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The 2015 WEI International Academic Conference Proceedings Harvard, USA

The West East Institute 142

RENAISSANCE IN ITALY AND SPREAD IN EUROPE

(906 -1003 AH / 1500-1594 AD)

Dr. Mona Mohammed Fahad Al Ghaith Associate Professor- Faculty of Art Princess Norah Bint Abdul Rahman University Riyadh

(Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

Renaissance in Italy and spread in Europe (906 -1003 AH / 1500-1594 AD)

One of the main aspects of the Italian Renaissance movement is geographical exploration and the resulting

discovery of the New World and the organization of new shipping routes across the oceans and seas.

Italy has gained great importance because of its geographical position. They are located of the Mediterranean Sea

which gave importance, where the oldest civilizations on the beaches and centers of trade and was a link between the

East and the West.

The first thing the Renaissance in Italy emerged was a cultural movement that began in the late medieval Italy and

then spread to Europe, where it witnessed a boom in literature and a rise in learning and development of

drawing, and educational reform. Politically it contributed to the multiplicity of diplomatic treaties between states.

And in the field of science historians believe that this transition intellectual excelled technical developments and

contributions of intellectuals, and the study of ancient manuscripts, where the churches and monasteries replete

with a myriad of these manuscripts. The ruling families in the Italian cities funded search for manuscripts and buy

them until this phenomenon has become a common feature among the prominent Italian city governments turned to

intense competition among them. And also led site Italy to the recovery of trade and prosperity commercial

cities between west and east across the Mediterranean to make European cities littoral experiencing an economic

prosperity helped to exchange ambassadors and consuls with countries with which it has business relations, making

them compete with each other to take care of the artists, writers and scientists .

And I will discuss to the emergence of the academies of science and receive in Italy and spread.

What are the factors and characteristics of the Italian Renaissance and the most important manifestations and

pinpointed the most important cultural, literature and art, and the political and economic terms as well.

Introduction:

Historians agree that the Renaissance in Europe, had begun at the end of the fourteenth century, when

Europeans began studying science and knowledge of Greek and Arabic, and they have an active exploratory

geographical movements, followed by the study of natural and social phenomena.

The European renaissance movement revives the ancient heritage, and development in arts, literature, science and

studies. This was accompanied by a change in the foundations of the political, social, religious and economic life.

In the middle Ages the clergy dominated the various affairs of life, as religious scholars, intellectuals and fought

(1

), and monopolized the leadership of the community, which then spread superstition and ignorance, have not

benefit people in Latin, because it was monopolized by the clergy range. Papermaking or printing art was not (2

) in

that time has been discovered (3

). That is why the European communities was underdeveloped and suffer under the

feudal system, and suffer the scourge of feudal wars and political fragmentation.

It is clear from that there was no room for the individual to innovate or invent, but were traditions and customs

prevailing crash every desire aims to arrive at the truth, and it was difficult that the church will continue to control

people's thinking.



At the same time the European Renaissance emerged contradiction of modern philosophy of the Middle Ages,

and make sure human right and its role in life.

Why Renaissance began in Italy?

Range of political, economic, geographic and social events appeared, made the Renaissance begins in Italy before

other European countries, and this change is taking time to appear like other international changes that

distinguished it from other countries.

1- C. C. Colston, the world of the Middle Ages, translation: Joseph Nasim, youth University Foundation, Alexandria,

1983, p. 171; Youssef Karam, the history of European philosophy in the Middle Ages, Knowledge House, Cairo,

1965, S16-45.

2 G.R. Evans, Law and Theology in the Middle Ages. London: Taylor & Francis, 2001, p.272; Charles Augustus

Briggs, History of The Study of Theology. New York: Charles, p. 260. scribner's sons, 1916.(2 volume)

3 Evans, op. cit.P.272; Charles, op. cit.P.260.

It has become the Italian renaissance characteristics and manifestations, which influenced the movement to

revive ancient studies and modern languages, which spread to the outside Italy, and this is reflected in the desire for

renewal in fine arts, from photography and sculpture and architecture, led to the spread in Europe, and considered

this introduction movement that led statements to the emergence of geographical movement, and religious

reform, and gathered all of these factors to

lead to the control of Europe on the world (1

).

Called this era the era of the individual appearance, and the era of literature and art, and transformation and

construction, geographical, scientific, and the new world and the statements, and violation of laws and ethical

traditions, bringing the Italian Renaissance is the era of the new changes that have been affected by the European

society in general (2

) These changes led to the emergence of religious doctrines new are not subject to papal, but this

national literature emerged in Italy, France and England independent of ancient Latin literature, which prevailed

in the Middle Ages. Moreover, the princes authority and feudal weakened and spent them, and increased industry

growth at the time, and appeared new ways, such as: the compass and the astrolabe, and used mobile machines that

facilitated traffic and moving the

ships; all of which helped to uncover new trade routes is not known at the time, also helped to discover the spherical

Earth (3

). The printing which facilitated the spread of science and knowledge and literature among European

countries invention, and appeared so capitalism freed from the church restrictions, and based on the strong

foundations to invest their money in trade and wealth creation (4

), and the emancipation so all of the economic and

social systems in all their forms and their

forms.

1 Alsayed Rajab Haraz, Renaissance: A Study in modern European civilization, (d v.), S62-77; Abdul Hamid

Albatriq, and Abdulaziz Noire, the European modern history from the Renaissance to the Vienna Conference, Arab

Renaissance Publishing House Printing and Publishing, Beirut,

1974, p. 34; Abdul Majid Naenai, Europe in some modern times, Beirut, 1978, S34-35.

2 Ashraf Mohammed Sayed Saleh, read in the history of civilization Europe- the Middle Ages, the first edition,

Beirut, 2008, p. 13.

3 Jalal Yahya, Europe in modern times, the Egyptian General Book Authority, Alexandria 1981, p.

259.

4 Jalal Yahya, Europe, p. 291.



Italy deployed in the study of science and arts of Greeks and Romans, also spread Greek and Romanian culture in

works of art and literature, and were called the Heritage Classic.

This was knowledge and science are missing in Europe and moved to it by the Arabs who were transferred

most of Greek and Romanian science, knowledge and inventions, and they append to it, which was the cause of the

emergence of the Renaissance in Italy, then spread in Europe, known as the revival of antiquity or the revival of

knowledge, and appeared between the fifteenth century and the beginning of the sixteenth centuries, and named after

the Renaissance, new ideas were not acceptable to the general public, but it proved its impact on future generations

ranging from art and literature to the political and historical education and science (1

).All of this led to the Italian

Renaissance, and influenced by European peoples, and these changes have taken a path in various areas of life

moved to different countries of the world.

The role of Islamic civilization in the European Renaissance:

Romania since the fall of the Western Empire prevailed in Europe scientific decadence and denial of human value,

and the abolition of the right to aspire to the best, and then the church helped him to the denial of self-reliance.

That was left of civilization and science in Europe only a few scientists, and since the late fifteenth century took

the Islamic civilization crawl toward Europe, across three main roads are: Sicily, Andalusia, and the countries of the

Near East (2

).

Islamic civilization has contributed to a significant role in the fields of science and thought, medicine, astronomy,

marine science, and the Islamic civilization centers scattered all over the place, and the closest to Europe

universities of Andalusia in the West, and the universities of Sicily and Tunisia in the middle, and the

universities of Egypt and Syria in the eastern Mediterranean. This advanced centers were in the Islamic civilization

surrounding Italy from every direction, was able Italians have access to these universities with ease, became a

scientific and cultural

communication between the East and the West centers, and a delegation to this many of the students of

European countries centers to receive the flag where (1

), and helped This is the growing importance of the Italian

commercial ports. however the Muslim Arabs of Andalusia, was transferred during their stay in a long period of

various sciences and knowledge of time and arts of human life in agriculture, industry and trade and modern

methods, and the city of Toledo was the first for the

transfer of Islamic culture to Europe Center (2

).

However country's Near East and friction with Europe, especially during the Crusades, its impact was evident in

this civilization. Among the most famous examples of the transfer of the Islamic civilization to Europe, is King

Roger II when he asked the Muslim scientist to draw a map of the world, and to make anthropomorphic of the Earth

(3

).

