ReformReform

Spirit of ImprovementSpirit of Improvement

Americans believed in improvement Americans believed in improvement through educationthrough education

Education needed to establish a Education needed to establish a national character – Daniel Websternational character – Daniel Webster

Many state constitutions encouraged Many state constitutions encouraged free public education for all childrenfree public education for all children

Schools promoted “republican virtues”Schools promoted “republican virtues” Self-reliance, industry, frugality, harmony, Self-reliance, industry, frugality, harmony,

sacrifice of individual needs for the good of sacrifice of individual needs for the good of the communitythe community

The Role of WomenThe Role of Women

Women seen as the more virtuous Women seen as the more virtuous gendergender

If women had these virtues, they could If women had these virtues, they could teach them to the men that would vote teach them to the men that would vote and govern the nation.and govern the nation.

Schools opened “female departments” Schools opened “female departments” to teach girls to be “republican women”to teach girls to be “republican women” This was a woman who had the virtues that This was a woman who had the virtues that

would help her contribute to the success of would help her contribute to the success of the republicthe republic

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

Profit as important as self-improvementProfit as important as self-improvement Inventions improved the quality of, and Inventions improved the quality of, and

the reduced costs of, productsthe reduced costs of, products Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution

Change from human power to machine powerChange from human power to machine power Steam engine invented by James WattSteam engine invented by James Watt

Began in EnglandBegan in England British guarded new technologiesBritish guarded new technologies Did not allow anyone to leave the country who Did not allow anyone to leave the country who

knew about themknew about them

Before

After

Industrial Revolution Comes to Industrial Revolution Comes to AmericaAmerica

Samuel Slater emigrated to the US in Samuel Slater emigrated to the US in 17871787 Worked in textile mill in EnglandWorked in textile mill in England Memorized plans for the machineryMemorized plans for the machinery Established 1Established 1stst textile mill in the US in 1793 textile mill in the US in 1793 By 1814, 240 textile mills in US (most in By 1814, 240 textile mills in US (most in

the North)the North)

Cotton GinCotton Gin

Cleaning cotton seeds from cotton fibers Cleaning cotton seeds from cotton fibers a long, difficult processa long, difficult process One worker could clean one pound per dayOne worker could clean one pound per day

Cotton gin (engine) operated by water Cotton gin (engine) operated by water powerpower One worker could clean one thousand pounds One worker could clean one thousand pounds

per dayper day

Eli Whitney, inventor of the Cotton Gin

Effects of the Cotton GinEffects of the Cotton Gin Profits skyrocketedProfits skyrocketed US cotton exports rose 6,000% between US cotton exports rose 6,000% between

1790 and 18151790 and 1815 Southern planters began to depend on Southern planters began to depend on

cotton as only cropcotton as only crop New lands needed to grow more cottonNew lands needed to grow more cotton

Large farms sprang up in AL, MS, LA and TXLarge farms sprang up in AL, MS, LA and TX More slaves needed to work the plantationsMore slaves needed to work the plantations

Slave population in the South doubled between 1790 Slave population in the South doubled between 1790 and 1820and 1820

700,000 to 1,500,000700,000 to 1,500,000 South a land of slavery and farmingSouth a land of slavery and farming North a land of free labor and industryNorth a land of free labor and industry

Interchangeable PartsInterchangeable Parts Whitney also developed the idea of using Whitney also developed the idea of using

interchangeable parts to speed up interchangeable parts to speed up manufacturing processmanufacturing process

Contracted by the federal government to Contracted by the federal government to make 10,000 guns in two yearsmake 10,000 guns in two years

Before, guns made by hand and each one Before, guns made by hand and each one was differentwas different

By using standardized parts for all guns, By using standardized parts for all guns, guns could be made quickly and be guns could be made quickly and be consistent with othersconsistent with others

Actually took Whitney 10 years to make Actually took Whitney 10 years to make the guns but this paved the way for the the guns but this paved the way for the improved manufacturing of many productsimproved manufacturing of many products

Second Great AwakeningSecond Great Awakening

1790 census showed 1 in 10 1790 census showed 1 in 10 Americans was a member of a churchAmericans was a member of a church

Changing society in the early 1800s Changing society in the early 1800s led people to renew their religious led people to renew their religious faithfaith

22ndnd Great Awakening was democratic Great Awakening was democratic Anyone, rich or poor, could gain salvationAnyone, rich or poor, could gain salvation The congregation was generally more The congregation was generally more

significant than the ministersignificant than the minister Revivals were commonRevivals were common

