report presentation of statistics

8/9/2019 Report Presentation of Statistics

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REPORT PRESENTATIONREPORT PRESENTATION

Made by: Ki

mmi

Dee


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SummarySummary

v Introduction

vPurpose

vSignificancevTypes

vRequisites

vProcess

vSteps

vLayout

vMechanics

vPrecautions


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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Latin word portare means to carry

RE + PORT = to carry informationagain

Document giving summarised andinterpretative information ofresearch done based on factual data,opinions and about procedures used

by individual or group.


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PURPOSEPURPOSE

Means of communication

Serve as record

Legal requirements

Measure Performance

Control


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SIGNIFICANCESIGNIFICANCE

To inform & Convince ?

Incomplete till presented and written

Effectively communicated

Tool for decision making


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TYPESTYPES


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TECHNICAL REPORTTECHNICAL REPORT

Method employed

Assumptions made

Presentation of findings Advantages

Disadvantages

Supporting Data


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POPULAR REPORTPOPULAR REPORT

Simple

Attractive

Use of Charts

Diagrams

Practical aspect Policy implication


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OUTLINE OF REPORTOUTLINE OF REPORT

TECHNICAL Summary of

results

Nature of study Methods

employed

Data

Analysis of data

Presentation offindings

Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix

POPULAR

Findings andtheirimplications

Recommendations of action

Objective ofstudy

Methodsemployed

Results

Appendices


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SummarySummary

v Introduction

vPurpose

vSignificance

vTypes

vRequisites

vProcess

vSteps

vLayout

vMechanics

vPrecautions


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REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS

Good form and content

Simplicity

PromptnessRelevancy

Consistency

Accuracy

Controllability

Comparability

Frequency


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PROCESSPROCESS


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STEPS IN WRITING REPORTSTEPS IN WRITING REPORT

Logical analysis of subject matter

Preparation of final outline

Preparation of final draftRewriting and polishing of rough

draft

Preparation of final bibliography

Writing the draft


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LAYOUT OF REPORTLAYOUT OF REPORT


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MECHANICSMECHANICS

Size and physical designProcedureLayoutTreatment of quotationsFootnotesDocumentation style

Punctuations and abbreviationsStatistics charts and graphsFinal draftBibliography

Preparation of index


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PRECAUTIONSPRECAUTIONS

Long / Short

Interesting

Objective styleCharts and Diagrams with summary

Appropriate layout

Avoid mistakes

Logical analysisDisclose methods employed, and

techniques adopted

Confidence and constraints experienced


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SummarySummary

v Introduction

vPurpose

vSignificance

vTypes

vRequisites

vProcess

vSteps

vLayout

vMechanics

vPrecautions


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SIGNIFICANCESIGNIFICANCE

Birds eye view

Active create interest

Great memorizing effect

Facilitate comparison of data


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RULES TO MAKE DIAGRAMRULES TO MAKE DIAGRAM

Title

Proportion between width and height

Selection of Scale Footnotes

Index

Neatness and cleanliness Simplicity


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TYPESTYPES

1D/Bar Diagrams Simple bar diagram

Sub-divided bar diagram

Multiple bar diagram

Percentage bar diagram

Deviation bars

Broken bars

2D

Rectangles Squares

Circles

Pie Diagrams

3DPictographs and Cartograms


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SUB-DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAMSUB-DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM


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MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAMMULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM


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PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAMPERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM


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DEVIATION BARSDEVIATION BARS


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BROKEN BARSBROKEN BARS


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RECTANGLESRECTANGLES


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SQUARESSQUARES


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CIRCLESCIRCLES


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PIE DIAGRAMPIE DIAGRAM


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PICTOGRAPHSPICTOGRAPHS


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CARTOGRAPHSCARTOGRAPHS


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GRAPHSGRAPHS

Diagram showing relationshipsbetween varying quantities:a diagram used to indicaterelationships between two or morevariable quantities. The quantities areusually measured along two axes set at

right angles to each other. A graph maybe in different forms, e.g. of a line

joining points plotted betweencoordinates, or a series of parallel bars

or boxes.


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TECHNIQUE TO CONSTRUCTTECHNIQUE TO CONSTRUCT

Y (ordinate)

QUADRANT II

X -ve

Y +ve

+3 QUADRANT I

X +ve

Y +ve

+2

+1 (abscissa)

X -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 X

QUADRANT III

X -ve

Y -ve

-1 QUADRANT IV

X +ve

Y -ve-2

-3Y


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Natural Scale vs. Ratio ScaleNatural Scale vs. Ratio Scale

Absolute changefrom one period toanother is shown

Based on arithmetic

progress Indicate absolute

change (sometimes can lead towrong conclusions)

Y axis begins from 0

Meaning of data isderived from linesposition

Rate of change orrelative change isshown

Based on geometric

progress Indicates rate

of/relative changecannot mislead

Y axis starts from 1(because log of 1is 0)

Meaning of data isderived from lines

direction.


