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Page 1: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical
Page 2: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical
Page 3: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical

Reports on ACP countries

AI RE

Page 4: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical

This volume is also available in the following language:

FR |SBN 92-825-8271-X

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication

GERMAN ORIGINAL

Published by: Statistisches BundesamtGustav-Stresemann-Ring 1 1D-6200 Wiesbaden

Distribution: Verlag W. Kohlhammer GmbhAbt. Veröffentlichung desStatistischen Bu ndesamtesPhilipp-Reis-Straße 3

. D-6500 Mainz 42

ENGLISH VERSION

Published by: Otfice for Otficial Publicationsof the European Communities for:Statistical Otfice of theEuropean CommunitiesBät. Jean MonnetB. P. 1907T.2920 LUXEMBOURG

Distribution: Office for Official Publicationsof the European Communities2, rue MercierL-2985 Luxembourg

Luxembourg: Otfice for Otficial Publications of the European Communities, 1 988

fsBN 92-825-8270-1

Catalogue number: CA.NQ-88-001 -EN-C

@ ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels-Luxembourg, 1 988

Printed in Luxembourg

Page 5: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical

- 3

L I S T O F T A B L E S

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Page 6: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical

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I l a n u f a c t u f i n g i n d u s t f y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . o . . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

P f O d U C t i O n i n d g X f O f m a n g f a C t U f i n g i n d U S t f i e s . . . . . . o ' ' ' ' o ' ' ' ' o ' '

I n S t a l l e d g e n e f a t i n g C a p a C i t y O f p 9 g e 1 . S t a t i O n S . o . . . . . . o ' ' ' ' ' ' o '

E l e c t r i c i t y p r o d u c t i o t l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " o " . . " " " " . . ' ' o "

l l i n i n g a n d q u a r r y i n g p r o d u c t s . . . . .P r o d u ö t i o n o f s e l e c t e d p r o d u c t s o f p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r i e s . . . 4 7

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B U i l d i n g p e r m i t S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o , . . . . . . . . . . o " " . . . . . . " o ' 4 8

E X t g f n a l t f a d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . o . . o . . o . . o . . . . . . . . . ' o ' ' ' ' o '

E x t e r n a l t r a d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . | ' ' ' ' ' t ' ' ' ' ' o

l , l a j o r i n p o r t p r o d u c t s / p r o d u c t g r o u p s . . . r . . . . o . . " " " " ' ' . . ' " o '

l l a j o r e x p o r t p r o d u c t s / p r o d u c t g r o u p s . . . . . . . . . ' " " . . ' o . . ' " ' ' ' ' '

I n p o r t s f r o n n a i o r c o u n t r i e s o f o r i g i n t . . . o " " " ' o " " " o ' o " "E x p o r t s t o n a i o r c o u n t r i e s o f d e s t i n a t i o n . o . " " " o " " ' oD e v g l o p n g n t o f E } - Z a i r i a n g x t g r n a l t r a d € . . . . " " . . ' o . . " " . . " "M a j o r i n p o " t p r o d u c t s / p r o d u c t g r o u p s b y s I T c c l a s s l f l c a t i o n . . . . '

u a j o r e x b o r t b r o d u c t s / b r o d u c t ö r o u p s b y s I T c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .

T r a n s p o r t a n d c o r l u n i c a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . " " " " "L g n g t h O f f a i l f O a d S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o ' o . . o " '

R o l l i n g s t O c k . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . ' ' ' ' ' o ' ' ' ' ' '

G O o d s i n d p a g s e n g e r s C a r r i e d b y ' O N A T R A ' a n d t h e " S N C Z ' . " " " "N U n b e r O f n O t O r v e h i C l e s a n d d e n S i t y O f p a 5 s e n g e r C a f s . . " " " . .

N g W f g g i s t f a t i O n $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . t ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

l l e f C h a n t V e S S g l S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o ' ' ' ' '

F r g i g h t t r a f f i c i n s g l e c t g d p o r t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o " " " " " . " . . "P e f f O f n a n C g O f t t A i f Z a i f e t t . . . . . . o . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . "T r a f f i c a t N t D i i f i a i r p o r t , K i n s h a s a . . . . . . . . . . " " o " " o " o o ' o ' o

T g l g c o n n u n i C a t i O n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o o . . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

T O U f i S n . . . . . o . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o ' ' ' ' ' ' t o

F o r e i g n v i s i t o r s f r o n s g l g c t g d c o u n t r i g s . . . " . . " " " " ' o ' . . " "H O t g l S , f O O n S a n d b g d S . . . o . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

C U f l . e n g y a n d f i n a n C € . . . I o . o . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " o "O f f i C i a l g X C h a n g € f a t e $ . . . o . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . o o . . . . o . . . . ' o " " o " "G O l d a n d C g f f g n c y f g s g f v g 8 . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . " " " '

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P u b l i c a c c o u n t s . . . . . . . o . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' o

