reducing vulnerabilities and building drought resilience and...village grain bank • 20000 village...
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Global Drought Scenario
1975-2010
Asia Eastern 88 South-Central 125 South East 57 Western 35 Total 305
Africa Eastern 155 Middle 42 Northern 36 Southern 52 Western 103 Total 388
Europe Eastern 78 Northern 13 Southern 80 Western 30 Total 201
Americas Caribbean 22 Central 50 Northern 90 Southern 99 Total 261 Oceania
Australia- NZ 39 Melanesia 8 Micronesia 2 Polynesia 1 Total 50
248
51
1602
1533
1559
Drought resilience framework
Meteorological Drought
Hydrological Drought
Agricultural Drought
Sociological Drought
Disaster
Irrigation, water conservation & management
Drought resistant crop, soil conservation,
Relief, cash assistance, subsidized food etc
Major Droughts in
Colonial India Year Deaths Year Deaths 1770 10 ml 1877 10 ml 1801 2 ml 1891 ½ ml 1804 ½ ml 1899 10 ml 1806 2 ml 1901 2 ml 1812 1 ml 1904 1 ml 1819 2 ml 1905 ¼ ml 1825 1 ml 1907 ½ ml 1832 ½ ml 1911 1 ml 1833 3 ml 1913 ¼ ml 1837 1 ml 1915 ¼ ml 1853 2 ml 1918 2 ml 1860 ½ ml 1920 1 ml 1862 3 ml 1925 ¼ ml 1866 ¼ ml 1939 ¼ ml 1868 ¼ ml 1941 ½ ml
1873 ½ ml 1943 4 ml
Major Droughts in
Independent India Year Deaths Year Deaths 1951 1116 1974 - 1952 - 1979 - 1965 - 1982 - 1966 2353 1985 - 1968 129 1986 - 1969 - 1987 - 1971 - 2002 - 1972 - 2009 -
While India continued to have famines under British rule right up to independence … they disappeared suddenly with the establishment of a multiparty democracy and a free press. … a free press and an active political opposition constitute the best early-warning system a country threaten by famines can have.
Amartya Sen Hunger and Public Action
Green Revolution
Production of Food Grains in Million Tons
Food grain Area Rank
Rice 42.86 1st
Wheat 28.46 1st
Coarse grains 27.43 2nd
Oilseeds 34.45 2nd
Agri. Area (Million hectares))
Type Utilization
Major & Medium 28.02
Minor irrigation 10.12
Groundwater 42.50
* 34% of net area sown is irrigated
Irrig. Area (Million hectares)*)
Horticulture
Area under horticulture
20.95 ml. hectare
Horticulture products
220.87 ml. tons
White revolution
Milk production* 108.5 ml. tons
Cattle population 185 million
Buffaloes 98 million
* India is the largest producer of milk
Public Distribution
System
Food Corporation of India (FCI) • Procures around 50 million tons of
food grains annually at MSP • Maintains buffer stock for exigencies • Supplies rest to State Governments
for distribution to consumers Targeted PDS (TPDS)
• 20 million tons of food grains are distributed at subsidized rate to people Below Poverty Line (BPL)
• 13 million tons to people Above Poverty Line (BPL)
• 500,000 fair price shops maintained under TPDS
Supplementary Nutrition
• 2.8 million tons of food grains supplied to schools for serving cooked mid day meals to students
• 9 million tons of food grains supplied to Mother & Child Care Centers
Food Subsidy • Central Government
spends US$ 9 billion annually on food subsidy for maintaining the TDPS and Supplementary Nutrition programme.
Village Grain Bank • 20000 Village Grain
Banks set up in remote and isolated areas to provide safeguard against starvation during natural calamity or lean season
National Food Security Bill NFSB envisaged as a path-breaking legislation, to protect all children, women and men in India from hunger and food deprivation.
Legal and Institutional Framework
Legal Framework Disaster Management Ac 2005 provides the overarching legal framework of management of all natural disasters India
Institutional Framework • National Disaster
Management Authority • State Disaster
Management Authority • District Disaster
Management Authority • National and State
Executive Committees • National Disaster
Response Force • National Institute of
Disaster Management
Nodal Responsibility • Ministry of Agriculture
Government of India has the nodal responsibility of management of droughts in the country
Guidelines, Manuals, Plans • Manual for Drought Management • Guidelines on Drought Management • Crisis Management Plan on Drought • State Drought Management Plans
Early Warning Agencies • India Meteorological
Department • Central Water
Commission • National Centre for
Medium Range Weather Forecasting
• National Remote Sensing Centre
• National Rainfed Area Authority
Research Institutions • Indian Council of
Agricultural Research •Central Research
Institute for Dryland Agriculture •Central Arid Zone
Research Institute
Drought Monitoring
System
Crop Weather Watch Group in Ministry of
Agriculture
Standarized Precipitation
Index (SPI)
Aridity Anomaly Index (AAI)
NCMRWF Weekly Crop Advisories
IMD 48 hours Farmers Weather Bulletin
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Drought Mitigation Schemes
•Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) •Desert Development
Programme (DDP) • National Agricultural
Insurance Scheme • Weather Based Crop
Insurance Scheme
• National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas
• National Food Security Mission
• National Horticulture Mission
• Rashtrya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
• Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWWP)
•Artificial Recharge of Ground Water •Rainwater Harvesting
• Integrated River Basin Planning • Inter-Basin
Transfer of Water
Drought Relief
Mechanism
Institutional Response • Central and Government • District administration • Panchayat Raj • NGOs
Contingency Crop Planning
Water Resource Management
Food security Relief employment
Cattle Camps and Fodder Supply
Health and Hygiene
Gratuitous assistance Tax waivers & Concessions
Financing Relief • Disaster Response Funds - -
- NDRF, SDRF • Development Programs
Levels of resilience and indicators
National Resilience
State Resilience
Community Resilience
Family Resilience
At national and state level India has achieved drought resilience • Droughts lo longer lead to famine or famine like conditions
• Droughts no longer kill people; although large number of people are affected the impacts are contained at manageable level
• Droughts do longer affect economy in any significant way
At community & family levels droughts do create significant distress • Drought aggravates poverty and affects nutritional standards of poor people • Drought affects women, girls and children disproportionately • Droughts leads to distress selling of land, and moveable assets of households • Drought leads to distress migration of people
Threats to drought resilience
• Slow down of agricultural growth
• Rising water scarcities
• Population growth
• Climate change