The headquarters of the papacy:

Was papal headquarters in Rome a catalyst for the prosperity of the Italian Renaissance, and had a major impact in

the hearts of Italians, they felt religious control of the rest of Europe, parts, and achieved financial gains due to the

presence papacy in their country, and the functions of the church of their share, and paid them large sums of money

(4

).

So it was the Italians are the most people mixing with men of the church, as they were the most critical of the

clergy, and did not creep fear in them from the church threats, were from earlier peoples in eliminating restrictions

in the Middle Ages, making them accept the study of ancient sciences, literature and arts freely (5

).

Latin language was another reason for the start of the Renaissance in Italy, as it should be on everyone to learn.

However national language was the language of the national domestic communication only.



Whoever wants to learn from the people he can do so only through the Latin language, which is the language of the

universities, there is no student in the university accepted unless it is proved that the Latin language is correct and

sound (1

).And language are deployed in Italy, and contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance before other

European countries, and remained Scientific and Cultural Organization language to be alerted Europeans to the need

to use the national language spoken by most of the people, has been to encourage some European governments of

national languages and the enthusiasm of some writers on copyright a large impact on the dissemination of culture

between classes of people. And it formed so the mother languages of the peoples of Europe the current languages,

such as French and English languages, and other languages

(2

).

Social and economic terms in the country:

Central ages characterized with feudal system. Land was distributed among the nobles and princes. There was no

middle class, which is the basis for any country, it has been divided into two layers of society in the Middle Ages,

and they are: nobles and princes have all power in the country, and the layer of the poor peasants who pay taxes

for those on a permanent basis

The dissolution of feudalism:

Feudal system ended in the Renaissance because of the death of a large number of princes, feudal lords in the

Crusades, and the departure of some of them to practice trade, so the peasants was freed from the yoke of the feudal

system, a nd the back of the concept of independent modern states, with the national entity in France, England

and Spain, and interested Kings to strengthen the country and the army and fleet, and gunpowder used in the

construction of military forces do not strengthen to

it feudal lords, and worked to destroy the bastions of feudal lords and thei strongholds, even weakened (1),

and they could not resist the changes that took place as a result of the Renaissance in Italy.

1 G.R.Evans, op. cit. P.272

2 Shawki Atallah Aljamal, and Ibrahim Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe from the

Renaissance until the Cold War, the Egyptian office of the distribution of publications, (d. m)

2000,

1 Jalal Yahya, Europe, p. 267; Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history of modern and contemporary, the third

edition, University Book House, Cairo, 1407/1986, p. 25; Abdulaziz Mohammed Shinawi, Europe in the early modern

times, the Anglo Library, Cairo, 1982, p. 2. 4.

2 Ismail Ahmad Yaghi, modern European history from the Renaissance to the late eighteenth century, the majority

library, 1423/2002, p 38-39.

3 Shawki Aljamal, Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe, p. 8.

4 Ismail Yaghi, European history, p. 99.

5 Herbert A. L. Fisher, the history of modern Europe, Arabization: Najib Ahmed Hashim and

Wadih hyena, Knowledge House, Cairo, 1958 p 38-39.

1 Shawki Aljamal, Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe. p 14.

2 Abdul Hamid Albatriq, and Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p. 34; Alsayed Haraz, Renaissance, p 62-77;

Naenai Majeed, Europe, p 32-34; Shawki Aljamal, Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe, p. 15



The emergence of the modern state:

It evolved modes of governance in modern states, and helped the emergence of new ideas of thinkers such as

Machiavelli (2

) Italian, and John Rodin French, English and Hobbs. Wealth has flowed resulting from major

geographical discoveries, and took advantage of Spain and Portugal, gold and silver mines in the Americas, then the

middle class supported the Kings on the establishment of security and order, and the elimination of feudal system,

and has grown the local languages; all of which were effective in the modern European countries (3

).

The revival of the old studies:

Latin Studies dominated the minds of many Europeans, have found most of the folders in churches and monasteries,

and then embarked on the study and translated into local languages, thus opening the door of knowledge to the

general public. And competed in order to obtain the maximum amount of these manuscripts and these

sciences (4

).

All this has led to the emergence of scientific discoveries and the emergence of the natural sciences, where several

scientific discoveries and expanded the scope of scientific discrimination at the time appeared, and people went

ideas about the universe even further.

In addition, it spreads new cities that contributed to the transmission of the European society of the feudal

system, which was based on agriculture, to business and intellectual friction (1

). This is because the whole to the

site Italy in the middle of the Mediterranean, which has on its shores oldest civilizations and nations and

knowledge, where the Mediterranean trade exchange between the countries in the world center, which earned Italy

a commercial and economic importance, cultural, political, and that trade has been active between the Italian

countries and has grown its industry, because they occur on the lines of international trade, Then become focal

points between the country of Europe and the country bordering the east and west of the Sea basins (2

), it has led

to the richness of its cities, such as Venice (3

),

Genoa (4

), Florence (5

),Milan (1

), Naples (2

), and Pisa *, thanks to the site Italy geographical become closer

than others to Constantinople, the Byzantine capital of the ancient capital of the state of those that had a lot of

Greeks scientists migrate to Italy professors and thinkers, and also was going science students in Italy to

Constantinople to the study of Greek language and literature and arts, and then return to Italy. This is due to

the entire site Italy geographical, Which helped her to be a forum of scientists and science students and a meeting

point of Sciences of the most mutual science of creativity, writing, and prosperity of knowledge from all over

the place (3

), all led to the interest in the study of Arts and Sciences, and became Italy since that time more

famous state in Europe a fter the completion of

unity and increased love of Italian art for life and passion for it; because of the economic prosperity and the beauty

of nature, as people infatuated with music, dance, songs, photography, sculpture and architecture (4

), and returns all

this to the Italian head start in the Renaissance as a result of getting employed and its monopoly of the

Eastern trade and transfer of these goods from the Levant and Egypt dealers to Italian cities.

The military life differs from the artistic life of the unwillingness of people to attend, and the Italians

adopted the mercenary soldiers from the Germans and the Swiss.

Although there is no specific date for the emergence of these changes or the transition from the Middle Ages

to modern times (5

), but it can be determined from centuries (14-16), especially after the fall of Constantinople

in 857 AH / 1453,

1 Issa Mahmoud Khairy, lectures in European history, Cairo, 1982, p 4-26; Leila Al Sabbagh, features the history of

Europe in the modern era, Damascus University, 1998, S16-17; Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, S20-

21; Jalal Yahya, Europe, p. 42.



2 Machiavelli (1469-1527): grew up in Florence, was careful from a young age to educate himself historical and

political culture, has been included in the government positions in Florence, until he became a secretary to the

administrative relations between the cities of Florence, it has been involved in many political works commissioned by

the government when he was Secretary of State. Made several political tasks outside of Florence, and especially in

France during the reign of Louis XII (died 1504), benefited greatly from these political tasks access to the secrets of

European politics and international relations. And then discharged to compose his book ((Prince)), within which all his

ideas about the origins of the art of governance policy, and spread his views in a number of European countries in the

sixteenth and seventeenth centuries AD. For more detail

see: Abdul Hamid Albatriq, and Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p 40-41.

3 Alsayed Haraz, Renaissance, p 83-96.

4 Alsayed Haraz, Renaissance, p 83-69; Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, p. 17; Ashraf Sayed, read in

history, p. 18

1 Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, p 28.

2 Ismail Ahmad Yaghi, European history, p 95; Ashraf Sayed, read in history, p 14; Abdul Aziz Suleiman Nawar, and

Mahmoud Mohammed Jamal al-Din, European modern history from the Renaissance to the First World War, House

of the Arab Thought, Cairo, 1999, p. 17.

