reference to definite kinds - dimitra lazaridou-chatzigoga · el dodó {blanco, de la isla...
TRANSCRIPT
Referencetodefinitekinds
Thegenericnotebook:currentapproachesto
genericity.June2,2017
1Grants.MINECOFFI2014-52015-P,2014SGR1013,IcreaAcademia
Goal
• Definitekinds• Spanish,Russian,BrazilianPortuguese(1)EldodóvivióenlaislaMauricio.‘ThedodolivedintheislandofMauriWus.’Borik&Espinal(2015),TheLinguis:cReview.Borik&Espinal(2017a,b),submiZed.Cyrino&Espinal(2015),NLLT.
2
Claims
• Definitekinds(DKs)denotethekinditself,andaretheexpressionofD-genericityinRomance(Spa,Cat,BrP).ExtensiontoRussian
• Atthesyntax-semanWcsinterfaceDKsarenumberlessDPs,composedbyapplyingaiotaoperator(themeaningencodedbythedefinitearWcle)tothemeaningofnouns(properWesofkinds,oftype<ek,t>),conceivedasintensionalenWWes
• Avoid:‘singulardefinitegenerics/kindterms’ 3
English[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]
(2) a. Theowliscommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.b. Owlsarecommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.
Carlson(1977,2011)• Bothsubjectsrefertokinds• Definitegenerics(2a)havearestricteddistribuWonwrtbarepluralkinds(2b)(Krihaetal.1995,Dayal2004)
• FocusonBPls.Defaultwaytorefertokinds4
English[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]
(2) a. Theowliscommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.b. Owlsarecommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.
TwodifferentsemanWctypesofkindreferringexpressions:• Thedefinitesubjectin(2a)isderivedbymeansoftheιoperator
• TheBPlsubjectin(2b)isaresultoftheapplicaWonofthespecialnom/∩operator
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Ourclaims
• BPlsarenotthedefault,mostcommon,orstandardwaytorefertokindscrosslinguisWcally
• DKsarethedefaultwaytoexpressD-genericityinRomance(Spanish,BrazilianPortuguese)
• DKsalsoexistinlanguageswithoutarWcles(Russian)• DKsnamethekindorspecies(Jespersen1927),whereaspluralsubjectsrefertoa(maximal)sumofrepresentaWvesofthekind
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Spanish
(3) a. El búho es común / estáportodas partes/ theowl is common/ is at all parts/ desaparece rápidamente/amenudo es inteligente. disappears rapidly/ oeen is intelligent ‘Theowliscommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.’
b. *(Los)búhossoncomunes/ están portodas partes/ theowls arecommon/ are at all parts/
desaparecenrápidamente/amenudo son inteligentes.disappear rapidly oeen are intelligent
‘Owlsarecommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.’
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Maincontrasts
English(2a)–(2b)
Spanish(3a)–(3b)
definiteness ✓ ✕
number ✓
✓
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FundamentalquesWon• Whatisexactlytheroleofdefinitenessandnumberinreferencetokinds(andtoothergenericexpressions)?
• Wearguethat:– CommonnounsdenoteproperWesofkinds– ThedefinitearWcleturnsthisdenotaWonintoaDK– Numbershouldbeanalysedasarealiza:onoperator(Carlson1977,Déprez2005),whichwhenappliedtoacommonnounyieldsproperWesofobjects
– DKsdonorefertoanyinstanWaWonofthekind,duetotheabsenceofnumber
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN
• OpWonA– commoncountnounsdenoteproperWes(Partee1987;Chierchia1984,1998;Kriha2004)
• OpWonB-commoncountnounsdenoteakindofthing(Carlson1977,Zamparelli1995)
• OpEonC– commoncountnounsdenoteproperWesofkinds(Espinal&McNally2007,2011;Espinal2010;Dobrovie-Sorin&PiresdeOliveira2008)
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN
• ThreeargumentsinsupportofOpWonC:
1. RestricWonsonmodificaWon.AmodifiedBNinobjectposiWonofHAVE-predicatesdenotesanintersecWonofproperWesofkinds.Espinal(2010)
(4)a. Té parella estable/formal.
