religious movement is much of the baroque art in catholic countries associated: the...
TRANSCRIPT
Religious movement is much of the Baroque art in Catholic countries associated:
The Counter-Reformation.
List three adjectives or phrases that describe its style:
Dramatic theatricality.
Grandiose scale.
Elaborate ornateness.
Carlo Maderno
Santa Susana
Rome, Italy
1597-1603
Giacomo della Porta
façade of Il Gesù
Rome, Italy
ca. 1575-1584
Giacomo della Portafaçade of Il GesùRome, Italyca. 1575-1584
Three ways in which Madern’s Early Baroque church of Santa Susanna resembles the church of Il Gesu:Each building has scroll buttresses connecting the upper and lower levels of the façade.Each building has two pediments, one for each story.Sculptures in niches frame the central doorway in each building.
Carlo MadernoSanta SusanaRome, Italy1597-1603
Three ways in which Madern’s Early Baroque church of Santa Susanna differs from the church of Il Gesu:The façade has a greater verticality, concentrating and dramatizing the major features of its model.The façade’s tall central section projects forward from the horizontal lower story.Strong shadows cast by the vigorously projecting columns and pilasters mount dramatically toward the emphatically stressed central axis.
Carlo Maderno
Santa Susana
Rome, Italy
1597-1603
Four architects who worked on St. Peter's and note the primary contribution of each. Donato d’Angelo Bramante: The original plan and the concept of a hemispherical dome.Michelangelo: The reduced plan and the ogival dome with drum. Carlo Maderno: the façade.Gianlorenzo Bernini: the colonnaded piazza.
Carlo Maderno
Aerial view of Saint Peter’s
Vatican City, Rome, Italy
1506-1666
Gianlorenzo Bernini
baldacchino Saint Peter’s
Vatican City, Rome, Italy
1624-33gilded bronzeapproximately 100 ft. high
BaldacchinoCanopy-like structure
on columns, frequently built over an altar.
Gianlorenzo Bernini
Scala Regia
Vatican City, Rome, Italy
1663-1666
Gianlorenzo Bernini
David
1623marbleapproximately 5 ft. 7 in. high
Four major characteristics of Bernini's sculpture that are typical of Baroque art in general.
Expansive and theatrical.
The element of time usually plays an important role.
Dynamic quality conveying a bursting forth of energy.
Refusal to limit itself to firmly defined spatial settings.
Gianlorenzo Bernini
David
1623marbleapproximately 5 ft. 7 in. high
BerniniMichelangelo Buonarroti
Donatello
Michelangelo's is shown before, Bernini's is during and Donatello's is after the fight with Goliath.
Michelangelo and Bernini depict David as more of a man, Donatello shows him as a young boy, also lots of sexual symbolism in Donatello's, like the feather from Goliath's hat running up David's inner thigh.
Donatello's is bronze, the other 2 are marble. Donatello's is very early Renaissance- he is going towards more realistic features, as is seen in the pouchy stomach and saggy behind of David.
Michelangelo's musculature is consistent with the thoughts of the Renaissance: a look back at idealized figures and tension-creating scenes- he hasn't fought yet, we still don't know what will happen.
Bernini is working in a more baroque style, combing motion and concentration (in David's face) to achieve a dynamism in the work not found in the earlier
Gianlorenzo Bernini
interior of the Cornaro Chapel
Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome, Italy
1645-1652
Gianlorenzo Bernini
Ecstasy of Saint Theresa
Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome, Italy
1645-1652
Bernini depiction of the vision of St. Theresa:
As light (shining from behind a hidden window of yellow glass) pouring down on bronze rays suggesting the radiance of Heaven.
Francesco Borrominifaçade of San Carlo alle Quattro FontaneRome, Italy1665-1676
Who developed the “sculptural” architectural style to its extreme?
Francesco Borromoni.
Francesco Borromini
façade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
Rome, Italy
1665-1676
Two buildings designed by him. San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane.Chapel of Saint Ivo.
Both are located in the city of Rome.
Francesco Borrominiplan of San Carlo alle Quattro FontaneRome, Italy1665-1676
While the circle had been the ideal geometric figure to Renaissance architects, Baroque planners preferred the oval.
Francesco Borromini
dome of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
Rome, Italy
1665-1676
They preferred the oval because the oval is a more dynamic form of the circle, creating an interior that appears to flow from entrance to altar, unimpeded by the segmentation characteristic of Renaissance buildings.
Francesco Borromini
Chapel of Saint Ivo College of the Sapienza
Rome, Italy
begun 1642
Francesco Borromini
plan of the Chapel of Saint Ivo College of the Sapienza
Rome, Italy
begun 1642
Francesco Borromini
dome of the Chapel of Saint Ivo College of the Sapienza
Rome, Italy
begun 1642
Francesco Borromini
dome of the Chapel of Saint Ivo College of the Sapienza
Rome, Italy
begun 1642
Guarino Guarini
Palazzo Carignano
Turin, Italy
1679-1692
Guarino Guarini
Palazzo Carignano
Turin, Italy
1679-1692
Guarino Guarini
Chapel of Santissima Sindone
Turin, Italy
1667-1694
Guarino Guarini
Chapel of Santissima Sindone
Turin, Italy
1667-1694
Bramante and Raphael
Dome of Sant ‘Eligio degli Orefici
Rome, Italy
ca. 1509, reconstructed ca. 1600
CaravaggioConversion of Saint PaulCerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del PopoloRome, Italyca. 1601oil on canvasapproximately 7 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 9 in.