C e n t f a l g g v g f n t r e n t b U d g g t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . o . . . o " " " " "B u d g e t r e v g n u e o f c e n t r a l g o v g r n t g n t . . . . o . " " ' o " " o " " " . . " 'B U d g g t e x p g n d i t u f e O f C g n t f a l g o v g f n l g n t . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . " " "N a t l o n a l d g b t . . . . . . . . r . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ' o ' ' ' ' ' ' t '

U a g e S a n d S a l a f i e s . . . . . . . . . o . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . " " t " ' o o ' t '

I n d g x o f n i n i n u n w a g g g . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o " . . o " " " o

I n d e x o f n g l i n h l a n d f e A l w e 9 9 8 . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . " " . . ' o ' o

H O U f l y W a g e s i n K l n g h a S a b y S e l e g t e d p l . o f e S t l O n S . . . . . . . . . " o . . "A v e r a g e l o n t h l y s a l a r i e s i n l l a r c h 1 9 8 2 b y s e l e c t e d s e c t o r c . . . , . .

l l o n t h l v s a l a r i e s i n t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r b y s e l e c t e d p r o f e s s i o n s . . .

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Page 7: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical

1 5 .l 5 . lt 5 . 21 5 . 31 5 . 41 5 . 5t 5 . 61 5 . 7

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P f i C g S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C o s t - o f - l i v i n g i n d e x i n K i n s h a s a . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . .

R g t a i l p r i c g i n d e x i n K i n s h a s a . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

R e t a i l p r i c e s o f s e l e c t e d g o o d s i n K i n s h a s a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . .R e t a i l p r i c e s o f s e l e c t e d o i l p r o d u c t s . o . . . . . . o . . . . . . .l l i n i m u n p r o d u c e r ' s p r i c e s f o r s e l e c t e d e g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s . .I n d e x o f i m p o r t a n d e x p o r t p r i c e s . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A v e r a g e e x p o r t p r i c e s f o r s e l e c t e d g o o d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

N a t i o n a l a c c o u n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G r o s s d o n e s t i c p r o d u c t a t m a r k e t p r i c e s . . . . . . . . . . ,G e n e r a t i o n o f g r o s s d o n e s t i c p r o d u c t a t f a c t o r c o s t . . , . . . . . . . .U s e o f g r o s s d o m e s t i c p r o d u c t a t m a r k e t p r i c e s . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .G r o s s d o m e s t i c p r o d u c t a n d n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t a t c u r r e n t p r i c e s .

B a l a n c g o f p a y m e n t s . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . r . . . .D e v e l o p m e n t o f b a l a n c e o f p a y m e n t s . . . . . . . . . . . .

D e v e l o p m e n t , p l a n n i n g . . . . . . . . . . .

D e v e l o p m e n t f o r c o o p e r a t i o n . . o , , . . . . . . . . . .G r a n t s a w a r d e d b y d o n o r o r g a n i z a t i o n , 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 8 5 . . . . . . , o . . .T o t a l O D A g r o s s d i s b u r s e m e n t s , 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 8 5 . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . .

S o u r c e s . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " '

, 7 2. 7 2. 7 2, 7 3, 7 3. 7 4. 7 5. 7 5

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6

E x p l a n a t i o n o f s y m b o l s

0 = l e s s t h a n h a l f t h e l a s t d i g i t s h o w n , b u t n o r e t h a n n i l .- = c a t e g o r y n o t a p p l i c a b l e! = g e n e r a l b r e a k i n t h e s e r i e s a f f e c t i n g c o m p a r i s o n o v e r t i r e. i f i g u r e u n k n o w nx = t a b u l a r g r o u p b l o c k e d , b e c a u s e i n f o r m a t i o n i s n o t n e a n i n g f u l

G E N E R A L A B B R E V I A T I O N S T )

g = g r a mk g = k i l o g r a md t = q u i n t a lt = t o nm m = m i l l i m e t r ec m = c e n t i m e t r em a m e t r ek m = k i l o m e t r em 2 = s q u a r e n e t r eh a = h e c t a r ek m 2 = s q u a r e k i l o n e t r eI = l i t r eh l = h e c t o l i t r em 3 = c u b i c m e t r et k m = t o n - k i l o m e t e rG R T = g r o s s r e g i s t e r e d t o nN R T = n e t r e g i s t e r e d t o nt d w = n e t r i c t o nZ = z a i r eU S $ = U S d o l l a rE C U = E u r o p e a n C u r r e n c y U n i tS D R = S p e c i a l D r a w i n g R i g h t sh = hou rk l { E k i l o w a t tk W h = k i l o w a t t - h o u rl ' l l { , G t { a m e g a w a t t , g i g a w a t tp . = p i e c eP = p a i rM i l l . E m i l l i o nB i l l . 3 b i l l i o nB Y = b e g i n n i n g o f y e a rM Y = m i d - y e a rY E = y e a r - e n dQ r t . = q u a r t e rH Y = h a l f y e a rD = ave ragec i f = c o s t , i n s u r a n c e , f r e i g h tf o b - f r e e o n b o a r d