haspartner stable formal ‘(S)hehasalong–termpartner.’b. *Téparella alta/ malalta. haspartner tall illc. Té unaparella alta/malalta. hasa partner tall ill
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN
• ThreeargumentsinsupportofOpWonC:2. Property-typeanaphoraenvs.object-level
anaphoraelinCatalan.Espinal&McNally(2011)
(5)a.Porta rellotge.En/ #el porta cada dia.wears watch PROP it.ACC.SGwears every day‘(S)heiswearingawatch.(S)hewearsoneeveryday.’
b.Excepcionalmentahirala tarda vaportarrellotge.
excepWonally yesterdayin theaeernoonPASTwear watch#En/ el va portar fins a la nit.
PROP it.ACC.SGPASTwear unWl to thenight‘ExcepWonally,yesterdayaeernoon(s)heworeawatch.(S)heworeitunWlnighyall.’
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN
• ThreeargumentsinsupportofOpWonC:3. NumberneutralinterpretaWonofcountBNsin
argumentposiWon.Catalan.Espinal(2010)(6)a.L’ ametller té flor.
the almond–tree hasflower‘Thealmondtreehasbloomed.’(Itcouldhaveoneflower,ormorethanone)
b.Tinc compte corrent al DeutscheBank.have accountchecking at.the DB‘IamaclientoftheDB.’(Imayhaveoneaccount,ormorethanone)
13
TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN
• FormalrepresentaWonofthemeaningofacommonnoun:
(7) !N"=λxk[P(xk)]
whereP=propertycorrespondingtothedescripWvecontentofNxk∈K(domainofkinds)
• Wereconciletwopopularviews:– TheoneaccordingtowhichanounhasapropertydenotaWon(Partee,i.a.)
– TheoneaccordingtowhichthedenotaWoncomacommonnounrelatestokindsratherthantoobjects(Carlson,Zamparelli)
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofNàpropertyofk
• Thisapproachpresupposesthatnounsareconceivedasintensionalen::es:intensionalitydoesnothavetobebroughtinbyanyspecialoperator(nom/∩,^,ι,GEN)
• AssumethattherearetwodomainsinoursemanWcontology:thedomainofobjectsandthedomainofkinds.
• Commonnounsrangeoverkinds:aNdodolooksforenWWesthatshareadodo-property,butinthedomainofkinds
• Assumethatkindsareabstractsortalconcepts(Mueller–Reichau2011):mentalrepresentaWonsthatareusedtocategorizeobjects
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofNàpropertyofk
• Kindsareuniqueen::es,withnointernalstructure,whichnametypesandclassesofthings– Conceptualizingakindthiswaydoesnotleadtoakindbeing
intrinsicallylinkedtothenoWonofplurality.Kindsarearesultofgeneralizingovervariousinstances,buttheproductofthisgeneralizaWonabstractsawayfrominstanWaWon,andsemanWcallybehaveslikeanenWtywithoutanyinternalstructure
• Kindsareintegralen::es:donotformpartofastandardquanWficaWonaldomainforindividualsrepresentedbyala~cestructure(Link1983)– Thus,kindscanbeconjoined(thedodoandthepinkpigeon),but
cannotbepluralized(thedodos,thesedodos)orcombinedwithanyquanWfier(everydodo)
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofNàpropertyofk
• IfnounsstartoutasproperWes,theyhavetocombinewithafuncWonthatcanturnaproperty-typeexpressionintoanargument-typeexpression,inordertobeabletocomposewithapredicatethatselectsforit
(8)a. *(El)dodó fue exterminado.K-levelpredicates
thedodo wasexterminated b.*(El)agua se encuentra portodaspartes.
