nuclear Power is Red China's first indigenously-designed and constructed nuclear power plant which began construction in the mid-1980's. China plans to open 30 new nuclear generators by 2020 despite it only meeting 4 percent of China's power capacity. (Photo: Guang Niu/Getty Images) (Source: http://www.life.com/image/53050161)

PLA Navy’s Type 094 SSBN submarine (Photo: http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/?cat=36)

The cruise missiles are displayed in a parade of the celebrations for the 60th anniversary of the founding of the “People's Republic of China” on Chang'an Street in Beijing, Red China on October 1, 2009. (Xinhua/Wang Song)http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/01/content_12146104.htm

Cruise missiles are displayed in a parade of the celebrations for the 60th anniversary of the founding of the “People's Republic of China” on Chang'an Street in Beijing, Red China on October 1, 2009. (Xinhua/Wang Jianmin)http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/01/content_12146104.htm

Conventional missiles are displayed in a parade of the celebrations for the 60th anniversary of the founding of the “People's Republic of China” on Chang'an Street in central Beijing, Red China on October 1, 2009. (Xinhua/Ding Lin)http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/01/content_12145981.htm

A Communist Chinese soldier appears with a missile. (Photo: http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/?cat=36)

Chinese Communist missiles (Photo: http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/?cat=36)

International Bankers & Communist China

Chase Manhattan Bank Chairman David Rockefeller (left) smiles as he visits Red China’s envoy Chou Enlai on the steps of the Great Hall of the People in Peking in 1973. This photo was published in David Rockefeller’s autobiography Memoirs.

World Bank President Robert McNamara (left) stands beside Red China’s despot Deng Xiaoping in April 1980.(Source: In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam by Robert S. McNamara)

Chairman of the Board of Trustees [of the China Institute] Virginia A. Kamsky, Goldman Sachs Chairman and CEO Henry M. Paulson, and Ambassador Liu Biwei, Consul General of Red China in New York City, attends the China Institute Annual Benefit Gala at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in New York City on June 15, 2005. Goldman Sachs is a banking firm in New York City. Virginia A. Kamsky and Henry M. Paulson are members of the Council on Foreign Relations.(Photo by Brad Barket/Getty Images)

Treasury Secretary Robert E. Rubin (left), Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan (center), and Red China’s Premier Zhu Rongji pose for press photographers at the Blair House in Washington, D.C. on April 9, 1999. Robert E. Rubin and Alan Greenspan is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

World Bank President James D. Wolfensohn (left) visits Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao (right) at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on May 30, 2004.

World Bank President Paul Wolfowitz (center) watches Zhou Xiaochuan (left), Governor of the People’s Bank of China shake hands with IMF Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato on October 14, 2005. (Photo: © World Bank / Wu Zhiyi)

New York Stock Exchange CEO John A. Thain meets with Zhou Xiaochuan, Governor of the People’s Bank of China (PBOC), at the PBOC office in Beijing in October 2005. (New York Stock Exchange)

Robert E. Rubin (left), Chairman of the executive committee of Citigroup, shakes hands with Communist China’s Premier Wen Jiabao, at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City on Wednesday, September 24, 2008. Robert E. Rubin is the Co-Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations, a private organization in New York City that promotes globalization. (AP Photo)

Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping (right) meets with Henry Paulson, former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and former chairman of the board of Goldman Sachs bank in New York City, on April 9, 2010. Henry Paulson was elected as a member of the board of directors of Boao Forum for Asia (BFA), in Boao, a scenic town in south China's Hainan Province. [Xinhua]

Vice Premier of Communist China Wang Qishan (right) shakes hands with former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson in Beijing, Communist China on December 3, 2012. (Photo: Xinhua/Rao Aimin)

World Bank President Robert Zoellick shakes hands with Red Chinese Vice Premier Wu Yi in Beijing on December 18, 2007.(Photo: The World Bank)

Cultural Revolution & Social Hygiene in Red China

A group of Chinese children display copies of Mao’s Little Red Book in Tiananmen Square in Peking during the Cultural Revolution.(Photo: http://media.photobucket.com/image/tiananmen%20square%20little%20red%20book/jinn_inspire/culture-revolution5.jpg)

Red Guards salute Mao Tse-tung and the Chinese Communists in Tiananmen Square in Peking in October 1966 during the height of the Cultural Revolution. An estimated 30 million Chinese people perished during the Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) and the Cultural Revolution (1966-1971)

Left: Chinese children read a text from Mao’s Little Red Book.Right: Propaganda poster of the steel production objective. The text reads: "Take steel as the key link, leap forward in all fields", the text below is pinyin.

Chinese people in Communist China carry a copy of Mao’s “little red book” during the Cultural Revolution.(Photo: http://www.mexicanpictures.com/headingeast/2006/11/cultural-revolution-images.html)

Members of a people’s commune put on Mao buttons together.(Photo: http://www.virtual-china.org/2006/11/25/from-the-bbs-50-photos-50-years-of-peasant-life/)

Left: This photograph was shown to a Tibetan, who said: "Look, the windows were broken.  There's a big hole in the boy's sleeve.  He was even holding a script prepared by some others.  Did he really understand what he said?  The people around him were so confused.  It's like they were manipulated.  This is Tibet's Cultural Revolution." (Photo: http://voyage.typepad.com/china/mao_zedong/)

Right: Buddhist classics were burnt outside the Jokhang Temple in Communist-occupied mainland China.(Photo: http://voyage.typepad.com/china/mao_zedong/)

Families in a people’s commune eat in a communal dining hall during the Cultural Revolution. (Photo: http://www.virtual-china.org/2006/11/)

Farm collectives are amalgamated into gigantic people’s communes of up to 20,000 households in the summer of 1958. Famine conditions appear in many parts of the country. (Photo: Amazon)

Deportation of Tibetans by Chinese Communist troops in March 1959 (Photo: Ullstein Bilderdienst, Berlin)

Chinese students conduct a “Struggle Session” on a school teacher (or local official) during the Cultural Revolution.

Young Maoists attack an elderly Chinese man who did not meet their measure of proper Maoist demeanor during the Cultural Revolution in 1967.

Chinese “Capitalist-Roaders” are punished by Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution.

This Chinese Communist propaganda poster depicts mass murderer Chairman Mao as the “savior” of China.

“A revolution is not a dinner party, but an act of violence by which one class overthrows another.”– Mao Tse-tung

A Chinese Communist propaganda poster produced during the Cultural Revolution.Translation: “Criticize the old world and build a new world [order] with Mao Zedong Thought [doctrine] as a weapon.”(Yi Mao Zedong sixiang wei wuqi pipan jiu shijie jianshe xin shijie)

Chinese Communist propaganda posters call for the “liberation” of the island of Taiwan. The island of Taiwan has been administered by the Republic of China (also known as “Nationalist China”) since 1945, and the island of Taiwan (as well as Pescadores, Quemoy, Matsu, and Pratas Islands) is the only part of China that is free from Communist rule.

Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) waves to a group of Red Guards in Beijing during the Cultural Revolution.

President Richard Nixon shares a toast with Chou Enlai at a banquet in Peking, People’s Republic of China.

Tiananmen Square in Beijing, where nearly 10,000 Chinese people died at the hands of the Chinese Communists on June 4, 1989. May the victims rest in peace.

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek (left), President of the Republic of China, and his wife Madame Chiang Kai-shek greet India’s anti-colonial patriot Mahatma Gandhi near Calcutta, India [British India] on February 18, 1942. Chiang Kai-shek preserved a remnant of “Free China” on the island of Taiwan (under martial law) despite acts of betrayal by Dean Acheson, Henry Kissinger, Richard Nixon, and David Rockefeller.

Chairman Mao & The Old Guard: The People’s Oppressors

Chinese Communist despot Mao Tse-tung delivers a speech in Moscow in 1957. Soviet Commissar Nikita Khrushchev is seen applauding in the background (third row, third from right). (Source: The People’s Emperor: Mao, A Biography of Mao Tse-tung by Dick Wilson)

Communist China’s Commissar Mao Tse-tung (left), Soviet Russia’s military chief Nikolai Bulganin (second from left), Soviet Russia’s Commissar Josef Stalin (second from right), and East German Communist Party chief Walter Ulbricht (right) celebrate Stalin’s 70th birthday at the Kremlin in December 1949.

Left photo: Cuba’s Communist terrorist Che Guevara shakes hands with Mao Tse-tung.Right photo: North Korea’s despot Kim Il Sung greets Red China’s despot Mao Tse-tung.

Soviet Russia’s Commissar Josef Stalin (left) and Red China’s Commissar Mao Tse-tung (center, standing) watch Chou Enlai, Premier of the Government Administration Council of the Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China [Red China], sign the Signing Ceremony of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance and related agreements on February 14, 1950. (Photo: http://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/album/cornerstone_e/1-1-4.htm)

Mao Tse-tung (left) appears with Deng Xiaoping.

Members of the Politburo Standing Committee meet privately in January 1962 as millions of Chinese people die from famine and political persecution. From left to right: Chou Enlai, Chen Yun, Liu Shaoqi, Mao Tse-tung, and Deng Xiaoping.

Mao Tse-tung (left), Prince Sihanouk of Cambodia (second from right), and Le Duc Tho of Red Vietnam (right) meet in Peking during the Vietnam War. (Photo: Joel D. Meyerson, United States Army in Vietnam: Images of a Lengthy War. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History, 1986. Official U.S. Army Photograph)

Deng Xiaoping (second from left) appears with his comrades in China in November 1948.(Source: Deng Xiaoping: My Father by Deng Maomao)

Chou Enlai, Mao’s wife Chiang Ching, Politburo member Kang Sheng, Mao, and Lin Piao (Defense Minister) prepare to exterminate millions of Chinese people in the “Great Leap Forward” and the “Cultural Revolution.”

Mao Tse-tung (left) chats with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Peking, Red China in 1958.(Source: The People’s Emperor: Mao, A Biography of Mao Tse-tung by Dick Wilson)

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, Communist Chinese despot Mao Tse-tung, and North Vietnam’s despot Ho Chi Minh appear at a banquet in Peking on October 30, 1959 marking 10th anniversary of Communist China. (Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS)

Mao Tse-tung (left) greets Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow in November 1957. Mao’s relationship with the Soviets soured as Mao Tse-tung attempted to reclaim territories in eastern Russia that China lost from Czarist Russia.

Mao Tse-tung meets with British members of the Labor Party in Peking, including Clement Attlee (second from right), the former Prime Minister of Great Britain. (Source: The People’s Emperor: Mao, A Biography of Mao Tse-tung by Dick Wilson)

North Vietnam’s dictator Ho Chi Minh socializes with Mao. More than 58,000 American soldiers and marines died in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

A photo taken in the 1970's outside of Cambodia, shows China's chairman Mao Zedong (1893 - 1976) (L) greeting top Khmer Rouge official Leng Sary (R), also known as ' brother number three', while Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot (C) looks on. Despite a track record of brutality, Pol Pot's loathing of Soviet-bloc neighbor Vietnam won him key allies in China, the United States and it Southeast Asian and European allies whose cold war expediency sidelined concerns over the welfare of Cambodia's people. Twenty-five years ago, the Khmer Rouge seized the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh 17 April 1975, marking the start of a genocidal regime during which up to two million people died between 1975 and 1979. (AFP/Getty Images)

Left to right: General Nam Il of North Korea; Soviet Union Foreign Minister Vyacheslav M. Molotov, Chou Enlai of Red China, and Vietminh Foreign Minister Pham Van Dong appear at Chou's villa during peace talks in Geneva, Switzerland in July 1954. (© Bettmann/CORBIS)

Indonesia’s dictator Sukarno (left) is seen chatting with Communist China’s despot Chairman Mao Tse-Tung during a banquet given by the Chairman of Red China in honor of the Indonesian dictator in Peking, Communist China on November 24, 1956. (Bettmann/CORBIS)

Communist China's Premier Chou En-Lai (left) looks at the sights during a cruise on the Nile River near Cairo, Egypt on July 6, 1965 while his companion President Sukarno of Indonesia checks the time. Both men were in Egypt awaiting the opening of the Afro-Asian Conference, which was to be held in Algiers, Algeria. Chou stayed on in the Egyptian capital after the conference was postponed. (Bettmann/CORBIS)

Indonesia’s dictator Sukarno celebrates with Mao. Chou Enlai can be seen to the left of Mao in the background.