Page 9: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical

7

FOR Eh IOR D

E u r o s t a t ' s s e r i e s o f " R e p o r t s o n A C P c o u n t r i e s " a r e c l o s e l y b a s e d o nr e p o r t s c o m p i l e d b y t h e S t a t i s t i c a l 0 f f i c e o f t h e F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o fG e r m a n y , a n d a r e p u b l i s h e d i n t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n s ' ' r S t a t i s t i k d e sA u s l a n d e s " ( S t a t i s t i c s o f f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s ) s e r i e s . A C P - E E Cr e l a t i o n s a r e i n t e n s i f y i n g a n d i m p r o v i n g p a r t l y a s a r e s u l t o f t h ec o n c l u s i o n o f t h e 3 r d L o m e c o n v e n t i o f l , b u t t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c , i np a r t i c u l a r i n t h e E ü r o p e a n C o m m u n i t y , i s v e r y p o o r l y i n f o r m e d a b o u tt h e s e c o u n t r i e s . T h e a i m o f t h e " n e w " s e r i e s o f r e p o r t s i s t h u s t om a k e r e a d i l y a v a i I a b l e t h e m a i n c u r r e n t s t a t i s t i c a l m a t e r i a l .

T h e r e p o r t s p u b l i s h e d b y t h e S t a t i s t i s c h e s B u n d e s a m t a r e i d e a l a s ab a s i s f o r t h e E u r o s t a t s e r i e s b e c a u s e t h e y a r e c o m p r e h e n s i v e , e a s y t ou n d e r s t a n d a n d t h e y s e t o u t i n a s t a n d a r d f o r m k e y i n f o r m a t i o n , b a s e do n t h e l a t e s t d a t a o n t h e d e m o g r a p h i c a n d e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e a n dd e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c o u n t r i e s t h e y c o v e r . T o m a k e t h i s i n f o r m a t i o ne v a i l a b l e t o a w i d e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e a d e r h s i p , E u r o s t a t i s p u b l i s h i n gt h i s E u r o p e a n v e r s i o n i n F r e n c h a n d E n g I i s h . T h e o r i g i n a l r e p o r t , i nG e r m a n , i s a v a i l a b l e f r o m t h e S t a t i s t i s i h e s B u n d e s a m t i n t { i e s b a d e n o rt h e K o h l h a n m e r V e r l a g i n M a i n z . M o s t o f t h e E u r o p e a n v e r s i o n i sd i r e c t l y t r a n s l a t e d f r o m t h e G e r m a n o r i g i n a l w i t h t h e d a t ae s s e n t i a l l y u n c h a n g e d , a p a r t f r o m a f e w v e r y m i n o r m o d i f i c a t i o n s . I nt h r e e o f t h e 2 a c h a p t e r s h o w e v e r , E u r o s t a t h a s m a d e c e r t a i n a d d i t i o n st o t h e d a t a o n b i l a t e r a l o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l a s p e c t s ( e x t e r n a l t r a d e ,i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r i c e c o m p a r i s o n s , t e c h n i c a l c o o p e r a t i o n ) t o m e e t t h er e q u i r e m e n t s o f n o n - G e r m a n r e a d e r s .

T h e t r a n s l a t i o n , t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n s a n d t h e a d d i t i o n a l m a t e r i a l a r es o l e l y E U R O S T A T ' s r e s p o n s i b i I i t y .

T h e m a p s i n t h i s r e p o r t a r e t a k e n f r o n t h e G e r m a n o r i g i n a l , a n d a r ei n t e n d e d t o m a k e t h i n g s e a s i e r f o r t h e r e a d e r . T h e n a m e s u s e d a n dt h e f r o n t i e r s s h o w n d o n o t i m p l y a n y j u d g m e n t o n t h e l e g a l s t a t u s o fa n y t e r r i t o r y o r a n y e n d o r s e m e n t o r r e c o g n i t i o n o f n a t i o n a l f r o n t i e r so n t h e p a r t o f e i t h e r t h e S t a t i s t i s c h e s B u n d e s a m t o r E u r o s t a t .

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8

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Page 11: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical

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Statistischer Bundesamt 87 0469

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Page 13: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical

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F u l l n a n e : T h e R e p u b l i c o f Z a i r e

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F o r n o f C o v e r n t r e n t : P r e e i d e n t i a l R e p u b l i c

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E l e c t o r e l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n / L e g i s l a t i v eN a t i o n a l L e g i s l a t i v e c o u n c i l ( s i n g l e c h a m b e r ) $ i t h 3 1 0 r e n b e r s e l e c t e df o r f i v e y e a r s ( P e o p l e s ' c o r D n i s s e r s ) .

P a r t i e s / e l e c t i o n s :T h e s i n g l e n a t i o n a l p a r t y i s t h e " l l o u v e E e n t P o p u l a i r e d e l aR e v o l u t i o n " / l t P R f o u n d e d i n I 9 6 ? , A t t h e 1 9 8 2 e l e c t i o n s , a l l t h e s e a t sw e r e w o n b y n e n b e r s o f t h e s t a t e p a r t y . O p p o s i t i o n p a r t i e s e r e n o tp e r n i t t e d .