New Religious Denominations New Religious Denominations Methodists (Largest in 1850)Methodists (Largest in 1850)

Spread their message through traveling Spread their message through traveling ministersministers

Baptists (2Baptists (2ndnd largest in 1850) largest in 1850) Believed only those old enough to Believed only those old enough to

understand religion should be baptizedunderstand religion should be baptized UnitariansUnitarians

Believed Jesus Christ was human messengerBelieved Jesus Christ was human messenger God as a loving father, not stern judgeGod as a loving father, not stern judge Popular in New England, not the frontierPopular in New England, not the frontier

MormonsMormons Group that moved as they faced persecutionGroup that moved as they faced persecution Believed God would create a simpler churchBelieved God would create a simpler church Would occur in North America, not the Holy Would occur in North America, not the Holy

LandLand

African American WorshipAfrican American Worship

Methodists and other evangelical Methodists and other evangelical churches included blacks and whiteschurches included blacks and whites Religious traditions blended togetherReligious traditions blended together

Call and responseCall and response SpiritualsSpirituals

African Americans started own churchesAfrican Americans started own churches 1816 – 16 congregations formed the African 1816 – 16 congregations formed the African

Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) 1831 – 86 churches were members of the 1831 – 86 churches were members of the

AMEAME

Effects of Manufacturing and Effects of Manufacturing and Capital on the U.S. EconomyCapital on the U.S. Economy

Manufacturing made more goods Manufacturing made more goods available, so money became more available, so money became more widely usedwidely used

For the first time, the people who For the first time, the people who produced the goods were not the produced the goods were not the people who used thempeople who used them

Capital allowed investment, which Capital allowed investment, which brought about economic expansionbrought about economic expansion

Free Enterprise’s Effect on the Free Enterprise’s Effect on the Growing Market RevolutionGrowing Market Revolution

Market Revolution – A shift from a Market Revolution – A shift from a home-based, often agricultural, home-based, often agricultural, economy to one based on money and economy to one based on money and the buying and selling of goodsthe buying and selling of goods

Free enterprise – Economic system Free enterprise – Economic system characterized by private or corporate characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goodsownership of capital goods

Free enterprise system encouraged Free enterprise system encouraged the creation of new industries which the creation of new industries which fueled the Market Revolutionfueled the Market Revolution

Nationalism at HomeNationalism at Home

Country was uniting as people saw power of Country was uniting as people saw power of federal govt. over the state govt.federal govt. over the state govt.

Three important court rulings strengthened Three important court rulings strengthened the federal government’s role in the economythe federal government’s role in the economy McCollough v. MarylandMcCollough v. Maryland established power of established power of

courts to declare acts of a state unconstitutionalcourts to declare acts of a state unconstitutional Dartmouth College v. WoodwardDartmouth College v. Woodward prevented state prevented state

interference in contracts. This helped to stabilize interference in contracts. This helped to stabilize the economythe economy

Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden established federal govt. right to established federal govt. right to regulate all aspects of interstate commerceregulate all aspects of interstate commerce

Nationalism AbroadNationalism Abroad

US foreign policy strengthenedUS foreign policy strengthened Northern border with British territory Northern border with British territory

established as 49established as 49º N latitudeº N latitude Agreement with British to limit number of war Agreement with British to limit number of war

ships on the Great Lakesships on the Great Lakes Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

1.1. US would not get involved in internal affairs of US would not get involved in internal affairs of EuropeEurope

2.2. US would not interfere with existing European US would not interfere with existing European colonies in the Western Hemispherecolonies in the Western Hemisphere

3.3. US would not permit further colonization in the US would not permit further colonization in the W.H.W.H.

4.4. US would view any action by a European country to US would view any action by a European country to control a W.H. nation as a hostile actioncontrol a W.H. nation as a hostile action

Two New Political Parties of the 1820sTwo New Political Parties of the 1820s

National RepublicansNational Republicans supported the supported the

Jeffersonian spirit of Jeffersonian spirit of improvementimprovement

John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, Henry ClayHenry Clay

Jacksonian DemocratsJacksonian Democrats supported Jefferson’s supported Jefferson’s

ideal of limited ideal of limited governmentgovernment

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

• Jackson’s supporters blocked all of Adams’ plans for public improvements and protective tariffs