President Samora Machel of Mozambique greets Chou Enlai.

Chou Enlai (left), Communist Chinese premier and foreign minister, stands with Chairman Mao Tse-tung and Lin Piao (right), one of Red China’s outstanding commanders. (Eastphoto)

Madame Sun Yat-sen (center) appears with Mao Tse-tung (2L), Chou Enlai (2R), and Chen Yi (R) at the Zhong Nan Hai in Peking in October 1956. (Source: China Soong Ching-ling Foundation) http://sclf.cri.cn/1/2008/07/13/2@345.htm

Soong Ching-ling (Madame Sun Yat-sen) has a dinner with Red China’s despot Deng Xiaoping in 1980.

North Vietnamese Commissar Ho Chi Minh meets with Madame Sun Yat-sen (Soong Ching-ling) at her Beijing residence in Beijing, Red China on July 5, 1955. (Photo: http://english.cwi.org.cn/album/05.htm)

Soong Ching-ling (2R) entertains Kim II Sung (2L), chairman of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, at her Shanghai residence in Shanghai, Red China on November 5, 1958. (Photo: http://english.cwi.org.cn/album/05.htm)

Soong Ching-ling (2L), Mao Zedong (3R), and Guo Mo Ruo applaud with the Soviet Union delegation at a ceremony marking the 5th anniversary of the establishment of China-Soviet Friendship Association in October 1954. (Photo: http://english.cwi.org.cn/album/05.htm)

Madame Sun Yat-sen (Soong Ching-ling, right) watches Mao Tse-tung sign the concluding declaration of the Conference of communist and Workers’ Parties of the Socialist Countries in Moscow in 1957. (Photo: Vanderbilt University Library)

Mao Tse-tung addresses his comrades.

Mao Tse-tung greets Soviet commissars Nikita Khrushchev (2nd right) and Anastas Mikoyan (far right).

President Gerald Ford and his wife Betty watch Chairman Mao shake hands with their daughter Suzanne Ford on December 2, 1975.

Mao Tse-tung (left) and Harvard graduate Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois laugh together in Communist-occupied mainland China in April 1959. (Photo: University of Massachusetts Library)

U.S. Army General George C. Marshall (second from left) meets with Chou Enlai (far left), Chu Teh, Nationalist Chinese General Cheng Kai-min and Mao Tse-tung (far right) at the Communist headquarters in Yan’an (Yenan), China in March 1946.

Left photo: General George C. Marshall and Mao Tse-tung review the Chinese Communist troops.

“Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.” – Mao Tse-tung

The People’s Oppressors:The Butchers of Beijing & Comrades in

Arms

Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates and Red China’s Minister of Defense Gen. Cao Gangchuan (left, in uniform) review the Chinese Communist People’s Liberation Army in Beijing on November 5, 2007.   Robert M. Gates is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and a former Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. (U.S. Department of Defense photo by Cherie A. Thurlby)

President Bill Clinton and Communist China’s despot Jiang Zemin review the Red Chinese People’s Liberation Army on Tiananmen Square in Beijing on June 27, 1998. (Photo by Wally McNamee)

Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain walks down the line of the guard of honor near Tiananmen Square and the Forbidden City in Beijing, Communist China.

U.S. President Ronald Reagan reviews troops during an arrival ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on April 26, 1984. (Photo: Ronald Reagan Presidential Library)

U.S. Vice President Al Gore and Li Peng review the People’s Liberation Army.

Red China’s Defense Minister Gen. Chi Haotian and U.S. Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen review the Chinese Communist People’s Liberation Army in Beijing on July 12, 2000. William S. Cohen is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld reviews the People’s Liberation Army in Beijing.

Red Chinese General Liang Guanglie, the chief of the general staff of the Red Chinese People’s Liberation Army, and Gen. Richard Myers, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, review the People’s Liberation Army in Beijing on January 14, 2004.

Prime Minister of Israel Ehud Olmert and Red Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao review the People’s Liberation Army in Beijing on January 10, 2007. (Reuters)

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Peter Pace salutes to the People’s Liberation Army in Beijing on March 23, 2007.

U.S. Navy Admiral Dennis C. Blair shakes hands with Red China’s Defense Minister General Chi Haotian, the “Butcher of Beijing” who was involved in the Tiananmen Square Massacre on June 4, 1989. U.S. Ambassador to Red China Joseph Prueher is standing between Dennis Blair and Chi Haotian. Dennis Blair is a Rhodes Scholar and a former member of the Trilateral Commission. Dennis C. Blair was President Barack Obama’s Director of National Intelligence.

President of France Jacques Chirac (left) and Pakistan’s ruler Gen. Pervez Musharraf (right) review the People’s Liberation Army.

Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao (left) and Zimbabwe’s dictator Robert Mugabe (center) review the People’s Liberation Army at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on July 26, 2005. (Peter Parks/AFP/Getty Images)

South Africa’s President Thabo Mbeki (center) and Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao (left) review the People’s Liberation Army at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on November 6, 2006. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)

Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao (left) and King Abdullah II of Jordan review the People’s Liberation Army at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on October 30, 2007. King Abdullah II was on his fifth visit to Red China to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. (Photo by Andrew Wong/Getty Images)

Saudi Arabia’s King Abdullah (center) and Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao review the People’s Liberation Army at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on January 23, 2006. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)

Mexico’s President Felipe Calderon (R) walks with Red China’s ruler Hu Jintao (L) as they review the guard of honor during a welcome ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Red China on July 11, 2008. Calderon arrived in Shanghai on July 9, starting a four-day state visit to Red China at the invitation of Red China’s President Hu Jintao. (AFP/Getty Images)

Communist China’s Premier Wen Jiabao (left) accompanies Italy’s Prime Minister Mario Monti (right) to view an honor guard during a welcoming ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on March 31, 2012. Monti paid an official visit to China from March 30 to April 2. (Feng Li/Getty Images)

The People’s Diplomacy: From Beijing With Love

Lloyd’s Chairman Lord Levene shakes hands with Communist Chinese Commissar Hu Jintao at Downing Street in London in November 2005. Lloyd’s is a British insurance company located in London. (Lloyd’s photo)http://www.lloyds.com/News_Centre/Press_releases/Lloyds_gets_the_goahead_to_develop_a_presence_in_The_Peoples_Republic_of_China_9Nov2005.htm

British Prime Minister Tony Blair and his wife invite appear with Communis China’s President Hu Jintao and his wife at the Prime Minister’s office on 10 Downing Street in London.

Yugoslavia’s Commissar Josip Broz Tito celebrates with Red China’s prime minister and Communist Party chairman Hua Guofeng.

Communist China’s Commissar Deng Xiaoping talks to Soviet Commissar Mikhail Gorbachev at a meeting in Beijing in May 1989. Gorbachev visited Communist China from May 15-18, 1989. Deng Xiaoping ordered the Chinese Communist People’s Liberation Army to murder thousands of Chinese people on Tiananmen Square the following month.(Photo: http://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/xiaoping/relations/89-11.htm)

Margaret Thatcher (left), the leader of opposition British Conservatives, meets with Communist China’s Premier Hua Kuo-feng (Hua Guofeng) in Beijing, Communist China. (Pictoral Parade (John Dixon - Photographers International)

Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (left) shakes hands with Hua Guofeng, the Premier of Communist China. (Xinhua photo)

Left: United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan shakes hands with Hu Jintao during their meeting at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on May 19, 2006.

Right: United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan shakes hands with Jiang Zemin at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on October 14, 2002. (Xinhua photo)

Left: United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan shakes hands with Wen Jiabao, the Red Chinese Premier, during a meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia on January 6, 2005. (Xinhua photo)

Right: United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan shakes hands with Li Zhaoxing, the Foreign Minister of Red China, at the 58th United Nations General Assembly in New York City on September 25, 2003. (Reuters)

Secretary-General Kofi Annan meets with Li Zhaoxing, Foreign Minister of Red China, at the European Union Headquarters in Brussels, Belgium in June 2005. (Eskinder Debebe, United Nations)

Communist China’s despot Hu Jintao (C) shakes hands with Vietnam's General Secretary of the Communist Party Nong Duc Manh (R) and President Tran Duc Luong (L) under the bust of late revolutionary commissar Ho Chi Minh during a farewell ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Hanoi on November 2, 2005. Hu leaves Hanoi on Wednesday at the end of a three-day official visit to Vietnam, his first visit since taking office as Chinese Communist Party Chief and China's President. (KHAM/Reuters/Corbis)

British Prime Minister Tony Blair greets Hu Jintao.

\Russian President Vladimir Putin (left) and Communist Chinese President Jiang Zemin toast each other in Beijing's Great Hall of the People, July 18, 2000. (Photo: http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/russia/2000/russia/part11.htm)

German Chancellor designate Angela Merkel (left) meets Red China’s President Hu Jintao (C) at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, Germany on November 11, 2005. (Getty Images)

German Chancellor Angela Merkel speaks with Red China’s President Hu Jintao in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, mainland China on May 22, 2006. (Getty Images)

British Prime Minister Gordon Brown (L) meets with Red China’s President Hu Jintao at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, mainland China on August 22, 2008. Brown attended the closing ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games during which China handed over the Olympic flag to Great Britain, which will host the 2012 Olympic Games in London. (Getty Images)

British Prime Minister Gordon Brown meets with Red China’s President Hu Jintao (left) on the steps of Number 10 Downing Street, the Prime Minister’s residence, in London, England, Great Britain on April 1, 2009. (Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images)

President of France Nicolas Sarkozy (left) greets Communist China’s President Hu Jintao.(Photo: http://www.chine-informations.com/actualite/nicolas-sarkozy-rencontre-le-president-chinois-hu-jintao-a-londres_12701.html)

Red China’s President Hu Jintao (2nd R) and President of France Nicolas Sarkozy (2nd L) toast during a signing ceremony of documents on cooperation in the fields of environmental protection, nuclear energy, aviation, and etc. at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, mainland China on November 26, 2007.  (Xinhua Photo)

Hu Jintao greets Chancellor of Germany Gerhard Schroeder (left) and French President Jacques Chirac (right).

Red Chinese Commissar Hu Jintao shakes hands with EU Council Secretary-General Javier Solana (left) in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on September 5, 2005, as British Prime Minister Tony Blair (right) and EU Commission President Manuel Barroso look on.

Left photo: European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso shakes hands with Red Chinese Premier Wen Jiaobao on December 7, 2004. Right photo: British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher visits Deng Xiaoping in December 1984.

Jacques Chirac (left) and Tony Blair (right) share a glass of liquor with Hu Jintao.

Communist China’s Vice Premier Wang Qishan (right) meets with World Trade Organization (WTO) Director-General Pascal Lamy in Beijing, capital of Communist China, on July 21, 2010. (Xinhua/Li Tao)

Communist China’s President Hu Jintao (right) meets with President of the Socialist International (SI) George Papandreou, who later served as the Prime Minister of Greece, at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on May 15, 2009. George Papandreou was in Beijing to attend a seminar on sustainable growth, co-sponsored by the Communist Party of China and the SI. (Xinhua/Li Xueren)(Source: http://bn.chineseembassy.org/eng/zgxw/t562846.htm)

Hu Jintao (right), President of Communist China, shakes hands with Pascal Lamy, director general of the World Trade Organization, during a forum to commemorate the 10th anniversary of Communist China’s accession to the World Trade Organization at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing in 2011. (AP/Liu Jin)

Helmut Schmidt (right), Chancellor of West Germany, shakes hands with Commissar Mao Tse-tung in Peking, Communist China. (Photo: Men and Powers: A Political Retrospective by Helmut Schmidt)

Helmut Schmidt (right), Chancellor of West Germany, meets with Chinese Communist Party member Hua Guofeng in Peking, Communist China. (Photo: Men and Powers: A Political Retrospective by Helmut Schmidt)

Communist China’s Deputy Premier Deng Xiaoping instructs West Germany’s Chancellor Helmut Schmidt in the use of chopsticks during a banquet in Beijing on October 29, 1975. Schmidt was the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany to visit mainland China. (Photo: © dpa/Corbis)

Private citizen Helmut Schmidt, former Chancellor of West Germany, meets with Deng Xiaoping in Beijing in September 1984.(Photo: Men and Powers: A Political Retrospective by Helmut Schmidt)

Source: The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin by Robert Lawrence Kuhn

Source: The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin by Robert Lawrence Kuhn

(Source: The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin by Robert Lawrence Kuhn)

Left photo: King Juan Carlos I of Spain and his wife Queen Sofia greet Red China’s Commissar Deng Xiaoping in Beijing in June 1978. Queen Sofia has appeared in several Bilderberg Meetings.Right photo: Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain meets with Deng Xiaoping in October 1986.