3 Venice: from the most important Italian States, extending in the north of the Adriatic Sea, the work of its people to

trade, where the ships come to the Mediterranean and establish business relations with Arab East ports, especially

Alexandria; because they convey coming from the Far East goods, and became the controlling prices even collect

traders large sums of money, and became senior traders are influential people in the city, where there was a ten

Council who is elected governor, and enjoyed the Republic under this system, the stability not enjoyed by its

neighbors, until he became a high profile at the Italian States at the time. But this commercial supremacy did not last

because of the Cape of Good Hope discovered by Vasco de Gama. For more detail see: Abdul Hamid Albatriq, and

Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p. 25.

4 Genoa: the city of freedom has long history of attention to board Marine and trade in the Mediterranean region, and

in the economic recovery formed households in the city of Genoa significant financial fortunes, attracted artists and

architects in light of the Italian Renaissance. For more detail see: Italy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

5 Florence: of Italy's most prosperous cities, where culture and the arts, not less economic importance for Venice. It is

an industrial hub of the first class, and formed at the same time population density of industrial workers who work

fabrics industry. Medici family was able to seize power and months of rule of this family is the Lorenzo de 'Medici,

reaching its height in the custody of, and interest in literature, science and the arts. For more detail see: Abdul Hamid

Albatriq, and Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p 26-27

1 Milan: Duchy extends in the north, the center of the fertile plain of Lombardi, famous for agricultural riches and

industries flourished, and the most important of silk textile industry, Milan is an old family Visconti family, which

made it a hub for expansion into neighboring cities ruled. For more detail see: Abdul Hamid Albatriq, and Abdulaziz

Nawar, European history, p. 24.

2 Kingdom of Naples: Located in the far south, was different from other States, was not affected renaissance that

prevailed States Italian, but it retained the character of the Middle Ages, but in the fifteenth century was seized by the

family of Aragon Spanish, which led to the occurrence of wars between France and Spain. For more detail see:

Albatriq Abdul Hamid, Abdul Aziz alNawar, European history, p 26-27.

3 Jalal Yahya, Europe, p 267; Ismail Yaghi, European history, p 95.

4 Shawqi Aljamal, Abdullah Abdul Razak, the history of Europe, p. 10.

5 Ashraf Saleh, an article entitled, Constantinople, capital of the Romanian capital of the Byzantine Empire and the

state, the Arabs magazine, studies and research, 2008. http://arabmag.blogspot.com/search/label/Ed

http://arabmag.blogspot.com/search/label/Ed



where scientists have fled to Italy, bringing with them the heritage Greeks and Romans.

Thus was the Italian cities are the only source of the European renaissance, and aided by three major factors,

namely:

1. survival effects of Romanian civilization in the Italian peninsula since the Middle Ages, in spite of what has

happened in the country from deteriorating after the collapse of the Romanian Empire, most of these effects of the

buildings and facilities of scientific and literary manuscripts remain (1

), and had a great impact in the hearts of

Italians with feelings of pride the past, remained themselves eager to return to the new format.

2. Italian cities do the rulers of work Shipping and mediation between the countries of Europe and the

Far East, which led to the recovery of trade and prosperity of the Italian commercial cities, and so trade

flourished between East and West across the Mediterranean. Making the Italian cities bordering the Mediterranean

Sea is witnessing economic prosperity has helped the emergence of a rich layer seized control of Italy (2

), Italian

cities and has become a center for the transfer of heritage, culture, science and Islamic knowledge to Europe,

and thus freed from the church, and resigned her and led to an exchange of ambassadors with countries that with

which it has business relations at the time (3

).

3. Competing warlords Italian cities to spend money to encourage arts and sciences and knowledge and do

build public and private libraries and interest in the arts, sculpture, photography, architecture, benefiting from that

artists, writers and historians, materially and morally, leaving them give the best of their production. This helped to

attend a large number of scientists to Italy, especially after the fall of Constantinople, have brought with them in the

course of immigration all they could of the books of Greek and old tools as I said it, then I took each city compete

others in the collection of the best books, photographs, institutes and buildings and all that

related to the arts, reaching artistic life in Italy a high degree did not reach the

1 Syed Ashraf, read in history, p 14; Ismail Ahmad Yaghi, European history, p 95.

2 Ismail Yaghi, European history, p 96-97.

3 Researchers group, the impact of the Arabs and Islam in the European Renaissance, study under the supervision of

exchange of cultural values center in collaboration with the United Nations Children's Thriph, Scientific and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO), Cairo, the Egyptian General Authority for authoring and publishing, 1970, p 466; Ashraf

Saleh, European countries and the back of the waste and extravagance; making it encourages Renaissance and

compete with each other to take care of interest in artists, writers and scientists, has led to the development of Latin

culture (1

), it became apparent in Italy that paved her Several factors have become the nucleus of this renaissance

that moved to Europe.

Renaissance transition to Western Europe:

Many factors led to the transition from Renaissance Italy to the cities of Western

Europe, and between these factors:

1. papermaking and printing: which helped to disseminate science and culture between European countries,

especially after the invention of the German scientist John Gothenburg year 854 AH / 1450 for printing animated

characters (2

), and this invention is easy to spread scientific, literary and archaeological literature among the

members of the European countries and distribution outside of Italy, and appeared translation books and literature

from Arabic into Latin (3

), and also translated the Bible into local languages; making Italy Check renaissance

because of these recent discoveries (4

).

2. The emergence of academies (scientific groups):

Academy: it is the generic name given to a group of people or an organization you upgrade Arts or Sciences or any

other area of knowledge, also called some schools, academies, and was a manifestation of Italian Renaissance

creation of scientific institutions such as academies and libraries sponsor these studies.



In the second half of the fifteenth century it spreads the Humanist Movement (following mentioned)

widespread in Florence, and was named as the era academies.

The Rome Academy was enthusiastic for academic studies and the study of the effects, and the Naples Academy has

focused on studying the literature, and also the

1 Ismail Yaghi, European history, p 97-100; Ashraf Sayed, read in history, p. 24.

2 Shawqi Aljamal, Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe, p. 16.

3 Wallau, Heinrich. "Johann Gutenberg." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York:Robert

Appleton Company, 1910. 18 Apr. 2009

4 Abdulaziz Nawar, and Jamal al-Din Mahmoud, modern European history, p. 8

Academy of Venice, which called the new Academy, where studies focused on manuscripts and Greek (1

).

Taking science students from Western European countries are reluctant to universities and academies of Italy to

study at the hands of the professors Italians, has been affected by these Western Europeans thought the Italian

Renaissance, fans and the mentality of the old heritage humanists (2

).

One manifestation of the Renaissance also profound changes that have taken place in the European community,

especially the Italian society of reverence for beauty and enjoy the pleasures of life and increase the status of women

and indulging in the life of art and science.

3. Interest in the science of History and Archaeology:

The historical studies on scientific grounds, did not become aware of history just for the events listed, but relied on

the original sources, which showed the schools in historical criticism and studied the documents and cared until

being proven true or fault (3

), these studies were characterized by freedom of expression and opinion, without

regard to the Church restrictions that limit it.

4. The emergence of modern languages:

Latin was the language of science and writing in the Middle Ages that without the scientists their books, and then say

use it until it became restricted to the clergy, has baptized some writers liberated from restrictions medieval to write

the language of their people, arose in Italy, France and Spain independent accents depends on the origin Latin. And

mayors of all the language of scientists to use new phrases, even

those languages become valid for the codification of Arts and Sciences by (4

).

1 Syed Ashraf, read in the history of civilization, p. 16; Joseph Karam, the history of European philosophy, p 15-46.

2 Tolnay, Charles de. The Art and Thought of Michelangelo.- New York: Pantheon Books, 1964. (5 vols)

3 Ismail Yaghi, European history, p 44-45; Abdulaziz Nawar, and Jamal al-Din Mahmoud, modern

European history, p. 8.

4 Ismail Yaghi, European history, p. 42; Robert Palmer, the world's history, p 14



And also it originated the modern national languages in much of Europe, such as Italian, French and Spanish

language and literature spread most of these modern national languages (1

).