• Jackson planned for upcoming election, and revenge

Social ReformsSocial Reforms

Protestant RevivalistsProtestant Revivalists Felt sectional jealousy and hate was Felt sectional jealousy and hate was

hurting the countryhurting the country Transcendentalism – grew out of a Transcendentalism – grew out of a

rejection of traditional religionrejection of traditional religion Rejected group worship in favor of private Rejected group worship in favor of private

reflectionreflection Temperance movement – was a Temperance movement – was a

response to the concern that alcohol response to the concern that alcohol was causing people to lose control and was causing people to lose control and was threatening family lifewas threatening family life

Public EducationPublic Education Lacking in rural, southern areasLacking in rural, southern areas Middle-class citizens began demanding Middle-class citizens began demanding

public educationpublic education Prison ReformPrison Reform

Effort to improve conditions for prisonersEffort to improve conditions for prisoners Separate facilities for Separate facilities for

men and womenmen and women juvenilesjuveniles mentally illmentally ill

Utopian communities – some people Utopian communities – some people wanted to form their own small wanted to form their own small societies in an attempt to achieve societies in an attempt to achieve perfect social and political communitiesperfect social and political communities

New Harmony, IndianaNew Harmony, Indiana

Harmony was founded by the Rappites Harmony was founded by the Rappites in1814in1814 A religious group led by George RappA religious group led by George Rapp They believed Christ would return to Earth in They believed Christ would return to Earth in

their lifetimetheir lifetime Non-violent pacifistsNon-violent pacifists Practiced celibacyPracticed celibacy

Harmony was established as a utopian Harmony was established as a utopian community and communecommunity and commune

New Harmony was established by Robert New Harmony was established by Robert Owen and William Maclure in 1825Owen and William Maclure in 1825 Bought the land from Rapp for $150,000Bought the land from Rapp for $150,000 Owen wanted to try to create his own Owen wanted to try to create his own

utopian communal societyutopian communal society The attempt at a utopian community failed The attempt at a utopian community failed

for many reasonsfor many reasons Internal quarrels among the leaders and Internal quarrels among the leaders and

residentsresidents They tried to ban money and use barter systemThey tried to ban money and use barter system There was no private propertyThere was no private property

New Harmony as envisioned by New Harmony as envisioned by Robert OwenRobert Owen

There were a few successes within New There were a few successes within New HarmonyHarmony It did become a scientific center of national It did become a scientific center of national

significance significance William Maclure brought naturalists William Maclure brought naturalists

Thomas Say and Charles-Alexandre Thomas Say and Charles-Alexandre Lesueur to New Harmony from PhiladelphiaLesueur to New Harmony from Philadelphia

Say has been called the father of American Say has been called the father of American entomology and the father of American entomology and the father of American conchology (the study of mollusk shells)conchology (the study of mollusk shells)

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement

All states north of MD abolished slavery by 1804All states north of MD abolished slavery by 1804 All importing of slaves ended in 1808All importing of slaves ended in 1808 Colonization of LiberiaColonization of Liberia

Effort to create a country in Africa for free blacks and Effort to create a country in Africa for free blacks and freed slavesfreed slaves

Many whites supported idea to get blacks out of the Many whites supported idea to get blacks out of the countrycountry

Plan offended many African Americans who simply Plan offended many African Americans who simply wanted to improve their lives in their homeland, the wanted to improve their lives in their homeland, the U.S.U.S.

William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison White Bostonian newspaper publisher (White Bostonian newspaper publisher (The LiberatorThe Liberator)) Created the American Anti-Slavery SocietyCreated the American Anti-Slavery Society

By 1835, 1,000 chapters with a total of 150,000 membersBy 1835, 1,000 chapters with a total of 150,000 members

William Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglass

Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass Escaped slaveEscaped slave Spoke out against slavery through his autobiography Spoke out against slavery through his autobiography

((Life and Times of Frederick DouglasLife and Times of Frederick Douglas)) So eloquent some incorrectly assumed he could not So eloquent some incorrectly assumed he could not

have ever been a slavehave ever been a slave The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad

Secret escape route for slavesSecret escape route for slaves Goal was to get out of the country where slave-Goal was to get out of the country where slave-

hunters could not go and bring back escaped slaveshunters could not go and bring back escaped slaves Rescued between 40,000 and 100,000 slavesRescued between 40,000 and 100,000 slaves Harriet Tubman famous “conductor”Harriet Tubman famous “conductor”

Escaped slave herselfEscaped slave herself Returned to lead more than 300 slaves to freedomReturned to lead more than 300 slaves to freedom Nicknamed “the Black Moses”Nicknamed “the Black Moses”

