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© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. PEP Report 237A

Abstract

Process Economics Program Report 237A

REFINERY CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION

(December 2011)

Signers of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and later, including the European Union, Japan and

Australia, agreed to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mainly due to concerns over

climate change. The European Council approved a Climate and Energy package in 2009 that

sets the path for GHG reduction to 2020, including fuel quality standards and a carbon capture

and sequestration regulatory framework. The Council’s goal is a reduction of 20% of the baseline

1990 GHG emissions, equivalent to a 14% reduction of the 2005 level (with 3% covered by

offsets). The United States faces regulations on CO2 emissions by the Environmental Protection

Agency. Reducing GHG emissions will significantly impact refineries.

The largest refinery sources of CO2 are large utility boilers and process furnaces, the

catalytic reformer and the fluid catalytic cracker unit (FCCU) regenerator. Of these, the FCCU

regenerator is a key process for controlling refinery CO2 emissions. Although CO2 separation is

being demonstrated on a large scale for electric power plants, application in a refinery is just

beginning to be analyzed. Pilot plant demonstrations are in progress.

In this report, technologies to reduce CO2 refinery emissions are reviewed with a focus on

absorption by amine solvents and oxy-combustion. We then develop grassroots process

economics for capturing CO2 from flue gas produced by a 40,000 BPSD FCCU by two processes:

monoethanolamine absorption and oxy-combustion.

Process Economics Program

A private report by the

Report No. 237A

REFINERY CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION

by Richard H. Nielsen

December 2011

Menlo Park, California 94025

SRIC agrees to assign professionally qualified personnel to the preparation of the

Process Economics Program’s reports and will perform the work in conformance with generally

accepted professional standards. No other warranties expressed or implied are made. Because

the reports are of an advisory nature, neither SRIC nor its employees will assume any liability for

the special or consequential damages arising from the Client’s use of the results contained in the

reports. The Client agrees to indemnify, defend, and hold SRIC, its officers, and employees

harmless from any liability to any third party resulting directly or indirectly from the Client’s use of

the reports or other deliverables produced by SRIC pursuant to this agreement.

For detailed marketing data and information, the reader is referred to one of the SRI

Consulting programs specializing in marketing research. THE CHEMICAL ECONOMICS

HANDBOOK Program covers most major chemicals and chemical products produced in the

United States and the WORLD PETROCHEMICALS PROGRAM covers major hydrocarbons and

their derivatives on a worldwide basis. In addition the SRIC DIRECTORY OF CHEMICAL

PRODUCERS services provide detailed lists of chemical producers by company, product, and

plant for the United States, Western Europe, Canada, and East Asia, South America and Mexico.

CONTENTS

© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. iii PEP Report 237A

GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................ XVII

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1-1

2 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 2-1

3 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 3-1

COMMERCIAL ASPECTS ......................................................................................... 3-1

Regulation .................................................................................................................. 3-2

Refinery CO2 Reduction ............................................................................................. 3-3

TECHNICAL ASPECTS ............................................................................................. 3-3

Absorption .................................................................................................................. 3-5

Amine solvents ...................................................................................................... 3-5

Amine Processes ................................................................................................... 3-6

Oxy-Combustion ......................................................................................................... 3-8

ECONOMIC ASPECTS .............................................................................................. 3-8

Amine Absorption ....................................................................................................... 3-9

Oxy-Combustion ......................................................................................................... 3-9

Transportation and Storage ........................................................................................ 3-10

Process Economics Results ....................................................................................... 3-11

4 STATUS ..................................................................................................................... 4-1

GHG EMISSIONS ...................................................................................................... 4-2

World .......................................................................................................................... 4-4

United States .............................................................................................................. 4-7

EUROPEAN REFINERY STATUS ............................................................................. 4-14

REGULATIONS .......................................................................................................... 4-15

European Regulations ................................................................................................ 4-17

U.S. Regulations ......................................................................................................... 4-19