Source: The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin by Robert Lawrence Kuhn

Vice-Chairwoman of the NPC standing Committee Soong Ching-ling (left), India’s Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (center), and Red China’s Premier Chou Enlai are seen talking at the grand reception in Peking [Beijing] on October 19, 1954.(Photo: http://in.china-embassy.org/eng/ssygd/SinoIndiaRelations/t184890.htm)

(Source: The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin by Robert Lawrence Kuhn)

Source: The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin by Robert Lawrence Kuhn

Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council meet at hotel in New York City on September 7, 2000. From right are: British Prime Minister Tony Blair, U.S. President Bill Clinton, Communist Chinese President Jiang Zemin, French President Jacques Chirac, and Russian President Vladimir Putin. (GEORGES GOBET/AFP/Getty Images)

Left photo: King Fahd of Saud Arabia meets with Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin.Right photo: Venezuela’s ruler Hugo Chavez visits Hu Jintao.

Left: Russia’s President and former KGB agent Vladimir Putin embraces Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin.Right: North Korea’s despot Kim Jong Il greets Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin.

Left: Vladimir Putin shakes hands with Red China’s commissar Li Peng at the Kremlin in September 2000.Right: President of South Africa Nelson Mandela greets Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin.

Russia’s Prime Minister Vladimir Putin (front left) and Red China’s Premier Wen Jiabao (front right) appear in the 14th regular prime ministers’ talks between Red China and Russia. (Photo: http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/?cat=36)

Canada’s Liberal Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau meets Mao Tse-tung, Dictator of Communist China in October 1973.(Associated Press)

Russia’s President Vladimir Putin shakes hands with Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao during the G8 Summit in St. Petersburg, Russia on July 17, 2006. (Photo: Official Website of the Russian G8 Presidency)

King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia greets Red China’s despot Hu Jintao at the People’s Great Hall in Beijing on January 23, 2006.

Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert embraces Red Chinese commissar Wen Jiabao in Beijing on January 11, 2007. (Asia News)

Red Chinese Ambassador to Israel Chen Yonglong and Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Shimon Peres pose for a photo in Herzliyya, Israel on July 12, 2006. The Red Chinese Embassy to Israel held a symposium on the Red China-Israel relations in Herzliyya on July 11, 2006 to unveil a series of activities to mark the coming 15th anniversary of the establishment of the diplomatic ties between Red China and Israel. Israel maintained diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan during the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989; Israel severed diplomatic ties with the Republic of China and established diplomatic relations with the “Butchers of Beijing”. Over 50 million Chinese people have been brutally murdered by the Chiinese Communists since 1949; at least 6 million Jews were brutally murdered by the Nazi Germans during World War II.(Xinhua Photo)

Pakistan’s President Gen. Pervez Musharraf greets Communist China’s President Hu Jintao.

Afghanistan’s President Hamid Karzai visits Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao.

Hu Jintao (left), President of Communist China, appears with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Iran’s ruler Mohammed Khatami (right) greets Commissar of Communist China Jiang Zemin.

Arab terrorist Yasser Arafat greets and embraces Jiang Zemin.

President of Communist China Hu Jintao (left) appears with President of Egypt Mohamed Morsi in Beijing, Communist China on August 28, 2012.

Left: Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao greets Iran’s ruler Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.Right: Syria’s despot Bashar Assad and Hu Jintao review the People’s Liberation Army.

President of Communist Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe (left) shakes hands with President of Communist China Hu Jintao during the welcoming ceremony for representatives attending the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation at the Great Hall of People in Beijing on November 4, 2006. (Photo by Andrew Wong/Getty Images)

President of South Africa Thabo Mbeki (left) shakes hands with President of Communist China Hu Jintao during the welcoming ceremony for representatives attending the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation at the Great Hall of People in Beijing, Communist China on November 4, 2006. (Photo by Andrew Wong/Getty Images)

(Source: The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin by Robert Lawrence Kuhn)

President of Communist China Hu Jintao (center) and President of Communist Cuba Raul Castro (left) receives military honors at the Revolution Palace in Havana, Cuba on November 18, 2008. (AFP/Getty Images)

Cuba’s dictator Fidel Castro greets Red China’s commissars Hu Jintao (left) and Jiang Zemin.

Fidel Castro embraces Zhu Rongji.

Venezuela’s ruler Hugo Chavez stands beside Jiang Zemin.

President of Mexico Vicente Fox shakes hands with Jiang Zemin, the Commissar of Red China, during an APEC meeting that took place in Los Cabos (Baja California Sur), Mexico on October 26, 2002. (Photo: Ariel Gutierrez)

Brazil's President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (C) greets Red Chinese Central Military Commission Vice Chairman, General Xu Caihou (left) while Defence Minister of Brazil Nelson Jobim looks on during their meeting at Planalto Palace in Brasilia, Brazil on November 27, 2008. (Reuters)

Former President of Mexico Ernesto Zedillo shakes hands with Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao on April 24, 2004.

Mexico’s President Vicente Fox greets Hu Jintao.

President of Mexico Vicente Fox (left and center) and President of Mexico Ernesto Zedillo (right) meet with Jiang Zemin.

Mexico's President Felipe Calderon (L) and his Chinese counterpart Hu Jintao toast after representatives from the two countries signed agreements at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing July 11, 2008. (Reuters)

Pakistan’s President Gen. Pervez Musharraf shares a toast with Hu Jintao.

Communist China’s President Hu Jintao (R) shakes hands with Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper (L) before their meeting at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on December 3, 2009. (Pool/Getty Images)

Left photo: Canada’s Prime Minister Paul Martin shakes hands with Red China’s despot Hu Jintao during a welcome luncheon given by Paul Martin in Ottawa on September 9, 2005. (Xinhua)

The People’s Diplomacy: A Jewish Conspiracy?

Israel Epstein, Prominent Chinese Communist, Dies at 90

Wang Yan/New China News Agency, via Associated Press

President Hu Jintao of China greeted Israel Epstein, retired editor of China Today, in Beijing in April just before Mr. Epstein's 90th birthday.

By DOUGLAS MARTINPublished: June 2, 2005

Correction Appended

Israel Epstein, a journalist, author and propagandist for China whose passion for Communism was fueled in long interviews with

Mao in the 1940's and was not dimmed by imprisonment during the Cultural Revolution, died last Thursday at a hospital in

Beijing. He was 90.

His death was announced by the official New China News Agency.

Mr. Epstein edited China Today, an English-language Chinese newsmagazine, translated the sayings and writings of Mao and

Deng Xiaoping and advised the Chinese government on how to polish its overseas image. He became a Chinese citizen, joined

the Communist Party and served on official government and party committees.

He and perhaps a dozen other aging foreign-born residents of Beijing were sometimes seen as the last true believers in a

revolution that has sometimes seemed blurred by time's passage and China's embrace of free markets and consumerism.

In 1996, The Observer, the London newspaper, said, "Perhaps the most loyal Communists in the country today are foreigners,

veteran fellow travelers from a vanished era of idealism."

Mr. Epstein hung Mao's portrait on his bedroom wall; knew the American journalist Edgar Snow well enough to help edit his

books; was a protégé of the widow of Sun Yat-sen, the founder of China's first republic; and was able to say the five years he

spent in prison on false charges during the Cultural Revolution had helped improve him by shrinking his ego. For decades

China's top leaders visited him on his birthdays.

"My basic ideas have not changed," he told The Observer. "I see no reason to change them."

Israel Epstein was born on April 20, 1915, in Warsaw, then under Russian control. His father was imprisoned by the czarist

authorities for leading a labor uprising, and his mother was once exiled to Siberia.

"The earliest influence on me came from my socialist parents," Mr. Epstein said in an interview with China Daily in 2003.

After the outbreak of World War I, his father was sent by his company to Japan to develop business in the Pacific region. As the

German Army approached Warsaw, his mother, with him in her arms, fled the city and traveled east to be reunited with her

husband. After experiencing anti-Jewish sentiment in several places, they settled in Tianjin in north China. He was then 2.

Mr. Epstein began his career as a journalist at 15, working for the Tianjin-based Peking and Tientsin Times, an English-language

newspaper. He covered China's struggle against Japanese invaders for United Press and other Western news organizations.

In 1941, a short item in The New York Times reported that he had been killed, but it later turned out that he had faked his death

to divert the Japanese who were hunting him. He anonymously submerged into a Japanese internment camp for a while.

Mr. Epstein became acquainted with Mr. Snow after his editor assigned him to review one of Mr. Snow's books, and Mr. Snow

showed him his classic "Red Star Over China" before it was published. Mr. Snow reciprocated by reading Mr. Epstein's

unpublished works.

In Hong Kong, Mr. Epstein worked with Soong Ching Ling, Sun Yat-sen's widow, whom he had met in left-wing political

activities in the 1930's. She arranged for him to visit Mao, Zhou Enlai and their revolutionary comrades at their base in China's

northwest in 1944, and Mr. Epstein said his conversations in a cave with Mao had changed his life.

In 1944, Mr. Epstein visited Britain, then spent the next five years in the United States, where he published "The Unfinished

Revolution in China" to good reviews. Other books he wrote were first published in Chinese and included "From Opium War to

Liberation" in 1954, "Tibet Transformed" in 1983 and "Woman in World History: Soong Ching Ling" in 1993.

In 1951, Ms. Soong invited him to return to China to edit China Reconstructs, later renamed China Today. He was editor in chief

until his retirement at 70, and then editor emeritus.

His five years in prison during the Cultural Revolution, on charges of plotting against Zhou, ended in 1973 with a personal

apology from Zhou and a restoration of his exalted position.

His prominence in China was suggested by the annual talks Mao had with him. Deng attended Mr. Epstein's retirement reception

in 1985. On April 17, the Chinese president, Hu Jintao, visited him and praised his "special contributions" to China.

Mr. Epstein first wife, Elsie Fairfax-Cholmeley, died in 1984. He is survived by his wife, Wan Bi, two children and two

stepchildren.

He will be buried at the Babaoshan Cemetery for Revolutionaries.

Correction: June 18, 2005, Saturday:

An obituary on June 2 about Israel Epstein, a Warsaw-born journalist who became a prominent Chinese Communist, referred

incorrectly to his marriage to Elsie Fairfax-Cholmeley. She was his second wife; his first was Edith Bihovsky Epstein, later

Ballin, from whom he was divorced in the early 1940's.

Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/02/international/asia/02epstein.html?_r=0

Chinese Jewish communist agent Israel Epstein (right) greets Soong Ching Ling [Madame Sun Yat-sen] (left).

Chinese Jewish communist agent Israel Epstein (right) visits Comrade Deng Xiaoping in Beijing, Communist China in 1985.

Chinese Jewish communist agent Israel Epstein (right) visits Communist China’s President Jiang Zemin in Beijing.

Sidney Rittenberg: Reflections on a lifetime in Chinaby Allison Carroll Goldman on August 3, 2012

“Chairman” Mao Tse-tung (left) with Chinese Communist Jewish agent Sidney Rittenberg

Sidney Rittenberg is the subject of a new documentary film called “The Revolutionary.” He is an American who lived in China from 1945 to 1980. His arrival was partly coincidence: he was drafted during World War II and sent to China after studying Chinese language at Stanford University. He arrived just as the Japanese were surrendering, and witnessed injustices committed by the Kuomintang government against its own people.

