Chapter 14

The Renaissance and Reformation

14.1 The Renaissance in Italy

The Italian City-States The Renaissance

began in Italy, then spread north.

Sparked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome.

The wealthy Medici family from Florence & others funded many gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars & scientists.

The Renaissance? Was a time of

“renewed” creativity and political, social, economic change

An “awakening” in the 1400s after the dark ages.

A spirit of adventure Columbus, Copernicus

Humanism- an intellectual movement focused on worldly rather than religious issues. Believed that education

stimulated creative powers

Return to the “humanities” – history, poetry, rhetoric

Golden Age of the Arts Wealthy patrons

including Popes & princes heavily supported.

Much religious & humanist art

Artists learned the rules of perspective & shading & portrayed the human body more accurately. Use of geometric

shapes R. Architects rejected

Gothic style and adopted columns, arches, & domes.

The Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art

Leonardo (da Vinci) Mona Lisa, Last Supper Also a scientist

(airplane) Michelangelo

Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet

Pieta (Mary cradles Jesus), statue of David, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral

Raphael The School of Athens, &

Madonna paintingsLeonardo self-portrait

Leonardo, the Artist

� The Virgin of the Rocks

� Leonardo daVinci

� 1483-1486

Leonardo, the Artist:From his Notebooks of over 5000

pages (1508-1519)

Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4

Mona Lisa OR da Vinci??

The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498& Geometry

� Detail of Jesus

� The Last Supper

� Leonardo da Vinci

� 1498

Deterioration

Leonardo, the Architect:Pages from his Notebook

� Plan of the city of Imola, 1502.

Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):Pages from his

notebook

� An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature.

Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy):

Pages from his Notebook

Leonardo, the Inventor:

Pages from his Notebook

2. Michelangelo Buonorrati

� 1475 – 1564

� He represented the body in three dimensions of sculpture.

� David

� MichelangeloBuonarotti

� 1504

� Marble

� The Pieta

� MichelangeloBuonarroti

� 1499

� marble

The Popes as Patrons of the Arts

The Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo Buonarroti

1508 - 1512

The Sistine Chapel Details

The Creation

of the Heavens

The Sistine Chapel Details

Creation of Man

The Sistine Chapel Details

The Last Judgment

3. Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520)

Self-Portrait, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with a Friend, 1518

Perspective!

Perspective!

Betrothal

of the Virgin

Raphael

1504

The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11

Raphael

Da Vinci

Michelangelo

Italian R. Writers Castiglione – The

Book of the Courtier

Machiavelli – The PrinceBelieved that

getting results was more important that keeping promises (deceit in politics)

14.1 Review

1. What conditions in Italy contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance?

2. What is the meaning of “Renaissance?”3. In which century did the Renaissance

begin?4. What is humanism?5. What were major changes in art (style)

during this time?6. Name the three most famous

Renaissance artists.7. What were the two most famous writers?8. What is the meaning of being

Machiavellian?

14.2 The Renaissance Moves North

Artists of the Northern Renaissance

Germany – Albrecht Durer

Flemish – van Eyck, Rubens, & Bruegel

Peter Paul Rubens

Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500

The English Were More Interested in Architecture than Painting

Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more

medieval in style].

Burghley House for William Cecil

The largest & grandest house of the early Elizabethan era.

Bruegel’s, Tower of Babel, 1563

Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)

More courtly and aristocratic work.Court painter to

the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good.

The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.

Van Eyck:

The Crucifixion

&

The Last Judgment 1420-1425

Van Eyck:

The Crucifixion

&

The Last Judgment 1420-1425

Humanists Dutch – Erasmus

Priest who called for the Bible to be translated into the vernacular instead of Latin.

English – Thomas MoreWrote Utopia,

describing an ideal society of peace & harmony

Writers French – Rabelais English – William

ShakespeareWrote comedies &

tragediesEnriched the

English language w/ 1,700 words

Spanish – CervantesWrote Don Quixote William Shakespeare

The Printing Revolution

In 1456, Johann Gutenberg from Germany used the 1st printing press 1st complete ed. of

the BibleUsed ideas from

China & Korea Brought immense

changes People now learned

to readLearned a broad

range of knowledge

Review 14.2

1. Name 2 northern Renaissance artists.

2. Why was Erasmus important?3. Who was the most famous

Renaissance writer?4. Who was the Spanish writer & what

was his most famous book?5. What was the significance of the

printing press?6. Who was the first to use it & for

what?

14.3 The Protestant Reformation

Abuses in the Church By R. times, the

church was very wealthy & powerful.