On the other hand it appeared in the Italian interest in the study of human history. They called the researchers of

these studies, as "humanitarian." This interest came because of the Middle Ages did not care about human beings

and mental abilities to change and creativity in all fields of life, but the interest near this man of God, and did not

have to be a group humanists of university layer, but it was mostly the general public (2). Humanists interested in

studying the ancient intellectual production, even though they did not write in Italian (3

), because they were

considered invalid national language to express their ideas, has followed this approach in writing the likes of (Dante

and Boccaccio) (4

). Humanitarian movement has appeared first appeared in Italy, and then spread to European cities

in France, Germany and the Netherlands, in order to teach people etiquette veterans and their art, and they were

asking people to be free from the stalemate in the minds, and need to find the ideas and opinions of a variety of

work on the development of human thought, and dominated the humanists in Italy - confidence in man and his

ability to change and achieve high morals (5

), humanitarian and men in their view must be creative in literature,

art and loving for expression and innovation; making European universities require professors and lecturers from

Italy to teach students

the Renaissance Italian and sciences, arts and literature (6

)

1 Robert Palmer, the word's history, p 14.

2 Ismail Yaghi, European history, p 44-45; Abdulaziz Nawar, and Jamal al-Din Mahmoud, modern

European history, p. 8.

3 Jean Beringah, and Eve Durant and others Encyclopedia of the history of Europe and the world, the first volume,

Beirut, 1995, p 15-19.

4 Dante (1265-1321): He was one of the best writers who took up the banner of the Renaissance in Italy, represents

his work in the literary imagination and artistic creativity force. For more detail see: Ismail Yaghi, European history, p

55.

5 Abdulaziz Shinawi, Europe in the early modern times, p. 15.

6 Alsayed Haraz, Renaissance, p 62-77; Naenai Abdul Majeed, Europe, p 32-34.

The Petrarch (1

) is the first leader of the movement of humanitarian work on the study of Italian literature, it has

been influenced by the literary renaissance in Italy, his views and his writings (2

).

4- Literary renaissance

Flourished Renaissance Literary since its inception, and was based on the poetry tradition of the ancients in

writing poems and spelling, and they added to their poems new addition characterized these writings as

interference pleasure and entertainment to the reader without paying attention to direction and guidance,

education, and the back of them writers in the sixteenth century, also cared for the theater interest great, so I took a

side of entertainment instead of religious plays that characterized the literature of the Middle Ages. And he became

a writer expresses his personality and character of its people.

Italians writers excelled on the writers of the other nations in the expression of beauty and art and creativity (3

).

In France a number of poets and thinkers who put the foundations and rules for writing in French has appeared, it has

been directed their attention towards creativity in prose and said stories and memoirs. Baudelaire poet wrote in

defense of the French language and their ability to express their views and ideas (4

).



In Italy, Machiavelli wrote his book "The Prince" in Italian between the need to separate religion from politics, and

in Spain interested in writers equestrian and high morals, which must be displayed by the Knight of Arts, and a

thousand Cervantes story of "Don Quixote," was the translation developed by Luther's Gospel significant

impact in the development of the German language, and in England it did not show signs of revival, but in the last

quarter of the fifteenth century, and the back of the theater diverse and full of adventures in the analysis of

human morals and printing, where he put all his plays Shakespeare novelist in English. Humanitarian movement was

profound impact on European literature, and thus contributed to the writing of national languages in the promotion

of national feeling among European peoples (1

).

1 Petrarch was born in Florence and spent his school in Tuscany, he was sent by his father later to Montelin to study

law, but he did not want this study and turned his interests to the study of ancient literature and appeared in his

writings a new and bold ideas, was a writer, historian and poet, criticized the church, and the work of the search for

scripts old Latin literature and studied.

For more detail see: Abdul Hamid Albatriq, and Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p. 34; Ismail

Yaghi, European history, p 55.

2 Bernard Guillemain, Les papes d'Avignon (1309-1376), du Cerf, Paris, 2000, p. 115

3 Abdul Hamid Albatriq, and Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p. 34.

4 Abdul Hamid Albatriq, and Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p. 34-35.

5. Renaissance art:

Renaissance art in Italy beautifully appeared in appearance and meaning, when he began to interest the old art

classic in the sixteenth century, and marked the art of creativity as it reflects the attention to personal their emotions,

and attention to human beings and to highlight the strength and control in all areas, and so art became a free

expression of the mentality of the artist, which showed Fine Arts, in all senses, and the artistic movement existed in

Europe (2), and what distinguishes artistic Renaissance in Italy is that the art of architecture, sculpture and painting

began to take four new directions by virtue of the influence of the revival of the ancient heritage movement, is

added to this that artistic renaissance emphasized the rights of through sculpture, painting and architecture (3

).

Rome was nature at the head of the Italian cities that has embraced and focused on art and artists, has helped

some popes on the flourishing artistic renaissance in Rome, and was held in that period, a group of churches,

such as St. Peter's Church penalizing decorated and decorated senior architects, painters and sculptors (4

). Patronage

of the arts was not limited to Rome, but spread out in all European cities.

A. Architecture:

Donato Bramante, one of the most prominent architect of the Renaissance in Italy, he studied Arts old Romanian

architecture, and try to devise a solution in theaters and temples, architecture and some of the buildings, and became

his school I come from a number of architects at the time, then raced to study the remnants of the Roman

architectural styles architecture (5

), but that these did not take the architects of heritage as they made new

architecture reflective of this era and the environment in which they live (1

).

Architectural styles of Italian cities have moved to European countries of France, Germany, England, Russia, and

other parts of Aruba on different dates and with varying degrees of influence this architecture.

1 Ismail Yaghi, European history, p 44-45.

2 Bush.D:The reinaissance and English Humanism (Tron to 1958), p98.

3 Tharwat Okasha, Encyclopedia Arts Renaissance, Chapter IV, 2007, link:

(http://www.civilizationstory.com/tharwat)

http://www.civilizationstory.com/tharwat




4 Abdulaziz Nawar, and Jamal al-Din Mahmoud, modern European history, p. 13.

5 Fisher,H.A.I: S History of Europe (London 1945) p. 34.

B. sculpture:

The impact of the art of sculpture, architecture and wide influence in the formation of the mind, and supply of

ancient heritage, and was the most prominent sculptors (Donato), which established a school in the natural works of

sculpture (2

). And it considered a source of sculpture. It has highlighted in its natural beauty and consistency of the

bodies and facial expression, and follows the normal things in art far from exaggeration.

Among the most prominent painters photographers (Rafael) (3), the most prominent sculptors, we find (Michel

Angelo) (4

) which affected the natural school and affected at the same time enrollment Greek and Greek

philosophy and approach to

human, always try to highlight in its work force, which owned rights (5

).Among the

1 Abdulaziz Nawar, and Jamal al-Din Mahmoud, modern European history, p 12-17; Herbert

Fisher, the history of Europe, p. 31.

2 Smith.p. The Life and Leuers of Martin Luther:(Boston1914),p.20.

3 Raphael (1483-1520): The third Big Three, but he did not actually like them, but was painted models of nature

and innovate in it, participated in decorating the Vatican halls, the rules of art he studied at the hands of (Perugino),

a great artist from Perugia, and also influenced by the art of Michel Angelo in Rome and his way of creating images,

he has excelled photography and painting on the walls. For more detail see: Abdul Hamid Albatriq, and Abdulaziz

Nawar, European history, p 38-39.

4 Michel Angelo (1464-1575m): Born in Caprese near Florence, interested in the art of sculpture, especially when the

famous marble sculpture group, even though he prefers sculpture on any other art, and also was superior in imaging

and engineering construction and fond of writing poetry. For more detail see: Ismail Yaghi, European history, p 55;

Abdul Hamid Albatriq, and Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p. 38.

5 Charles de Tolnay, Michel-Ange, Flammarion, 1970. Charles Sala, Michel-Ange: Sculpteur, peintre, architecte.-

Pierre Terrail, 2001. Linda Murray, Michel-Ange.-London: Thames & Hudson, 2003.

most important work of this sculptor are the marble Group, as well as sculpture and drawing in the Vatican church

roof.

