referencing lecture 2
TRANSCRIPT
8/14/2019 REFERENCING Lecture 2
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•Referencing or citing
• Style of Referencing
• Author-Date Style
– Harvard Referencing
– American Psychological Association (APA)
– Modern Language Association (MLA)
– Australian Journal of Physiotherapy (AJP)
• Numerical System – Chicago / Turabian Style
– Footnote Style
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Referencing/Citing
• Referencing or citing is the practice of acknowledging the
work of other authors or the sources of information and
ideas in the text of a peace of word.
• References are needed for most forms of academic
writing, including essays, reports and dissertations.
• References or citations show the reader what different
aspects of your work are based on.• A reference in brackets that leads the reader to
information about the page of a book or other source that
is the evidence for what you have said.
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• References are not something you should leave to theend of a sentence or a paragraph.
• Referencing or citation is an integral part of your work
and the process of referencing help to develop ideas.
• The reference after a quotation inform the reader where
to refer in order to find the quotation in the book or other
publication that it was taken from.
• Reference after the end of paragraph or a passageinform the reader about the book or other sources you
based your ideas on.
Referencing/Citing
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Referencing/Citing
• It’s a part of sound academic practice and skill.
• By using references appropriately, you will avoid
plagiarism, which is falsely claiming someone else’s
words or ideas as your own
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• Style of referencing vary according to different disciplines
or field of study.
• These style differ in the way sources are referred to in
the text and listed in the reference list at the end of the
assignment.
• Style of referencing
– Author-Date Style
– Numerical Systems
Style of Referencing
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Style of Referencing
• AUTHOR-DATE STYLE
– These include the author name and the date in the text
• The Harvard Style
• The American Psychological Association (APA):
used in various disciplines, in particular psychology.
• The Modern Language Association (MLA): used in
humanities disciplines.• The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy (AJP): used
by physiotherapy.
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Style of Referencing – Harvard
• The Harvard Style: used by most of the universities
– The page number is omitted if the entire work is cited. Author’ssurname is omitted from the text reference.
• Many factors are known to affect the successful outcomes for
students at university (Johnston 2003).
• Johnston (2003) claims that there are many factors that are known
to affect the success of students at university.
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Style of Referencing – Harvard
• Cases where you need to include a page number in
brackets.
– McLaine (2002, p. 16) stated that productivity among 69 percent
of workers was found to be affected by work related stress.
• You need to include the page number for text
referencing when you:
– Use a direct quote from a original source
– Summarise an idea from a particular page
– Copy tables, figures, or provide particular details
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Style of Referencing – Harvard
• If there are two or three authors for a text reference
– According to Cooper, Krever and Van (2002) the use of this
process leads to greater accuracy.
• If there are more than three authors for a text
reference
– This has been suggested by Sandler et al.et al. (2002) in there first
Australian study
• Et al. – Latin Word (“and the others”)
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Style of Referencing – Harvard
• The reference list include in the Harvard Author-Date
System:
– Is titled ‘References’
– Is arranged alphabetically by author’s family name – Is a single list – books, journal articles and electronic sources
are listed together and not arranged in separate list.
– Includes the full details of your in-text references (author, date,
title, publishing details)
– This is not a bibliography :a bibliography lists everything you
may have read, while a reference list is limited to the in-text
references in your assignment.
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Style of Referencing – Harvard
• Setting out the items in Harvard Author-Date Reference
system
•Format of the Harvard Author-Date Reference – are setout in the following order:
– Author, Initials., Year. Title, publication information.
• The title is placed in italics and the element areseparated by commas.
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Style of Referencing – Harvard
• Example of a book (Author, Initials., Year. Title of Book.
Edition. Place: Publisher.)
• McShane, Steven L. and Von Glinow, Mary Ann, 2008. Organizational
behavior. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Authors family name followed
by a comma, then initials
Year of Publication followed by
full-stop – No Brackets
Title of the book in italics
Uppercase use for first word
Place of
publication Publisher
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Style of Referencing – Harvard
• Chapters of edited book
– Chapter author(s) surname(s) and initials., Year. Title of chapter
followed by “In” Book editor(s) initials and surname with ed. or
eds. after the last name. Title of book . Place of publication:
Publisher. Chapter numbers followed by full-stop.