A d r i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n s :

8 r e g i o n s a n d t h e c a p i t e l c i t y d i s t r i c t , s u b - r e g i o n s a n d z o n e s .

l l e r b e r s h i p o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s :U n i t e d N a t i o n s a n d s p e c i a l i z e d U N A g e n c i e s , t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r A f r i c a nU n i t y / O A U : E c o n o m i c C o n D u n i t y o f G r e a t L a k e s C o u n t r i e s / C E P G L ; a s s o c i a t e dw i t h t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m u n i t i e s / E C .

Page 14: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical

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r ) D a t a f o r t h e c o u n t r y o f t h e r e p o r tb r a c k e t s r e f e r t o a n n u a l d a t a .I ) S I T C h e a d i n g 5 - 82 l T C E o t o n o f c o a l e q u i v a l e n t3 ) F o r r e r l y U p p e r V o l t a4 ) F o r n e r l y I v o r y C o a s ta ) I n c l . B o t s w a n a , . L e s o t h o , N a n i b i a a n d S w a z i l a n d

u n d e r l i n e d . F i g u r e s

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- 1 5 -

2 . THE I {AT IONAL TERRITORY

Z a i r e e x t e n d s f r o r l a t i t u d e 5 e 3 O ' n o r t h t o l 4 o s o u t h o f t h e e q u e t o r ,a n d f r o n l o n g i t u d e 1 2 " t o 3 1 " 2 0 , e a 6 t l n e q u a t o r l a l A f r l c a , T h et h i r d - l a r g e s t c o u n t r y i n A f r i c a , i t h a s e t o t e l ' a r e a o f 2 , 3 4 { , 8 8 5 k r z .z a l r e s t r a d d l e s t h e e q u a t o r , H i t h a b o u t o n e t h i r d o f i t s t e r r i t o r y t ot h e n o i t h a n d t w o t h i r d s t o t h € s o u t h . I t i s b o u n d e d b y t h e P e o p l e ' rR e p u b l i c o f C o n g o t o t h e w e s t , t h e C e n t r a l A f r i c a n R e p u b l i c a n d S u d a n t ot h e n o r t h , U g a n d a , R w a n d a , B u r u n d l a n d T a n z a n i a t o t h e e a s t , a n d Z a l b l aa n d A n g o l a t o t h e s o u t h .

Z a i r e c a n b e d i v i d e d l n t o f i v e l a r g e n a t u r a l r e g i o n s :

T h e c o a s t a l r e g i o n i s r e l a t l v e l y E t a l l . Z e i r e h a s o n l y a v e r y n a r r o re c c e s s t o t h e A t l a n t i c O c e a n ( 4 0 k n o f c o a s t l l n e ) . T h e e s t u a r y o ft he Congo R i ve r sepa ra tes t he Ango lan enc lave Cab lnda i n t he no r t hf r o r t he na in body o f Ango la on t he sou the rn bank o f t he r i ve r .

T h e l a r g e s t a r e a i s o c c u p i e d b y t h e C o n g o B a s i n w h i c h h a s a d i e r e t e ro f a r o u n d 1 t 0 0 . k r . T h i s B a s i n i s a b o u t 3 0 0 t o 4 0 0 D e t r e s i n a l t i t u d ea n d l l e s b e t w e e n t h e A s a n d a h i l l s l n t h e n o r t h ( 6 0 0 t o 8 0 0 l . ) . t h eL u n d a h i l l s i n t h e s o u t h ( l 1 0 0 t o I { 0 0 f , , ) a n d t h e C e n t r a l A f r i c a nR i f t V a l l e y a n d t h e v o l c a n i c c h a i n l n t h e e a s t . I n t h e w e s t , i n as e r i e s o f 3 2 r a p l d s , t h e C o n g o f l o w s t h r o u g h t h e b o r d e r i n g h i l l s . o fl o w e r G u i n e a ( 7 0 0 t o 8 0 0 r . ) . I n t h e r a l n y s e a s o n , v a s t a r e a s o f t h eCongo bas in a re f l ooded t { hen t he no rua l l y sha l l ow r l ve r s b reak t he i rb a n k s . P a r t i c u l e r l y e x t e n s i v e f l o o d a n d l w a t p a r e a s l l e t o t h e w e s to f t h e b a s i n , b e t w e e n t h e C o n g o a n d U b a n g i . i n t h e r e g i o n o f L a k e sT u r b a a n d l l a i - N d o n b e ( L a k e L e o p o l d I I ) .