Among the most famous popes who summoned Pope Leo X artists (1

) family of Medici (2

), it has been in the

custody of decorating the Vatican Palace where men excelled Art (3

)

C. The art of painting:

The art of painting reached a good stage in the late middle Ages, the church was intended to serve the purposes of

and trends, and the drawing was limited to the walls of churches or palaces. In the Renaissance painters have

learned the art of oil painting and methods belonging to dyes and mix it with oil, and they took their ideas

from nature, life, and human, and were crossing in their drawings of emotions, feelings and sensations far from the

church trends and objectives.



Note that art care is not limited to Rome, but Milan was the last place artistic renaissance, also carried the

Florence brigade artistic renaissance in the era of (Lorenzo de Medici) (4), which was his palace Academy of

art in the sixteenth century, it was come to him and led to creative the appearance , one of the greatest

figures Renaissance art (Leonardo Da Vinci) (5

) creative in drawing, art and

1 Leo X (919-928 AH / 1513-1521 AD): he took during the Italian Renaissance, but he faced the Protestant reform

movements, and was a lover of the same, and an advocate of Sciences and Arts, has spent a lot of money to

scientists and artists. For more detail see: Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, p 36; Ashraf Sayed,

read in the history of civilization, p. 20.

2 The princes' Medici in Florence Democrats, their interest in science and the arts, and the manifestations

of the Renaissance in the rule of the Mdecha do schools with a view to the graduation intellectuals and

educated people spiritually until Florence became the center of radiation of civilization in Italy. For more detail see:

Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, p 30-31.

3 Abdel Fattah Mustafa Ghaima, museums, galleries, palaces teaching aids, cult ural knowledge series 2,

Menoufia University, 1990, p 74-76.

4 Lorenzo de 'Medici: his era is considered one of the best eras literary renaissance of art in Italy, and the title of

prince of art and poetry, and thanks to him has been the revival of the Ita lian language. For more detail see:

Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, p. 31.

5 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Leonardo da Vinci was born in the mountain town of Vinci, near Florence,

has been interested in studying the painting, sculpture, archit ecture, and

sculpture (and Rafael) (1

), which was to have a desire to access to the then technical perfection. And attention to the

beauty of nature and to highlight the beauty of the face and the consistency of the body and the use of colors and

distribution of excellent (2

), da Vinci has been brilliant in the field of imaging excelled in painting, sculpture and

architecture (3

)

Among the most prominent of his paintings Mona Lisa (4

), artists was marked by freedom from ecclesiastical trends

then showed photographs of life and the beauty of the face and body of human nature and the beauty of using oil

paints in it. The arts reflect a true reflection of Renaissance art in Italy and the sense of freedom and beauty, and

appreciation of the human, and the first thing this afternoon in Italy, then spread to Europe in each of France,

Germany and England.

6. Scientific renaissance:

Of the most important aspects of the Italian Renaissance in the modern era of progress in the scientific method in

the search, Humanists situation where the general principles of modern scientific thought, which contributed to

the liberalization of the European human mentality of the middle Ages. Where they follow the way in the search

based on logic and experience in the analysis and development of conclusions, and became the founders of the

experimental sciences

in Europe in the modern era (5

).

mathematical and engineering, it is also interested in studying literature, music, poetry, and at the same time he

studied art in Florence, and then joined with Ludovico Sforza in Milan in 1482 AD. For more detail see: Abdul

Hamid Albatriq, and Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p 36-37.

1 Abdul Hamid Albatriq, Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p. 38

2 Leila Al Sabbagh, Landmarks history of Europe, p 135-140.



3 Liana Bortolon, The Life and Times of Leonardo.-London:Paul Hamlyn , 1967. Daniel Arasse, Leonardo da

Vinci.- Konecky & Konecky, 1997; Jack Wasserman, Leonardo da Vinci.- Abrams,

1975.

4 Mona Lisa: she married an Italian lady in the sixteenth century on the ball of larger ones officer for twenty years.

Artist Leonardo da Vinci was able to draw her utmost beauty image showed in it Mona Lisa as Ms. glamorous

represent it in while she is seated in a scary place where I sat on the rocks and around the heavy water was expressive

image for its beauty and the tragedy suffered by. For more detail see: Shawki Aljamal, Abdullah Abdel Razek, the

history of Europe, p. 18.

5 Ismail Yaghi, European history, p. 48.

The scientific method in research stands on the scientific study of the prospects for the development of scientific

and statutes in the search. And conduct scientific experiments to keep everything that does not prove his health in

these experiments, and becomes the basis of scientific theories and this becomes all scientific theories are correct if

you do not prove reversible, and become adjustable and change according to the application prove the validity

of (1

).

Arab scholars have adopted it, and this led to the modern scientific renaissance that ended in them to reach for a lot

of science such as algebra and astronomy, the invention of precision machining, and also studied medicine, chemistry

and light.

It is therefore clear that the scientists were interested in great interest in the scientific and intellectual life is

different from what prevailed in the Middle Ages, no longer interest in science and the arts, knowledge and

keep the heritage of scientific, intellectual and humanitarian limited to churches and monasteries, but changed

things and evolved as a result of mixing between civilizations and cultures of the Mediterranean as a result of the

intellectual influence and science in Europe, and thanks to the transfer of Arabs from science to them, and took the

people studying this science of knowledge (2

) helped by the emergence of universities (3

) in Italy and Paris, and

started the idea of the university meeting the students about their teachers to receive the flag, and the students were

moved from one place to another in order to seek knowledge, even universities were established and became a stable

for them, has taken the Kings issuing decisions to establish universities, and the

provision of funds and facilities for it, encouraged to seek knowledge, and established in this way both

from the faculties of arts, and the study of law sciences, and colleges for the study of religion (1

).

1 Shawki Aljamal, Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe, p 18-19.

2 Jalal Yahya, Europe, p. 38; Abdulaziz Nawar, and Jamal al-Din Mahmoud, modern European history, p. 9.

3 The difference between the universities and academies that includes the university faculties in all disciplines and

follows the Supreme Council of the University and gives the student a bachelor's degree, and the academies includes

less colleges in it University of limited disciplines stems from the Supreme Council of the University and give the

student a bachelor's degree. For more detail see: Mohammed Fathi site What's the difference between the university

and the academy. For more detail see: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D

9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9

http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9




Translated in European Renaissance many of the books of the Arabs, and proceeded European universities on this

experimental scientific method, and thanks to (Sir Francis Bacon), who appeared in Britain in the sixteenth century,

and a thousand of his famous book (the new administration) which explained the study method and thinking based

on the viewing information gathering and collation order, and work experiences, scientific theories and study results

in order to reach scientific truth on the basis of the experimental method or scientific (2

), it has led to progress in

all science and human knowledge. This was evident in the universities, English and landmarks, because it is the

right place to research and scientific experiments The

theories of factories and industries were always heading for application in factories, while Germany was labs

factories linked and become the right place for scientific experiments at the time (3

), has encouraged scientific and

intellectual progress made by the European Communities on further progress in knowledge, exchange and spread

among them.

Most scholars of the Renaissance was belong to that school and are interested in the achievement of scientific

theories and description of nature a new description based on observation and Mathematical Sciences (4

).

There were theories to explain the universe, the world of Poland announced (Copernicus) theory that denied the

church's belief that the earth is fixed, and form the center of the universe, confirmed the Italian (Nicola

Machiavelli) theory (Copernicus) and proved that the Earth's circular motion like the other planets, and it revolves

around the sun, and rejected Church all these theories. And it appeared in the sixteenth century renaissance also

in natural science (physics), mathematics, natural and experimental science, legislation (5

).

It also provides medicine and began to doctors practicing anatomy, despite opposition from the church enabling

Belgian (André Visar) depending on the anatomy of a description of the members of the human body, and

discovered the Spanish (Mikel Servat) micro-circulation, and developed the French (Onbroaz Barry) surgeries

to stop the bloodshed. And actually this has been proved by scientific experiments in the Renaissance. As a

result of this development and progress in the Renaissance it became possible to change the damaged human

organs and overcome many diseases and vaccination against viruses (1

).


2 Shawqi Aljamal, Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe, p 19-20.

3 Shawqi Aljamal, Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe, p 20.

4 Ahmed Ali Al Mulla, the impact of Muslim Scholars in European civilization, Second Edition, Damascus, Dar

thought, 1981, p 115-116.