thewater CL finds by everypart
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• ThedefinitearWclerepresentsanecessaryfuncWontoturnproperWesofkindsintoakind
TheoreWcalproposalII:themeaningofthedefinitearWcle
• Partee(1987):thedefinitearWclecorrespondstoanoperaWonthatmapsanyproperty<e,t>ontoanindividualdenotaWon<e>
(9) ι:P→ιx[P(x)]
• Sharvy(1980)andLink(1983)extendedthesemanWcsofthe
definitearWclesothatitcoulduniformlyapplytosingularandpluralnouns
• Weassumethattheiotaoperatorexpressesmaximality:it
selectsthemaximal/uniqueen:tythatsaWsfiesthepropertydenotedbythenoun 18
TheoreWcalproposalII:themeaningofthedefinitearWcle
• ThedefinitearWclealwayshasthesamesemanWccontribuWon.Noambiguity
• InthecasethedefinitearWclecombineswithanounwhose
meaningistodenoteproperWesofkinds,theiotaoperatorselectsthemaximalspeciesitself
(10)a. [DPel[NPdodó]] -NointervenerbetweenDandN
b. !eldodó"=ιxk[dodó(xk)] -ιbindsvariablesofkinds(xk)
• Output:definitekind• Advantage:withoutextramachineryweaccountfortheDK
interpretaWonassociatedwiththedefinitearWcleasappliedtoanycommonnoun(acountnouneldodó,amassnounelagua,anabstractnounlasemán:ca)
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DKsinSpanish(11) a. El dodóseexWnguió en el siglo XVII. K-level
thedodoCLexWnguished in thecenturyXVII ‘ThedodowasexWnctintheXVIIcentury.’b. El dodó vivió en la islaMauricio. i-level thedodo lived in theisleMauriWus ‘ThedodolivedintheislandofMauriWus.’
• ThekindreadingoftheDPsubjectkeepstheintensionalityof
thenoundodó,sincethedefinitearWclesimplyselectsthemaximal/uniqueenWtythatreferstotheclassitself,butdoesnotmakethedenotaWonrestrictedtoagivenworld
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DKsinSpanishArgumentsforthestatusofDKsasthedefaultwaytorefertokindsinSpanish:1. ThedefinitearWcleisobligatorynotonlywithcount
nounsdenoWngspecies(12)a. *(El) iPod fueinventado por SteveJobs.
(the) iPod wasinvented by SteveJobs ‘TheiPodwasinventedbySteveJobs.’b. *(El) agua se encuentra portodas partes. the water refl found for all parts ‘Waterisfoundeverywhere.’c. *(La) Lingüís:ca es el estudio del lenguaje. the linguisWcs is the study of.the language ‘LinguisWcsisthestudyoflanguage.’
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DKsinSpanish
ArgumentsforthestatusofDKsasthedefaultwaytorefertokindsinSpanish:2. UseofDKsincontextswherenewlydiscoveredthings
havetobenamed.(13) a. ThomasAlvaEdisondescubrió,entreotrascosas,la bombilla
ThomasAlvaEdisondiscoveredamongotherthingsthebulb y el fonógrafo. andthephonographb. AlexanderFleming inventóla penicilina. AlexanderFleming inventedthepenicillin
22
DKsinSpanish
ArgumentsforthestatusofDKsasthedefaultwaytorefertokindsinSpanish:3. DescripWvegeneralizaWons(Kriha2012),whichare
formulatedoverkinds(14)a. La mosca de la fruta es �pica del verano.
the fly of the fruit is typical of.the summer ‘Fruitfliesaretypicallyfoundinthesummer.’b. La drosophilamelanogaster es �pica del verano. the drosophilamelanogaster is typical of.the summer ‘Drosophilamelanogasteristypicallyfoundinthesummer.’
