STATE LEVEL STUDENTS PAPER CONTEST AKSHARA06ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGMOBILE COMPUTING

Hemant J. Pandya Rakesh G.V.R

III Year B.Tech IT

Sreenidhi Institute Of Science & Tech

ABSTRACT

Mobile computing is a generic term describing the application of small, portable and wireless computing and communication devices. This includes devices like laptops with wireless LAN technology, mobile phones, wearable computers and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) with Bluetooth or IRDA interface, and USB flash drives. Bluetooth specification was first developed by Erriction, and was later formalized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices like Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers and digital cameras via a secure, low-cost, globally available short range Radio frequency. Bluetooth uses the SAFER+ algorithm for authentication and key generation. A Laptop computer is a small mobile personal computer termed as Notebook computer. Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of microwave radiation. The name means "below RED", red being the colour of visible light of longest wavelength. Infrared radiations spans three orders of magnitude and has wavelengths between approximately 750 nm and 1 mm. For example, consider the Earth's surface is an infrared emitter. The Earth's surface absorbs visible radiations from the sun and re-emits much of the energy as infrared back to the atmosphere.This White Paper deals with Mobile Computing concepts like wireless LAN technology, mobile phones, wearable computers and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) with Bluetooth or IRDA interface, and USB flash drives. This White Paper aims to explain the important mobile computing technologies in straight forward terms.

Key Terms: Mobile Computing, Bluetooth, Infrared (IR), Wireless LAN Technology, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), USB Flash.

Contents of the White Paper

Introduction.Why Bluetooth?Bluetooth Applications.

Bluetooth Profiles.

Future of Bluetooth.

Infrared (IR) and their Applications.USB flash drive.Conclusion.References.

Introduction

Mobile computing is a generic term describing the application of small, portable and wireless computing and communication devices. This includes devices like laptops with wireless LAN technology, mobile phones, wearable computers and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) with Bluetooth or IRDA interface, and USB flash drives. Electronic devices such as radio transmitters, wireless communications systems, and the like, were base stations, operated at fixed locations, typically with large antenna towers widespread use of automobiles gave rise to smaller devices operating at 6 volts. In the 1950s, the transition to 12 volt automotive electrical systems gave rise to large number of 12 volt devices, such as two-way radios, referred to as mobile rings.Bluetooth specification was first developed by Erriction, and was later formalized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal are networks (PANs).Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices like Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers and digital cameras via a secure, low-cost, globally available short range Radio frequency..Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of microwave radiation. The name means "below RED", red being the colour of visible light of longest wavelength. Infrared radiations spans three orders of magnitude and has wavelengths between approximately 750 nm and 1 mm.A USB Flash Drive is essentially NAND-type flash memory integrated with a USB 1.1 or 2.0 interface used as a small, lightweight, removable data storage device of up to 8 GB.USB flash drives are also known as "pen drives", "thumb drives", "flash drives", "USB keys", and a wide variety of other names. They are also sometimes erroneously called memory sticks, which is a Sony trademark describing their proprietary memory card system. To access the data stored in a flash drive, the flash drive must be connected to a computer, either by direct connection to the computer's USB port or via a USB hub. Some need most of the power a standard USB port can supply and therefore cannot be used with a bus powered hub.Why Bluetooth?Wireless Networking between desktops and laptops, or desktops in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required i.e., Transfer of Data without connecting it to any device. Bluetooth lets these devices talk to each other when they come in range, even if they are not in the same room, as long as they are within up to 100 meters (328 feet) of each other, dependent on the power class of the product. Bluetooth peripherals such as printers, mice and keyboards .A Bluetooth device playing the role of the "master" can communicate with up to 7 devices playing the role of the "slave". This network of "group of up to 8 devices" (1 master + 7 slaves) is called a piconet.

Bluetooth Applications

The Following are the applications of a Bluetooth mouse

Wireless Networking between desktops and laptops, or desktops in a confined space and where little bandwidth is requiredBluetooth peripherals such as printers, mice and keyboards Bluetooth cell phones have been sold in large numbers, and are able to connect to computers, Personal digital assistants (PDAs) and, specifically, to hands free devices. The standard also includes support for more powerful, longer-range devices suitable for constructing wireless LANs

Transfer of files (images, mp3s, etc) between mobile phones, Personal digital assistants (PDAs) and computers via OBEX Certain mp3 players and Digital Cameras to transfer files to and from computers Bluetooth headsets for mobile phones & Smart phones Some testing equipment is Bluetooth enabled Medical applications - Advanced Medical Electronics Corporation is working on several devicesCertain GPS receivers transfer NMEA data via Bluetooth Bluetooth car kits - Acura was the first motor vehicle manufacturer to install hands free Bluetooth technology in the 2004 Acura TL. Later on BMW added it as an option on its 3 Series, 5 Series, 7 Series and X5 vehicles. Since then, other manufacturers have followed suit, with many vehicles, including the 2004 Toyota Prius and the 2004 Lexus LS 430. The Bluetooth car kits allow users with Bluetooth-equipped cell phones to make use of some of the phone's features, such as making calls, while the phone itself can be left in a suitcase or in the boot/trunk, for instance. Companies like Parrot or Motorola manufacture Bluetooth hands-free car kits for well-known brand car manufacturers. Certain data logging equipment transmits data to a computer via BluetoothFor remote controls where infrared was traditionally used.

Bluetooth ProfilesIn order to use Bluetooth, a device must be able to interpret certain Bluetooth profiles. These define the possible applications. The following profiles are defined and adopted by the Bluetooth SIG:Basic Imaging Profile (BIP) This profile is designed for sending images between devices and includes the ability to resize, and convert images to make them suitable for the receiving device. It may be broken down into smaller pieces: Image Push Allows the sending of images from a device the user controls. Image Pull Allows the browsing and retrieval of images from a remote device.

