reflections on the past - home | ubc blogsblogs.ubc.ca/.../files/2019/11/geob370coursereview.pdf ·...
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Reflections on the past
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What is GIS?
PeopleSoftware
Data
Procedures
Hardware
Network
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Five Ms of Applied GIS
•Mapping•Measuring•Monitoring•Modeling•Managing
Why use GIS?
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Why GIS? Geography matters Quantitative analyses matter GIScience, GISystems, GISociety
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GIS integrates disciplines and technologies such as remote sensing, surveying,
photogrammetry, spatial analysis, cartography, computer science.
GIS integrates ….
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Georeferencingenables dataintegration.
(e.g.)
GIS integrates ….
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GIS data: Spatial & aspatial
GIS is “an information technology which stores [integrates], analyses, and displaysboth spatial and non-spatial data” (Parker 1988).
Attribute linkages
Spatial data
P,L,A,Px
Attribute data
NOIR
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ForestNon-Forest
Reality
(‘Crisp’) Vector representation
GIScience: Objects and fields
(‘Fuzzy’)Raster representation
Full membership(Forest)
No membership(Non-Forest)
Uncertainty?
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Moving from files to databases
Views provide fordis-association of the
data from the presentation
Views
SQL enables dis-association from the software and hardware specifics
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GISystem: software components
Input
Analyses
Storage &Manipulation
Output
GIS is “a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will,transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world” (Burrough 1986).
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ArcMap Tools
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GISystems and Society
FilterKnowledge
FilterMandates
Softwaretools
Geographic database
Geographic Information System
Real worldUser
Cartographic generalizationPurpose / intent of producer
Data models
GIS is “a decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem-solving environment” (Cowen 1988)
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Placing GIS in Context
Internal
External
Mandated Spatial data and
associated attributes
Hardware
People
Software
GISystems and Society
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Metadata (Input and output)
Lineage
Positional accuracy
Attribute accuracy
Completeness
Logical consistency
Semantic accuracy
Temporal information
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Output: Map design criteria
Real world Conceptualization Measurement & representation Analysis
Interpretation, validation & exploration
Layer properties
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Exploration
Confirmation
Presentation
Synthesis
Visual thinking
Visual communication
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Analyses: GIS aids understanding
http://www.physorg.com/news71850513.html
Spatial statistics overviewSpatial analyst overview
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Equivalent rangesMeaningful weights
Analyses: Multi-criteria evaluation
Basic MCE theory:“Investigate a number of choice possibilities in the light of multiple
criteria and conflicting objectives” (Voogd, 1983).Generate rankings of choice alternatives.Two basic methodologies:
Boolean overlays (polygon-based methods) [And]Weighted linear combinations [WLC] (raster-based methods)
S = ∑wixi x ∏cj
(e.g.)
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Analyses: Spatial interpolationGeostatistical analyst overview: http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/giswr2005/geostat/GeostatisticExercise.htm
Local / globalExact / approximate
Stochastic / deterministicAbrupt / smooth
Geostatistics IDW
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Uncertainty
Analyses: Spatial interpolation
No one ‘right’ answer, although some will be more right than others
Know your data Uncertainty
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Analyses: Spatial interpolation
If we ignore (or do not have) samples from the stream, the interpolated surface will not be very representative.
Know your data
Stream is embeddedStream notrepresented
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Input: Remote sensing
Source PlatformSensor
Active/passive
Object
Wavelength-dependent Surface Interactions
Spectralreflectance curve
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Input: Remote sensingSpectral, spatial (m px), temporal, radiometric (# bits) resolutions
Panchromatic to multispectral to hyperspectral (bands / width)
Classification (supervised vs unsupervised vs object-based)
Pan sharpening, orthorectifying
Applications (e.g., NDVI) Spectral signatures
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Input: Global Navigation Satellite Systems
GPS, GLONASS
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Terms and Definitions
• Projection-based coordinate systems (PBCS)• Coordinate Systems (Albers, UTM)• Projections (Datums: geoid ellipsoid plane )
• Objects / Fields • Spatial Entities (PLAPx)• Topology
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Terms and Definitions
• Scale / Resolution (e.g.)• Generalization• Uncertainty• Measurement levels (NOIR)
• Primary / Secondary data (source)
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Textbook readings
The lecture notes cover everything that will be on the exam.
However, readings from the online text GIS Basics and the sections specifically mentioned from the Spatial Analysis text may help clarify concepts for you, as well as provide relevant examples of applications that you could include in your exam answers.
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Exam
Tue Dec 17 @ 8:30 IBLC 182 (1961 East Mall)
2.5 hours
Write on one side of the pageAssume 1 mark / minute of writing
Email me if you have any questions.
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Exam Format
Part 1 Definitions Part 2 Short answer questions Part 3 Essay questionsMaterial will cover the entire termEmphasis on understanding, although providing examples (i.e., material from labs, projects) will be beneficial.
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What next?Geob 372 Cartography
Geob 373 Remote Sensing
Geog 374 Statistics
Geob 472 Research in Cartography
Geob 479 GIScience in Research
Directed Studies (448)
BCIT / Masters
Co-op
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Best of luck in your exams