CSIRO OCEANS & ATMOSPHERE

Remote Sensing Applications in support ofCoastal Zone Management

Schroeder T., Steven A., Botha E., Anstee J., Baird M., Paget M., Blondeau-Patissier D.

27 November 2017 Pacific Remote Sensing & GIS Conference, Suva, Fiji

Sentinel-3A OLCI 31 March 2017 Great Barrier Reef, Australia

CSIRO – Coasts - Aquatic Remote Sensing

Example applications in our region (Australia)

International context – GEO, AO-GEOSS

Open Data Cube Initiatives

Opportunities & Conclusions

This presentation

This presentation

Federal Government Agency for scientific research ~5000+ employees

Oceans & Atmosphere Business Unit ~570 staff (4 Programs)

Capability covers physics, ecology, genetics, chemistry, mathematicalmodeling, observing systems, social sciences and marine engineering.(www.csiro.au/en/Research/OandA)

Coasts Program ~100+ staff Director Andy Steven

Supports the sustainable development of Australia’s coastal resourcesby providing decision-makers with integrated observational and

modeling capabilities to assess and anticipate the dynamics and vulnerability of coastal assets.

This presentation

CSIRO(Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization)

Coasts - Aquatic Remote SensingProfile

• We conduct research using coastal/inland Earth Observation across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales

• Our focus is on analytical methodsRadiative transfer analysis through atmosphere, water column & substrate coverin the optical (VIS), NIR, SWIR, thermal and the microwave spectral domains

• Emphasis on remote sensing of spectral attributes relating to physical processes, particularly those controlling the dynamics water quality

• Emphasis on rigorous field and lab measurements and sensor calibration/validation

• Translation into management relevant applications

Optically deep

Optically shallow

• Water quality monitoring (coastal & inland)

• Guideline compliance monitoring

• Flood/Freshwater plume extent mapping

• Primary productivity – carbon fluxes

• Light availability at seabed mapping

• Algal bloom detection & dynamics

• Oil pollution detection

• Data assimilation products into BGCMs

Linking remote sensing & modelling

• Habitat mapping – change detection

• Spectral libraries

• Bathymetry retrieval

• Coral bleaching

Coasts - Aquatic Remote SensingResearch, Algorithm Development & Applications

Measurements

Why remote sensing?• Australia has the 3rd largest marine jurisdiction of any nation on Earth

• 14 million km2 double the size of its land mass, coastline ~36.000 km

• Biodiversity conservation & ecosystem health - Grand Challenge (Marine Nation 2025)

Prepared by the Oceans Policy Science Advisory Group

Declining water quality

Coastal developments

Climate change

Fishing

Biodiversity threatsBleaching

Sea Surface Temperature

Cyclones

Crown of Thorns Starfish

In-water algorithmLinear-Matrix-Inversion

Artificial Neural Networks

In-water & SubstratumSemi-Analytical Model for Bathymetry Un-mixing and Concentration Assessment (SAMBUCA)

A-prior knowledge of in-water optical properties and substratum reflectance required to constrain the solution

Remote Sensing InversionOptically deep/shallow waters

Atmospheric correction

Artificial Neural Networks

Image credit: http://www.lib.utexas.edu

Pronounced wet and dry season cycle

Rainfall maximum between JAN-MAR

River plumes are the major transport mechanism for dissolved nutrients, sediments and pollutants into the Great Barrier Reef

Discharged material is proportional to the rainfall, and the extent and type of agricultural land in the catchment

Frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones are expected to increase as a consequence of global warming

River flood plumes – Great Barrier Reef – MODIS Jan 2007

0 30 km

Monitoring relevant for the management of coral and seagrass ecosystems.

Low salinity runoff waters may discharge high loads of sediments, dissolved nutrients and anthropogenic contaminants into the sea and can directly stress marine ecosystems that are adapted to higher light and salinity levels.

Reefs

Reefs

Plume boundary

Clouds

CloudsNo salinity from optical remote sensing

CDOM as surrogate for salinity

MODIS-Aqua 02.02.2005

0 100 km

S3A_OL_1_EFR____20160608T231306_20160608T231357_20160609T015217_0050_005_101_3420_MAR_O_NR

_0018 June 2016

25 50

km

0

N

S3A_OL_1_EFR____20170331T233620_20170331T233920_20170401T013612_0179_016_087_3240_MAR_O_NR_002

31 March 2017

Burdekin River

Assimilation of Satellite Ocean Colour (surface reflectance)

The eReefs Project

Bio-geochemical model

Model Satellite

Modeled Ocean Colour

(Courtesy: Dr Mark Baird & Team)

Comparison GBR1 model vs satellite remote sensingeReefs Whitsunday region http://research.csiro.au/ereefs/

Model

Satellite

CHL TSS Light

CHL TSS Light

Great Barrier Reef Report Card http://www.reefplan.qld.gov.au

Report cards measure progress towards the Reef Water Quality Protection Plan’s goal and targets.

Water Quality scores derived from combined remote sensing and modeling framework.

Report Card 2016(Released Oct 2017)

eReefs: Integrated system of data, simulations and forecasting incl. visualization 1st step towards a National Coastal Information System

• GEO is a voluntary partnership of governments and organizations that is working to link Earth observation resources world-wide for the benefit of society

• GEO currently has 100+ member countries and 100+ participating organizations

Group on Earth Observations (GEO)

• The GEO community seeks to build a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).