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DKsinSpanish4. ModifiedDKs.Restrictedkindswithclassifyingexpressions(15)a.Eldodó {blanco,de la islaReunión} sólo se conoce
thedodo white from the isle Reunion only CL knowsaparWrdedibujos y descripciones.from drawings and descripWons‘The{whitedodo,SolitaireofReunion}isonlyknownfromdrawingsand descripWons.’
b.!eldodóblanco"=ιxk[(blanco(dodó))(xk)]
• Modifiedkindswithclassifyingexpressionsmaintaintheabilityoftheunmodifiedexpressioneldodótorefertoakind
• Builtbyapplyingkindmodifiers(oftype<<ek,t>,<ek,t>>)toproperWesofkinds(oftype<ek,t>) 24
NextquesWon
• WhatcanwesayforalanguagewithoutarWcles(Russian)andforalanguagethatcanomitthearWcle(BrazilianPortuguese)?
25
Russian[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]
• Bothsgandplnominalexpresionscanhaveagenericreference(Chierchia1998,Doron2003,Dayal2004)
(16)a. Panda naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.
panda.NOM.SG is.found on verge exWncWon.GEN ‘ThepandaisonthevergeofexWncWon.’b. Pandy naxodjatsja na grani isčeznovenija. pandas.NOM.PL are.found on verge exWncWon.GEN
‘PandasareonthevergeofexWncWon.’
• Pluralgenericsareconsideredasmorenaturalandpreferable
26
Russian[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]
• Giventhat(16a)isgrammaWcalandnatural,ananalysisofitisneededinthetheoryofgrammarinanycase
• Goal:toproposeanexplicitanalysisforcomposingDKsfrombarenominalsinRussian.WeprovideindependentempiricalsupportforthedefinitenessofapparentbarenominalsinargumentposiWonofkind-levelpredicatesandarguethatdefinitenessistobeassociatedwithanullD,interpretedastheiotaoperator
• Hypothesis:DKs,eveninalanguagewithoutarWcles,encodedefinitenesssemanWcallyandsyntacWcally
27
Russian[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]
• Thecorrespondencebetweentheso-calledEnglishdefinitegenericandtheRussianbarenominalwithakindreferenceinterpretaWonin(16a)isusuallyassumedtoholdmerelyonthebasisoftheirapparentsingularnumbermorphology(Dayal2004)
(16)a. Pandanaxoditsjanagraniisčeznovenija. ‘ThepandaisonthevergeofexWncWon.’
• But,whatappearstobeamorphologicallysingularkindexpressionis,infact,anumberlessnominalphrase– Wesupporttheclaimthatnumbermorphologydoesnotalwaysget
interpretedsemanWcally(Pereltsvaig2011,2013,amongothers);andarguethatthesyntacWcrepresentaWonandthedenotaWonofthe“singular”kindnominalexpressionin(16a)doesnotincludemorphosyntacWcNumber 28
DKsinRussian
• SyntacWcstructureandmeaning:
(17)a. [DPD[NPN]]b. !DefN"=ιxk[P(xk)] wherePcorrespondstothedescripWvecontentofanounN, andxk∈K(i.e.,thedomainofkinds)
• DKsaresyntacEcallyandsemanEcallynumberless• (IntherepresentaWonofgenericpluralslike(16b)
morphosyntacWcnumberispresent)(16)b. Pandy naxodjatsjana grani isčeznovenija.
pandas.NOM.PL are.found on verge exWncWon.GEN ‘PandasareonthevergeofexWncWon.’
29
DKsinRussian(16)a. Panda naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.
panda.NOM.SG is.found on verge exWncWon.GEN ‘ThepandaisonthevergeofexWncWon.’
• Recall:theanalysisofSpanish(andEnglish)DKsincludes
theiotaoperatorinthesemanWcrepresentaWon• ιisstandardlyassumedtocorrespondtothedefinite
arWcle
• IntheabsenceofarWclesinRussian,weshouldbeabletofindindependentevidencethattheiotaoperatorispresentinthesemanWcrepresentaWonofthesubjectargumentin(16a)
30
DKsinRussian
ArgumentsforsemanWcdefiniteness:1. UseandinterpretaWonoftheseexpressionsina
contextthatrequiresdefiniteness(18)Context:Inabiologylesson,theteacherexplainsvariousthingsabout
mammals.Sheexplainsthattherearemanyendangeredspeciesintheworld,thensaysthefollowing:Kit, naprimer, naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.whale.NOM for.instance is.found on verge exWncWon.GENThewhale/#Thiswhale/#Onewhale,forinstance,isonthevergeofexWncWon.