– Smith, J., 1975. A source of information. In W. Jones, ed. One
Hundred and one ways to find information about health. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. Ch. 2.
– Samson, C., 1970. Problems of information studies in history. In
S. Stone, ed. Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS,
1980, p. 44-68.
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Style of Referencing – Harvard
• E-books
– Author, Year. Title of book. [type of medium] Place of
publication: Publisher. Available at: include website
address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [access date]
– Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book].
Chester: Castle press. Available at:
www.libweb.anglia.ac.uk/E-books, [accessed 3 June 2005]
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Style of Referencing – Harvard
• Journal articles
– Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume
number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers.
• Boughton, J. M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an indepthlook. Political Science Quarterly , 42 (6), p. 564-78.
• Journal articles from an electronic source
– Jenkings, R., 1989. Clashing with caching. ARIADNE , [Online]Issue 21, 10 September. Available at:
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue21/web-cache/ [accessed 2
December 2004].
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Style of Referencing - Harvard
• Journal Abstract from a Database
– Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal , [Type
of medium]. Volume number (Issue/Part numbers). Page
numbers if available and abstract details. Available at: URL(Uniform Resource Locator) [access details]
• Boughton, J. M. 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an indepth
look. Political Science Quarterly, [Online]. 42(6). Abstract from
Blackwell Science Synergy database. Available at:
http://www.pol.upenn/articles,BlackwellScienceSynergy [accessed
12 June 2005
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Style of Referencing - Harvard
• Newspaper Articles
– Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Title of News Paper ,
Day and month before page numbers of Article.
• Slapper, G., 2005. Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers. Times, 3 Sep. p. 4-5.
• Internet/Website
– Author, Initial., Year. Title of document or page, [Type of
medium]. Available at: URL [accessed date]
• National electronic Library for Health. 2003. Can walking make you
slimmer and healthier? , [Online]. (Updated 16 Jan 2005). Available
at: http://www.nhs.uk.tht.walking [accessed 10 April 2005]
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Style of Referencing - Harvard
• Dissertation
– Author, Initial., Year. Title of dissertation. Level. Name of University.
• Richmond, J., 2005. Customer expectations in the world of
electronic banking: a case study of the Bank of Britain. PhD. AngliaRuskin University.
• Conference Report
– Authorship author, editor or organisation, Year. Full title of
conference report. Location, Date, Publisher: Place of publication
• UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and SocialAffairs), 2005. 6th Global forum on reinventing government: towardsparticipatory and transparent governance. Seoul, Republic of Korea,24-27 May 2005, United Nations: New York.
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Style of Referencing - Harvard
• Conference Paper
– Author, Year. Full title of conference paper. In,
Editor/Organisation, Full title of conference. Location, Date,
Publisher: Place of publication
• Brown, J., 2005. Evaluating surveys of transparent governance. In
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs), 6 th Global forum on reinventing government: towards
participatory and transparent governance. Seoul, Republic of Korea,24-27 May 2005, United Nations: New York.
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Style of Referencing - Harvard
• Unpublished Work
– Woolley, E. & Muncey, T., (in press) Demons or diamonds: a
study to ascertain the range of attitudes present in health
professionals to children with conduct disorder. Journal of
Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. (accepted for publication
December 2002).
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Style of Referencing - Harvard
• References with Missing Details
– Sometimes it may not be possible to identify an author, place or
publisher.