Federal Regulations .............................................................................................. 4-20

CONTENTS (Continued)

© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. iv PEP Report 237A

State and Local Regulations ................................................................................. 4-22

California ........................................................................................................... 4-23

Colorado ........................................................................................................... 4-24

Canada ....................................................................................................................... 4-25

REFINERY SOURCES............................................................................................... 4-26

CARBON SEQUESTERING ...................................................................................... 4-33

CARBON SEQUESTRATION LEGAL ISSUES ......................................................... 4-34

ALTERNATE CO2 USE .............................................................................................. 4-36

EFFECTS OF GHG REGULATIONS ......................................................................... 4-37

REFINERY STRATEGIES.......................................................................................... 4-38

SPECIFICATIONS, PRODUCTION AND PRICES .................................................... 4-40

CO2 Specifications ...................................................................................................... 4-40

Oxygen Specifications and Price ................................................................................ 4-41

Monoethanolamine Specifications.............................................................................. 4-42

Monoethanolamine Supply and Price ........................................................................ 4-42

5 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW ...................................................................................... 5-1

ASSESSMENT, MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS .......... 5-2

REFINERY ENERGY CONSUMPTION ..................................................................... 5-4

FCCU CO2 EMISSIONS ............................................................................................. 5-6

REDUCTION OF REFINERY CO2 ............................................................................. 5-8

Energy Reduction ....................................................................................................... 5-9

Heating Efficiency .................................................................................................. 5-11

Pinch Analysis ....................................................................................................... 5-14

Steam Generation and Distribution ............................................................................ 5-14

Operational improvements and investment ................................................................ 5-15

CO2 CAPTURE ........................................................................................................... 5-19

Flue Gas Composition ................................................................................................ 5-19


© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. v PEP Report 237A

Construction Materials Issues .................................................................................... 5-20

Technology Selection ................................................................................................. 5-21

Environmental Impact of Carbon Capture and Storage ............................................. 5-23

Absorption .................................................................................................................. 5-24

Calcium Hydroxide ................................................................................................ 5-25

Potassium Carbonate ............................................................................................ 5-26

Absorption Processes ........................................................................................... 5-28

Benfield Process ............................................................................................... 5-28

Aqueous Ammonia ........................................................................................... 5-29

Chilled Ammonia Process ................................................................................. 5-34

Adsorption .................................................................................................................. 5-37

Membrane Separation ................................................................................................ 5-37

Oxy-Combustion ......................................................................................................... 5-38

Advanced Technologies ............................................................................................. 5-38

Sodium Carbonate Adsorption .............................................................................. 5-39

UNO Mk 3 .............................................................................................................. 5-39

IVCAP Process ...................................................................................................... 5-39

Enzyme-Based Absorption .................................................................................... 5-39

ARI Process ........................................................................................................... 5-40

Chemical Looping .................................................................................................. 5-40

Membrane Process ............................................................................................... 5-40

Molten Carbonate Electrochemical Separation ..................................................... 5-40

CO2 Hydrates ......................................................................................................... 5-41

FCCU Coke Gasification ....................................................................................... 5-41

CO2 TRANSPORATION ............................................................................................. 5-42

Leak Modeling ....................................................................................................... 5-46

Leak Detection ....................................................................................................... 5-48

Impurities ............................................................................................................... 5-48

STORAGE .................................................................................................................. 5-49


© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. vi PEP Report 237A

6 AMINE ABSORPTION ............................................................................................... 6-1

SOLVENTS ................................................................................................................ 6-2

Reaction Pathways ..................................................................................................... 6-4

Screening Studies ...................................................................................................... 6-5

Heat of Absorption ...................................................................................................... 6-7

Amine Volatility ........................................................................................................... 6-9

Toxicity and Environmental Impact ............................................................................ 6-9

MEA Absorption .......................................................................................................... 6-12

MEA Degradation .................................................................................................. 6-13