31
DKsinRussianCouldkitin(18)beindefinite? • Commonlybelievedthatwithk-levelpredicatesindefiniteDPscan
onlybeinterpretedtaxonomically(i.e.,asreferringtoasubkindratherthantoakind).Thisisnotthereadingweobtainin(18)
• WefollowMueller-Reichau’s(2011)difference:– K-levelpredicatesliketobeex:nct.Familiararguments– K-levelpredicatesliketoinvent.Novel,non-familiararguments
• ItisdifficulttobecomeexWnctforsomethingthathasnotexistedbefore.Therefore,tobeex:nctrequiresfamiliarenWWes.PresupposiWonofexistenceofinstancesofthekindx,asknowntothehearerèdefiniteness
32
DKsinRussianCouldkitin(18)beindefinite? (19)a. Odin kit naxoditsja na grani
One.NOM.SG whale.NOM.SG is.found on verge isčeznovenija. exWncWon.GEN ‘OnewhaleisindangerofexWncWon.’b. Fredizobrel odnu sčetnuju mašinu. Fredinvented one.ACC.SG calculaWng.ACC.SG machine.ACC.SG ‘Fredinventedamechanicalcalculator.’
(19a)– subkindofwhale(19b)– newkindofmechanicalcalculator
33
DKsinRussianCouldkitin(18)beindefinite? (18)Context:Inabiologylesson,theteacherexplainsvariousthingsabout
mammals.Sheexplainsthattherearemanyendangeredspeciesintheworld,thensaysthefollowing:Kit, naprimer, naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.whale.NOM for.instance is.found on verge exWncWon.GEN
• Shouldthesubjectof(18)beindefinite,itwouldnecessarilyyieldasubkindreading,butitdoesnot
(20)!kit"=ιxk[kit(xk)]• TheiotaoperatorsimplyselectstheuniqueenWtythatreferstothe
classitself(i.e.,theclassdescribedbythenounkit),butdoesnotmakethedenotaWonrestrictedtoagivenworld
34
DKsinRussian
ArgumentsforsemanWcdefiniteness:2. Ramchand&Svenonious(2008):Dheadisneeded
inRussianforreasonsofsemanWcuniformity<e,t>à<e>(Dheadshouldbeunderspecifiedforfeatureslike(in)definiteness,(un)specificity,etc.,whicharedeterminedcontextually)
35
DKsinRussianDKsinRussianareDPs• WeassumeastrictcorrespondencebetweensyntacWcand
semanWcrepresentaWonsatthesyntax-semanWcsinterface:inthecaseofDKstheoperatorthatturnsthemeaningofacommonnounintoakindexpressionistheiotaoperator,whichneedstoberepresentedsyntacWcally(unlesswewanttoassumethatallnounsarestructurallyambiguous)
(21)[DPD[NPN]]• TheDlayerispresentinthesyntacWcrepresentaWonofDK
argumentseventhoughthereisnoovertrealizaWonoftheD-projecWon
36
DKsinRussian• Pereltsvaig(2006):nominalargumentscandifferinsize,they
cansyntacWcallycorrespondtofullDPsortosmallernominals(NPs,NumPs,QPs)
• DPsubjectsobligatorilyagreewiththeverbalpredicate,whereassmallnominalsdonot
(22)a.Vètom fil’me igrali [pjat’izvestnyx aktërov].inthis film played.PL fivefamous actors.PL.GEN‘Fivefamousactorsplayedinthisfilm.’b.Vètom fil’me igralo [pjat’izvestnyx aktërov].inthis film played.SG.NEUT fivefamous actors.PL.GEN‘Fivefamousactorsplayedinthisfilm.’