T h e L u n d a r i d g e c o n s i s t s o f a p l a t e a u w i t h n o n o t o n o u s t e r r a c e s , i n t ow h l c h t h e t r i b ü t a r i e s o f t h e K a s a i f l o w i n g n o r t h w e r d s h a v e c u tp a r a l l e l l i n e s . T h e s u r f a c e i s r o r e s h a r p l y c u t u p i n t h e S h a b a( K e t a n g a ) p l a t e a u d u e t o g e o l o g l c a l f a u l t s a n d r i f t s . T h e o p e l b e a n dL u f l r a p l a i n s a r e e r b e d d e d l n t h e s h a b a p l a t e a u . T h e U p e l b a r i f t i sa t en a l t i t ude o f 650 n . and i s wa te red by Lake Upe t rba and nanyo t h e r s n a l l e r l a k e s . S o u t h - e e s t o f t h e i l a n i k a p l a t e a u , t h e ü i t u t r b ac h a i n r e a c h e s a n a l t i t u d e o f l 8 9 o n . , a n d t h e K u n d e l u n g u t r o u n t e l n s ,s t r e t c h i n g f u r t h e r s o u t h H a r d s , r e a c h a n a l t l t u d e o f l ? 0 0 r .

The noun ta i nous reg ion o f t he cen t ra l A f r l can r i dge bounds t he CongoB a s i n i n t h e e a s t . I n t h e s o u t h , t h e l o u n t a i n s e x t e n d t o t h e l l a r u n g ur a n g e w l t h a l t i t u d e s o f n o r e t h a n 2 5 0 0 t r . , n o r t h x a r d s , w i t h p e a k sh l g h e r t h a n 4 5 0 0 D , i n t h e V i r u n g a v o l c a n i c r a n g e , t h e y a l s o r e a c ht h e g l a c i e r - c o v e r e d p e a k s o f t h e n u z e n z o r l n a s s l f r a n g i n g o v e r 5 1 0 9u . h i g h .

T h e C e n t r a l A f r i c a n R i f t x i t h i t s g r e a t l a k e s e x t € n d s l n an o r t h - s o u t h d l r e c t i o n . T h e l a r g € s t l a k e s a r e l l o b u t u - S e s € - S e k o( A l b e r t ) , E d w a r d , K i v u a n d t h e l o n g L a k e T a n g a n y i k s .

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Z a i r e , g i v e n i t s s i t u a t i o n a s t r i d e t h e e q u a t o r , h a s a n e q u a t o r i a lc l i n a t e . I n t h e C o n g o b a s i n , r a i n f a l l i s I 7 0 0 t o 2 0 0 0 l l p e r y e a r .H u m i d i t y i n t h e B a s i n i s v e r y h i g h , o t 9 0 t o t 0 0 % , e n d e v e n i n t h el e s s h u n i d n o n t h s d o e s n o t d r o p l o w e r t h a n ? O f . T h e h i I l y r e g i o n si n t h e s o u t h a n d w e s t h a v e a h u r i d t r o p i c a l c l i r a t e w i t h t w o r a i n ys e a s o n s ( A p r i I a n d S e p t e r b e r ) a n d t w o d r y s e a s o n s ( J a n u a r y / F e b r u a r ya n d J u n e t o A u g u s t ) . R a i n f a l l o n t h e S h a b a p l a t e a u i s f r o r I 0 0 0 t o oI 3 0 0 n t . p e r y e a r . T h e d r y s e a s o n l a s t s f r o l J u n e u n t i I O c t o b e r .I n t h e D o u n t a i n o u s r e g i o n s o f t h e e a s t , r r i n f a l l o f o v e r 3 0 0 0 t D h a ss o n e t i n e s b e e n r e c o r d e d .

N a t u r a l v e g e t a t i o n i n t h e c e n t r a l a n d n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e C o n g oB a s i n c o n s i s t s o f e v e r g r e e n t r o p i c a l r a i n f o r e s t , w h i c h c o v e r s a b o u t4 0 f o f t h e l a n d . T h i s l s o n e o f t h e l a r g e s t s i n g l e r a i n f o r e s t s i nt h e w o r l d . H o w e v e r , t h e p r l r e v a l f o r e s t h a s b e e n c l e a r e d b y f l r e i no a n y a r e a s t o r a k e p l a c e f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d , a n d i s t h e r e f o r ec o n s t a n t l y d w i n d l i n g . S a v a n n a c o v e r s a b o u t 5 0 f o f t h e t o t a l a r e a .T h e S h a b a p l a t e a u c o n t a i n s d r y s a v a n n a a s w e l I a s l e s s d e n s e d r yn i o m b a f o r e s t s . T h e c o a s t a l a r e a i s p a r t l y c o v e r e d b y r a n g r o v es w a n p s .

T h e t i n e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n Z a i r e S t a n d a r d T i n e a n d C e n t r a l E u r o p e a nT i n e i s I h o u r

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1 7

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1 8

3 . P O P U L A T I O N

T h e e s t i r a t e d p o p u l a t l o n o f z e l r e l n i l d - t 9 8 ? r a 3 3 t , I r i l l i o n .r e p r e s e n t i n g a p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y o f 1 5 . 0 l n h r b i t a n t s p e r k r z o f t o t e ll and a rea , The l os t r ecen t census was ca r r i ed ou t on I Ju l y 198 { , endt h e f l g u r e r e g i s t e r e d a t t h e t i t r e r e s 2 9 . ? r i l l i o n , O y e r t h e l l y e 8 r ib e t w e e n t h e p r o v i s i o n a l c e n s u s o f l 9 ? O a n d t h e p o p u l . t i o n c e n 3 u 8 o fI 9 8 4 , t h e p o p u l a t l o n i n c r e a s e d b y a r o u n d e l g h t r l l l i o n ( 3 ? t ) , s h o r l n ga n a n n u a l a v e r a g e g r o w t h r a t e o f 3 . 2 t f o r t h i s p e r i o d .