Degradation Inhibitors ........................................................................................... 6-15

Effect of Impurities ................................................................................................. 6-16

Foaming ................................................................................................................. 6-17

Piperazine ................................................................................................................... 6-17

Amine Blends ............................................................................................................. 6-20

Mixed MEA Solvents ............................................................................................. 6-21

Mixed MDEA Solvents ........................................................................................... 6-22

Biphasic Solvents ....................................................................................................... 6-23

Amino-Acid Salts ........................................................................................................ 6-24

Other Amine Solvents ................................................................................................. 6-25

SUPPORTED AMINES .............................................................................................. 6-25

Solid Amine Adsorption .............................................................................................. 6-26

Supported Amine Regeneration ................................................................................. 6-27

Immobile-Mobile MEA ................................................................................................ 6-27

PROCESSES ............................................................................................................. 6-28

Econamine FGSM

Process .......................................................................................... 6-28

HiCapt+™ ................................................................................................................... 6-31

DMX™ Process .......................................................................................................... 6-32

KM-CDR Process® .................................................................................................... 6-35


© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. vii PEP Report 237A

Cansolv CO2 Capture ................................................................................................. 6-37

Siemens Capture Process .......................................................................................... 6-38

Regenerable Solvent Absorption Technology ............................................................ 6-38

Hitachi Technology ..................................................................................................... 6-39

Praxair Technology ..................................................................................................... 6-39

Two-Stage Flash Process .......................................................................................... 6-39

Project CESAR Process ............................................................................................. 6-40

Toshiba Process ......................................................................................................... 6-41

Exergy Based Process ............................................................................................... 6-42

ABSORBER DESIGN ................................................................................................. 6-43

Absorber Column ........................................................................................................ 6-44

Packing .................................................................................................................. 6-44

Distributors ............................................................................................................ 6-45

Intercooling ............................................................................................................ 6-45

Stripper ....................................................................................................................... 6-46

Corrosion .................................................................................................................... 6-46

Materials of Construction ............................................................................................ 6-47

Absorber Unit Emissions ............................................................................................ 6-48

Modeling ..................................................................................................................... 6-48

ADVANCED CONTACTORS ..................................................................................... 6-50

Microreactors .............................................................................................................. 6-50

Membrane Contactors ................................................................................................ 6-50

7 OXY-COMBUSTION .................................................................................................. 7-1

OXY-COMBUSTION PROCESS ................................................................................ 7-2

Conventional Utility Boiler .......................................................................................... 7-2

Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler ................................................................................. 7-5

Advanced Boiler ......................................................................................................... 7-6


© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. viii PEP Report 237A

Indirect Burner ............................................................................................................ 7-8

Design Notes .............................................................................................................. 7-8

Operating Conditions Effect on NOx and SOx Production ..................................... 7-9

Corrosion ............................................................................................................... 7-9

OXY-COMBUSTION FCC REGENERATION ............................................................ 7-10

FCC Catalyst Deactivation ......................................................................................... 7-10

Catalyst Coolers ......................................................................................................... 7-10

FCC SOx and NOx Emissions ..................................................................................... 7-11

Oxygen Enrichment .................................................................................................... 7-11

CO2 Capture Project ................................................................................................... 7-12

OXYGEN GENERATION ........................................................................................... 7-12

O2 Generation by Membranes .................................................................................... 7-13

O2 by ITMs .................................................................................................................. 7-14

O2 by MCM ................................................................................................................. 7-15

CO2 COMPRESSION AND PURIFICATION .............................................................. 7-17

Sour Compression Process ........................................................................................ 7-18

CanmetEnergy CO2CCU ............................................................................................ 7-19

Praxair ........................................................................................................................ 7-20

8 PROCESS ECONOMICS ........................................................................................... 8-1

AMINE ABSORPTION ................................................................................................ 8-4

OXY-COMBUSTION .................................................................................................. 8-6

REFINERY ECONOMICS .......................................................................................... 8-8

Amine Absorption ....................................................................................................... 8-9

