earth science chapter 5: section 2 surface processes and landscapes
TRANSCRIPT
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Earth ScienceEarth Science
Chapter 5: Section 2Chapter 5: Section 2
Surface Processes and Surface Processes and LandscapesLandscapes
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Introduction to OceansIntroduction to Oceans
• Currents are made by wind & density diffs.
• Currents distribute Earth’s solar energy.– Carry heat energy from lower latitudes to
higher latitudes & cold water to lower latitudes
• Erosion and deposition by wave action cause changes in shoreline features like beaches, sandbars, and barrier islands.– Wave action rounds sediments by abrasion.
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Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents
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Erosion and Deposition by Erosion and Deposition by Wave ActionWave Action
• http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/hudson/grg301c/hudson_grg_301c/schedule/4_water_geomorph_images/17_coastal/1.htm
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Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents
• Tsunamis – large waves caused by submarine landslides or volcanic eruptions– Wavelengths can be 100 miles long– Heights can reach 100 feet
• Indonesian Tsunami of December 26, 2004– Ruptured over a length of at least 250 miles– Traveled at about 1.2 miles per second – Wave heights greater than 30 feet
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Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents
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Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents
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Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents
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Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents
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GlaciersGlaciers
• Two types of glaciers:– Valley (alpine) glaciers - confined to a valley
and flows from higher to lower elevations.• Most present day glaciers are valley
glaciers.– Continental ice sheets - thick mass of ice that
covers over 50,000 square kilometers of land.• Only two exist today
–Antarctica and Greenland
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GlaciersGlaciers
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Glacial ErosionGlacial Erosion
• Glaciers move down slope under the influence of gravity and their own weight.– Steeper the slope the faster the movement.– When a glacier melts faster than it moves
downslope it moves backward (recedes)
• When a glacier slides over rock, the rock beneath the glacier is abraded.– Sharp corners of rocks dragged along make
long parallel scratches (striations).
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GlaciersGlaciers
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Glacial ErosionGlacial Erosion
• Glaciers carve U-shaped valleys– Hanging valleys form from tributaries
• Cirque– Bowl shaped erosional scar
• Horn– Sharp peak remaining from 3 or more cirques
• Arete– Ridge remaining from 2 cirques
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Glacial ErosionGlacial Erosion
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Glacial ErosionGlacial Erosion
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Glacial DepositionGlacial Deposition
• Till – Unsorted rock deposited directly by a glacier.
• Outwash– Rock material deposited directly from the
meltwater of the glacier.
• Erratic– Large rock that is different from rock beneath
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Glacial DepositionGlacial Deposition
• Moraine– Mass of glacial till left behind after a glacier
has melted.• Terminal moraine – farthest advance of
glaciers• Recessional moraine – built up where the
glacier recedes for a while, then becomes stationary
• Lateral moraine – pile of till along sides
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Glacial DepositionGlacial Deposition
• Drumlin – elongated hills formed from a glacier passing over old ground moraine
• Outwash plain – sorted deposits carried by meltwater of glacier
• Kames – short, steep-sided hills of outwash• Kettle hole – formed from ice block that melts
– Many are filled with water creating deep lakes• Esker – sinuous deposits from rivers of meltwater
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Glacial DepositionGlacial Deposition
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Glacial DepositionGlacial Deposition
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Glacial DepositionGlacial Deposition
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Glacial DepositionGlacial Deposition
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Wind ActionWind Action
• A dune is a mound or ridge of sand deposited by the wind.– As the wind rises up the long side of the dune,
the wind speed increases, therefore its carrying power increases (erosion increases).
– As the wind moves over the top of the dune and spreads out, its wind speed and carrying power decreases (deposition increases).
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Wind ActionWind Action
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Landscape Development and Landscape Development and Environmental ChangeEnvironmental Change
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Landscape DevelopmentLandscape Development
• Forces that raise Earth’s surface are called uplifting forces
• Forces that lower the elevation of Earth’s surface are called leveling forces
• Climatic changes effect landscapes– The drier the climate the more angular the
landscape
• Bedrock patterns influence landscape
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Stream Drainage PatternsStream Drainage Patterns
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TimeTime
• Landscapes pass through stages over time– Young
• Erosion is beginning• Steep fast-moving streams & v-shaped valleys
– Mature• Low rounded hills and broad flat valleys• Streams stop eroding downward & start sidecutting
– Old• Uplands have been eroded almost to sea level• Poor drainage, small gradient, many meanders
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