Renewable Diesel

DEER

August 2007

What Are Fats/Oils?

� Fats & Oils Have the Same Chemistry � Fats are solid �Oils are liquids

� Triglycerides � 3 Carbon tri-alcohol, glycerin

� 3 Long-Chain (typically C16­C18) fatty acids attached to glycerin – ester linkage

Animal Fat2

Animal Fat vs. Vegetable Oil

� Animal Fat �More highly saturated

� Vegetable Oil �More unsaturation

(>50% di & poly)� Lower melting point

Soy Oil 3

Renewable Diesel Process

Diesel Hydrotreater Renewable Diesel

Mixture Crude Renewable Fats/Oils

Hydrogen

Cru

de D

istil

latio

n

Straight Run Diesel Cycle Oil, etc

Straight Run Gasoline

Straight Run Resid

Note: Capital investment is required at refineries to modify infrastructure to enable renewable fats & oils processing.

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Renewable Diesel Chemistry O =

H2COC(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3O =Fat or Oil

(Triglyceride)

Renewable Diesel

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HCOC(CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)4CH3

H2COC(CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH3

= O

CH3 CH3(CH2)16CH3 + 2H2O

CH2 + CH3(CH2)15CH3 + CO2

CH3

Propane

n-Paraffins

Hydrotreating Heat, Hydrogen, Catalyst

Biodiesel Chemistry

H2CHOCR

O=

H2COH

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| | HCHOCR +3 MeOH HCOH + 3MeOCR

| | biodiesel H2CHOCR H2COH

glycerin

R = C17H31 (typical)

Works Best With Virgin Vegetable Oils

=O

=O

=O

Fat or Oil (Triglyceride)

methanol

Renewable Diesel Process � Co-feed Renewable Oils to Diesel

Hydrotreater �150-2400 psi Hydrogen, 600-800°F �Normal reaction is sulfur removal (HDS)

� At HDS Conditions Fat Or Oil Conversion To Renewable Diesel Is 100% �Glycerin converted to propane, glycerin is not

a co-product of renewable diesel �Oxygen converted to H2O or CO2

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100 % Renewable Diesel From Beef Tallow

n-paraffins= 86%

i-paraffins = 6.0%

c-paraffins = 7.7%

aromatics = 0.3%

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

Wt%

( n

-Par

affin

s)

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

Wt%

(ot

hers

)

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Carbon Number

n-Paraffins iso Paraffins Cyclo-Paraffins Mono-Aromatics

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Typical Renewable Diesel� Paraffinic (C13-C18) � No Oxygen � No Double Bonds � In Heart of Diesel Fuel

(C10-C22) � High Cetane � Feedstock Independent � Cold Flow Issues

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Low Concentration Renewable Diesel Content Effects

Property ASTM D975 Base Fuel

5% Ren Content

10% Ren Content

20% Ren Content

30% Ren Content

T90, F 540-640°F 559 565 568 571 577

Visc. (mm2/s at 20C) 1.9-4.1 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4

Ash, mass % 0.01 max <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Sulfur (ppm) 15 max 5 6 6 8 5

Copper Strip Corrosion

0.35 %max

3 max

<0.1

1A

<0.1

1A

<0.1

1A

<0.1

1A

<0.1

1A

Ramsbottom Carbon

Cetane number 40 min. 41.2 45.8 47.4 51.2 54.2

Lubricity 520μ max. 591 598 603 597 586

Cloud Point, F Seasonal/Regional -9 3 8 14 17

Pour Point, F Seasonal/Regional -24 -6 0 6 9

Note 1: Renewable diesel fuels shown here are not commercially optimized - for illustration only Note 2: Feedstock is soy oil; results for non-soy feedstocks are similar

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Renewable Diesel Compatibility

� No New Molecules

� Meets ASTM D 975

� High Level of Quality Control

� No Transportation Limitations

�Use existing pipeline & trucking infrastructure

� Reduces Emissions & CO2

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Low Concentration Renewable Diesel NOx

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

g/bh

p-hr

Base 5% Soy 10% Soy 20% Soy 30% Soy

Note: Renewable diesel fuels tested are not commercially optimized

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Low Concentration Renewable Diesel CO

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

g/bh

p-hr

Base 5% Soy 10% Soy 20% Soy 30% Soy

Note: Renewable diesel fuels tested are not commercially optimized

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Low Concentration Renewable Diesel NMHC

0.0

0.1

0.2

g/bh

p-hr

Base 5% Soy 10% Soy 20% Soy 30% Soy

Note: Renewable diesel fuels tested are not commercially optimized

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Low Concentration Renewable Diesel PM

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

g/bh

p-hr

Base 5% Soy 10% Soy 20% Soy 30% Soy

Note: Renewable diesel fuels tested are not commercially optimized

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Esterification

MethanolProduction

Biodiesel

Bio/Renewable Diesel Lifecycle

Hydrogenation

Transport to Crusher

Soy Agriculture

Crushing & Extraction

Transport & Final Use

Hydrogen Production

Renewable Diesel

Similar life cycle analysis can be performed for other renewable diesel feedstocks including beef tallow, canola (rapeseed), poultry fat and yellow grease.

Natural Gas

Soy Oil Transport to

Fuel Manufacturing

Location

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Relative CO2 Life Cycle Emissions

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

COP (soy) UOP (soy) NExBTL® * CONCAWE­ U.S. EPA EUCAR-JRC * GREET Model

Petroleum Diesel Biodiesel, B100 Co-processed Renewable Diesel, R100eq

* Rapeseed Feedstock

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Renewable Diesel Summary� Excellent Way To Incorporate Renewable Fats

& Oils Into Diesel Fuel

� Feedstock Flexible � Converts Any Fat/Oil to Normal Diesel Fuel

� High Level Of Quality Control

� Meets ASTM D 975 Diesel Specification

� Transparent To Users

� Expands Opportunities For Farm Community

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