After the war ended, Rittenberg decided to stay in China and seek out the leaders of the Communist revolution that was raging across the countryside. He traveled to the mountains in Yan’an where the leaders were based, and met with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. They told him they needed a native English speaker to explain their policies to the United States. In helping them, Rittenberg had the sense of fulfilling a historical need. China was the most populous and most ancient country in the world, and it was in the process of reinventing itself. He felt he had his “finger on the pulse of history.”

Throughout his time in China, Rittenberg was connected with the upper echelons of the Communist Party leadership. He has known every major leader in Communist China, including Mao, Zhou Enlai, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao. Rittenberg is recognized throughout China by his Chinese name, Li Dunbai (李敦白).

He witnessed, and took part in, the formation of modern China, and lived all its complexities. He spent a total of 16 years in solitary confinement and was a powerful proponent of the Cultural Revolution before himself falling victim to its chaos. The first time he was jailed was at the request of Joseph Stalin, who sent a written communiqué to Mao accusing Rittenberg of being a spy sent by the Americans to undermine the revolution. He was thrown into solitary confinement and not released until after Stalin’s death, six years later. The second time, he offended Mao’s wife, Jiang Qing, who had become powerful during the Cultural Revolution as one of the ruthless “Gang of Four.” Rittenberg ended up once again in prison, in solitary confinement for 10 years. His wife remained loyal to him all that time, and after he was released at the end of the Cultural Revolution, they moved together back to the United States.

Rittenberg is now 91 years old, and he and his wife provide consulting services for large American corporations with interests in China. The film “The Revolutionary” was created over a 5-year period and produced by Irv Drasnin, Don Sellers and Lucy Ostrander, in cooperation with Rittenberg himself. The tagline reads: “Mao’s call for a Cultural Revolution was answered by tens of millions of Chinese… and one American.”

The following is an interview conducted by email with Rittenberg about the film and his experiences in China:

How did the idea for “The Revolutionary” come about?The idea of a film on my story occurred to acclaimed producer Lucy Ostrander, when she read a New York Times profile of me. She had long ago filmed me for her documentary on Anna Louise Strong.

In the film you talk about very traumatic events in your life. Was it difficult to do this in front of the camera?I had no problem discussing unhappy personal experiences for this film. I had complete confidence in the producers, Lucy, Don Sellers, and the producer/interviewer Irv Drasnin. Irv used to produce the Charles Kuralt news program, and has done outstanding documentary work on China. I found him easy to chat with. Besides, during the most trying times in solitary I had made up my mind to try to remember everything that happened, thinking that  in this way I could avoid future post-traumatic issues. It’s like getting a splinter in your skin, I thought: if you let the skin close over it, it may hurt for the rest of your life and you may not even remember why. That approach worked.

What first inspired you to travel to Yan’an after the war and meet the Chinese Communist Party leaders?I had learned something about the Chinese Communist movement at the US Army Language School at Stanford University, and later made contact with underground CCP members in Kunming and Shanghai. I believed that the New China under the CCP would be a great democracy, a land of peace and plenty which would be a blessing for America and for the world.

I envisioned the world’s oldest country reinventing itself as the youngest.  I saw a US/China alliance as the hope of the world: America had the greatest store of exactly what China needed – capital, science, technology; China had what America needed – a vast new market and huge numbers of friends on the strategic arc of Asia. As an American with Chinese language skills, I wanted to do whatever I could to build bridges between Americans and Chinese, to help bring that about.

You joined the CPC in 1946, and two years later were imprisoned under suspicion of being an American spy. You were held in solitary confinement for 6 years before being released. What made you stay in China and remain loyal to the Party after that? Could you have left if you wanted to?I could easily have left China in 1955, after my release. In fact, Chinese leaders offered to finance whatever endeavor I might want to start up in America. Before that, I had been told after the first year in solitary – in 1950 – that if I didn’t want to wait for my case to be resolved I could return to America then, and never come back to China. I didn’t give this option a moment’s thought – I had made up my mind to work on building bridges between Chinese and Americans, and I saw no reason why I should give that up.

My loyalty to the ideals of Communism never wavered during those six years in solitary. If anything, it grew stronger. I was determined that I would not let my personal disaster affect my belief in what I thought was true and good. My father taught me to try to never let my view of the truth be affected by whether or not it was good for me.

In your Tedx talk, you describe your experiences with solitary confinement and the sleep-deprivation tactics that were used to break you down so you would confess. Can you describe what “Freud” was, and how that knowledge helped you maintain your sanity?My first thought when I was locked up in a dark cell was that “Reason is stronger than Freud.” By “Freud” (whom I had never read), I simply meant the fear of repressed emotions, of isolation, and other psychological problems.

I thought, I am a student (and try to be a  practitioner) of scientific philosophy. I should be able to analyze my situation and work out ways for dealing with it so that I don’t end up seriously traumatized, like many elder cadres whom I knew and who had been through severe political harassment. Ultimately, I think this reliance on rational thinking, on clinging to my chosen life purpose, on learning to harness positive emotions to deal with negative ones, and to modulate moods, turned out to be my salvation – even though some of my specific political beliefs turned out later to be unfounded.

A BBC interviewer asked you last year whether the Communist Party of China exists today. You answered, “Not by any definition I know of…today you don’t find much morality.” At what point do you think the Party ceased to exist? Was that decline inevitable?The CCP as a revolutionary organization that  inspired and aroused the Chinese people ceased to exist long ago. This was made official two or three years ago, when the Party announced that it was no longer a revolutionary Party, but a ruling Party – the Party in power.

Before coming to power, the Party had no source of strength except for whatever popular support they could arouse by actions that fulfilled the people’s most urgent needs (land, freedom from oppression, fair pay and treatment  for working people, respect and opportunity for intellectuals, national pride and independence, etc). They had to work hard, be democratic, and practice humility in order to win the people’s support. After coming to power in 1949, the new laws required that everyone recognize them as the rulers and their ideology as the only correct one. From servants of the people, they gradually, and not entirely consciously, turned into their masters. Gone was the democratic spirit, the humility, the tolerance for other views. From a Party that served the people, they became the rulers of the people. This was already becoming a qualitatively different Party.

Still, many of the old virtues remained and there were repeated attempts to maintain close ties between leaders and led and to maintain a plebeian style. Then, with the Cultural Revolution, the old Party was, by and large, physically destroyed. The old cadres were brutally persecuted and began rapidly fading away and dying off. The entire Party organization (except for the military branches) from political bureau down ceased operations in the spring of 1967, yielding place to the Cultural Revolution Leading Group. Party offices, with their files and dossiers, were sealed and there were no meetings – outside of the military.

The Party organization that was later restored was a mere shadow of the original – meetings were sporadic and pro-forma, the spirit was gone, the party became a mere machine for exercising power over the government and the people. Official corruption and careerism, rare before the Cultural Revolution, now became prevalent and systemic. There are vigorous forces within the CCP today who are determined to clean up and revive the Party, with a renewed spirit of dedication to serving the people and leading them onward to a better life. They work for democratic political reforms, along specific Chinese lines, that could make this possible. But they have their work cut out for them – it will not be a short – term nor an easy task.

You wrote propaganda during the first few months of the Cultural Revolution, in which you defended the position that only the most fervent followers of Mao should be considered genuine revolutionaries and patriots. In a small way, your words would have contributed to the increasingly violent radicalism of the time. How did you feel about what you were writing at the time when you were writing it?At the time that I was doing radical pamphleteering during the Cultural Revolution, I fervently believed in what I was saying. I thought that the Cultural Revolution was a great movement to democratize Socialism, to make the collective serve the individual more than vice versa – that, literally, in the words of the Internationale, a better world was in birth. Only the purest Marxists, wholeheartedly dedicated  to the people’s cause, could provide leadership in this new era.

For this reason, for example, even though Zhou Enlai was a dearly beloved friend and supporter, when I received opposite instructions from him and from Jiang Qing, I foolishly listened to Jiang Qing, thinking that she represented a purer form of “Mao Zedong Thought.” As a result, I attended the Red Guard struggle meeting against Wang Guangmei (Madame Liu Shaoqi), which I have deeply regretted ever since. I was shocked at the violence in the Cultural Revolution, but I thought that  this was the unavoidable accompaniment of convulsive social change such as I saw going on. All of this was, of course, quite mistaken. Anarchistic democracy swiftly turned into worse despotism than anything in the pre-Cultural Revolution bureaucracy, and I ended up sitting in a little cell with my ideals for another ten years.

When the Cultural Revolution began, you were not a bright-eyed Red Guard: You were already a seasoned Party member and had experienced both the Great Leap Forward and long-term imprisonment at the hands of the Party. What inspired you about the Cultural Revolution? Why did you rally so strongly behind it?The answer is in the above – I only got to take part in the first (and worst) 14 months of the Cultural Revolution, but I saw it as a great democratic uprising which was creating a new, lively, democratic form of Socialism. People elected their own leaders, formed their own political organizations, published their own opinions – it seemed like a marvelous new world, while it lasted. I was thrilled to be a part of it, and didn’t realize that it was conceived as a stage in the establishment of a “total dictatorship of the proletariat,” in Mao’s words. I thought he was the great liberator, who was really introducing a vibrant  democratic society.

You have said that in the 1960s, you once failed to protect friends who were singled out for harsh criticism.  At the time, did you feel you were acting on your own impetus? Or did you feel you were being coerced?I didn’t feel that I was being coerced when I failed to protect friends from criticism. Actually, I supported the criticism of these people – with two exceptions. I stuck my neck out, in word and in writing for two old friends, old General Wang Zhen and Hubei Governor Zhang Tixue. I knew them both well enough that I was convinced they could not be guilty of undermining Chairman Mao, and I wrote this to the Party leadership.

As for close friends who were wrongfully stigmatized as “bad people,” I stopped speaking to them – but I considered that this was a part of my loyalty to the revolution, not something done under coercion. Earlier, during the “Anti-Rightist” campaign in 1957, I did go along with the harsh criticism of some friends, partly under “internal coercion” – I had just emerged from six years in solitary, and I was afraid of arousing suspicion. I realized later that this was part of why I supported the criticism, even though I had begun to have secret doubts about the use of class struggle.

To what extent do you think the legacy of the Cultural Revolution continues to shape Chinese society today? Are there any lasting effects that you observe?I think the Cultural Revolution has not been carefully studied, the experience is not generally discussed in the schools, and the lessons have not been drawn. I don’t see signs of after-effects among people at large, but it is obvious in the exaggerated fear that most leaders have of “turbulence”. This tends to make them frightened of the badly needed democratic reforms, in spite of the fact that tardy reforms could easily lead to major turbulence…

I don’t see any relationship between the handling of the Bo Xilai case and the CR – it is being handled in the way that all such matters have been handled, starting before the CR. Bo made crude attempts to generate a kind of CR-style personal charisma around himself by using methods reminiscent of CR methods, but it was superficial, cynical, and top-down, not bottom-up.

Bao Tong, who was high up in the Zhao Ziyang administration before being detained for revealing state secrets and making counter-revolutionary propaganda just before the 1989 Tiananmen protests,  recently gave an interview in which he said it is impossible to be involved in the current political system in China without being corrupt. He commented, “If I were in the current system, I’d be corrupt too.” Would you agree with his sentiment?I think the highly admirable Bao Tong may have been referring to the fact that  an official who tries to remain clean and dedicated will often be undermined by the corrupt  officials surrounding him, and their devious ways, and will find it very difficult to carry out his duties. I don’t think he meant  that there are literally no good officials, because there are.

Where were you the day Mao died? What did you feel when you heard the news?I was in solitary when Mao died, and it was very strange. Zhou Enlai died in January of that year, and I wept for days, as though I had lost my own father. When Mao died, I felt – intellectually – that this was a much, much greater loss, that China and the world had lost their most hopeful leader, it was a terrible tragedy. And yet, I did not shed a tear. At the time, I couldn’t understand it – why no tears for the Great Helmsman? It seems that my “emotional sense” was smarter than my “intellectual sense”.