Three characteristics of Caravaggio's style.
Injected naturalism into both religious and classical subjects with unidealized figures.
Sharply, dramatically lit figures emerging from a dark background.
Invites the viewer to participate in the scene.
CaravaggioConversion of Saint Paul
Gianlorenzo BerniniEcstasy of Saint Theresa
The common purpose of Caravaggio's Conversion of St. Paul and Bernini's The Ecstasy of St. Theresa:To produce the representation of a vision, using actual light from each chapel’s windows.
Caravaggio
Calling of Saint Matthew
Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei FrancesciRome, Italy
ca. 1597-1601oil on canvas11 ft. 1 in. x 11 ft. 5 in.
Caravaggio attempted to compel the viewer’s interest and involvement in the scene in his religious pictures.
Caravaggio accomplished this by using pictorial devices such as showing action taking place in the foreground; low horizon line; dramatic light.
Tenebroso“Shadowy” manner of dark settings enveloping their occupants.
Caravaggio
David Victorious over Goliath
oil on canvas43 1/4 x 35 7/8 in.
Caravaggio
Entombment
Chapel of Pietro Vittrice, Santa Maria in VallicellaRome, Italy
ca. 1603oil on canvas9 ft. 10 1/8 in. x 6 ft. 15/16 in.
Self-Portrait as a Martyr
Artemisia Gentileschi
Judith Slaying Holofernes
ca. 1614-1629oil on canvas6 ft. 6 1/3 in. x 5 ft. x 4 in.
Characters from the Apocryphal Book of Judith; Holofernes was an Assyrian general who was seduced by Judith and then beheaded by her.
Techniques:Artemesia uses tenebrism, spurting blood, the physical strain of the women struggling with the sword, and controlled highlights on the action in the foreground to portray the drama of the theme.
Judith Slaying Holofernes (Caravaggio).c. 1598-1599Oil on canvas1.44m by 1.92mGalleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica,Barberini, Rome.
The artists most influenced the style of Artemesia Gentileschi was Caravaggio and her father, Orazio Gentileschi.
Artemisia Gentileschi
Judith and her Maidservant
ca. 1612-1613oil on canvas44 7/8 x 36 13/16 in.
One of Artemisia's best works, this scene is tense with imminent danger as Judith and Abra prepare to flee Holofernes's tent with his severed head. Dramatic and unusual chiaroscuro, especially the shadows Judith's hand casts on her face, together with vigilant expressions and posture, add urgency to the scene.
Jael and Sisera.1620.Oil on canvas.0.923m by 1.275mSzepmuveszeti Museum, Budapest.
Artemisia chose another biblical theme picturing a woman slaying an aggressor. Sisera was a cruel Canaanite leader who ruled the Israelites for twenty years. Barak defeated his nine hundred charioteers by a surprise Israelite attack. Sisera escaped and sought refuge in the tent of Jael, wife of Heber the Kenite. She gave the terrified Canaanite sanctuary. When he fell asleep, she drove a tent peg into his brain. The act fulfilled the prediction of Debora, prophetess and Israelite leader, who foresaw that a woman would slay Sisera.
Artemisia Gentileschi
Susannah and the Elders
1610oil on canvas66 7/8 x 46 7/8 in.
Three assumptions that were basic to the teaching of art at the Bolognese academy.
Art can be taught.The teaching of art must include the classical and Renaissance traditions.The teaching must also include the study of anatomy and life drawing.
Annibale CarracciFlight into Egypt1603-1604oil on canvas4 ft. x 7 ft. x 6 in.
Annibale Carracci is credited with developing the "classical" or "ideal" landscape
Its roots were the landscape backgrounds of Venetian Renaissance paintings.
Annibale CarracciLoves of the GodsGallery, Palazzo FarneseRome, Italy1597-1601fresco
Carracci achieved heightened illusionism as the chiaroscuro is not the same for both the paintings and the figures surrounding them. The painter modeled the figures inside the quadri in an even light. The outside figures seem to be lit from beneath, as if they were actual three-dimensional beings or statues illuminated from below.
Annibale Carracci
Loves of the Gods
Gallery, Palazzo FarneseRome, Italy
1597-1601fresco
Annibale CarracciLoves of the Gods, Triumph of BacchusGallery, Palazzo FarneseRome, Italy1597-1601fresco
quadro riportato Transferred frame painting, or simulation of easel
painting for ceiling decoration. The framed pictures are flanked by polychrome figures who turn their heads to gaze at the scenes around them, and by Atlas figures painted to resemble marble statues.