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GRAPHS OF TIME SERIESGRAPHS OF TIME SERIES

Time on X axis and Value on Y axis

SimpleEasy to understand

Widely used

Least technical skill required

Can be constructed on natural or ratioscale.


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RULES TO MAKE A GRAPHRULES TO MAKE A GRAPH

Time on X axis and value of variable onY axis

Begin from zero (can use false baseline)and keep equal magnitude distances

Plot values and join them (indicate

plotting by circle)Multiple variables shown with different

styles of line variations

Lettering to be done horizontally on

graph


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ONE VARIABLE GRAPHONE VARIABLE GRAPH

One variable is to be represented


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TWO/MORE VARIABLETWO/MORE VARIABLE

GRAPHGRAPH Used when unit of measurement is same and

facilitates comparison


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TWO SCALE GRAPHTWO SCALE GRAPH

Two variables are expressed in two differentunits on common time and facilitatecomparison


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RANGE CHARTRANGE CHART

Range of variations (minimum and maximumvalues of a variable)

Plot two curves representing highest and lowest

values and the gap between them is therange of variations.


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BAND CHARTBAND CHART

Shows total for successive time periods brokenup into sub totals for each component parts ofthe total


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RATIO CHARTRATIO CHART

Made by taking logarithms of various values


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MEANING OF CURVES ONMEANING OF CURVES ON

RATIO CHARTRATIO CHART

Increasing

Decreasing

Increa

sing%ra

te

Increasing%rate

Decreasing%rate

Decre

asing

%rate

Consta

nt%rat

e

Constant%rate


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GRAPHS OF FREQUENCYGRAPHS OF FREQUENCY

DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION


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HISTOGRAMHISTOGRAM

Set of vertical bars whose area areproportional to the frequenciesrepresented.

Variable on X axis and frequency onY axis.

Class interval need to be equal but in

case of unequal class intervalsfrequencies need to be adjusted.

Different from bar diagram because its2D i.e. it has length and width.


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ExampleExample


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FREQUENCY POLYGONFREQUENCY POLYGON

Graph of frequency distribution

2 ways to construct Using histogram

Taking mid points

Comparisons can be made by plottingseveral distributions


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ExampleExample


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SMOOTHED FREQUENCYSMOOTHED FREQUENCY

POLYGONPOLYGON

Free hand curve is drawnObjective eliminate accidental

variations present dataCurve should begin and end at the

base line

May be extended to mid points of theclass intervals just outside thehistogram

Sudden turns to be avoided


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ExampleExample


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OGIVESOGIVES

Curve obtained by plotting cumulativefrequencies

Two methods: Less than start with upper limits and go

on adding the frequencies. On plottingwe get a rising curve

More than start with lower limits and go

on subtracting the frequencies. Onplotting we get a declining curve

Uses to compare frequencydistributions

to determine median, quartile,etc..


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EXAEXAMPLMPL

EE

Mor

ethan

Les

sthan

LIMITATIONS OF


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LIMITATIONS OFLIMITATIONS OF

DIAGRAMS & GRAPHSDIAGRAMS & GRAPHS

Present approximate value

Limited amount of information

Explain only quantitative facts

Can be misinterpreted


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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION


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STANDARDSSTANDARDS

Paper White, 8 by 11

Use one side of paper

For hand written use ruled paper and blue/black

inkMargins

1 at top, bottom, left, right

Paging Page numbers in upper right corner

omit page number on title page

Title Centre 3 from top in all CAPS

Centre your name beneath the title

Title page title, name, course, teacher, date


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STANDARDSSTANDARDS

Indenting Indent 1 for each new paragraph

Indent 1 for quotations

Text Double space body text

Single space for quotations

Standard 12 point font

Quoting

Quotation marks for direct quotations No quotation marks for block quotations

Proof Reading Use caret (^) to show point of insertion

Use slanted line (/) for canceling single letter

Use single horizontal line to delete a word/phrase


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SummarySummary

v Introduction

vPurpose

vSignificance

vTypes

vRequisites

vProcess

vSteps

vLayout

vMechanics

vPrecautions


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report presentation of statistics

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