Oxy-Combustion ......................................................................................................... 8-11

TRANSPORTATION COSTS ..................................................................................... 8-14

Comparison of Transportation Modes ........................................................................ 8-16

STORAGE COSTS ..................................................................................................... 8-17

CONTENTS (Concluded)

© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. ix PEP Report 237A

FCCU MEA CO2 ABSORPTION COST ESTIMATION .............................................. 8-19

Process Description ................................................................................................... 8-19

MEA Absorber ....................................................................................................... 8-28

Compression ......................................................................................................... 8-28

Cost Estimates ........................................................................................................... 8-28

Investment Costs ................................................................................................... 8-28

Production Costs ........................................................................................................ 8-30

FCCU OXY-COMBUSTION COST ESTIMATION ..................................................... 8-33

Process Description ................................................................................................... 8-33

Cost Estimates ........................................................................................................... 8-41

Investment Costs ................................................................................................... 8-41

Production Costs ........................................................................................................ 8-46

Purchased Oxygen ..................................................................................................... 8-49

APPENDIX A PATENT SUMMARY TABLES ................................................................ A-1

APPENDIX B DESIGN AND COST BASES .................................................................. B-1

APPENDIX C CITED REFERENCES ............................................................................. C-1

APPENDIX D PATENT REFERENCES BY COMPANY ................................................ D-1

APPENDIX E PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS ................................................................ E-1

FIGURES

© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. x PEP Report 237A

4.1 Distribution of GHG Emissions (2009) .................................................................. 4-3

4.2 U.S. Sources of CO2 Emissions (2009) ................................................................. 4-8

4.3 U.S. CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion by Economy Sector and

Fuel Type (2009) ................................................................................................... 4-10

4.4 GHG Emissions Distribution within the U.S. Industrial Sector .............................. 4-10

4.5 U.S. Energy Consumption by Energy Source (2009) ............................................ 4-11

4.6 Trends in U.S. Emissions Allocated to Economic Sectors (2009) ........................ 4-12

4.7 Achieving Refinery GHG Reduction Targets ......................................................... 4-39

4.8 CO2 Reduction Strategies by Independent and Integrated Refiners .................... 4-40

4.9 U.S. List Price for Monoethanolamine ................................................................... 4-44

5.1 CO2 Capture Technologies .................................................................................... 5-1

5.2 CO2 Technology Relative Timeline ....................................................................... 5-2

5.3 FCCU CO2 Emissions as a Function of Conversion ............................................. 5-8

5.4 UOP Benfield Process ........................................................................................... 5-29

5.5 Aqueous Ammonia Process .................................................................................. 5-33

5.6 Chilled Ammonia Process Absorption and Stripping............................................. 5-35

5.7 Absorber-Stripper System for Ammonia Recovery ............................................... 5-36

5.8 FCC Regeneration by Coke Gasification Overview .............................................. 5-42

5.9 Pure CO2 Phase Diagram ..................................................................................... 5-45

5.10 Pure CO2 Phase Diagram Showing Pipeline Operation ........................................ 5-46

6.1 CO2 Recovery from Flue Gas by Chemical Absorption ........................................ 6-1

6.2 Biodegradability of Amines .................................................................................... 6-11

6.3 Ecotoxicity of Amines ............................................................................................ 6-12

6.4 Proposed Mechanism for MEA Oxidative Degradation ......................................... 6-14

6.5 Piperazine Species ................................................................................................ 6-19

6.6 Fluor’s Econamine FG PlusSM

Process ................................................................. 6-29

6.7 Intercooled Absorber Temperature Profile ............................................................ 6-30

6.8 IFP (Prosernat) HiCapt+™ Process ...................................................................... 6-32

FIGURES (Concluded)

© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. xi PEP Report 237A

6.9 IFP DMX Solvent Absorption-Desorption Tests .................................................... 6-33

6.10 IFP’s DMX™ Process ............................................................................................ 6-34

