renewable energy solution

8/6/2019 Renewable Energy Solution

1/37

HREG1

The Consumer Voice for

Renewable Energy

Activities

Meet Quarterly Internet Yahoo Chat Group

Annual Houston Solar Tour

Earth Day Booths

Educate Houston

Non-profit, local section of

the Texas Solar Energy

Society (TXSES)www.txses.org/hreg

The Renewable Energy Solution

written by Chris Boyer 2006

Houston Renewable

Energy Group


2/37

HREG2

US Energy Demand Growing

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

TotalUSE

nergyConsump

tion(Quads/yr)

0.E+00

1.E+08

2.E+08

3.E+08

4.E+08

5.E+08

6.E+08

Population

Energy ConsumptionEIA PredictionPEW Low CasePEW High CasePopulation


3/37

HREG3

The Energy Problem

1. Rising cost offossil fuelextraction

2. Trade deficit

3. War over finiteresources

4. Pollution andclimate change

5. Threat of nuclearproliferation andwaste disposal

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100

WorldAnnualOilConsumption

(QuadBtu/yr)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

OilReserves(QuadBtu

)

Cons

tion- t Cons tion- Model redictedTot l Reserves UnknownReserves


4/37

HREG4

The enewables Solution

Direct Solar

Wind

Hydro

Biomass

Geothermal

Its Plentiful

Its Everywhere

It lasts forever

Its Healthy

Its Safe


5/37

HREG5

All the energy we use could

be supplied by Renewables!


6/37

HREG6

Solar Energy

80,000 Terawatts of Solar Power fall on the Earthconstantly, compared to 14.5 Terawatts current

used for human power.

Solar Electricity Photovolatics (PV)

Solar Thermal Heating Hot water residential and commercial

Utility Steam & Electricity

Cooking

Solar Building Design Shade & venting

Solar heating


7/37

HREG7

Solar Thermal


8/37

HREG8

Solar Thermal: Hot Water

Hot Water roof systemssubsidize hot water.

$500 to $6,000 for system

Last ~20 years

1 to 2 ft2 of panel for eachgallon used per day.

4 yr payback

If hot water use does not

match solar availability,economics is not so

attractive.

Panels

Pump

Tank

Controller


9/37

HREG9

Solar Thermal: Utility Electricity

$1million/MWp Capital Investment

20-60% Capacity Factor (100% with N.G. Hybrid)

5000 acres for a 1 GW plant


10/37

HREG10

Solar Photo oltaic


11/37

HREG11

Solar PV Integrated into Structures


12/37

HREG12

Solar PV: Grid Connected

$6000 to $10,000 perkWp Power Installed

50% Modules

25% Inverter

25% Installation

$1 to $0.18/kWh

Sun Hours/day

Interest Rate

Incentives

1 kW ~ 100 ft2 @ noon

Inverter

Voltage(DC)

Voltage(AC)

PV arrayElectric grid

Goal is $3000/kWp installed,

or ~$0.10/kWh by 2025


13/37

HREG13

Ad ancing Solar PV Technology

Silicon Crystalline

Polycrystalline

Amorphous

Ribbon Nanocrystalline

CdTe

GaAs

CIS/CIGS Dye-Sensitized

Organic

Wafer P-N Junction

Thin Film P-N Junction

Multi-Junction

Quantum Dots

Photoelectrochemical

New Materials New Structures

Related Technologies

-digital camera

-LEDs

-Solid state lasers


14/37

HREG14

P-N Junction Solar Cell Structure


15/37

HREG15

Photochemical Cell Structure

Structure for high-efficiency (50%) organic PV cell basedon a nanostructured substrate onto which thin layers of

molecular multi-junctions are grown and anchored onto the

nanostructure surface. The red circle denotes an electron

acceptor; the blue square, an electron donor; and the

yellow circle, a metal nanoparticle.


16/37

HREG16

PV cost as a function of Efficiency


17/37

HREG17

Impro ements in Cell Efficiency


18/37

HREG18

Solar PV: What & Where

75

95

195

1100

60

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Consumer Products

Comm. & Signal

Off-Grid es&Com

Grid Connected

Central Utility

W/yr

20002005

4 8 6

9 9 1

5

7 1 .

1 2 2

2

5

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

S i S ingle C rystal

S i Po lycrystal

S i i o n

S i m o r ho us

S i mor/Crystal

C d e

C S

MW /yr


19/37

HREG19

Solar PV: Who

0 1 00 2 0 0 3 00 4 0 0 50 0

S harp (J)

Q-C e l l s (E )

K yo c e ra ( J)

S any o (J)

M i t sub ish i (J)

S c h o t t S o lar (E )

B P S olar (US ,E )

S unTech (Ch)

M o tech (Tw)

S he l l S olar (US ,E )

Iso fo ton (E)

D e u t sc h e C e l l (E )

E - ton (Tw)

P h o t o w a t t (E )

S u n p o w e r (P h )

O t h e rs (< 2 0 MW )

C e l l r ti , M / r i

(E er-Q)


20/37

HREG20

Learning Cur e for PV Production


21/37

HREG21

Potential USSolar PV Growth

Cumu

lativeInstalledCapacity(GW)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005C

ellProduction,

GW/yr

Actual WorldGrowth 44%

Prediction based on 20 to 25% annual growth.Note: Capacity factor is 0.2


22/37

HREG22

Wind Energy

60 GW Installed in theworld by 2005

Growing 20%/yr worldwide

$1million/MW Cost

Capacity factor 0.47

Clean; no water needed

Dual Land Use

1000 GW possible in the US

Each tower is 1 to 3 MW.