T h e p o p u l a t i o n l s ö h a r a c t e r i z e d b y e t h n i c a n d l i n g u i s t l c d i v e r s i t y , b ya n a g g l o n e r a t l o n o f i n h a b i t a n t s i n s o t e a r e a s a n d v a s t e r p t y s p a c e s i no t h e r s . T h e U n i t e d l { a t i o n s i n d l c a t e d a n a v e r a g e a n n u a l p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t hr e t e o f 3 , 0 t f o r t h e p e r l o d b e t w e e n l 9 ? 3 t o 1 9 8 { . T h e g r o w t h r a t e f r o l1 9 8 0 t o 2 0 0 0 i s e s t i r a t e d e t 3 . 2 7

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T h e n u r b e r o f b i r t h s p e r 1 0 0 0 i n h a b i t a n t s d e c r e a s e d a c c o r d i n g t o U n i t e dN e t i o n s d a t a f r o t r { 8 . f ( 1 9 6 0 / 6 5 D ) t o 4 5 . 2 ( 1 9 8 0 / 8 5 D ) . A t t h e s a n e t i n et h e a v e r a g e f i g u r e f o r d e a t h s ( p e r 1 0 0 0 i n h a b l t a n t s ) w e n t d o w n f r o n 2 3 . 8t o 1 5 . 8 . T h i s a c c e l e r a t e d t h e n a t u r a l p o p u l a t l o n g r o w t h ( d i f f e r e n c eb e t w e e n t h e n u n b e r o f b i r t h s a n d d e a t h s , H i t h o u t i n c l u d i n g c r o s s - b o r d e rt r i g r a t i o n s ) f r o t r 2 . 4 % 1 1 9 6 0 t 6 5 D t t o 2 , 9 * ( 1 9 8 0 / 8 5 D ) p e r y e a r . I n f a n tr o r t a l i t y ( d e a t h H i t h i n t h e f i r s t y e a r p e r I 0 0 0 l i v e b i r t h s ) d e c r e a s e df r o t r 1 4 6 ( 1 9 6 0 / 6 5 D ) t o I 0 ? ( t 9 8 0 / 8 5 D ) . L i f e e x p e c t a n c y a t b l r t h w a s 5 ly e a r s i n I 9 8 4 ,

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1 9

T h e h i g h b i r t h r a t e i n m o s t d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e ip o p u l a t i o n " : j u s t a b o u t h a l f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f Z a i r eu n d e r t h e a g e o f 1 5 . O n l y 3 % a r e a g e d 6 5 a n d o v e r .c o r r e s p o n d i n g v a l u e s f o r t h e E C w e r e 1 9 . 8 % a n d 1 3 . 5

r e s u l t s i n a " y o u n g( 1 9 8 5 : 4 5 % ) i sB y c o m p a r i s o n , t h e

% ( 1 9 8 4 ) .

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t 8 . z1 4 . 8r 2 . 2t o . z

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POPULATION OF ZAIREby age groups

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- 2 0 -

I n B a s - Z a i r e , K i v u , I e s t K a s a i a n d E a s t l ( a s a i t h e p o p u l e t i o n d e n 6 i t y i sa b o v e t h e n a t i o n a l a v e r a g e ( 1 9 8 / t : 1 2 . ? i n h a b i t a n t s p e r k r z ) . T h e r o E tt h i c k l y p o p u l a t e d a r e a i s t h e d i s t r i c t o f t h e c a p i t a l c i t y . I n l l a u tz a i r e a n d t h e e q u a t o r i a l r e g i o n s , a n a v e r a g e o f o n l y 8 . 4 i n h a b l t a n t s p e rk l 2 H a s r e c o r d e d i n 1 9 8 { . I n s h a b a ( l ( a t a n g a ) , w h i c h l s t h e r o c t t h i n l yp o p u l a t e d r e g i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y , t h e p o p u l a t i o n i s c o n c e n t r a t e d r a l n l yi n t h e l a r g e r t o H n s o f t h e n a r r o H r l n l n g s t r i p .