• Agreeingsubjectsallowanindividuated/aspecificinterpretaWon,anon-isomorphicwidescopereading,theymaycontrolPROandbeantecedentsofanaphors,whereasnon-agreeingsubjectsdonot
37
DKsinRussian
SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:1. ControlofPRO.Non-agreeingsubjectscannotbecontrollersof
PROininfiniWvalclauses,whileagreeingsubjects,beingfullDPs,can.DKsubjectscanalsocontrolPROofapurposeclause
(23)[Pjatbanditov]i pytalis’/*pytalos’[PROi ubit’Džemsa Bonda]
fivethugs.PL.GENtried.PL/*tried.SG.NEUT to.killJames Bond‘FivethugstriedtokillJamesBond.’
(24)Pandai imeet neobyčnye perednijelapy čtobypanda.SG.NOMhas.SG unusual front paws in.order.to PRO uderživat’ stebli bambuka.PROi hold stems bamboo‘Pandahasunusualfrontpawstoholdbamboostems.’
38
DKsinRussian
SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:
2. Antecedentsofreflexivepronouns.Agreeingsubjectscanlicensereflexivepronouns.DKspaZernlikewise.
(25)[Pjatbanditov]i prikryvali/*prikryvalo sebjai ot pul’
fivethugs.PL.GENshielded.PL/*shielded.SG.NEUTself from bulletsDžemsaBondaJames Bond‘FivethugsshieldedthemselvesfromJamesBond’sbullets.’
(26)Tigri znaet kak zaščiWt’ sebjai ot napadenija.Wger.SG.NOMknows.SGhow defend self from aZacks‘TheWgerknowshowtoprotectitselffrombeingaZacked.’
39
DKsinRussian
SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:
3. PronominalsubsWtuWon.ThirdpersonpronounscanbeusedtosubsWtutefullDPs,butnotQPsorNPs,whichcanonlybesubsWtutedbyother(quanWficaWonaland/orpronominal)elements
(27)a.Pjatpar tancevali/tancevalo tango.
fivecouples.PL.GEN danced.PL/danced.SG.NEUTtango‘Fivecouplesdancedtango.’
b.Oni tancevali/*tancevalo tango.they.PL.NOM danced.PL/*danced.SG.NEUT tango‘Fivecouplesdancedtango.Theydancedatango’.
40
DKsinRussian
SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:
TheDKagreeingsubjectin(28)canonlybereplacedbyathirdpersonpronounona‘she’,thussupporWngalsotheclaimthatDKsareDPs
(28)a. Panda naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.
panda.SG.NOMis.found.SGon verge exWncWon.GENb. Ona naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija. she.SG.NOM is.found.SG on verge exWncWon.GEN ‘Thepanda/SheisonthevergeofexWncWon.’
41
DKsinRussian
SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:
4. DistribuWonofrelaWveclauses(29)a. Petja xoditv galstuke,(*kotoryj delaet egosmešnym).
Petja goeswith We.OBL.SGwhichmakes himfunny ‘PetjaisaWe-wearer(ItcouldoneormorethatoneWe).’b. Katya nosit jubku, (*kotorujuonavsegdapokupaetsama). Katya wear.IMPskirt.ACC.SG which shealwaysbuys.IMPself ‘Katyaisaskirt-wearer.’(Itcouldbeoneormorethanoneskirt)c. Katya nosit mini-jubku, (*kotorujuonavsegdapokupaetsama). Katya wear.IMPmini-skirt[ACC.SG]which shealwaysbuys.IMPself ‘Katyaisamini-skirtwearer.’(Itcouldbeoneormorethanonemini- skirt)
(29)– barenominalobjectsunspecifiedforsynt.andsem.number 42
DKsinRussian
SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:(30)Amurskij:gr, kotoryj očen’opasen, obitaetna jugo-vostokeRossii.
SiberianWger which verydangerous live on south-east Russia.‘TheSiberianWger,whichisextremelydangerous,livesinthesouth-eastpartofRussia’.