You now act as a consultant to large American businesses looking to understand the Chinese market. Yet you have been a champion of communism all your life. Did you lose faith in communism? If not, how do you reconcile those two things?I have definitely lost faith in the Communist Party core doctrine of what is called Marxism-Leninism, based on the dictatorship of the proletariat. Experience taught me that dictatorship cannot lead to more democracy, but only to more dictatorship.

As for the ideals of communism – a future classless society of abundance, equality, world peace, and universal brotherhood – I believed in them long before I ever heard of the Communist Party, and I do so now, more than ever. As to how to attain those goals, at present I have no clue. But one thing is clear – growing the economy everywhere, advancing universal education, and promoting democratic development are surely key steps in that  direction. For that reason, I feel perfectly happy working with good people who can contribute to those ends and who can conduct win/win business with China. That doesn’t at all prevent me from enthusiastically promoting US/China friendship and understanding, or from pursuing progressive politics in America. Or from ardently supporting the (non-violent) “Occupiers”.

What do you like most about contemporary China, and what do you think is the country’s biggest problem?What I like most about China today is the vibrant, optimistic spirit of the people. They are confidant of a brighter future. They are proud of their country’s progress, and (despite millions of complaints and protests) are basically pleased with where their government has led them. China, under CPC leadership, has for the most part solved the basic problem  of food, shelter, and clothing. China, emerging from the Dark Ages a little over half a century ago, still has some people living below the poverty line, but the percentage is lower than that in the USA—and what excuse do we have?

They face many problems, but I feel sure that, in their own good time, they will deal with them. This general spirit is, unfortunately, in sharp contrast to what I find here in America today.

China’s biggest problem? The need to re-identify their soul, to establish a sense of purpose in young people aside from making money and narrow nationalism, to restore and carry forward China’s brilliant legacy of philosophic thinking, above and beyond commonplace aphorisms from Confucius — including the study of positive elements in Mao Zedong’s philosophy.

Do Americans and Chinese still understand one another as badly as they used to?  What do most Americans not understand about China?I’m afraid the level of understanding among most Chinese and most Americans has not changed much for the better. There are, however, growing numbers of Chinese who have studied, worked, visited, or traded in America; and of Americans who have visited or worked in China. Among them, there is a much better understanding than before. There are two major threats to the growth in understanding, however.

On our side, the tendency of the financial barons, and their political spokespeople, to make China the scapegoat for the financial morass into which they have led us. This tends to poison public opinion against China. On the Chinese side, the tough foreign policy stance on issues like the South China Sea tends to anger and frighten Americans. The Chinese attitude towards the USA is usually courteous and reasonable, but the attitude towards China’s Southeast Asian neighbors affects public opinion as well as actual relationships.

A key point in improving understanding is that American opinion has to accept the impermissibility of outright conflict between the USA and China, and therefore base our attitude towards China on working out solutions, not on trying to impose changes on China or on “pivoting” military strength to areas surrounding China. Many American leaders know this, but they sometimes ignore our country’s basic interests for their own political gain.

What are the future prospects for foreigners looking to do business in China? Do you expect the business environment to become more open or more closed in the coming years?I believe that the business environment for foreign firms in China will continue to improve, and that  the Chinese domestic market will continue to open up, as will investment opportunities. The road will, of course, not be smooth, nor will it be without bumps and zigzags, as in the past. At the same time, resistance from Chinese competitors will continue to stiffen and the increasingly powerful lobbying efforts of Chinese conglomerates will continue to create glitches in the growth of foreign participation in China’s development. But, in the long run, this resistance will be swept aside by the growing interdependence of Chinese and foreign economies.

You now live back in the US, but are obviously still very involved in China. What do you make of the narrative of American decline? Do you think America will be able to pull itself back up again?Whether or not America declines is entirely up to us. If we decide that we are beaten by the rise of the BRICS so that we can no longer compete, and that our politics are doomed to continue in the dreary monopoly of two out-moded, hopelessly dishonest political parties — both of them bought and paid for by the great parasites on Wall Street — and  that we are incapable of a democratic revival in American politics, then we are surely doomed to a very unpleasant decline.

But I am convinced that neither of those two premises is necessarily true. We can vigorously expand our economy, based on our strong points in skill sets, electronics, communications, clean energy, space operations and other areas of technology. We can stimulate and inspire this expansion by a surge in citizen political activity which breaks the hold of parasitic monopoly finance capital (now 40% of our GDP) over our political life, which restores our country’s democratic spirit, extends it to economic as well as political democracy, and gives the innovators and the producers a powerful incentive to maintain our advanced position in the world economy. We can adjust our government’s financial policy to the need to give priority to increasing the purchasing power of the consumers, rather than enforcing the kind of austerity which attempts to resolve economic difficulties by penalizing the poor, while the government uses tax-payers’ money to finance the profiteering super-rich. When we have this kind of democratic upsurge, breaking the current two-party doldrums, then America will surely continue to grow and prosper. The barrier to progress, and the need for widespread and direct public action, has been highlighted by the brave action of the “Occupiers.”

Source: http://www.danwei.com/sidney-rittenberg-reflections-on-a-lifetime-in-china/

Soong Ching-Ling (Madame Sun Yat-sen) appears with the Central Committee of China Defense League in Hong Kong in 1938. Jewish journalist and communist agent Israel Epstein was on the left.  Israel Epstein was born to a Jewish family in Warsaw, Poland, Russian Empire on April 20, 1915.(Photo: http://www.sino-us.com/21/Remembering-Israel-Epstein-and-his-dedication-to-China.html)

Sidney Shapiro, politburo member and a member of the Chinese Communist Party, appears at a Communist Party function. (Photo: http://jewishfaces.com/china.html)

Chairman Mao in a high-level meeting with several Jews [Frank Coe, Israel Epstein, Elsie Fairfax-Cholmely, and Solomon Adler] (Photo: http://jewishfaces.com/china.html)

Rewi Alley appears with Chinese Communist Foreign Minister Chou Enlai.(Photo: http://jewishfaces.com/china.html)

The People’s Diplomacy: Sino-American Relationship

President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy Reagan meet with Red China’s Commissar Deng Xiaoping at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on April 28, 1984. (Photo: Ronald Reagan Presidential Library)

President Ronald Reagan greets Red China’s Commissar Deng Xiaoping in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on April 28, 1984.

Evangelist preacher Pat Robertson greets Red China’s commissar Zhu Rongji in 1998.

Bill Clinton and British Prime Minister John Major stand beside Jiang Zemin at the Red Square in Moscow.

Red China’s President Hu Jintao, President Barack Obama, and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stand together at Winfield House, the U.S. ambassador’s residence in London, on April 1, 2009.

U.S. President Barack Obama meets with Red China's President Hu Jintao (left) at Winfield House, the U.S. ambassador's residence, on the sidelines of the G20 gathering of world leaders in London on April 1, 2009. (Reuters Photo / Jason Reed)

Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (L) arrives to a meeting with Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on February 21, 2009. Clinton said on Saturday the United States and Red China can pull the world out of economic crisis by working together and made clear this took precedence over American concerns about human rights in Communist-occupied mainland China. (Reuters)

Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (L) arrives to a meeting with Red China’s Prime Minister Wen Jiabao in Beijing on February 21, 2009. (Reuters)

U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (C) and Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner (R) welcome Red China’s Vice Premier Wang Qishan during a family photo for the first joint meeting of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue in Washington, D.C. on July 27, 2009. (Reuters)

Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke (L) greets Red China’s Vice Premier Wang Qishan in Washington, D.C. on July 29, 2009. (Reuters)

U.S. Vice President Joe Biden (left), President of Communist China Hu Jintao (center), and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton (right) toast together with guests during a luncheon at the State Department in Washington, D.C. on January 19, 2011. (AP Photo)

U.S. President Barack Obama stands alongside Communist China’s President Hu Jintao as he speaks during a State Arrival ceremony on the South Lawn of the White House in Washington, D.C. on January 19, 2011. (Getty Images)

Red China’s State Councillor Dai Bingguo (L), Red China’s Vice Premier Wang Qishan (2nd L), U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (2nd R) and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner (R) listen as U.S. President Barack Obama addresses the opening of the first joint meeting of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue in Washington, D.C. on July 27, 2009.(Reuters)

The Chinese Communist-owned China Ocean Shipping Company (COSCO) make their presence around the world. COSCO’s sister company Hutchinson-Whampoa have attempted to control the Panama Canal.

U.S. Vice President Al Gore (left) toasts Li Peng.

American businessman Bill Gates (left), Chairman and CEO of Microsoft software [computer] company, toasts Communist China’s President Hu Jintao.

American businessman Bill Gates, the Chairman and CEO of Microsoft, is seen walking with Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao.

Bush Family & Communist China

George H.W. Bush, the U.S. Liaison Officer to Red China, and his wife Barbara Bush stand in front of a portrait of Chairman Mao, the mass murderer of Communist China. George H.W. Bush was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1971 to 1979; George H.W. Bush is a member of Skull & Bones and the Bohemian Grove. (Photo: George Bush Presidential Library)

George Bush (2nd right), the U.S. Liaison Officer to Communist China, appears with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger during Kissinger's visit to Communist-occupied mainland China in 1975. The U.S. government maintained diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on the island of Taiwan in 1975. (Photo: George Bush Presidential Library and Museum)

George Bush, the U.S. Liaison Officer to Communist China, speaks with Yu Zhan, Vice-Minister of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Wang Yeqiu, Director of the Bureau of Historical Relic Administration, in 1975.  In the background is their translator, Tang Wensheng.(George Bush Presidential Library and Museum)

George H.W. Bush (left), White House Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld (2nd left), and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (2nd right) meet with Deng Xiaoping in Red China in November 1974. (George Bush Presidential Library and Museum)

Vice President George H.W. Bush visits Red China’s Commissar Deng Xiaoping in Beijing on January 1, 1986.(Jean Louis Atlan/Sygma/CORBIS)

President George H.W. Bush celebrates on Tiananmen Square on February 25, 1989, just months prior to the Tiananmen Square Massacre.

Chinese Communist bureaucrat Li Peng, Premier of the State Council, met with President George H.W. Bush at the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse on February 25, 1989 and presented him with a “Flying Pigeon” bicycle.

Left photo: George H.W. Bush greets Red Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao in Beijing on November 15, 2005.Right photo: George Bush entertains Deng Xiaoping at a party. Bush is a former U.S. Liaison Officer to Red China.

Winston Lord, Brent Scowcroft, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, President Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, and Joe Sisco meet with Red China’s despot Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Communist Party brass.

Former President George H.W. Bush, former President of Mexico Ernesto Zedillo (center), and Hong Kong viceroy Tung Chee-hwa attend the opening ceremony of a conference on April 24, 2004.

President George W. Bush greets Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin.

President George W. Bush greets Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao in Sydney, Australia on September 6, 2007.(White House photo by Eric Draper)

U.S. President George W. Bush greets Red China’s Premier Wen Jiabao at the White House in Washington, D.C. on December 9, 2003. Wen Jiabao assumed the office of Premier of Communist China on March 16, 2003.

President George W. Bush greets Red China’s Vice-Premier Qian Qichen at the White House on March 22, 2001.

President George W. Bush greets Red Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji at the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse on February 22, 2002.

  Red China’s President Jiang Zemin (left) chats with U.S. President George W. Bush.

President George W. Bush greets Jiang Zemin at an APEC summit.

President George W. Bush greets Red China’s President Hu Jintao at Qinghua University in Red China on February 22, 2002.

Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson laughs as U.S. President George W. Bush (center) embraces Red China’s Vice Premier Wu Yi (left) at the White House on May 24, 2007. (Photo by Mark Wilson/Getty Images)

Former President George H.W. Bush chats with Red China’s despot Jiang Zemin in Houston, Texas on Wednesday, October 23, 2002. This picture was published in the London Times, Print Edition, p. 18, 25 October 2002.