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U r b a n i z a t i o n h a s n a d e r a p i d p r o g r e s s i n r e c e n t d e c e d e s . I n I 9 8 5 , t h er u r a l p o p u l a t i o n w a s b a r e l y 5 6 % , w h i l e i n l 9 ? 0 i t w a s a l r o s t ? O %T i t h i n t h e s e l 5 y e a r s , t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f r u r a l d i E t r i c t s g r e H b y a r o u n d2 2 [ f h i l e t h e p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h i n t o w n s v e s 1 2 2 % T h e h i g h g r o w t hr a t e i n t o w n s a n d c i t i e s c a n o n l y b e e x p l a i n e d b y t h e r u r a l e x o d u s t ot h e c i t i e s . A n a d d i t i o n a l f a c t o r i s t h a t t h e n a t u r a l p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t hr a t e i n c i t i e s i s h i g h e r t h a n i n r u r a l a r e a s . B e t t e r n e d i c a l c a r e a n d -t o s o n e e x t e n t - b e t t e r s a n i t a r y c o n d i t i o n s l e a d t o h i g h e r l i f ee x p e c t a n c y , a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y t o a l o w e r r a t e o f i n f a n t r o r t a l i t y i nu r b a n a r e a s . C h a n g e s i n s e x u a l b e h a v l o u r , H h e r e b y t r a d i t l o n l e n g t h yp e r i o d s o f a b s t i n e n c e w e r e r e q u i r e d a f t e r c h i l d b i r t h , p r o b a b l y a l s oc o n t r i b u t e t o t h e i n c r e a s e d b i r t h r a t e i n t o w n s .

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l ( i n s h a s a , t h e c a p i t a l , c o n s t i t u t e s t h e l a r g € s t u r b a n c e n t r e . I t sp o p u l e t i o n d o u b l e d b e t w € e n l 9 ? o a n d 1 9 8 4 , a p p r o a c h i n g a b o u t o n e f l f t h o ft h e e n t i r e u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n . T h e d € t r l D e n t a l c o n s e q u e n c e s o f s u d d e nu r b a n i z a t i o n c a n b e s e e n p a r t l c u l a r l y c l e a r l y i n K i n s h a s a . i l o s t o f t h ei n h a b i t a n t s l i v e i n s u b u r b a n h o u s i n g d e v e l o p r e n t s , w h l c h p r o l i f e r a t e d l na ra the r chao t l c r anne r i n t he l as t f o r t y yea rs , These subu rbs gene ra l l yhave no ra te r o r e l ec t r i c i t y supp l y , no r e re t hey connec ted w i t h t hes e w a g e E y s t e [ , N o p u b l l c t r a n s p o r t n e t w o r k e x i s t s f o r i n t e r - s u b u r b a nco r run l ca t l on .

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A round E0 t o f t he en t i r e popu la t l on be long t o one o f t he nu le rous Ban tut r l bes . The wo rd nBan tu " ( r ean ing ' peop le " ) i s t he gene r i c ne re f o r ar ü l t l p l l c l t y o f A f r l c a n t r l b e s i n c e n t r ä l a n d s o u t h e r n A f r i c s w h i c hg p e a k B a n t u . T h e p r i n c i p a l B a n t u t r i b € s i n Z a l r e e r e t h e L u b a ( 1 8 x o ft h e t o t a l p o p u l a t l o n ) , C o n g o ( 1 6 l ) , l l o n g o ( 1 3 i ) a n d R w a n d a ( 1 0 X ) . T h era ln d l f f e rences w i t h t he Sudanese t r i bes i n t he no r t h o f t he coün t r ya r € n o t s o r u c h r a c i a l o r c u l t u r a l i n n a t u r e , b u t n a i n l y l i n g u i s t i c . Aba re 20 A o f . t he popu la t i on be longs t o t he va r i ous Sudanese t r l bes . Fo rt h e r e s t , t h e r e a r e r r a l l i l i l o t i c g r o u p s i n t h e r n o r t h - e a s t o f t h ec o u n t r y , a n d l e r b e r g o f H a r l t l c t r l b e s ( X e t u s l , / A : . ' . a l l n t h e e a s t . O ft h e a b o r i g i n a l i n h a b i t s n t s , t h e s h o r t - s t a t u r e d P y g r i e s , a b o u t 2 0 0 0 0 t ot 0 0 0 0 a r e s t l l l s r i d t o l n h a b l t r € r o t e f o r e s t a r e a s .

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D e p e n d l n g o n c h a n g i n g p o l i t l c a l . s l t u a t i o n s a n d c i v i l w a r s l nn e i g h b o u r i n g c o u n t r i e s , a g r o w i n g n u i b e r o f r e f u g e e s s e e k a s y l u t l nZ a i r e . I n I 9 8 5 t h e r e w e r e L o r e t h a n 3 0 0 0 o o r e f u g e e s c o r i n g t a i n l y f r o rA n g o l a ( a b o u t 2 5 0 0 0 0 ) , U g a n d a , R w a n d a , Z a r b i a a n d ( s o u t h e r n ) S u d a n . T h en u r b e r o f o t h e r f o r e i g n e r s l l v i n g i n Z a i r e w a 6 e s t i r a t e d a t 6 0 0 0 0 i n1 9 8 4 , o f w h o n a r o u n d 2 5 0 0 0 w e r e i n K i n s h a s a . T h e l a r g e s t f o r e l g n g r o u pi n 1 9 8 4 c o n s i s t e d o f l 5 0 0 0 B e l g i a n s , f o l l o r e d b y a b o u t 5 0 0 0 F r e n c h .