5 Abdul Hamid Albatriq, Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p 39-40.



Manifestations of the Renaissance in Europe:

Renaissance intellectual, scientific and artistic manifestations have produced new ideas had a great influence in

the formation of the European human taste and intellect, which included all fields, including even the religious

field (2

).

During this period, I discovered new lands and peoples where marked by the emergence of a wide range

of travelers explorers and navigators of them Prince

(Henry the Navigator) (3) (and Christopher Columbus) (

4) (Vasco de Gama) (

1 Shawqi Aljamal, Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe, p. 20.

2 Abdulaziz Nawar - and Mahmoud Jamal al-Din, European history, p. 16; Jalal Yahya, Europe, p7-8.

3 Henry the Navigator: is the third son of the King of Portugal (John I) expulsion of Arabs from Portugal, and Henry

was able to grab Ceuta from the Arabs in 1415 AD, and his father was appointed by the governor. For more detail see:

Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, p. 47.

4 Christopher Columbus: the sons of Genoa, pay large sums of money to the discovery of America in favor of Spain,

and established in new constitution in 1528, it has made Genoa a subsidiary of Spain. For more detail see: Italy

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A

7

5 Abdul Azim Ramadan, the history of Europe and the world in the modern era of the European bourgeoisie to the

emergence of the Cold War, the Egyptian General Book Authority, p7-8

European Renaissance and appeared in various manifestations of European countries, including:

A. European Renaissance in Germany:

The general character of the renaissance in Germany is to call for religious reform, and did not pay attention to

science and knowledge, art and beauty and morality prevailing at the time (1

).

B. European Renaissance in France:

Different from Germany, but was the Renaissance in France renaissance scientific encouraged Sciences, Arts and

Letters, and also different from the scientific renaissance in Italy; because Italy has followed traditionally all found

manuscripts Greek, Romanian and ancient manuscripts, while France has been able to combine ancient and modern

science of science, and months kings who encouraged science and scientists King Francois I (2

) (900-999h / 1494-

1590), who created the College of France, and is considered one of the most important achievements proud

of France, launched on (Francois I) father of Arts (3

).

C. the Belgian and Dutch Renaissance:

Erasmus (4

) 1467-1536, interested in studying the ancient sciences, literature and studied Latin and Greek

languages, and wrote several books in the Latin language, and is characterized by the beauty of the style, and he

felt of the defects of church and sees the need to reform it (1

).

http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%25A

http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%25A



1 Zainab Ismet Rashid, Manual in modern early sixteenth century history of Europe to the end of the eighteenth

century, the Arab Thought House, Cairo, 1976, p 104-105.

2 Jad Taha, lectures in the history of modern Europe, the first edition, Cairo, Ain Shams

University, 1997, p 17-18.

3 James Westphal Thompson and others Renaissance civilization, translation Abdul Rahman Turki, Arab Renaissance

Publishing House, Cairo, 1961, p. 62; Leila Al Sabbagh, features the history of Europe, p. 24.

4Erasmus (1467-1536 AD): Dutch scientist move between the countries of Europe to study the work of the ancient

sciences, literature, languages and studied Latin and Greek, loving to look for old books. For more detail see: Abdul

Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, p 36.

D. the European Renaissance in England:

The European Renaissance reached to England late because of their wars against France, but came out a group of

students from England heading for Italy and took the flag them, and then returned back to England for the

deployment of this science and knowledge (2

), and also published their opinions in (Oxford University) fired them

name (repairers Oxford), and also it emerged (Cambridge University), and spread literature (Shakespeare), and this is

the best proof of this science publishing, and the Renaissance in England reached its peak in the sixteenth and

seventeenth centuries (3

).

E. the Renaissance in Spain:

Spain stood hostile to human studies because of the intolerance of the doctrine of the Catholic kings (4

).

Movement geographical discoveries:

The geographical discoveries as a result of the outcome of the European Renaissance and scientific progress

in the fifteenth century, and the most important of these discoveries, the discovery of the way from Europe to India

by sea, about Africa (Cape of Good Hope) in 1498, and the discovery of the New World in 1492 (5). The reason

for this is that geographic information with a few Europeans, and most of them false information about areas in Asia

and Africa, and navigation in the South Atlantic, as well as information on the land was their knowledge over their

country that surround the Mediterranean Sea, it has relied on traders Italians, who

frequent the ports of the Levant and Egypt in order to trade (6

).

1 Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, S36-37; Alsayed Haraz, Renaissance, p 235.

2 Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, p 37-38.

3 Alsayed Haraz, Renaissance, p 65-83; Zainab Rashid, Manual in the history of Europe, p 106-

107.

4 Shawqi Aljamal, Abdul Razak Abdullah, the history of Europe, p. 12.

5 Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, p. 43.

6 Shawky Aljamal, Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe, p 20-21.



The Muslims have translated the Greeks Science and added them, a nd leaked this science to Europe, and also

move the Europeans on their astrolabe that will help trade to know the distances and directions between countries,

as they took their compass, and this encouraged navigators ride on the sea, then elevated geograph y and maps that

have become certain of seafarers in the maritime journeys (1

).

Thus, Portugal managed to achieve linking Asia to Europe for a new route, paved the way for the Portuguese to

control the Far East trade, which was, however, the Muslim south of the Arabian Peninsula and the west and the

Gulf of, and the trade routes of land and sea stretching from India to (of Hormuz) and the highest of the Arabian

Gulf and rivers Tigris and Euphrates and then moving to cities in the Levant, and the second way through

the Red Sea, where Aden and the Red Sea, Egypt and the Suez Canal and then transported to Europe (2

). The wild,

rugged path which was dominated by the Ottomans after the conquest of Constantinople, which was stretching

across Central Asia until Anatolia, it was the Europeans depend on it

for their trade with the East, if there is political unrest in along the trade routes in the Arabian Gulf and Red Sea areas

(3

) . The Arabs then distribute the Middle East and Aruba and the coast of East Africa products in the Indian Ocean

ports (4

).

The Italian ships carrying goods from Egypt and the ports of the Levant (Sham) to the Italian cities, and

distributed in various European markets, and it was all Western Europe's population in need of the Eastern

goods such as spices, such as: cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg, Arabic perfumes, such as musk, amber, water Roses,

and others. The Indian drugs, such as opium, and eucalyptus, gum and they use them in the preparation of the

drug, and there are also other items such as rugs, silk, coffee and others.

Italy became a center for trade in the world and made famous among European countries, and helped by its

geographical location in the middle of the

1 Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, p. 44.

2 Naim Zaki Fahmi, international trade and stations routes between East and West, the second edition, Cairo in 1393

AH / 1973, p 300; Shawki Aljamal, Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe, p 20-21.

3 Naim Fahmi, international trade routes, p 300; Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, p. 44.

4 serjeant,R,B,The Portuguese of the South Arabian Coast (London,1967, p11.

Mediterranean, bringing the superiority of the Italians on the other European countries.

Italy became a commercial mediator between East and West, and established trade relations with everyone, and

formed the Italian coastal cities such as Pisa and Genoa and Venice, and also formed commercial companies that

transport goods to Eastern Europe. Thus, Italy has specialized in bringing all goods from Muslim countries to

Europe, and they have access to these goods by gold and silver coins, or by swapping those goods to

certain raw materials, such as linen, wool leather and fur, which bear to Italy for the Italians to convert those raw

materials great products to return them to the east to be trade exchange between them (1

).

This has resulted in a wide financial movement in this area led to the banks the establishment; to help business deals

between the various countries of the world in different currencies, and traders may Italians profit from this business

transaction profits and a lot of money, so they were lend popes and princes they need money, they bought best what

artists do of works of art and fees are rare, then painted with oil represents mankind pictures developed in

conformity with the reality, and they are getting help in its rulings in some science made in the Renaissance

mathematics to help them at the expense of drawing the foreseeable rules, and anatomist, came

their pictures depiction of reality (2

).



The Venice of the most important commercial cities, famous for riches and wealth, which is considered one of the

most important distribution of spices and Eastern merchandise trade centers, while Florence was the center for the

manufacture of silk and wool president.