Advanced Image PrintingPrint images with advanced options using the DPOF format developed by Canon, Kodak, Fuji, and Matsushita Automatic Archive Allows the automatic backup of all the new images from a target device. For example, a laptop could download all of the new pictures from a camera whenever it is within range.

Remote Camera Allows the initiator to remotely use a digital camera. For example, a user could place a camera on a tripod for a group photo, use their phone handset to check that everyone is in frame, and activate the shutter with the user in the photo Remote Display Allows the initiator to push images to be displayed on another device. For example, a user could give a presentation by sending the slides to a digital projector.Basic Printing Profile (BPP)This allows devices to send text, e-mails, vCards, or other items to printers based on print jobs. It differs from HCRP in that it needs no printer-specific drivers. This makes it more suitable for embedded devices such as mobile phones and digital cameras which cannot easily be updated with drivers dependent upon printer vendors. Dial-up Networking Profile (DUN) This profile provides a standard to access the Internet and other dial-up services over Bluetooth. The most common scenario is accessing the Internet from a laptop by dialling up on a mobile phone, wirelessly. It is based on SPP, and provides for relatively easy conversion of existing products, through the many features that it has in common with the existing wired serial protocols for the same task.Future of BluetoothOne of the ways Bluetooth technology may become useful is in Voice over IP (VOIP). When Voice over IP becomes more widespread, companies may find it unnecessary to employ telephones physically similar to today's analogue telephone hardware. Bluetooth may then end up being used for communication between a cordless phone and a computer listening for Voice over IP and with an infrared Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) card acting as a base for the cordless phone. The cordless phone would then just require a cradle for charging. Bluetooth would naturally be used to allow the cordless phone to remain operational for a reasonably long period.

In May 2005, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) announced its intent to work with UWB manufacturers to develop a next-generation Bluetooth technology using UWB technology and delivering UWB speeds. This will enable Bluetooth technology to be used to deliver high speed network data exchange rates required for wireless VOIP, music and video applications.Bluetooth may also be used for remote sales technology, allowing wireless access to vending machines and other commercial enterprises.Infrared (IR) Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of microwave radiation. The name means "below red" (from the Latin infra, "below"), red being the color of visible light of longest wavelength. Infrared radiation spans three orders of magnitude and has wavelengths between approximately 750 nm and 1 mm.

Applications of Infrared (IR)Night visionInfrared is used in night-vision equipment, when there is insufficient visible light to see an object. The radiation is detected and turned into an image on a screen, hotter objects showing up brighter, enabling the police and military to acquire thermally significant targets, such as human beings and automobiles.Smoke is more transparent to infrared than to visible light, so firefighters use infrared imaging equipment when working in smoke-filled areas.ThermographyInfrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to the massively reduced production costs.CommunicationsIR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation which is focused by a plastic lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current. It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms.SpectroscopyInfrared radiation spectroscopy is the study of the composition of (usually) organic compounds, finding out a compound's structure and composition based on the percentage transmittance of IR radiation through a sample. Different frequencies are absorbed by different stretches and bends in the molecular bonds occurring inside the sample. Carbon dioxide, for example, has a strong absorption band at 4.2m.Infrared photographyInfrared image of the Mississippi River crossed by a bridge and a dam, between red foliage on left and blue parking lots and buildings on right. In Infrared photography, a filter is used that blocks most of the visible light spectrum and only lets infrared (IR) light pass through to a camera.

USB flash driveA USB flash drive is essentially NAND-type flash memory integrated with a USB 1.1 or 2.0 interface used as a small, lightweight, removable data storage device of up to 8 GB. Depending on the drive type and OS version, and in some cases what patches are installed, the drives generally work with Windows 98/2000/XP (Windows 98 requires a driver to be installed; often, inconveniently, a specific driver for each type of flash drive), Macintosh, Linux, and other Unix-like platforms that support USB.

USB flash drives are also known as "pen drives", "thumb drives", "flash drives", "USB keys", and a wide variety of other names. They are also sometimes erroneously called memory sticks, which is a Sony trademark describing their proprietary memory card system.A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board encased in a robust plastic [1] or metal casing [2], making the drive sturdy enough to be carried about in a pocket, as a key fob, or on a lanyard. Only the USB connector protrudes from this protection, and is usually covered by a removable cap. Most flash drives feature the standard type-A USB connection allowing them to be connected directly to the port. Some small drives have been made with a thin plug designed to mate with a standard USB port [3] but these are very rare.Flash drives are active only when powered by a USB computer connection, and require no other external power source or battery power source; key drives are run off the limited supply afforded by the USB connection (5 volts and up to 500 mA). To access the data stored in a flash drive, the flash drive must be connected to a computer, either by direct connection to the computer's USB port or via a USB hub. Some need most of the power a standard USB port can supply and therefore cannot be used with a bus powered hub.ConclusionI hope that i have bought out quite a few issues on laptops with wireless LAN technology, mobile phones, wearable computers and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) with Bluetooth or IRDA interface, and USB flash drives which are in essential technologies of mobile computing through this white Paper. Mobile Computing is still in its nascent stage and thereby it is difficult to empirically answer all the Questions that might arise. Mobile Computing is being taken up seriously by researchers and developers all over the World. It is a matter of great honor to us as many High profile Companies dedicated full time department towards the R&D in Mobile Computing. Only time will tell us to what great apogees this lucrative part of Mobile Computing reaches.ReferencesMobile Computing by JAMES VERNON-Published in CSI February 2003Bluetooth SIG (November 8, 2004). Bluetooth Special Interest Group Launches B. Kosko, "Wireless LANs," Prentice Hall, 1999.http://www.pcai.com/pdf/mobilecomputing. PDF