Popes had a lavish lifestyle & financed the arts.

To pay for this, some promoted the sale of indulgences. (less time in purgatory)Once given for good

deeds…

Luther’s Protest In 1517, protests

against Church abuses erupted.

Led by a German monk & professor, Martin Luther

In his hometown of Wittenberg, the priest was selling indulgences…

Luther was outraged and nailed his 95 theses to the door of the church.

Copies were distributed across Europe & the pope called on Luther to recant his views.

Luther refused & was excommunicated.

The Holy Roman Emperor did not support him & made him an outlaw.

Some princes & thousands of others supported him and renounced the authority of the pope.

Beliefs? The Bible is the word of

God, not the pope. Salvation through faith,

not works Priests are regular

people & could marry. Only 2/7 sacraments

were in the Bible

Why did Lutheranism spread? It was the answer to years of Church corruption.

Many peasants followed him and revolts erupted across Germany.

The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555, allowing the new religion to exist.

N. Germany mostly went Lutheran (Protestant) & the S. remained Catholic.

Peace of Augsburg, Germany

The Peasant Revolt - 1525The Peasant Revolt - 1525

ReformationEurope

(Late 16c)

ReformationEurope

(Late 16c)

ProtestantChurches

inFrance

(Late 16c)

ProtestantChurches

inFrance

(Late 16c)

Calvinism John Calvin followed

Luther in France & Switzerland except he also believed in predestination (all sinners or saints)

Calvinists believed in strict morality, no dancing, no laughing in church

Spread through western Europe & faced opposition from Catholics and Lutherans

Other more radical churches formed later, like Anabaptists

Calvin’s World in the 16cCalvin’s World in the 16c

14.3 Review1. What was the “final” reason that Luther

rebelled against the Catholic church?2. What was the overall reason?3. What action did he take and what was

the result?4. What were the main beliefs that

Protestants differed from Catholics?5. What was the first protestant church

called?6. Where in Europe did the protestant

religion spread?7. What was the 2nd main protestant church

that split from the Church?

14.4 Reformation Ideas Spread

The English Reformation King Henry VIII was the first

to become Protestant in England. for political reasons, he wanted

a divorce… Married Ann Boleyn, who bore

him Elizabeth, but married 4 more times & finally had Edward

Started the Church of England (Anglican)

After Henry died, so did his teenage son, so his ½ sister, Mary Tudor was in line for the throne.

Queen Mary was Catholic & had hundreds of Protestants burned at the stake.

When she died, her sister Elizabeth became queen & restored the Anglican Church.

Queen Elizabeth I had a long reign & restored unity to England.Now a Protestant

country

The Catholic Reformation Many Catholics also

knew they had to reform themselves.

The Council of Trent (1545) tried to end abuses.

To deal w/ the Protestant threat, the Inquisition continued (torture of Protestants & Jews) Also the time of witch

hunts Jews were persecuted by

all Moved into ghettos w/

yellow badges Expelled from many

countries & many settled in Poland & the Ottoman empire

14.4 Review

1. Who was responsible for making England a Protestant country?

2. Why did he convert from Catholicism?3. Who was his heir & why did she cause so

many problems?4. Why was Queen Elizabeth I significant?5. How did the Catholic Church try to reform

itself?6. What happened to Jews during the

Reformation period?

14.5 The Scientific Revolution

Changing Views of the Universe

In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model.

Brahe supported this w/ an astronomical observatory, but that they moved in an oval shape.

Galileo confirmed this by assembling a telescope. Caused an uproar b/c it

contradicted the church.

A New Scientific Method

The new approach to science was a step-by-step process starting from a hypothesis.

Englishman Francis Bacon & Frenchman Rene DiscartesSought to fit the

new science w/ the church’s teachings

Sir Isaac Newton Tried to explain

why the planets moved as they didLaw of Gravity

All motion in the universe can be measured mathematically.

Developed a new branch - calculus

Other Scientific Advances

Chemistry replaced medieval alchemists

Robert Boyle distinguished compounds

Medicine Emphasis on Anatomy Ambroise Pare invented

stitches. William Harvey

described the circulation of blood.

Van Leeuwenhoek perfected the microscope.

14.5 Review

1. Who was considered to be the 1st significant scientist of the Renaissance?

2. What is the sun-centered theory called?3. Which scientist caused an uproar in

society and why?4. Which 2 scientists tried to resolve this

problem?5. Who is associated with the law of

Gravity?6. What new area of math did he also start?7. Who was the main Renaissance chemist?