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![Page 1: Regents Earth Science – Unit 13: · PDF fileRegents Earth Science – Unit 13: Landscapes Landscape –surface features on the Earth Landscapes form due to: 1. Elevation 2. Relief](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051104/5a70e3807f8b9aa2538c7977/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Regents Earth Science – Unit 13: Landscapes
Landscape – surface features on the Earth
Landscapes form due to:
1. Elevation
2. Relief (difference in elevation)
3. Bedrock Structure
Adirondack Mountains
Types of Landscapes:
1. Mountain
2. Plateau
3. Plain
Reference Tables p. 2
1. Mountains:
• area of high elevation
• steep gradient/relief (many changes in slope)
• igneous and/or metamorphic rock
• distorted bedrock (folding/faulting)
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Landscapes2. Plateau:
• medium/high elevation
• gentle slope/relief (flat)
•• horizontal sedimentary rock horizontal sedimentary rock layerslayers
• Dissected Plateau - plateau with steep relief as rivers cut through plateau
Allegheny Plateau
3. Plains:
• gentle relief
• horizontal sedimentary rock
• low elevation
Mohawk Valley (Plains)
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Landscape Characteristics
Lowland
Upland
Highland
Common
Name
Horizontal
(sedimentary)
LowLowPlain
Horizontal
(sedimentary)
LowHighPlateau
Distorted
(metamorphic/
igneous)
HighHighMountain
BedrockReliefElevationType of
Landscape
Mountains
(Highlands)
High Elevations
High Relief
Distorted Bedrock
Plateaus
(Uplands)
High Elevations
Low Relief
Plains
(Lowlands)
Low Elevations
Low Relief
Horizontal Bedrock
Landscapes
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Landscapes
Factors that Effect Landscape Development:
1. Bedrock Structure
2. Time
3. Climate
1. Bedrock
• harder rock (igneous/metamorphic) will weather slower than softer rock (sedimentary) – leads to higher
elevations
• streams follow zones of weakness (cracks, faults, less resistant rock)
• distorted rocks (metamorphic) - mountains
• horizontal rocks before erosion - plateau
• horizontal rock after erosion - plain
2. Time - the longer rock is exposed at the surface, the more time it has to erode down
• Uplifting Forces:
• originate beneath the surface
• cause land to rise
• Leveling Forces:
• originate at or near surface
• level down rock (cause land to erode to sea level)
• features of a landscape are the result of how much time the uplifting and leveling forces have acted on the rocks
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Landscapes
3. Climate - how humid (moist)
• Arid Landscape:
• steep
• exposed bedrock
• Humid Landscape:
• smooth
• rounded hills
• covered in vegetation
Landscapes and River Systems
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Drainage Basins
Drainage Patterns - the patterns the rivers make when they flow across different landscapes
Landscapes determine drainage patterns:
• harder rocks form hills
• softer rocks will erode into valleys
• streams follow zones of weaker rock and flow downhill
• Drainage Basin (Watershed) - area of land drained by a river system
• High points divide river systems (watersheds) by making streams flow downhill in different directions
Five Types of Drainage Basins - based on the underlying bedrock structure:
1. Dendritic
2. Radial
3. Trellis
4. Rectangular
5. Annular
Dendritic - found with flat laying, uniform bedrock
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Drainage Basins
Radial - dome or mountain with little change in type
Trellis - folded or tilted rock layers of different rocks
Rectangular - faulted rock layers
Annular - dome with upturned layers
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NYS Landscape Regions