• Anon author anonymous or not identifiable
• s.l. no place of publication (Latin: sine loco)
• s.n. no named publisher (Latin: sine nomine)
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Style of Referencing - APA
• American Psychological Association (APA)
– Book
– Author. Date of publication. Title. Publisher Details
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Style of Referencing - APA
• Two to Six Authors
– Edition Other Than the First Edition
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Style of Referencing - APA
• Journal Article
– Author. Date of publication. Title. Journal Name, Volume (Issue)
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Style of Referencing - APA
• Chapter or Article in an Edited Book
Magazine Article
• Author Known
• Author Unknown
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Style of Referencing - APA
• Newspaper Article/Journal Article With No Author
- When there is no author, cite the article title in quotation
marks:
• ("South Australian premier resigns in tears," 1999)
• Book With No Author
- When there is no author, cite the title of the book in italics
and the publication date:
• (Dictionary of computing , 1991)
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Style of Referencing - APA
• No Date
- When a work has no publication date put (n.d.) "no
date", cite the author followed by the abbreviation for no
date:
• Clarke (n.d.) studied secondary students' classroom
behaviour.
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Style of Referencing - APA
• Conference Proceedings
- Published
- Unpublished
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Style of Referencing - APA
• Electronic Report
• Electronic Conference Proceedings
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Style of Referencing - MLA
• Book
The details required in order, are:
1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible
2. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or
italicised )
3. series title and individual volume if any4. edition, if other than first
5. place of publication
6. publisher
7. year of publication
8. page number(s) if applicable
• Modern Language Association (MLA) – Is used in Humanities disciplines
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Style of Referencing - MLA
• Example
Book
Berkman, Robert I. Find It Fast: How to Uncover Expert Information on
any Subject. New York: Harper Perennial, 1994.
McTaggart, Douglas, Christopher Findlay, and Michael Parkin. Economics.2nd ed. Sydney: Addison-Wesley, 1995.
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Style of Referencing - MLA
• Chapter or part of a book
- O'Regan, Tom and Stehpen Cox. “Towards an Ecology of Cultural
Attendance.” Mobilising the Audience. Ed. Balnaves, Mark, O'Regan,
Tom and Sternberg, Jason. St. Lucia, Australia, U of Queensland P,
2002. 131-167.
• No author or editor
- If no author is given, the title is used as the first element of a
citation. Do not use either Anonymous or Anon. Alphabetise the entry
by the first main word of the title in the reference list.
- The CCH Macquarie Dictionary of Business. North Ryde,
NSW: CCH Australia, 1993.
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Style of Referencing - MLA
• FOR A JOURNAL ARTICLE
The details required are:
• name/s of author/s of the article• title of article
• title of periodical
• volume number
• issue (or part) number • year of publication
• page number(s)
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Style of Referencing - MLA
• Example for Journal
Turner, Graeme, and Delys Bird. “Australian Studies: Practice
Without Theory.” Westerly 27.2 (1982): 51-56.
• Conference paper
Bohrer, S., T. Zielke, and V. Freiburg. “Integrated Obstacle Detection
Framework for Intelligent Cruise Control on Motorways.”
Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, September 19-20, 1996, Sikei University, Tokyo, Japan. Piscataway, N.J.:
Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1996. 49-52.
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Style of Referencing - MLA
• FOR INTERNET
Weibel, S., “Metadata: The Foundations of Resource Description”, D-lib Magazine
10 Oct. 1995. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/July95/07weibel.html (5 Dec. 1995).
• REFERENCES IN THE TEXT
Examples
• Some maintain “that the sexes are interchangeable” (Moir and Jessel 94).
• It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir and Jessel 94).
• Moir and Jessel have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes are
interchangeable. (94)
• Moir and Jessel maintain “that the sexes are interchangeable” (94).
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Style of Referencing - AJP
• Australian Journal of Physiotherapy (AJP)
– style is used by physiotherapy.
• There are two components to the AJP style:
- the author and date (and sometimes the page number) must
appear in the text/main body in round brackets.
- all the details on each source must be in the reference list at
the end.
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Style of Referencing - AJP
• Text referencing
- When you cite (identify) references in the text of your
assignment — regardless of whether you paraphrase, summarise,
quote or copy — you should include:
1. the author’s surname (family name) (or name of editor or
organisation responsible)
2. the year of publication (latest edition or when site was last
reviewed)
3. page numbers if appropriate and where available.