• To better integrate observing systems (in-situ and remote sensing) and share data by connecting existing infrastructures using common standards.

• GEOSS links these systems to strengthen the monitoring of the state of the Earth.

Global Earth Observation Systems of Systems

(GEOSS)

• GEOSS seeks to link Earth observation resources across multiple societal benefit areas

Global Earth Observation Systems of Systems

(GEOSS)

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Improvingregional

observingability

Data and information

products processing

Earth observation data sharing

service

Technologycooperation

network

Regional applications

AO GEOSS

Sustainable Agricultural

Cross-regional disaster mitigation

Ecology & environment

Infrastructure monitoring

Surveying and mapping

Ocean remote sensing monitoring

Water resources

Asia-Oceania GEOSSLead: Australia, China, Japan

Members: Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, South Korea

AO-GEOSS will enhance the observing capacity of the Asia-Oceania region

Asia-Oceania GEOSS

Task 8: Ocean and Islands Observations for AO region

Foundational task are supporting applications and services.

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Goal

• To advance and exploit synergies among the many observational programs devoted to island, coastal and ocean, to improve engagement with a variety of users for enhancing the timeliness, quality and range of services delivered;

• to raise awareness of the societal benefits of ocean observations at the public and policy levels

• Focus on coastal countries and small island states

Tasks

• Identify and articulate user needs. Produce new marine and coastal observation networks by supporting and linking partners.

• Evaluate the sea level rise risk for the developing states in the western and eastern Pacific.

• Improve Modeling the Hydrodynamics and Biogeochemistry of the ocean environment andCoastal Applications of the Data Cube.

Task 8 Oceans and Islands

Task 11. Develop a Regional GEOSS Data Set

Asia-Oceania GEOSS

Australia Regional Copernicus Hubhttp://www.copernicus.gov.au

Sentinel-3A 22.08.2016

Provides free and open access to data from the European Sentinel 1, 2, and 3 satellite missions

The big data challenge

(Lewis et al., RSE 2017)

Cumulative Level-0 data volumes (Petabytes)

For many applications lack of data is no longer the limiting factor

… a lack of tools to exploit the data is.

The Open Data Cube Initiative www.opendatacube.org

(Lewis et al., RSE 2017)

Open = open source

Data Cube = Aligned pixels ready for analysis

Analysis ready data (Level-3) ... Reduce processing burden on users

Analytics platform not just data storage

Paradigm shift ... Pixels vs files and bring the science/user to the EO data

Integration of multiple data sets supported

Multiple platform ... Desktop, HPC, Cloud

Community sharing/development of applications

Prototypes: Columbia, Kenya, Vietnam ...

Partners: GA, CSIRO, NASA, USGS

Data pipelines: Landsat, MODIS, SAR (PALSAR 1/2, ALOS-2, Sentinel-1), Himawari-8, ...

Applications – Open Data Cube Australia www.opendatacube.org

• Vegetation change (agricultural production)

• Bushfire scar mapping and forestry inventory

• Mining footprint and urban development

• Carbon accounting

• Wetland management and characterisation

• Flood inundation mapping (farm, dam development)

• Coastal change mangrove extent and water quality

• Shallow water bathymetry

• Seagrass and substratum mapping

AGDC - 30 years of Landsat data free and open for the entire Australian continent

Conclusions & Opportunities

• Remote sensing approaches complement in-situ water quality monitoring

• However for remote regions remote sensing is often the only means of obtaining management relevant information for coastal zone management

• Remote sensing methods developed in one area are applicable to other regions (of Australia) as the physics-based approach is generic in nature

• Methods can be applied to historical, current and future satellite images and as such become a cost-effective monitoring tool to detect change

• The Open Data Cube concept provides opportunities for collaboration and development of applications specifically for the Asia-Oceanic region, inundation risk assessments or seagrass, mangrove mapping ...

• Addressing the need to estimates of carbon stocks and sequestration rates and better maps of blue carbon extent

Thank you.Questions?

Dr Thomas SchroederSenior Research Scientist Coasts BrisbaneThomas.Schroeder@csiro.au

Dr Andy StevenResearch Director CoastsBrisbaneAndy.Steven@csiro.au

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Light interactions in an atmosphere-ocean system

Optically shallow Optically deep

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Basics 3Atmospheric correction

Atmospheric correction

Berkelmans et al. (2002, 2004); Hoegh-Guldberg (1999).

signal water

signal land

signalatmosphere

measured

Most of the satellite signal at Top of Atmosphere is noise

> 90%

T4: Ocean and Society

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GEOSS-AP Ocean Data Networking System

Examples applications optical shallow waters

Bathymetry and substratum mappingGeorgina Cay (Lihou Reef National Nature Reserve)

MODIS

Quickbird

Quickbird: ~2.6 m, 4 bands, ~3.5 days revist

y = 0.8187x + 0.6458

R2 = 0.8066

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5

10

15

20

25

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30

retrieved depth (m)

me

as

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d d

ep

th (

m)

Botha et al, 2010, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1290.7288Botha et al, 2013, RSE, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.02

Bathymetry Georgina Cay

Substratum mappingGeorgina Cay