Former President George H.W. Bush introduces his granddaughter Ms. Barbara Bush to Red China's President Hu Jintao on Sunday, August 10, 2008, following their visit to Zhongnanhai, the Red Chinese leaders’ compound in Beijing.(White House photo by Eric Draper)

Council on Foreign Relations & Communist China

U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates (center) and Red China’s Minister of Defense Gen. Cao Gangchuan (left, in uniform) review the Chinese Communist People’s Liberation Army in Beijing on November 5, 2007.   Robert M. Gates is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and a former Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).(U.S. Department of Defense photo by Cherie A. Thurlby)

U.S. President Gerald Ford and Red China’s Commissar Deng Xiaoping review the People’s Liberation Army in Peking on December 1, 1975. U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, George Bush, Barbara Bush, National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft, and State Department Director of Policy Planning Staff Winston Lord can be seen in the entourage. (Photo: Gerald R. Ford Library)

U.S. President Bill Clinton and Communist China’s despot Jiang Zemin review the Red Chinese People’s Liberation Army on Tiananmen Square in Beijing on June 27, 1998. (Photo by Wally McNamee)

Red China’s Defense Minister Gen. Chi Haotian (“Butcher of Beijing”) and U.S. Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen review the People’s Liberation Army in Beijing on July 12, 2000. (Photo: U.S. Department of Defense)

U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld review the People’s Liberation Army in Beijing.

Red Chinese General Liang Guanglie, the chief of the general staff of the Red Chinese People’s Liberation Army, and Gen. Richard Myers, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, review the People’s Liberation Army in Beijing on January 14, 2004.

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Richard Myers greets Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin in Beijing on January 15, 2004.

U.S. President Richard Nixon and Red China’s envoy Chou Enlai review the People’s Liberation Army in Peking in 1972.

NIXON & FORD ADMINISTRATIONS

Chou Enlai (center) watches Chairman Mao chat with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger on the evening of February 17, 1973. (“Remember Henry, political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.”)

President Gerald Ford and his daughter watch Secretary of State Henry Kissinger shake hands with Red Chinese mass murderer Mao Tse-tung in Peking, Red China on December 2, 1975. (Photo: Gerald R. Ford Library)

Richard Nixon greets Mao, the mass murderer of Red China.

President Richard Nixon greets Red China’s Commissar Mao Tse-tung in Peking on February 21, 1972.

President Richard Nixon and Red China’s Premier Chou En-lai and their aides, including National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger (L), begin the third day of formal talks on February 23, 1972, this time in the official Guest House where Mr. Nixon is staying while in Peking. In the background is a tapestry depicting the young Mao Tse-tung writing his treatises on communism. (Bettmann/CORBIS)

President Richard Nixon and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger meet with Red China’s Premier Chou Enlai during Nixon's historic visit to Communist-occupied mainland China on February 23, 1972. Winston Lord is seated on the far left. Henry Kissinger and Winston Lord are members of the Council on Foreign Relations and members of the Trilateral Commission. (Bettmann/CORBIS)

Henry Kissinger toasts Chou Enlai.

U.S. President Richard Nixon shares a toast with Communist China’s Premier Zhou Enlai in Peking, Communist China on February 25, 1972. (Photo: Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum)

Winston Lord (wearing regular glasses, far left in center row) and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger (front and center) visit The Forbidden City in Peking during their secret trip to Red China in July 1971.

Secretary of State Henry Kissinger shakes hands with Deng Xiaoping in New York City in 1974.

Kissinger on the Couch: Henry Kissinger listens to Red Chinese Commissar Chou Enlai.

Henry Kissinger and Richard Nixon meet with Chou Enlai privately.

National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger visits the Great Wall of China during his secret visit to Red China.

Left photo: Richard Nixon toasts Deng Xiaoping.

Right photo: Professor Jerome A. Cohen, who is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, meets Prime Minister Chou Enlai in Communist China in June 1972. (© Joan Lebold Cohen) http://www.usasialaw.org/?p=3042

George H.W. Bush (center), the U.S. Liaison Officer to Red China, and President Gerald Ford (right) walk with Deng Xiaoping at the Great Hall of the People on December 2, 1975. George H.W. Bush was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations at the time this photo was taken. (Photo: Gerald R. Ford Library)

President Richard Nixon (center) dines with Communist China’s Prime Minister (and Foreign Minister) Chou Enlai (left) in Shanghai at the end of Nixon’s visit in 1972. (Bettmann/Corbis)

President Gerald Ford addresses the Chinese Communists in Peking on December 4, 1975. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger can be seen sitting on the far right. (Photo: Gerald R. Ford Library)

Council on Foreign Relations members (left to right) Winston Lord, Brent Scowcroft, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, President Gerald Ford, George Bush, and Joe Sisco meet with Red Chinese despot Deng Xiaoping and his Commissars.

President Gerald Ford and his advisers meet with Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Communists at the Great Hall of the People in Peking on December 2, 1975. The American delegation from left to right: Winston Lord, Brent Scowcroft, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Gerald Ford, George Bush, unidentified, unidentified, and unidentified. All identified American delegates are or were members of the Council on Foreign Relations. (Photo: Gerald R. Ford Library)

David K.E. Bruce shakes hands with Red Chinese murderer Mao Tse-tung.

James Lilley was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.(Source: China Hands: Nine Decades of Adventure, Espionage, and Diplomacy in Asia by Ambassador James Lilley with Jeffrey Lilley)

President Gerald Ford and Deng Xiaoping review the People’s Liberation Army in Peking on December 1, 1975. Henry Kissinger, George Bush, Barbara Bush, Brent Scowcroft, and Winston Lord can be seen in the entourage. (Photo: Gerald R. Ford Library)

President Gerald Ford smokes a pipe while his wife Betty Ford socializes with Deng Xiaoping and one of Deng’s secretary on December 3, 1975. (Photo: Gerald R. Ford Library)

CARTER ADMINISTRATION

Former President Richard Nixon, President Jimmy Carter, and Red Chinese Deputy Premier Deng Xiaoping speak at a state dinner in honor of Deng's visit to the United States in Washington, D.C. on January 29, 1979. This visit followed America’s establishment of full diplomatic relations between the United States and Communist China at the expense of severing diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (also known as Free China). (Bettmann/CORBIS)

Red China’s Commissar Deng Xiaoping meets with Secretary of State Cyrus Vance at the end of a three-day visit to Washington, D.C. in 1979.

(UPI photo)

Cyrus Vance and Zbigniew Brzezinski toast Deng Xiaoping at Zbigniew Brzezinski’s home in January 1979.

Zbigniew Brzezinski and his wife Muska (second from right) have a dinner with Deng Xiaoping in Red China in May 1978.

National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski visits Red Chinese Commissar Deng Xiaoping on May 21, 1978.

President Jimmy Carter (left) and Red China’s Commissar Deng Xiaoping (right) are seen laughing on January 29, 1979. President Jimmy Carter severed diplomatic ties with the Republic of China (on Taiwan) officially on January 1, 1979.

REAGAN & BUSH ADMINISTRATIONS

Secretary of State George P. Shultz visits Red China’s Commissar Deng Xiaoping in Beijing on July 15, 1988. This photo appears in George P. Shultz’s book Turmoil and Triumph: My Years As Secretary of State.

Secretary of State James A. Baker III (left) listens to Li Peng (right) in Beijing on November 15, 1991. The Chinese Reds butchered nearly 10,000 people on Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989. This photo appears in James A. Baker’s book The Politics of Diplomacy.

CLINTON ADMINISTRATION

President Bill Clinton shakes hands with Red China’s despot Jiang Zemin while attending an “Informal APEC Leadership Meeting” in Manila, Philippines on November 24, 1996.

President Bill Clinton and Zhu Rongji stand at attention at the White House.

Red China’s Prime Minister Li Peng (R) meets with U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher (L) at Zhongnanhai Communist Party headquarters in Beijing on March 1, 1994. Warren Christopher is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.(Photo: Forrest Anderson/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)

U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright (L) meets with Red China’s Prime Minister Li Peng on February 24, 1997 after death of Red China’s paramount “leader” Deng Xiaoping. (Photo: Forrest Anderson/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)

Left to right: Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin, President Bill Clinton, Vice President Al Gore, and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright meet in the Oval Office in Washington, D.C. on October 29, 1997. Bill Clinton and Madeleine Albright are members of the Council on Foreign Relations. (Photo: Diana Walker/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)

Left photo: President Bill Clinton toasts Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin in Beijing in 1998.Right photo: Secretary of State Madeleine Albright shakes hands with Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin.

Right photo: U.S. Trade Representative Charlene Barshefsky (left) toasts with Red Chinese Foreign Trade Minister Shi Guangsheng (right) after signing a secret agreement in Beijing on November 15, 1999.

Secretary of Defense William J. Perry (right) presents a gift to Red China’s Defense Minister Gen. Chi Haotian at the Pentagon on December 9, 1996. The man whose right hand is placed toward his face appears to be Winston Lord.(Photo: U.S. Department of Defense)

Bill Clinton gives some advice to Red Chinese General Zhang Wannian.

Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen and Red China’s Defense Minister Gen. Chi Haotian sign a secret treaty. Walter B. Slocombe (far left, first row), the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, and Joseph W. Prueher (standing to the right of Slocombe) are watching. (Photo: U.S. Department of Defense)

Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen and Red Chinese Gen. Zhang Wannian sign a secret treaty at the Pentagon.(Photo: U.S. Department of Defense)

Red China’s Defense Minister General Chi Haotian and Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin greet Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen and his wife (wearing a RED dress) at Zhongnanhai in Beijing on July 13, 2000.(Photo: U.S. Department of Defense)

Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen shakes hands with Red China’s Defense Minister Gen. Chi Haotian (“The Butcher of Beijing”) at the Ministry of National Defense Headquarters in Beijing on July 12, 2000. (Photo: U.S. Department of Defense)

Defense Secretary William S. Cohen walks with Red Chinese General Zhang Wannian at the Pentagon on September 15, 1998.(Photo: U.S. Department of Defense)

Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen watches Red Chinese Gen. Zhang Wannian deliver a speech. (Photo: U.S. Department of Defense)

U.S. Trade Representative Charlene Barshefsky (left) and Wu Yi (right) discuss “free trade” in Beijing on April 12, 1998.

Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin (left) meets with Hong Kong Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa prior to their meeting in Washington D.C. on September 9, 1997. (Chris Kleponis/AFP/Getty Images)

Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin entertains Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve Alice Rivlin (wearing a red dress) and Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin (right) at a temple in Beijing on September 26, 1997. Both Alice Rivlin and Robert Rubin were members of the Council on Foreign Relations at the time this photo was taken on September 26, 1997. (Photo by Mike Fiala)

Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen toasts Red China’s Defense Minister General Chi Haotian (“The Butcher of Beijing”) in Beijing. Walter B. Slocombe, the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, is standing next to Gen. Chi Haotian.

President Bill Clinton meets with Red China’s Defense Minister General Chi Haotian, “The Butcher of Beijing.”

 Left: Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen greets Red China’s despot Jiang Zemin.Right: Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan watches President Bill Clinton talk to Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin.(Photo: http://www.slate.com/id/1489/)

GEORGE W. BUSH ADMINISTRATION

Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld shakes hands with Chinese Communist military officers at the Bayi Building in Beijing on October 19, 2005. (Department of Defense photo by Master Sgt. James M. Bowman, U.S. Air Force)

Left photo: Secretary of State Colin Powell shakes hands with Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao.

Right photo: Deputy Secretary of State Robert B. Zoellick shakes hands with Red Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Dai Bingguo in Beijing on August 1, 2005.

Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld (left) welcomes Red China’s Vice Premier Qian Qichen (center) as they arrive at the Pentagon on March 22, 2001. Donald Rumsfeld is a former member of the Council on Foreign Relations.(Photo by R. D. Ward, U.S. Department of Defense)

Left: Vice President Dick Cheney shakes hands with Wen Jiabao, the Red Chinese Premier, on April 14, 2004.Right: Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld (left) shakes hands with Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao.