The cities of southern France near the Italian commercial cities and the cities of Germany, a close business

relationship, and expanded this business relationship until the cities included in the north of Europe, bringing the

rivalry between Italian cities and insisted all of them on independence from its neighbors and not subject to other

state or acceding to it. So five Italian states managed of that is growing and developing itself to become centers of

power to decide the fate of Italy, namely:

Naples, Milan, Genoa, Venice, and Florence (3

).

1 Robert Palmer, the world's history, p. 6.

2 Abdul Hamid Albatriq, and Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p. 21.

3 Abdul Hamid Albatriq, and Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p. 23

Italy was enjoying economic prosperity in their mandates, the love of Sciences, Arts and Letters, which made it Italy

radiation European Renaissance Center, because of what they took from the civilizations of Nations oldest of them,

and have increased their wealth, and led to encourage scientists to take the rare books and paintings at the time, and

established museums Also, they have objectives such as the dissemination of culture and knowledge through the

presentation of various holdings, and led to a love of Europeans for the ancient civilizations such as Greek

Romanian civilization, became the museum one of the important centers to understand the cultures and science and

knowledge and ancient arts, and make use of them without affecting the Middle Ages. So we can say that

the geographic statements are the face Shining European renaissance (1

).

Portugal has realized that it cannot cancel the Islamic mediation in the Middle trade, but to participate in those profits

as it passes through Islamic lands because they fetch them huge profits (2

).

So the thought of the Portuguese in the search for another road connects them to the country of India, to be able to

control the trade and get the business benefits and strengthen the political and economic status, as well as weaken the

Muslims.

Muslim countries were either Ottoman or the Mamluk State in Egypt and the Levant and the Hijaz impose tariffs on

products when in transit in its territory, and with the high fees imposed on goods led to higher prices. But the

European need these products, therefore the demand increased and prices have increased (3

). It was in front of

the European one of two things, either to accept the job buys goods of high prices, or looking for another way to get

these products out of the control of the Muslims who were prevented from reaching the European places produced

in the Far East.

Is likely to be the reason that the Muslims prevented the Europeans from reaching their places of their production so

as not to interfere in the affairs of the region and try to change the system of the Islamic faith in areas that

experienced by the goods, they follow the Europeans Muslims remnants in the northern coast of Africa,

especially after the elimination of them in Andalusia. Imagine the Europeans over the riches if imported

products away from the Muslims. The people of Genoa believed that it is possible to reach West Africa

and grab the gold, was Genoa prepared a campaign for rotation about Africa, but collapsed in the

fourteenth century, as a result of the political conflict, military and economic with the gun, and at the same time,

Portugal and Spain had been able to turn around Africa After the elimination of Muslims in Granada in Andalusia

and fall into their own hands.



Overall European countries (1

) has been a long time to consider the Asian continent as a primary source and head

for the supply of sugar and spices, ivory, silk and precious metals.

Portugal is characterized by long coastline to its geographical location on the Atlantic Ocean, and its contacts

with the business relationship with the Middle commercial cities, in addition to the progress of the Portuguese

in the a rt of navigation, which made them able to do the movement of geographic statements (2

).

It began the Portuguese think in the prices of high commercial goods imposed by the Mamluks and traders

Venice, which, because of the remoteness of their country for markets Italy, if they discovered a way not crosses

lands of the Muslims, it will give them many profits becomes for them a high place among the European

countries and have a leading role in the discovery of this road. And were able to

open a sea route around Africa to India, which is the Cape of Good Hope (3

).

Portugal is a country that is the Navy was able to get as much as possible of the Islamic heritage in Spain, and the

efforts of Muslim scholars in marine navigation and astronomy and the field of trade, industry and ships (4

), also got

rid of the myths and legends that were overshadowed by the marine sciences. And they began

working in the Middle trade, and compared the prices of spices in the western coast

1 James Westphal Thompson and others Civilization of the Renaissance, p. 62; Robert Palmer, world history, p 116-

117.

2 Bashir Hamoud Kazim, geographical Portuguese statements, document magazine, No. XII, the sixth year, Bahrain,

1988, p 12-14.

3 Abdul Hamid Albatriq, Abdulaziz Nawar, European history, p 52-53; Shawki Aljamal, Abdullah

Abdel Razek, the history of Europe, p 21-22.

1 Shawky Aljamal, Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe, p 21-22.

2 Charles Dale, the Republic of Venice aristocracy, translation: Alexander and Tawfik Ahmed

Ezzat Abdul Karim, Knowledge House, Cairo, 1947, p 148.

3 Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history, p 50-51.

4 Grenville, F., Select Decuments the East African Coast;(Oxford,1962),p5



of India, and between market prices in Alexandria (1

). Cheap Indian goods prices in original sources push them to

begin applying monopolies and deprive the Islamic forces to participate in this trade policy after their knowledge of

the profits that were generated by this trade, and offered such goods in Portugal markets at cheap prices, traders

Europeans to have attracted, and achieved the Portuguese very huge profits (2). Also suffered damage trades Muslims

have also inflicted the trade in cities and commercial centers, Italian, and this are the conclusion of the golden age of

Islamic and Italian navigation.

The discovery of another way trackless from Muslims, a Cape of Good Hope Road, Resulted in to the change in

people's knowledge of the world and information about them, and a change in the scales where some countries

increased, decreased other countries because of it, falling like Alexandria and Venice, as opposed to the rise of Spain

and Portugal, and led so important to the coup in life in Europe, and parts of the distribution of wealth in the world,

followed by the Ottoman expansion in the Levant and Egypt process, and also control over Iraq and Yemen (3

). All

of this led to change the existing balance in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean Sea.

And the effects of geographic discoveries movement it has proved spherical earth after the success of Magellan's

voyage around the earth in the rotation, an idea opposed by clerics in the Middle Ages. And expanded knowledge

and Humanities circle away from the church restrictions and the papacy, has been accompanied by the Cape

discovery and the shift of global trade to South Africa after the New World discovery (the Americas), which led to the

change the map of the known world, and also helped to publish books, and realized people over the contradiction

between what they learn in universities in the Middle Ages and geographical facts that prove practical in modern

times. All of this was under the European Renaissance, in addition to the geographical discoveries movement

that led to European colonization of the world, including the Americas and Australia, and the Far East, and

Africa.

And also marked the history of Europe in the modern emergence of religious reform movement of the Protestant era,

and this revolution departure from the traditions of the Catholic Church and beliefs, and the evolution of this

criticism in the modern era, which had an impact in the community of religious, intellectual, political and social

point of view, it has led to wars and conflicts between Catholics and Protestants (1

), and had a serious impact in the

European community.

1 Ahmed rider, documents monastery Zion in Jerusalem, Egyptian Renaissance Library, the first edition, Cairo, 1980,

p 146.

2 Naim Fahmi, international trade routes, p. 76.




Conclusion:

Despite the large number of studies in the history of Europe, but a few of those that dealt with the Renaissance in

Italy and its impact in the whole of Europe. This study has tried to follow that impact and explore manifestations and

its effects in various areas: literary, artistic, scientific, political, and economic.

The following is a summary of the most important findings of the study:

• varied intellectual and scientific life in the modern era of what was prevalent in the Middle Ages, no longer interest

in science and the arts, knowledge and keep the heritage of scientific, intellectual and humanitarian limited to

churches and monasteries, but changed things and evolved as a result of mixing between civilizations and cultures

of the Mediterranean influence of scientific thought in Europe, thanks to what Arabs moved from science to them,

through the translation of books of mathematics, engineering, medicine, and he took the people studying this

science of knowledge.

• Italy has enjoyed economic prosperity in their mandates and love of Sciences, Arts

and Letters make radiation scientific renaissance of literary and artistic center.

• The study demonstrated that the Renaissance is the era of big cha nges in the European community, and

led to the weakness of the Romanian Empire authority and the weakness of the Pope in control of the affairs of

life and to the European community all authority, was the Catholic Church in Rome taken from the Latin language

of science, literature, law and the arts in the Ages Central, along came replaced by modern European languages,

each State became an independent political entity from the authority of the Pope.