• DKstakerelaWveclausesandtheserelaWveclausescanonlybeinterpretedasnon-restricWve;theyprovideaddiWonalinformaWonaboutanalreadyestablishedreferent
• Non-restricWverelaWveshavebeenclaimedtohaveaDPantecedent(Jackendoff1977,Demirdache1991,DeVries2006,ArsenijevićandGračanin-Yuksek2016)
43
DKsinRussian
• Conclusions:– foranarWclelesslanguagelikeRussiankindunitsunspecifiedforsyntacWcnumberexpresssemanWcdefiniteness
– thesyntacWcrepresentaWonofDKsinvolvesanullD,whichistranslatedastheiotaoperator
44
BrazilianPortuguese• Bothsgandplnominalexpressionscanhaveageneric
reference,precededornotbyadefinitearWcle(Muller2002,Dobrobie-Sorin&PiresdeOliveira2008)
(31)a. O brasileiro é trabalhador. the.SG Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’b. Os brasileiros sãotrabalhadores the.PL Brazilian.PL arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’c. Brasileiro é trabalhador. Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’d. Brasileiros sãotrabalhadores. Brazilian.PL arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
45
• VariaWoninnumberagreement(Scherre1994,Scherre&Naro1998a,b,Costa&FigueiredoSilva2006,Naro&Scherre2013,amongothers)
BrazilianPortuguese
• DS&PO(2008):twowaysofreferringtokinds:– Baresingulars(brasileiro)àkinddenoWngBPlsinEnglish– Definitesingulars(obrasileiro)àkinddenoWngdefinite‘singulars’inEnglish
46
BrazilianPortuguese
• Ouranalysis:– Baresingulars(brasileiro)
Ø DKØ Maximalsumofindividuals(intensionalizedandcoercedbytheV)
– Definitesingulars(obrasileiro)
Ø DKØ Atomicindividual
47
BrazilianPortuguese• BNsinBrPmayhaveagenericinterpretaWon(inpreverbal
posiWon),associatedwitheitheradefinitekindtermoramaximalsum
(31)c. Brasileiro é trabalhador.(Müller2002:280,ex.(4))
Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
• TheEnglishtranslaWonsthatareusuallygivenforthistypeofexamples(namely,bareplurals)donotreflectthemeaningofBNsappropriatelyand,furthermore,haveinfluencedtheanalysisthatlinguistshaveprovidedforthemintheliterature
• Example(31c)isagenericsentenceinwhichani-levelpredicatecombineswithagenericargumentthatcaneitherreferto‘theBrazilian’kindtermorthemaximalsumofalltheindividualsofthisclass:‘theBrazilians’
48
BrazilianPortuguese
• RelevantquesWonsinBrP:– Isbrasileiroin(31c)bareinthesyntacWcrepresentaWon?– IsthereopWonalityoftheD?– ArepreverbalBNssemanWcallydefinite?
• Wearguethat:– Brasileiroisnotbare– TheopWonalityofDisonlyapparent.ThecategoryDisrequiredfor
canonicalargumenthoodinRomance.(OnlyobjectsofHAVE-predicatescanbesmallerthanDPs)
– Subjectsofcategoricaljudgments
49
BrazilianPortuguese• BrPpaZernswithotherRomancelanguagesinrequiringDfor
argumenthood(Longobardi1994,1999,2000;Ghomeshietal.2009)
• ADisnecessary,eitherovertorcovert,asanargumentcreatorandasabearerofdefiniteness
• NumberencodingonD(32)a. Os brasileiro é trabalhador.
the.PL Brazilianis hardworking.SG ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’b. Os brasileiro são trabalhadores. the.PL Brazilianare hardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’c. *O brasileiros é trabalhadores. the Brazilian.PL is hardworking.PL
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BrazilianPortuguese• WithoutanullDhypothesisitwouldbedifficulttoexplainthe
licensingoftheenWty-typeanaphoraele‘it’.ThispronounimposesstrongrestricWonsontheantecedentitmayhave.ItcanonlyrefertoanenWty-denoWngexpression
(33)a. Osbrasileiroétrabalhador.Nestafábricanóscontratamos
eles/*eletodososmeses. ‘Braziliansarehardworking.Inthisfactorywehirethemeverymonth.’ b. Brasileiroétrabalhador.Nestafábricanóscontratamoseles/*ele todososmeses. ‘Braziliansarehardworking.Inthisfactorywehirethemeverymonth.’