23/37

HREG23

Tale of 2 GW

Nuclear i


24/37

HREG24

Too Many Wind Towers?

One coal plant equals about

1500 Wind towers. Over a

Million oil and gas wells

were drilled in Texas at a

cost of ~ $1 Million each.The same as the price of a

wind tower.

A Million Wind Towers

would equal over 600 coalfired plants. There are ~50

coal plants in Texas


25/37

HREG 25

Wind: Who & Where

17

15

11

6

4

3

2

2

2

4

0 10 20 30 40

Vest s

es

nerconWind

Sie ens

S zlon

R ower

Mits ishi

cotecni

ordex

thers

M rket Sh re

Company Country

34.7

17.2

14.1

6.4

6.3

2.6

2.3

2.1

1.9

1.6

10.8

0 10 20 30 40

Germany

S ain

USenmar

India

Italy

Netherlands

JapanU

China

Others

Share of Cumulative Installations

Data from year 2004: BTM World Market Update


26/37

HREG 26

Potential US Wind Growth

Cumula

tiveInstalledW

indCapacity(G

Actual

Current Trend

Aggressive Growth

EIA PredictionNREL Goal


27/37

HREG 27

Biomass Energy

Sources: Energy crops

Crop residue

Animal manure

Municipal Solid Waste Forrest waste

1/2 the energy/lb of coal.

10 Quads/yr available in US

Crop considerations: water usage

fertilizer requirements

soil depletion.

Corn is bad

Switchgrass is good


28/37

HREG 28

Biomass Energy Pathways

Direct Combustion1. Solidsp Heat

2. Solidsp Combined Heat & Power (CHP)

Direct E traction

3. Oils & fatsp Esterificationp Biodiesel

4. Certain plantsp SolventExtractionp Isoprenoid hydrocarbons

Biochemical

5. Plant matterp Hydrolysisp Fermentationp Ethanol

6. Organic sludgepAnerobic digestionp Biogasp CHP or H2

Thermochemical7. Organic matterp Pyrolysisp biogas or bio-oil

8. Organic matterpGasificationp Syngasp CHP, FT Liquids,

MeOH/DME, EtOH, or H2

BEST!

FAI

POO

POO


29/37


30/37

HREG 30

Hydro Energy

Cheapest source ofElectricity $0.02/kWh

200 GW in US by 2005

US developed about

40% of potential;

inhibited by

environmental

concerns.

Capacity factor 0.5 Tidal

Wave

Hoover Dam


31/37

HREG 31

Hydro Production Cycles in US

150

200

250

300

350

1980 1987 1994 2001 2008

Hy

dr

Ge

erati

(TWh/yr

El Nino cycles


32/37

HREG 32

Geothermal Energy

Free heat Environmental

concerns

Non-

sustainable

ground cools.

The Earths core is hot from decay of

nuclear materials.


33/37

HREG 33

US Energy Flows 2002 (Quad)

Source: LLNL, EIA-DOE

56.2 Wasted

35.2 Used


34/37

HREG 34

The enewable Energy SolutionUSPracticalPotential for REenergy by 2025 to 2050

with existing technology.

Source GWp Cap.Fact. Quads of Work/yr

Solar 2000 0.2 10.7

Wind 1000 0.47 12.6

Biomass 336 0.25 (effic.) 2.3

Hydro 300 0.5 4.0

Geothermal 100 0.8 2.1

TOTAL 31.7

RE can cover 90% of the 35 Quads ofWork used today.

Note: 1 Quad of Fossil Fuel is ~0.3 to 0.1 Quad of useful work.

1 Quad of Renewable Electricity is 0.9 Quad of useful work.


35/37

HREG 35

Other Energy Solutions

Unconventional Oil

Tar sands

Shale Oil

Stranded Natural Gas

Coal

Nuclear

The Future alueofSuchInvestments isNEGATIVE!

Polluted waterPolluted air

Habitat destruction

Climate change

LimitedResources

Compete for water

Easy terrorist targets

Monopolized markets

Waste of capital

Expensive energy


36/37

HREG 36

Pathway to Sustainable Energy

Phase I Achieved! 1975-2005 Economical Renewable Energy Solutions Realized

Incubation of the RE industry.

Phase II Achievable by 2025-2050

Up to 25% of electric load can be supported by

renewables without energy storage.

Shift transportation from oil to electric.

Technology improvements lower RE cost.

Phase III Achievable by 2050-2100

Incorporate energy storage to achieve 100% R.E.

Disruptive renewable energy inventions bring costs lower


37/37

HREG 37

Action Items For NOW

Practice Energy Conservation Switch to a Green Electric Provider.

Buy Electric Vehicles and Biofuels

Make investments in Solar and Windprojects/ companies.

Vote for politicians with platforms

promoting Sustainability Inform the public about the wind and solar

energy solution.

renewable energy solution

Documents