Divisions Among AbolitionistsDivisions Among Abolitionists

Some did not feel women should Some did not feel women should participate in political gatheringsparticipate in political gatherings William Lloyd Garrison encouraged William Lloyd Garrison encouraged

women to speak at his meetingswomen to speak at his meetings Sarah and Angelina GrimkeSarah and Angelina Grimke Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth

Former slaveFormer slave

Others felt political action was Others felt political action was uselessuseless Constitution allowed slavery so any law Constitution allowed slavery so any law

against slavery was unconstitutionalagainst slavery was unconstitutional

Resistance to AbolitionismResistance to Abolitionism Abolitionism viewed by many as a radical ideaAbolitionism viewed by many as a radical idea White workers/labor leaders in the North feared White workers/labor leaders in the North feared

increased competition for jobsincreased competition for jobs Some whites didn’t want African Americans Some whites didn’t want African Americans

living in their communitiesliving in their communities Eventually led to violenceEventually led to violence

Elijah Lovejoy, editor of a newspaper, called for Elijah Lovejoy, editor of a newspaper, called for gradual emancipationgradual emancipation

Opponents repeatedly destroyed his printing pressOpponents repeatedly destroyed his printing press Rioters killed Lovejoy as he tried to defend his Rioters killed Lovejoy as he tried to defend his

buildingbuilding Southerners in Congress passed a “gag-rule”Southerners in Congress passed a “gag-rule”

Prohibited antislavery petitions from being read or Prohibited antislavery petitions from being read or acted upon in the House of Reps. for eight yearsacted upon in the House of Reps. for eight years

Changing Role of WomenChanging Role of Women Changing rolesChanging roles

Lower class women took factory jobsLower class women took factory jobs Middle class women freed from chores as Middle class women freed from chores as

conveniences increasedconveniences increased Became active in reform movements in response Became active in reform movements in response

to social and legal restrictions they facedto social and legal restrictions they faced Fought for abolition of slaveryFought for abolition of slavery

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe by Harriet Beecher Stowe Incidents in the Life of a Slave GirlIncidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Ann by Harriet Ann

JacobsJacobs Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention

Wanted the rights and privileges that women Wanted the rights and privileges that women should have as citizens of the U.Sshould have as citizens of the U.S

Primarily wanted suffrage, the right to votePrimarily wanted suffrage, the right to vote

Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Ann Jacobs

Important Figures of the Seneca Falls Convention

Growing Social DivisionsGrowing Social Divisions

Rising ImmigrationRising Immigration Economic changes led to increased Economic changes led to increased

demand for cheap labordemand for cheap labor Immigrants provided this laborImmigrants provided this labor

Immigration increased from 143,000 in Immigration increased from 143,000 in 1820s to 2.6 million in 1850s1820s to 2.6 million in 1850s

Mostly settled in North and WestMostly settled in North and West Almost all immigrants during this time Almost all immigrants during this time

came from Ireland and Germanycame from Ireland and Germany

Tensions Over ImmigrationTensions Over Immigration

Irish and German immigrants faced Irish and German immigrants faced discriminationdiscrimination Irish, working very cheaply, undermined labor Irish, working very cheaply, undermined labor

unionsunions Many Protestants disapproved of the religion Many Protestants disapproved of the religion

of most of the immigrants, Roman Catholicof most of the immigrants, Roman Catholic American Republican PartyAmerican Republican Party

Favored requiring immigrants to live in the US Favored requiring immigrants to live in the US for 21 years before being eligible for for 21 years before being eligible for citizenshipcitizenship

Reform and SouthernersReform and Southerners

Southerners disliked the Reform Southerners disliked the Reform MovementMovement Did not want to end slaveryDid not want to end slavery Disturbed by charges that slave owners Disturbed by charges that slave owners

were immoralwere immoral Many farmers depended on child labor Many farmers depended on child labor

and did not want public schoolsand did not want public schools Equal rights for women implied that they Equal rights for women implied that they

did not properly care for their familiesdid not properly care for their families Did not feel their way of life needed Did not feel their way of life needed

reforming since it wasn’t subjected to reforming since it wasn’t subjected to the problems of urban lifethe problems of urban life

NativismNativism

Rose in a response to a surge of Rose in a response to a surge of immigration immigration

Secret society formed – the Order of the Secret society formed – the Order of the Star-Spangled BannerStar-Spangled Banner

American Party (later the Know American Party (later the Know Nothings)Nothings)

Pushed for anti-immigration legislationPushed for anti-immigration legislation Worked to defeat Irish Catholic Worked to defeat Irish Catholic

candidatescandidates