Henry Paulson (left), the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, shakes hands with President of Communist China Hu Jintao after the closing of the Strategic Economic Dialogue in Beijing's Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on December 15, 2006. (Photo by Greg Baker/Pool/Getty Images)

Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice talks to Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao in Beijing on October 20, 2006.(Doug Kanter, State Department)

Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson (left) meets with Red Chinese Vice Premier Wu Yi during a meeting at Beijing airport in Beijing, Red China on March 7, 2007. (Photo by Greg Baker-Pool/Getty Images)

Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson (left) meets with Red Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao during their meeting at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on September 22, 2006. (Photo by Elizabeth Dalziel-Pool/Getty Images)

Vice President Dick Cheney (left) shakes hands with Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao in Beijing on April 14, 2004.(Ng Han Guan/AFP/Getty Images)

Vice President Dick Cheney (left) shakes hands with Red Chinese Vice President Zeng Qinghong at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on April 13, 2004. (Xinhua Photo)

Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice greets Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on March 20, 2005. (AP/Wide World Photo)

Left: Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld greets Red China’s General Cao Gangchuan in Beijing.Right: Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld walks with Red China’s General Cao Gangchuan at the Pentagon.

Condoleezza Rice greets Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin.

Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice shakes hands with Red Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao in Beijing on October 20, 2006.(Doug Kanter, State Department)

Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao (polka dot shirt) shakes hands with Red China’s Vice Premier Wu Yi (red shirt) as Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez (second from left), U.S. Trade Representative Susan Schwab (far left) and Secretary of Health and Human Services Michael Leavitt (second from right) look on at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on December 14, 2006. Elaine Chao and Susan Schwab are members of the Council on Foreign Relations.(Photo by Frederic J. Brown-Pool/Getty Images)

U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson(R) and Red China’s Vice Premier Wang Qishan shake hands after signing the U.S.-China 10-year cooperation agreement on energy and environmental protection during the press conference at the U.S. Treasury Department in Washington, D.C. on June 18, 2008.  (Xinhua Photo)

U.S. Labor Secretary Elaine Chao (L) shakes hands with Red Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao at the Zhongnanhai leaders compound in Beijing on August 23, 2008. Chao will lead the U.S. delegation to the closing ceremonies of the Beijing Olympic Games on Sunday, after U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice pulled out because of the Russia-Georgia conflict, the White House said on Tuesday. (Reuters)

Red China’s President Hu Jintao (R) shakes hands with U.S. Ambassador to Red China Clark Randt (L), as U.S. President George W. Bush (2nd R) and U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson watch, in Beijing on August 10, 2008. (Reuters)

BARACK OBAMA ADMINISTRATION

U.S. President Barack Obama (3rd L) greets China's State Counciler Dai Bingguo alongside Deputy Premier of China's State Council Wang Qishan (2nd L) as China's President Hu Jintao (3rd R) greets U.S. Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner (R) and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at Winfield House, the U.S. Ambassador's residence in London, April 1, 2009.

U.S. Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner, left, meets with China's Vice Premier Wang Qishan for a bilateral meeting following the G-20 Leaders Summit in London, Thursday, April 2, 2009.

Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner (left) and Red China’s Vice Premier Wang Qishan toast each other during a dinner after the first meeting of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue in Washington, D.C. on July 28, 2009. Timothy Geithner is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and a regular Bilderberg Meetings participant. (Reuters)

Red China’s Vice Premier Wang Quishan puts his arm around Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithnr after delivering closing statements with Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and Red China’s State Councilor Dai Bingguo, both partially visible in background, at the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue in Washington, D.C. on July 28, 2009. (AP Photo)

U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner (left) meets with Communist China’s Prime Minister Wen Jiabao on January 11, 2012.(Andy Wong/Associated Press)

U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner (L) appears with Communist China’s Vice Premier Wang Qishan and the Communist Chinese delegation at the Economic Track Opening Session of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue at the Treasury Department in Washington, D.C. on July 28, 2009. (Reuters)

Left to right: U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, Communist China’s Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, and Communist China’s Vice Premier Wang Qishan appear at the Purple Pavillion in Beijing, Communist China on May 4, 2012. (Photo: Shannon Stapleton/The Associated Press/Reuters)

Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner (center) hosts a meeting of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue with Communist China's Vice Premier Wang Qishan, (center right) at the Treasury Department in Washington, D.C. on July 28, 2009. (AP Photo)

U.S. Deputy Secretary of State James Steinberg (L) speaks with Red China’s Vice President Xi Jinping (R) during their meeting at Zhongnanhai in Beijing on September 29, 2009. (Getty Images)

U.S. Deputy Secretary of State James Steinberg (L) poses with General Ma Xiaotian, deputy chief of general staff of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), during a meeting at the PLA building in Beijing, Red China on September 29, 2009. (Reuters)

U.S. Deputy Secretary of State James Steinberg (L) shakes hands with Red China’s State Councilor Dai Binguo (R) during their meeting at Zhongnanhai in Beijing, Red China on September 29, 2009. James Steinberg is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a regular Bilderberg Meetings participant, and a former member of the Trilateral Commission. (Getty Images)

U.S. National Economic Council Chairman Larry Summers (L) and Deputy National Security Adviser Thomas Donilon (R) meet with Chinese President Hu Jintao at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China on September 8, 2010. U.S. National Economic Council Director Larry Summers and Deputy National Security Adviser Thomas Donilon visited mainland Communist China from September 5-8, 2010. (Feng Li/Getty Images AsiaPac)

U.S. National Economic Council Chairman Larry Summers (right) and Deputy National Security Adviser Thomas Donilon (left) meet with Communist China’s Premier Wen Jiabao (center) in Beijing, China on September 7, 2010. U.S. National Economic Council Chairman Larry Summers and Deputy National Security Adviser Thomas Donilon visited mainland Communist China from September 5-8, 2010. Donilon and Summers are members of the Council on Foreign Relations.(Feng Li/Getty Images AsiaPac)

Deputy National Security Adviser Thomas Donilon (left) greets Communist China’s President Hu Jintao in Beijing.

U.S. Deputy National Security Adviser Thomas Donilon (left) meets with Communist China’s President Hu Jintao (right) at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on September 8, 2010. U.S. National Economic Council Director Larry Summers and Deputy National Security Adviser Thomas Donilon are visiting China from September 5-8.(Feng Li/Getty Images AsiaPac)

U.S. Senator John McCain (left, Republican Party-Arizona) greets Communist China’s Minister of Defense Gen. Liang Guanglie upon his arrival at the Bayi building in Beijing, Communist China on April 8, 2009. (Photo: Pool/Getty Images)

U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates (left) shakes hands with Communist China's Minister of Defense Gen. Liang Guanglie in Hanoi, Vietnam on October 11, 2010. Gates was in Hanoi to attend a meeting of defense ministers from around the Asia-Pacific region. (Pool/Getty Images)

U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates (left) and Communist China's Minister of Defense General Liang Guanglie (R) review members of the People’s Liberation Army at an honors arrival ceremony at Bayi Building in Beijing, Communist China on January 10, 2011. (Photo: Pool/Getty Images)

U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates (L) and China's Minister of National Defense General Liang Guanglie (R) listen to the national anthems at an honors arrival ceremony at Bayi Building in Beijing, Communist China on January 10, 2011. Gates is due to hold talks with China's political and military leaders during the visit which comes ahead of second summit between President Obama and China's President Hu Jintao, which is scheduled to start on January 18. (Photo: Pool/Getty Images)

HAROLD PRATT HOUSE

This photo was published in the 2007 Council on Foreign Relations Annual Report.

Red Chinese despot Deng Xiaoping and his commissars killed over 5000 Chinese people on Tiananmen Square in Beijing on June 4, 1989. (Photo: Council on Foreign Relations Annual Report)

Louis V. Gerstner Jr. (center), the Chairman and CEO of International Business Machines [IBM], and Maurice Greenberg (right), the Chairman and CEO of American International Group [AIG], invite Communist China’s leader Jiang Zemin to speak to Council on Foreign Relations members at the Harold Pratt House on September 8, 2000. (Photo: Council on Foreign Relations 2001 Annual Report)

Council on Foreign Relations Chairman Peter G. Peterson (left), the former Chairman and CEO of Lehman Brothers banking firm, talks to Red China’s Foreign Minister Qian Qichen (right) at a meeting on April 29, 1997. (Photo: 1997 Council on Foreign Relations Annual Report)

Theodore H. White dines with Han Xu, the Red Chinese Ambassador to the U.S., at the Harold Pratt House in 1986.(Photo: Council on Foreign Relations Annual Report)

Former secretaries of State Cyrus Vance (left) and Al Haig (center) listen as Li Daoyu, the Red Chinese Ambassador to the U.S., speak at a Council on Foreign Relations meeting on February 20, 1997.(Photo: Council on Foreign Relations Annual Report)

Former Secretary of State Cyrus Vance (right) listens to Red Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs Qian Qichen at the Harold Pratt House on October 4, 1990, a year after the Tiananmen Square Massacre. (Photo: Council on Foreign Relations Annual Report)

Left photo: Winston Lord (left) stands beside Red Chinese Commissar Zhang Wenjin at the Harold Pratt House.(Photo: Council on Foreign Relations Annual Report)

Right: Richard Holbrooke shakes hands with Red China’s Minister of Foreign Affairs Qian Qichen (left) in front of the Harold Pratt House on May 31, 1988. (Photo: Council on Foreign Relations Annual Report)

This photo appears in the 2006 Council on Foreign Relations Annual Report.

James M. Lindsay (left) greets Red China’s leader Hu Jintao. (Photo: Council on Foreign Relations 2006 Annual Report)

Council on Foreign Relations board member Maurice R. Greenberg (left) appears with Communist China’s Minister of Foreign Affairs Yang Jiechi. (Photo: Council on Foreign Relations 2008 Annual Report)

Retired U.S. Air Force Gen. Richard Myers (left), former Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, shakes hands with Red China’s Defense Minister Liang Guanglie during their meet in Beijing on December 8, 2008. (Xinhua Photo)

SPECIAL INTERESTS

Henry Kissinger visits Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao in Beijing on May 17, 2005.

World Bank President James D. Wolfensohn (left) visits Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao (right) at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on May 30, 2004.

U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Richard Holbrooke shakes hands with Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin in Beijing, Red China on March 22, 2000, following the presidential election that was held in the Republic of China on the island of Taiwan.(Greg Baker/AFP/Getty Images)

Red China’s Vice Premier Wu Yi chats with President and CEO of the Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS (GBC) & former U.S. Ambassador to the UN Richard Holbrooke at the Joint Summit on Business and AIDS in Beijing on March 18, 2005.(Photo by Guang Niu/Getty Images)

Chase Manhattan Bank Chairman David Rockefeller (left) smiles as he visits Red China’s despot Chou Enlai on the steps of the Great Hall of the People in Peking in 1973. This photo was published in David Rockefeller’s autobiography Memoirs.

Fox News boss Rupert Murdoch meets Zhao Quizheng, head of the Information Office of the State Council (left) and Sun Jiazheng, the Red Chinese Minister of Culture, in September 2000.

Left photo: Red China’s Premier Wen Jiabao appears with Council on Foreign Relations Co-Chairman Carla Hills at a National Committee on United States-China Relations meeting on September 23, 2008.(Photo: http://www.ncuscr.org/programs/luncheon-chinese-premier-wen-jiabao)

Carla Hills stands beside Red China’s Vice Premier Wang Qishan at a conference on June 18, 2008.(Photo: http://www.ncuscr.org/?q=programs/dinner-honor-vice-premier-wang-qishan)

Armand Hammer, the Chairman of Occidental Petroleum, greets Deng Xiaoping in Beijing in June 1985.

Left photo: Communist Chinese Commissar Hu Jintao shakes hands with Charles Prince (left), CEO of Citigroup Inc., during a meeting in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on May 16, 2005.  (Xinhua photo)http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-05/17/content_2964078.htm

Right photo: Communist Chinese Commissar Hu Jintao shakes hands with Richard Parsons (left), Chairman and CEO of Time Warner Inc., during a meeting in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on May 16, 2005.  (Xinhua photo)http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-05/17/content_2964078.htm

Henry Kissinger shares a drink with Red China’s despot Jiang Zemin.