6.11 Mitsubishi/Kansai’s KM-CDR Process .................................................................. 6-36

6.12 Piperazine High Temperature Two-Stage Flash Process ..................................... 6-40

6.13 Simplified Project CESAR Process ....................................................................... 6-41

6.14 Proposed Absorption Process Based on Exergy Recuperation Technology ........ 6-43

7.1 Oxy-Combustion Applied to a Boiler ..................................................................... 7-3

7.2 Process of Oxygen Transport through a Ceramic Membrane .............................. 7-14

7.3 Effect of Natural Gas and Export Power Prices on Cost of CO2 Removal in

Oxy-Combustion with ITM O2 Generation ............................................................. 7-15

7.4 Schematic of MCM Power Plant in Combined Cycle Configuration ...................... 7-16

7.5 CanmetEnergy CO2CCU Process ......................................................................... 7-20

8.1 Defining CO2 Captured and CO2 Avoided Costs ................................................... 8-2

8.2 CO2 Pipeline Transportation Costs ....................................................................... 8-15

8.3 CO2 Sequestration or Storage Options ................................................................. 8-17

8.4 FCCU MEA CO2 Absorption

Process Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... E-3

8.5 FCCU MEA CO2 Absorption—Absorber (Section 400)


8.6 FCCU MEA CO2 Absorption—CO2 Compression (Section 500)


8.7 FCCU Oxy-Combustion


TABLES

© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. xii PEP Report 237A

3.1 Distribution of Costs of CO2 Capture ..................................................................... 3-9

3.2 Summary of Cost Estimates for FCC Flue Gas CO2 Removal by MEA

Absorption and by Oxy-Combustion ...................................................................... 3-12

4.1 Global Atmospheric Concentration and Rate of Change in Concentration of

Selected GHGs ...................................................................................................... 4-2

4.2 Contribution of Greenhouse Gases to GHG Effect ............................................... 4-3

4.3 Global Warming Potentials (100 Year Time Horizon) and Lifetimes..................... 4-4

4.4 World Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Projections 1990−2035 .. 4-5

4.5 Large (≥100 Gg/Year), Stationary U.S. Sources of CO2 ....................................... 4-9

4.6 U.S. Industrial Energy-Related CO2 Emissions..................................................... 4-13

4.7 U.S. Transportation Sector CO2 Emissions ........................................................... 4-14

4.8 Sources of Worldwide GHG Emissions in 2008 .................................................... 4-16

4.9 Overview of European Carbon Taxes ................................................................... 4-18

4.10 Federal GHG Regulatory Activity .......................................................................... 4-20

4.11 Projected CO2 Equivalent Allowance Cost and Cap to U.S. Refineries ................ 4-21

4.12 Refinery Cost as Function of CO2 Price ................................................................ 4-21

4.13 GHG Reporting Rule—Affected Refinery Emission Sources ................................ 4-22

4.14 Canadian Refining and Upgrading GHG Emissions ............................................. 4-25

4.15 Carbon Emissions from Combustion of Fossil Fuels in Petroleum Refineries—

2002 ....................................................................................................................... 4-26

4.16 CO2 Emissions for Typical Fuel Gas Components Compared to Fuel Oil or

Methane ................................................................................................................. 4-27

4.17 Petroleum Refining GHG Emission Factors by Fuel Type .................................... 4-27

4.18 CO2 Emissions for Refinery Fuels ......................................................................... 4-28

4.19 Energy and Hydrogen Consumption by Refinery Complexity ............................... 4-28

4.20 GHG Emissions from Two Types of Refineries ..................................................... 4-29

4.21 Carbon, Hydrogen and Sulfur Content of a Wide Range of Crude Oils ................ 4-29

4.22 Carbon and Hydrogen Content Varies with Product Specifications ...................... 4-30

4.23 GHG Inventory for Refining of Diesel Fuels .......................................................... 4-31

TABLES (Continued)

© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. xiii PEP Report 237A

4.24 Contribution of Process Units to U.S. Nationwide CO2 Equivalent GHG

Petroleum Refinery Emissions .............................................................................. 4-32

4.25 Typical Normalized GHG Emissions Estimate for a Petroleum Refinery .............. 4-33

4.26 Calculated Refinery CO2 Emissions ...................................................................... 4-33

4.27 Main Uses of Carbon Dioxide in the Chemical Industry ........................................ 4-36

4.28 Liquid Oxygen Specifications ................................................................................ 4-41

4.29 Monoethanolamine Sales Specifications .............................................................. 4-42

4.30 U.S. Production of Ethanolamines ........................................................................ 4-43

4.31 Western European Market Prices for Monoethanolamine .................................... 4-44

5.1 CO2 Emissions by Fuel Type ................................................................................. 5-3

5.2 Estimated Energy Use by Refining Process ......................................................... 5-5

5.3 Reactor Side Enthalpy Distribution ........................................................................ 5-6

5.4 Achievable Energy and CO2 Reductions by a Comprehensive Energy

Management Program ........................................................................................... 5-10

5.5 Results from Shell’s Energy-Efficiency Programs ................................................. 5-11

5.6 Comparison of Heat Exchanger Retrofit Options .................................................. 5-12

5.7 Sources of Refinery Waste Heat ........................................................................... 5-13

5.8 Breakeven Capital Costs for Waste Heat Recovery from a 100 Mm BTU/H

Boiler ...................................................................................................................... 5-14

5.9 Breakeven Capital Costs for Energy Efficiency Improvements in a Steam

System ................................................................................................................... 5-15

5.10 Savings from Operational Improvements .............................................................. 5-16

5.11 Savings from Investment Projects ......................................................................... 5-16

5.12 Summary of Demonstrated Refinery GHG Reduction Measures ......................... 5-17

5.13 Typical FCC Regenerator Flue Gas Compositions ............................................... 5-20

5.14 Sulfur in Coke from Resid Feeds .......................................................................... 5-20

5.15 Typical Pressure and CO2 Feed Concentrations .................................................. 5-21

5.16 Conventional and Developmental Absorbents and Adsorbents for CO2

Separation ............................................................................................................. 5-23

TABLES (Continued)

© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. xiv PEP Report 237A

5.17 Potential Energy Requirements for Absorption and for Regeneration of Four

Generations of Absorption Process....................................................................... 5-25

5.18 Potassium Carbonate Solvent Activators and Corrosion Inhibitors ...................... 5-27

5.19 Comparison of Aqua Ammonia and MEA Processes............................................ 5-34

6.1 Characteristics of Physical and Chemical Absorbents .......................................... 6-3

6.2 Cyclic Capacity (∆), Rich (rich) and Lean (lean) Loading MEA, DEA and

MDEA Aqueous Solutions ..................................................................................... 6-5

6.3 Heats of Absorption and Protonation for Selected Absorbents ............................. 6-8

6.4 Effect of Inhibitors on MEA Oxidative Degradation ............................................... 6-16

6.5 Comparison of Piperazine and MEA ..................................................................... 6-18

6.6 Amine Thermal Degradation Rates at 135°C ........................................................ 6-20

6.7 MEA Properties Compared to MMDEA ................................................................. 6-21

6.8 Effect of Promoters (5 Mol%) in Aqueous MDEA on Column Length ................... 6-21

6.9 Energy of Regeneration Comparison .................................................................... 6-35

6.10 Operating Comparison of DMX1 and DMX2 Solvents .......................................... 6-35

6.11 Comparison of Cansolv’s SO2 and CO2 Technologies ......................................... 6-37

6.12 Regeneration Energy Analysis of 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-Piperidine and Its Blend

with Piperazine Compared to MEA ....................................................................... 6-38

