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1. Al-Maatouq M A, El-Desouki M I,. Othman S I, Mattar E H, , Babay Z A, and, AddarM,. Prevalence of osteoporosis among females with diabetes mellitus, Saudi Med J 2004; Vol. 25 (10): 1423-1427 (SA). 2. Raef H, Al-Bugami M, Balharith S, Moawad M, El- Shaker M, Hussain A, Al-Shaikh A,a and Al-Badawi I. Updated Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis: A Local Perspective, Ann Saudi Med. 2011 Mar-Apr; 31(2): 111– 128.doi: 10.4103/0256-4947.77502 ( ann_saudi) 3. Gennari C, Martini G, Nuti R. Secondary osteoporosis. Aging (Milano). 1998 Jun;10(3):214-24.(secondary) 4. Wongdee K, Charoenphandhu N. Osteoporosis in diabetes mellitus: Possible cellular and molecular mechanisms World J Diabetes 2011 March 15; 2(3): 41- 48cellular_mechanisim). 5. Alqurashi K A, Aljabri K S, and Bokhari S A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community, Ann Saudi Med. 2011 Jan-Feb; 31(1): 19–23. oi: 10.4103/0256-4947.75773 (DM) 6. Botushanov NP and Orbetzova MM. Bone mineral density and fracture risk in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2009 Oct- Dec;51(4):12-7. (Bone mineral density and fracture risk). 7. Schwartz AV.Diabetes Mellitus: Does it Affect Bone? Calcif Tissue Int. 2003 Dec;73(6):515-9. Epub 2003 Oct 2. (does it). 8. Oz S G, Guven G S, Kilicarslan A, Calik N, Beyazit Y, and Sozen T, Evaluation of Bone Metabolism and Bone Mass in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitu. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, VOL. 98, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2006 (bone_metabolism_mass) 9. Muñoz-Torres M, Jódar E, Escobar-Jiménez F, López- Ibarra PJ, Luna JD. Bone mineral density measured by

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Page 1: refe

1. Al-Maatouq M A, El-Desouki M I,. Othman S I, Mattar E H, , Babay Z A, and, AddarM,. Prevalence of osteoporosis among females with diabetes mellitus, Saudi Med J 2004; Vol. 25 (10): 1423-1427 (SA).

2. Raef H, Al-Bugami M, Balharith S, Moawad M, El-Shaker M, Hussain A, Al-Shaikh A,a and Al-Badawi I. Updated Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis: A Local Perspective, Ann Saudi Med. 2011 Mar-Apr; 31(2): 111–128.doi: 10.4103/0256-4947.77502 ( ann_saudi)

3. Gennari C, Martini G, Nuti R. Secondary osteoporosis. Aging (Milano). 1998 Jun;10(3):214-24.(secondary)

4. Wongdee K, Charoenphandhu N. Osteoporosis in diabetes mellitus: Possible cellular and molecular mechanisms World J Diabetes 2011 March 15; 2(3): 41- 48cellular_mechanisim).

5. Alqurashi K A, Aljabri K S, and Bokhari S A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community, Ann Saudi Med. 2011 Jan-Feb; 31(1): 19–23. oi: 10.4103/0256-4947.75773 (DM)

6. Botushanov NP and Orbetzova MM. Bone mineral density and fracture risk in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2009 Oct-Dec;51(4):12-7. (Bone mineral density and fracture risk).

7. Schwartz AV.Diabetes Mellitus: Does it Affect Bone? Calcif Tissue Int. 2003 Dec;73(6):515-9. Epub 2003 Oct 2. (does it).

8. Oz S G, Guven G S, Kilicarslan A, Calik N, Beyazit Y, and Sozen T, Evaluation of Bone Metabolism and Bone Mass in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitu. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, VOL. 98, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2006 (bone_metabolism_mass)

9. Muñoz-Torres M, Jódar E, Escobar-Jiménez F, López-Ibarra PJ, Luna JD. Bone mineral density measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry in Spanish patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Calcif Tissue Int. 1996 May;58(5):316-9. ( Bone mineral density

10. Rakic V, Davis WA, Chubb SA, Islam FM, Prince RL, Davis TM. Bone mineral density and its determinants in diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. iabetologia. 2006 May;49(5):863-71. Epub 2006 Mar 4. (Bone mineral density and its determinants in diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study)

11. Hadzibegovic I, Miskic B, Cosic V, Prvulovic D, Bistrovic D. Increased bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Saudi Med. 2008 Mar-Apr;28(2):102-4. (Increased bone mineral)

12. Anaforoglu I, Nar-Demirer A, Bascil-Tutuncu N, Ertorer ME. Prevalence of osteoporosis and factors affecting bone mineral density among postmenopausal

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Turkish women with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2009 Jan-Feb;23(1):12-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2007.06.004. Epub 2008 Apr 16.(turkey)

13. Ziegler R,Diabetes mellitus and bone metabolism. Horm Metab Res Suppl. 1992;26:90-4. Diabetes mellitus and bone metabolism)

14.Tuominen JT, Impivaara O, Puukka P, Rönnemaa T. Bone mineral density in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jul;22(7):1196-200. ( Bone mineral density in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes).

15. Hadzibegovic I, Miskic B, Cosic V, Prvulovic D, and Bistrovic D Increased bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Saudi Med 28(2) March-April 2008 (sauidi).

16. Hamann C1, Kirschner S, Günther KP, Hofbauer LC. Bone, sweet bone--osteoporotic fractures in diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Jan 17;8(5):297-305. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.233. (Bone, sweet bone)

17. Ali M S, Al-Habdan I M, Al-Turki H A, Azama M Q.” An epidemiological analysis of the incidence of osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures among the Saudi Arabian population. Ann Saudi Med 2012 November-December (epidemiological analysis)

18. Al-Elq A H, and M S Ali.”Diabetes Mellitus and male osteoporosis: is there a relationship?” 2006, Saudi Med J; vol 27(11): 1729-1733 (DM_men)

19. Khalid A. Alqurashi, Khalid S. Aljabri, and Samia A. Bokhari. “Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community” Ann Saudi Med. 2011 Jan-Feb; 31(1): 19–23. doi: 10.4103/0256-4947.75773 (diabetes)