•Church took control of the political and intellectual aspects, and on the economic aspects, most of the land was

under the control of the monks and their influence in

the middle Ages.

1 Shawki Aljamal, Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe, p 43-4

• Ended the feudal system and liberate peasants humiliation of the feudal system, and began their sense of

national growth, and sought for the establishment of a system of government in which a clear unified nation-state,

and with the political system, change the nation-state emerged in the modern era.

• Universities renowned spread of science, such as the University of Paris, and started the idea of the meeting of

the university students about their teachers to receive the flag, were traveling for so universities established and

became the seat them, it took kings issuing decisions to establish universities and support it with money and provide

facilities to them.

• Scientists interested in the modern era in national nationalism in culture and dealing and writing, and the

emancipation so the thought of medieval religious thinking the old restrictions, scientists and writers began to

express their feelings and their desire, and also the desire of the people and the nation away from the church

restrictions in the Middle Ages.

• Distinguish science students from all the countries of Europe to Italy and studied science and knowledge and the

arts; therefore spread outside the borders of the Italian Renaissance Italy to all European countries, and then spread

it throughout Europe.

• characterize the history of Europe in the modern emergence of religious reform movement of the Protestant era, and

this revolution departure from the traditions and beliefs of the Catholic Church, and the evolution of that in the

modern era was an impact in the community of religious, intellectual, political and social terms at the time, and led

to wars and conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, and have had a serious impact in the European community.

• European countries have emerged independent modern, with a national entity in France, England and Spain, and

strengthen Kings power in these countries, and weakened the nobles, princes and feudal lords authority, and

interested Kings to strengthen the army and fleet, and used gunpowder to build military forces do not strengthen the

feudal lords.



• began geographical discoveries that led to a change map of the known world, and it was the results it led to

control and colonization of Europe to the world, included the Americas, Australia and the Far East.

• geographical discoveries movement led to the discovery of new lands, and control

the global trade routes, and took another route trackless among Muslims, have changed knowledge of the

Europeans in the world and information about them, and led to a change in the balance, where nations have risen and

fallen other nations, and led the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope to the shift of global trade to South Africa.

List Arab sources and references

First: Sources and references Arabic:

• Ahmed Darraj, documents monastery Zion in Jerusalem, Renaissance Egyptian

library, the first edition, Cairo, 1980.

• Ahmed Ali Al Mulla, the impact of Muslim Scholars in European civilization, Second Edition, Damascus, Dar

thought, 1981.

• Ismail Ahmad Yaghi, modern European history from the Renaissance to the late

eighteenth century, the majority library 1423 - 2002.

• Ashraf Saleh Mohammed Sayed, read the history of civilization in Europe, the

Middle Ages, the first edition, Beirut, 2008.

• Mr. Rajab Haraz, Renaissance: A Study in modern European civilization, (d. T.).

• Jad Taha, lectures in the history of modern Europe, the first edition, Cairo, Ain

Shams University, 1997.

• Jalal Yahya, Europe in modern times, the Egyptian General Book Authority, Alexandria 1981.

• Esmat Zainab Rashid, Manual to talk of the beginning of the sixteenth century history of Europe to the end of the

eighteenth century, the Arab Thought House, Cairo, 1976.

• Shawki Atallah Aljamal, and Ibrahim Abdullah Abdel Razek, the history of Europe from the Renaissance

until the Cold War, the Egyptian office of the distribution of publications 2000 AD.

• Abdul Hamid Albatriq, and Abdulaziz Noire, modern European history from the Renaissance to the Vienna

Conference, Arab Renaissance Publishing House Printing and Publishing, Beirut, 1974.

• Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman, European history of modern and contemporary, the

third edition, University Book House, Cairo, 1407/1986.

• Abdulaziz Suleiman Noire, Mahmoud Mohammed Jamal al-Din, the modern European history from the

Renaissance to the First World War, the Arab Thought House, Cairo, 1999.

• Abdulaziz Mohammed Shinawi, Europe in the early modern times, the Anglo

Library, Cairo, 1982.

• Abdul Azim Ramadan, the history of Europe and the world in the modern era of the European bourgeoisie to the

emergence of the Cold War, the Egyptian General Book Authority.

• Abdel Fattah Mustafa Ghaimah, museums, galleries, palaces teaching aids, a series of cultural knowledge (2),

Menoufia University, 1990.

• Majeed Naenai, Europe in some modern times, Beirut, 1978.

• Issa Mahmoud Khairy, lectures in European history, Cairo, 1982.



• Leila Alsabagh, features the history of Europe in the modern era, Damascus

University, 1998.

• researchers group, the impact of the Arabs and Islam in the European Renaissance, study under the supervision of

exchange of cultural values center in collaboration with the United Nations Children's Thriph, Scientific and

Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Cairo, the Egyptian General Authority for authoring and publishing,

1970.

• Naim Zaki Fahmi, international trade and stations routes between East and West,

the second edition, Cairo 0.1393 AH / 1973.

• Youssef Karam, the history of European philosophy in the Middle Ages,

Knowledge House, Cairo, 1965.

Second: Arabized sources and references:

• Jean Beringah, and Eve Durant and others Encyclopedia of the history of Europe and the world, the first volume,

Beirut, 1995.

• James Westphal Thompson and others Renaissance civilization, translation: Abdul Rahman Turki, Arab

Renaissance Publishing House, Cairo, 1961.

• Charles Dale, the Republic of Venice aristocracy, translation: Tawfik Iskandar and Ahmed Ezzat Abdul Karim,


• Colston J.j, the world of the Middle Ages, translation: Joseph Nasim, youth University Foundation,

Alexandria, 1983 AD.

• Herbert A.L. Fisher, the history of modern Europe, Arabization: Najib Ahmed Hashim Wadie Daba,


Third: articles and magazines:

Bashir Hamoud Kazim, geographical Portuguese statements, document magazine, No. XII, the sixth year, Bahrain,

1988.

Fourth: articles and e-journals Arabic:

•Ashraf Saleh, an article entitled, Constantinople, capital of the Romanian capital of the Byzantine Empire and the

state, the Arabs journal, Studies and Research, 2008 :

http://arabmag.blogspot.com/search/label/Ed.

•Tharwat Okasha, Encyclopedia Arts Renaissance, Chapter IV, 2007, link: (http://www.civilizationstory.com/tharwat)

Fifth: foreign sources and references:

• Bernard Guillemain, Les papes d'Avignon (1309-1376), du Cerf, Paris, 2000.

• Bush.D, The reinaissance and English Humanism. Tron to 1958.

• Charles Augustus Briggs, History of The Study of Theology.-New York: Charles, scribner's sons,

1916.(2 volume.)

• Charles de Tolnay, Michel-Ange, Flammarion, 1970.

• Charles Sala, Michel-Ange, Sculpteur, peintre, architecte.- Pierre Terrail,

2001.

• Daniel Arasse, Leonardo da Vinci.- Konecky & Konecky, 1997.

http://arabmag.blogspot.com/search/label/Ed




• Fisher,H.A.I: S History of Europe. London, 1945.

• Grenville, F., Select Decuments the East African Coast; (Oxford,1962.)

• G.R. Evans, Law and Theology in the Middle Ages.-London: Taylor & Francis, 2001.

• Jack Wasserman, Leonardo da Vinci.- Abrams, 1975.

• Liana Bortolon, The Life and Times of Leonardo.- London:Paul Hamlyn, 1967.

• Linda Murray, Michel-Ange.- London: Thames & Hudson, 2003.

• serjeant,R,B,The Portuguese of the South Arabian Coast. London,1967.

• Smith.p. The Life and Leuers of Martin Luther. (Boston, 1914.)

• Tolnay, Charles de. The Art and Thought of Michelangelo.- New York: Pantheon Books,1964. (5 vols).

Sixth: websites:

• The difference between the universities and academies, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8

%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%

8A%D8%A9

• Italy Wikipedia, the definition of Genoa, the free encyclopedia:

http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9

%8A%D8




http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7

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