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BrazilianPortuguese• PreverbalBNsexpressthesubjectofcategoricaljudgments• BriZo(1998,2000)postulatesthatcategoricaljudgmentsinthis
languagearebuiltbymeansofleedislocatedconstrucWonswithafullDPcontaininganovertdeterminerinatopicposiWon,takenbackbyaresumpWvethirdpersonpronoun
(34)a. Brasileiro ele é trabalhador.
Brazilian he is hardworkingb. Brasileiro eles sãotrabalhadores. Brazilian they arehardworking.PLc. Brasileiro pro é trabalhador. Brazilian is hardworking
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BrazilianPortuguese
• PreverbalBNswithi-levelandk-levelpredicates(35)a. Brasileiro é trabalhador.(Müller2002:280,ex.(4))
Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
b. Nãohá umproblemadeexWnção.Pandaécomumna China. not hasa problemofexWncWonpandaiscommonin.theChina ‘ThereisnotaproblemofexWncWon.PandasarecommoninChina.’
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BrazilianPortuguese• PreverbalBNswithi-levelandk-levelpredicates• TheDPnamesakindofthing,withnoreferencetothemembers
ofthekind.DKinterpretaWon(36)a. [TOP[DPø[NPbrasileiro]][IPproétrabalhador]]b. [TOP[DPø[NPbrasileiro]][IPeleétrabalhador]](37) ιxk[brasileiro(xk)∧trabalhador(xk)] • PluraldefiniteDP.GenericdefinitepluralinterpretaWon:
maximalsumofindividualsoftheBraziliankind.V-drivengenericity
(38)a. [TOP[DPø[NumPø[NPbrasileiro]]][IPproétrabalhador]]b. [TOP[DPø[NumPø[NPbrasileiro]]][IPelesétrabalhador]](39) ^ιxo∃xk[brasileiro(xk)∧R(xo,xk)∧xo∈Sum∧trabalhador(xo)]
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BrazilianPortuguese
• Doalltheexamplesin(31)havethesamemeaning?(31)a. O brasileiro é trabalhador.
the.SG Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
• OvertdefiniteDPwithtwostructures:
– OnewithnoNumberàDKinterpretaWon– OnewithNumberàatomicinterpretaWon(onlyavailableforthistype
ofgenericsentencesincontrasWvecontexts)
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BrazilianPortuguese
• Doalltheexamplesin(31)havethesamemeaning?(31)c. Brasileiro é trabalhador.
Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
• CovertdefiniteDPwithtwostructures:
– SimplerDPwithnoNumberàDKinterpretaWon– FullDPwithNumberàmaximalsuminterpretaWon(theBrazilians)
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BrazilianPortuguese• Doalltheexamplesin(31)havethesamemeaning?(31)b. Os brasileiros sãotrabalhadores
the.PL Brazilian.PL arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’d. Brasileiros sãotrabalhadores. Brazilian.PL arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
(32)a. Os brasileiro é trabalhador. the.PL Brazilian is hardworking.SG ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’b. Os brasileiro são trabalhadores. the.PL Brazilian arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
• ThepresenceorabsenceofapluralarWcleisnottobeassociatedwithdifferentmeanings
• DPstructure.Dnecessarilyspecifiedforpluralnumber.MaximalsuminterpretaWon
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Generalconclusion
• BothinlanguageswithandwithoutarWclesreferencetokinds,conceivedofasintegraluniqueenWWes,encodedefiniteness
• DKsarethedefaultwaytoexpressD-genericityinRomance
• DKsaresyntacWcallyandsemanWcallynumberless
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Thankyou!!
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