Annibale Carracci
Loves of the Gods Polyphemus, Acis and Galatea
Gallery, Palazzo FarneseRome, Italy
1597-1601fresco
Guido ReniAuroraCeiling fresco in the Casino Rospigliosi, Rome, Italy1613-1614fresco
Two influences blended by Reni in his Aurora fresco:Roman reliefs.Coins depicting emperors in triumphal chariots accompanied by flying Victories and other personifications.
Pietro da CortonaTriumph of the Barberiniceiling fresco in the Gran SalonePalazzo Barberini, Rome, Italy1633-1639fresco
Pietro da Cortona
Triumph of the Barberini
ceiling fresco in the Gran SalonePalazzo Barberini, Rome, Italy
1633-1639fresco
Three ways in which Pietro da Cortona’s frescoed ceiling in the Palazzo Barberini praised his patron:
Divine Providence holds a crown of stars to bestow eternal life on the Barberini family.
The laurel wreath, another symbol of immortality.
The papal tiara and keys announcing the personal triumphs of Urban VIII.
Giacomo della Porta
façade of Il Gesù
Rome, Italy
ca. 1575-1584
Giovanni Battista GaulliTriumph in the Name of Jesusceiling fresco with stucco figures in the vault of Il Gesu, Rome, Italy1676-1679fresco
Effect Gaulli created with the fresco he painted on the ceiling of Il Gesù in Rome:
A dramatic, transcendent spiritual environment as well as the glory and power of the Catholic Church.
Three devices he used to achieve that effect:Gilded architecture opens up in the center of the ceiling to offer viewers a glimpse of Heaven.Jesus is represented as a barely visible monogram in a blinding radiant light that floats heavenward.Gaulli painted many of the sinners on three-dimensional stucco extensions that project outside the painting’s dome.
Fra Andrea PozzoGlorification of Saint Ignatiusceiling fresco with stucco figures in the nave of Sant’Ignazio, Rome, Italy1691-1694fresco
The painter beside Gaulli who worked for the Jesuits in Rome was Fra Andrea Pozzo. He painted the ceiling of the church of Sant’Ignazio in Rome for them.
The device did he use to merge heaven and earth was he illusionistically continued the church’s own architecture into the vault so that the roof seems to be lifted off.
Fra Andrea Pozzo
Glorification of Saint Ignatius
ceiling fresco with stucco figures in the nave of Sant’Ignazio, Rome, Italy
1691-1694fresco
José de RiberaMartyrdom of Saint Philip (Bartholomew)ca. 1639oil on canvas7 ft. 8 in. x 7 ft. 8 in.
The goal of many Spanish Baroque religious artists was to move viewers and to encourage greater devotion and piety.A theme that was particularly popular among them was death and martyrdom scenes.
Ribera's style was influenced by the "dark manner" of Caravaggio.
Francisco de ZurbaránSaint Serapion1628oil on canvas3 ft. 11 1/2 in. x 3 ft. 4 3/4 in.
The type of lighting did Zurbaran use in his pating of Saint Serapion was Bright light shining on the figure with a dark background, to call attention to the saint’s death and to increase the dramatic impact of the image.
Francisco de ZurbaránStill Life with Pottery Jarsoil on canvas18 1/8 x 33 1/8 in.
Francisco de ZurbaránAgnus Deioil on canvas15 x 24 3/8 in.
Alonso CanoSaint Bernard and the Virginoil on canvas105 1/8 x 72 7/8 in.
Bartolomé Esteban MurilloThe Immaculate Virgin “of Soult”c. 1678 oil on canvas107 7/8 x 74 3/4 in.
Diego VelázquezWater Carrier of Sevilleca. 1619oil on canvas3 ft. 5 1/2 in. x 2 ft. 7 1/2 in.
Velazquez was court painter to King Phillip IV.
Diego VelázquezLos Borrachosca. 1619oil on canvas64 3/8 x 87 7/8 in.
Diego VelázquezSurrender of Breda1634-1635oil on canvas10 ft. 1 in. x 12 ft. 1/2 in.
Velasquez’s Surrender of Breda commemorate the Spanish victory over the Dutch in 1625.
Diego VelázquezKing Philip IV of Spain (Fraga Philip)1644oil on canvas4 ft. 3 1/8 in. x 3 ft. 1/8 in.
Diego VelázquezLas Meninas1656oil on canvasapproximately 10 ft. 9 in. x 9 ft.
The subject of Las Meninas is the Infanta Margarita with her two maids-in-waiting, her favorite dwarfs, and a large dog, as well as a man and a woman in the background.
The composition extends in depth both in front of (through the mirror and the gazes of the figures) and behind the painting (through the open door). Form and shadow are represented realistically. A great number of intermediate values of gray come between lights and darks, instead of putting them side by side as Caravaggio did.
Diego Velázquez
Las Meninas
1656oil on canvasapproximately 10 ft. 9 in. x 9 ft.
Diego Velázquez
Las Meninas
1656oil on canvasapproximately 10 ft. 9 in. x 9 ft.
Diego Velázquez
Las Meninas
1656oil on canvasapproximately 10 ft. 9 in. x 9 ft.