7.1 Heat Loss Efficiency Comparison of Air and Oxy-Combustion ............................. 7-4

7.2 Comparison of Burner Model Outputs for Air and Oxy-Combustion ..................... 7-5

7.3 Energy Consumption of Praxair’s Membrane Boiler Compared to

Conventional Boiler ............................................................................................... 7-6

7.4 Cost Comparison of Advanced Boiler Integrating OTM Oxygen Supply with

Conventional Boiler with Post Combustion CO2 Amine Absorption ...................... 7-7

7.5 Regenerator Oxygen Enrichment .......................................................................... 7-12

8.1 Refinery Capture-Cost Example ............................................................................ 8-3

8.2 Distribution of Costs of CO2 Capture ..................................................................... 8-3

8.3 Economics of CO2 Capture by Amine Scrubbing .................................................. 8-5

8.4 CO2 Capture and Compression Unit Investment Cost Estimate for 550 MW

PC and NGCC Power Plants ................................................................................. 8-6

TABLES (Continued)

© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. xv PEP Report 237A

8.5 Oxy-Combustion CO2 Capture Investment Cost Estimate for 550 MW

Supercritical PC Power Plant ................................................................................ 8-7

8.6 Investment Cost Estimate for 550 MW Supercritical PC Power Plant with

Amine CO2 Absorption .......................................................................................... 8-8

8.7 FCCU Flue Gas Composition and CO2 Specifications for Amine Absorption ....... 8-10

8.8 FCCU Flue Gas and CO2 Train Relative Contributions to Total Capital Costs

for MEA Absorption ............................................................................................... 8-10

8.9 Utility Consumption in FCCU CO2 Capture by Amine Absorption ........................ 8-11

8.10 Relative Chemical Consumption in FCCU CO2 Capture by Amine Absorption .... 8-11

8.11 Oxy-Combustion Flue Gas Composition ............................................................... 8-12

8.12 FCCU Flue Gas and CO2 Train Relative Contributions to Total Capital Costs

for Oxy-Combustion Compared to MEA Absorption ............................................. 8-13

8.13 Utility Consumption in FCCU CO2 Capture by Oxy-Combustion Compared to

Amine Absorption .................................................................................................. 8-14

8.14 CO2 Storage Cost Estimates ................................................................................. 8-18

8.15 Estimated Operating Costs for CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers in North

Greece ................................................................................................................... 8-19

8.16 FCCU MEA Absorption

Design Bases and Assumptions ............................................................................ 8-21

8.17 Flue Gas Composition—MEA CO2 Absorption ..................................................... 8-22


Stream Flows ......................................................................................................... 8-23

8.19 FCCU MEA Absorption Unit

Major Equipment ................................................................................................... 8-26


Utilities Summary ................................................................................................... 8-27


Total Capital Investment ........................................................................................ 8-29


Production Costs ................................................................................................... 8-31


Design Bases and Assumptions ............................................................................ 8-35

8.24 Flue Gas Composition—Oxy-Combustion ............................................................ 8-36

TABLES (Concluded)

© SRI Consulting, IHS Inc. xvi PEP Report 237A


Stream Flows ......................................................................................................... 8-37

8.26 Oxy-Combustion

Major Equipment ................................................................................................... 8-39






Capital Investment by Section ............................................................................... 8-43



8.31 Oxy-Combustion, Purchased O2


8.32 FCCU Oxy-Combustion—Purchased O2

Capital Investment by Section ............................................................................... 8-51

8.33 FCCU Oxy-Combustion—Purchased O2


8.34 Oxy-Combustion, Purchased O2


8.35 Oxy-Combustion, Purchased O2 at $40/ton


8.36 FCCU Oxy-Combustion with Only Flue Gas Recycle and CO2 Compression

and Drying Using Purchased O2


8.37 FCCU Oxy-Combustion with Only Flue Gas Recycle and CO2 Compression

and Drying Using Purchased O2


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