Glenn T. Seaborg shakes hands with Chou En-Lai in Peking, Red China in 1973.(http://dsd.lbl.gov/Seaborg.talks/presidents/complete.html)

Owen Lattimore (second from right) talks to Chou Enlai in Peking in October 1972. This photo was published in the book Owen Lattimore and The “Loss” of China by Robert P. Newman.

Council on Foreign Relations member Charles W. Yost shakes hands with Red China’s envoy Chou Enlai.

Charles W. Yost (left) and Commissar Deng Xiaoping applaud at a reception in Washington D.C. in February 1979.

Left photo: Henry Kissinger greets Red China’s Premier Zhu Rongji on April 15, 2002.Right photo: Henry Kissinger introduces Cyrus Vance to Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin in Beijing.

Vice President Dick Cheney (left) and Richard Holbrooke (right) listen to Jiang Zemin.

Senator Jacob Javits and Senator Frank Church visit Deng Xiaoping.

This photo appears in the book The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World by Alan Greenspan.

Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin (far left) appears with (from left to right) San Francisco Mayor Willie Brown, Charlotte Shultz, Jiang Zemin's wife Wang Yeping, and former Secretary of State George Shultz at San Francisco International Airport on October 28, 2002. George P. Shultz is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.(Photo by Thomas J. Gibbons/Getty Images)

Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin, Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, and Red Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji pose for press photographers at the Blair House in Washington, D.C. on April 9, 1999. (Photo: Epix/Gamma-Liaison)

Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan shakes hands with Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao during a meeting with leaders of the 7th G-20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors inside the Great Hall of the People in Beijing October 5, 2005. (Photo by Jason Lee-Pool/Getty Images)

Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao (left) greets former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (right) as Thomas Donohue (center) of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce looks on prior to a dinner hosted by the United States-China business community in Washington D.C. on April 20, 2006. Henry Kissinger and Thomas Donohue are members of the Council on Foreign Relations.(Jonathan Ernst/AFP/Getty Images)

Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (right) laughs as Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin (left) reacts to interpreter Xu Hui's (center) translation of Kissinger's comments during a meeting held at the Asian Society in Washington, D.C. on October 30, 1997. (Tim Sloan/AFP/Getty Images)

Red China's Ambassador to the United States Li Daoyu (second from right) is joined by former secretaries of State (from left to right) Cyrus Vance, Henry Kissinger, and Alexander Haig at a meeting of the America-China Society and the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City on February 20, 1997. The meeting was held to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Shanghai Communiqué which marked the opening of U.S.-Red China relations. (Jon Levy/AFP/Getty Images)

Red China’s Commissar Jiang Zemin (left) laughs with former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger during a luncheon at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City on October 23, 1995. The luncheon, hosted by Henry Kissinger, was sponsored in part by the Asia Society. (Bob Strong/AFP/Getty Images)

Red China’s Vice premier Teng Hsiao-Ping (R) shakes hands with U.S. Sen. John Glenn (D-Ohio) at Great Hall of the People in Peking on January 9, 1979, as Sen. Sam Nunn (L, D-Georgia), member of Sen. armed services committee, Gary Hart (D-Colo.) and Sen. William Cohen (R-Maine) look on. Nunn, Hart, and Cohen are members of the Council on Foreign Relations. (Rikio Imajo/Bettmann/CORBIS)

Red China’s despot Jiang Zemin shakes hands with an unidentified Senator at a hotel in Washington D.C. on October 29, 1997. The woman on the left is Senator Kay Bailey Hutchinson; the woman in the middle is Senator Dianne Feinstein. Feinstein is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and a member of the Trilateral Commission.

New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg (left) meets with Communist China’s Premier Wen Jiabao (right) in New York City on September 23, 2008. Wen was in New York City to attend the United Nations General Assembly. (AFP/Getty Images)

Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (L) shakes hands with Red China’s Premier Wen Jiabao at Zhongnanhai in Beijing on January 13, 2009 as part of a visit for talks marking the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two nations. (AFP/Getty Images)

Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter (L) meets with Red China’s Premier Wen Jiabao at Zhongnanhai in Beijing on January 13, 2009 as part of a visit for talks marking the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two nations. (AFP/Getty Images)

Left photo: Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter (L) shakes hands with Red China’s Premier Wen Jiabao at Zhongnanhai in Beijing on January 13, 2009 as part of a visit for talks marking the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between America and Red China. (AFP/Getty Images)

Right photo: Fu Ziying, the Vice Minister of Commerce of Communist China, meets with Anne-Marie Slaughter, Director of Policy Planning for the U.S. State Department. Anne-Marie Slaughter is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.(Photo: http://fuziying2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/tupian/200906/20090606300253.html)

Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (L), former First Lady Rosalynn Smith Carter (2nd L), former U.S. President James Carter (C) and Red China’s Premier Wen Jiabao (2nd R) meet at Zhongnanhai in Beijing on January 13, 2009. Carter and Kissinger are in China to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of America’s diplomatic relations with Communist China, which began on January 1, 1979. (Reuters)

Red China’s Commissar Hu Jintao (R) shakes hands with former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger as former U.S. President James Carter looks on during a meeting at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on January 12, 2009. Carter and Kissinger are in China to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of America’s diplomatic relations with Communist China, which began on January 1, 1979. (Reuters)

Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter (3rd R), former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski (2nd L), and former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (L) attend a photo exhibit on 30 years of Red China-U.S. diplomatic relations in Beijing on January 12, 2009. Carter and Kissinger are in Beijing to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of America’s diplomatic relations with Communist China, which commenced on January 1, 1979. (Reuters)

American and Communist Chinese business leaders, including (back row L-R) former White House Chief of Staff Mack McLarty, former U.S, National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft, U.S. Chamber of Commerce President Tom Donohue, Red China’s Vice Premier Wang Qishan and Red China’s Minister of Commerce Chen Deming, officiate at a business partnership signing ceremony at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce in Washington, D.C. on June 16, 2008. McLarty, Scowcroft, and Donohue are members of the Council on Foreign Relations. (Reuters)

American and Communist Chinese business leaders, including former U.S. National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft (2nd L), U.S. Chamber of Commerce President Tom Donohue (3rd L) and China's Vice Premier Wang Qishan (2nd R), share a toast after a business partnership signing ceremony at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce in Washington, D.C. on June 16, 2008. (Reuters)

Red China’s Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi (center) meets with Carla A. Hills (left), the Co-Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations, and Zbigniew Brzezinski (right) before speaking at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. on March 12, 2009. Carla A. Hills and Zbigniew Brzezinski are members of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission. (AP Photo)

U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nevada) greets Communist China's President Hu Jintao on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. on January 20, 2011. From left to right are, Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Sen. John Kerry, Hu Jintao, Harry Reid, The Senate Foreign Relations Committee ranking Republican Sen. Richard Lugar, and Sen. John McCain. John Kerry and John McCain are members of the Council on Foreign Relations. (AP Photo)

former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (L) and Communist China’s President Hu Jintao (R) and speak to each other with the help of a translator during a luncheon in celebration of Communist China's State Visit at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C. on January 19, 2011. Henry Kissinger is a member of the Trilateral Commission and a former member of the Council on Foreign Relations.(Getty Images)

Left photo: (Left to right) Hormats; Kissinger; Vikram Pandit, CEO of Citigroup; the Honorable Robert E. Rubin, co-chair of the Council on Foreign Relations and former secretary of the Treasury; and Muhtar Kent, chair of the US-China Business Council (USCBC) and Chairman and CEO of the Coca-Cola Co.

Right photo: (Left to right) The Honorable Henry A. Kissinger, chair of the America-China Forum and former Secretary of State; David Paterson, Governor of New York; the Honorable Robert Hormats, Under Secretary of State for Economic, Energy, and Agricultural Affairs; the Honorable Barbara Franklin, President and CEO of Barbara Franklin Enterprises; William Rhodes, senior advisor at Citigroup Inc.; Evan Greenberg, chair and CEO of the ACE Group; and others at the pre-dinner reception in circa 2009-2010. (Both photos: https://www.uschina.org/info/photo-gallery/gallery37/)

Left photo: Maurice Greenberg, chair of the Starr Foundation, greets Premier Wen Jiabao.Right photo: Coca-Cola Chairman and CEO Muhtar Kent (left) and Premier Wen Jiabao share a laugh.(Both photos: https://www.uschina.org/info/photo-gallery/gallery37/page-2.html)

Left photo: Carla Hills leads a question-and-answer session following Premier Wen Jiabao's remarks.

Right photo: (Left to right) Stephen A. Orlins, president of the National Committee on US-China Relations (NCUSCR); Kent; Premier Wen Jiabao; the Honorable Carla A. Hills, chair and CEO of Hills & Co. and chair of NCUSCR; and John Frisbie, president of USCBC.

(Both photos: https://www.uschina.org/info/photo-gallery/gallery37/page-3.html)

Left: Henry Kissinger speaks about the past three decades of the bilateral commercial relationship.Right: U.S. Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke speaks at the dinner. Gary Lock is not a member of the Council on Foreign Relations yet.(Both photos: https://www.uschina.org/info/photo-gallery/gallery37/page-3.html)

Henry Kissinger greets Premier Wen Jiabao.(Photo: https://www.uschina.org/info/photo-gallery/gallery37/)

On October 12, 2009, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao met in Ziguangge, Zhongnanhai with the U.S. delegates who came to Beijing for the inaugural China-U.S. Track Two High-Level Dialogue. The U.S. delegation headed by former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger also included former Secretary of State George P. Shultz, former Defense Secretary William Perry and former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin. (Photo: http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/gyzg/t620395.htm)

Chinese Vice Premier Li Keqiang (C, front) poses for a group photo with former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (4th L, front) and his delegation (including Carla Hills and George P. Shultz) attending the third meeting of the China-U.S. Track Two High-Level Dialogue, in Beijing, capital of Communist China, January 17, 2012.(Xinhua/Ma Zhancheng) http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/today-headlines/2012-01/19/content_4772008.htm

Chinese Vice Premier Li Keqiang (R) shakes hands with former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who is here to attend the third meeting of the China-U.S. Track Two High-Level Dialogue, in Beijing, capital of Communist China, January 17, 2012.(Xinhua/Ma Zhancheng) http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/today-headlines/2012-01/19/content_4772008.htm

Henry Kissinger is seen playing table tennis with Communist China’s Vice President Li Lanquing in Beijing on Sunday, March 18, 2001. (Photo: http://twelfthbough.blogspot.com/2012/01/track-two-treachery.html)

Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao (R) holds an umbrella for former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger against the rain to see him off after a meeting in Beijing, capital of Communist China, Oct. 12, 2009. Kissinger and his delegation came to Beijing for the inaugural China-U.S. Track Two High-Level Dialogue, which gathered dozens of retired eminent diplomats and officials from both countries. (Xinhua/Yao Dawei) http://twelfthbough.blogspot.com/2012/01/track-two-treachery.html

Communist China’s Vice President Xi Jinping (right) meets with former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who attended the third China-U.S. Track Two High-level Dialogue, before an event marking the 40th anniversary of former U.S. President Richard Nixon's visit to Communist China and the release of the Shanghai Communique, in Beijing, Communist China on January 16, 2012. (Xinhua/Li Xueren)

Communist China’s Vice President Xi Jinping (right, front) poses for a group photo with former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (center, front) and former U.S. Secretary of State George P. Shultz (far right, wearing a bow tie), who attended the third China-U.S. Track Two High-level Dialogue, before an event marking the 40th anniversary of former U.S. President Richard Nixon's visit to China and the release of the Shanghai Communique, in Beijing, Communist China on January 16, 2012. (Xinhua/Li Xueren)

Communist China’s President Xi Jinping meets with former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, a member of the Bilderberg Group and the Trilateral Commission, at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on April 24, 2013. (Photo: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t1035804.shtml)

President of Communist China Xi Jinping meets with former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson (left) at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on April 24, 2013. Henry Paulson is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a private political organization located in New York City.(Photo: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t1035804.shtml)

President of Communist China Xi Jinping meets with former U.S. President William J. “Bill” Clinton (left) at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Communist China on November 18, 2013. Bill Clinton is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a private political organization located in New York City.(Photo: http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zmgxss/t1100579.htm)