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Style of Referencing - AJP
• Example
• It has been argued that the relative seriousness of the two kinds of errors
differs from situation to situation (Smith 2001).
• Smith (2001) has argued that the relative seriousness of the two kinds
of errors differs from situation to situation.
• A recent study (Jones and Chan 1996, p.2) has shown a series of
outcomes that “result from economic hardship in the community”.
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Style of Referencing - AJP
• For a book
author/s surname(s) and initial(s)
year of publication
title of bookedition (if relevant)
city where published
publishing company
relevant page numbers (abbreviated as pp.)
Lincoln YS and Guba EG (1985): Naturalistic Inquiry. Bevely Hills, CA:
Sage Publications.
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Style of Referencing - AJP
• For a journal article
author/s surname(s) and initial(s)
year of publication
title of article (do not capitalise the title of the article)
title of journal or periodical (in italics with important words in upper case)
volume number (no issue number is included)
page number(s)
Thornquist E (1992): Patient-physician trust: an exploratory study. Journal
of Family Practice 44:169-176.
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Style of Referencing - AJP
• For an electronic source
author – the person or organisation responsible for the source
date of publication
title
type of medium (e.g. [online] or [CD-ROM], except for Internet source)
edition
place of publication
publisher
date of update/revisionlocation (may include: a host document; availability and access number)
date of access
American Physical Therapy Association (2003): APTA Code of Ethics.
http://www.apta.org/PT_Practice/ethics_pt/code_ethics Accessed 22 September, 2003.
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Style of Referencing - Numerical
• Numerical Systems
– The Chicago or Turabian Style (used by art and
humanities)
– The Footnote Style (used by School of Architecture)
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Style of Referencing - Turabian Style
• Chicago / Turabian Style
To acknowledge a source in your paper, place a superscript number immediately
after the end punctuation of a sentence containing the quotation, paraphrase, or
summary.
Example: This is how one acknowledges a source in Chicago/Turabian
documentation.1
Do not put any punctuation after the number.
1. Donald N. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays inHistorical Economics (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), 54.
1. Louise M. Rosenblatt, "The Transactional Theory: Against Dualisms,"
College English 54 (1993): 380.
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Style of Referencing - Footnote Style
• The Footnote Style
There are two components to the footnote system:
§ the note identifiers and accompanying footnotes in the text of your
assignment
§ the bibliography, at the end of the assignment.
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Style of Referencing - Footnote Style
• The footnote system enables you to reference by using
consecutive numbers called note identifiers within your text,
starting with the number 1. These numbers are used to identify
information that has been referenced.
• Each note identifier or number is also listed at the bottom (or
foot) of each page with relevant bibliographic details. This is
called a footnote. Footnotes are usually set in a smaller fontthan the font in the body of your assignment.
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Style of Referencing - Footnote Style
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Style of Referencing - Footnote Style
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Endnotes
• What ever style of referencing you follow, please
remember to remain consistent throughout your work.
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References
• Educational Services & Learning Support 2002, Referencing: The
Harvard Referencing System, University Publishing Unit , Central
Queensland University, Rockhampton.
• How to Acknowledge What You Have Read Abbreviations n.d, URL:
http://www.libd.monash.edu.au/vl/cite/cite11.htm, (Accessed 18February 2004)
• Roberts, Andrew (2007), “ABC of Referencing – ABC of Citation”, URL:
http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/Refer.htm#Referencing, (Accessed 16
December 2007)
• University of South Australia (2007), “Referencing Using the Harvard Author-
Date System”, URL:
http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/student/learningAdvisor
, (Accessed 20 October 2007)
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References
• APA (American Psychological Association) Style, n.d,
URL: http://inet.acu.edu.au/node.cfm/30877A04-38D0-4377-A62766D134F1
, (Accessed 04 March 2008)
• Chicago/Turabian Documentation, n.d. URL:
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChiNotes_1stRef_article.html,(Accessed 26 March 2008)