T h e o f f i c i a l l a n g u a g e i s F r e n c h ( e v e r a i n c e c o l o n i a l d e y s ) . ü a J o rv e r n a c u l a r s a r e t h e d i a l e c t s o f t h e l a r g e r t r i b a l g r o u p s . S u p r a - r e g i o n a ln a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e s a r e S x a h i l l ( [ i s u a h e l i ) i n t h e e n t l r e e a s t e r n a r e a o ft h e c o u n t r y . L u b a ( ( i l u b a , T s h l l u b a ) i n t h e s o u t h e a s t , L i n g a l a i n t h ecen t re and l owe r r eaches o f t he Za i r e r i ve r , and l ( l kongo $es t o fK i n s h a s a . T h e s e s u p r a - r e g i o n a l n a t l o n a l l a n g u a g e s a r e b e i n g i n t r o d u c e dt o a n l n c r e a s i n g e x t e n t l n t h e r e g l o n a l a d r i n i s t r a t i o n s a n d i n t h ee d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e r .

l n . 1 9 8 0 , r o s t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n d e s c r i b e d t h e r s e l v e 6 a s b e l o n g i n g t o aC h r l s t i a n r e l i g i o n , r a l n l y C a t h o l i c i s r , i n 1 9 8 0 . H o w e v e r , a l a r g e n u r b e ro f C h r i s t i a n s o f Z a l r e e r e s t i l l b o u n d b y t r a d i t i o n a l r e l i g i o u s c u s t o r s .C h r l s t i e n r e l i g i o u s s e r v i c e s a r e o f t e n o v e r - s h a d o w e d b y t r a d l t l o n a lr e l l g i o u s r i t e s . T h e i n d i g e n o u s s e c t o f . , I i r b a n g i s t s " ( C h r l s t ' s C h u r c hI n t h e C o n g o ) a r e P r o t e s t a n t . A n e x c l u s i v e b e l i e f i n a n i t l s r i sr e l a t i v e l y r a r e , o n l y 3 f i n 1 9 8 0 . I s l a . c o u n t s o n e t o t w o p € r c e n t o ft h e p o p u l a t i o n . I n 1 9 8 1 , s o t e 2 { 0 0 B e l g i a n r i s s l o n a r i e s H e r e a c t i v e i nZe i r e .

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l l e d i c a l c a r e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n s t i l l s u f f e r s t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h ed e p a r t u r e o f f o r e i g n d o c l o r s i n t h e e a r l y s i x t i e s : c o n s i d e r a b l ep o l i t i c a l u n r e s t a n d a c h r o n i c s h o r t a g e o f n o n e y a l s o h a d d e t r i q e n t a le f f e c t s o n h e a l t h s e r v i c e s . T h e r e r ' a s ä l r o s o u e o b s t r u c t l ; n t o t h ec h u r c h e s , - w h i c h p r e v i o u s l y h a d a s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t o f h e a l t h - s e r v i c e s i nt h e i r h a n d t ' T h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , c o n b i n e d w i t i r a s u d d e n i n c r e a s e i nd i f f i c u l t i e s o f f o o d s u p p l y , p a r t l y e x p l a i n w h y , f o r u e " e r a i y e a r s , n od a t a h a s b e e n . a v a i l a b l e o n t h e h e a l t i r s i i u a t i o n .

T h e g e n E r a l s t a t e o f h e a l t h o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i s p o o r , i l a n y d i s e a s e s ,m a i n l y t r o b i c a l a n d o f t e n e p i d e r i c ( L . g . c h o l e r a ä p t o e n i c i n t s z s l ,

" . "r e r p a n t , a n d a r e c a u s e d p r e d o n i n a n t i y b y a n u n b a l a n c e d d i e t o rD a l n u t r i t i o n , a n d b v i n a d - q u a t e s a n i t ä r y t r e a s u r e s ( o n l y a b o u i i i r ä - rt h e p o p u l a t i o n h a s a c c e s s t o c l e a n , r u n n i n g w a t e r ) . I n r e m o t e r ü r a la r e a s r e d i c a l c a r e i s o f t e n l a c k i n g a l i o g e t h e r , a n o e v Ä n t h e u r b a np o p u l a t i o n i s a t t i t r e s a f f e c t e d b y a s h ö r t a g e ' o i p t r i r a a c e u t i c a lp r o d u c t s . l t a n y z a i r i a n s , b e c a u s e o f i n ! u f f i c i " n t o i n o n - e x i i i e n t i n c o n e ,c a n n o t a f f o r d e x p e n s i v e r e d i c i n e s .

I n 1 9 8 2 t h e f i r s t n a t i o n a l f i v e - y e a r - p l a n f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f p u b l i ch e a l t h s e r v i c e s w a s l a u n c h e d . u e d i c ä l c a r e w a s t o b e i n r p i o v e d i n r u r a la r e a s b y t h e c r e a t i o n o f 1 4 0 r u r a l " h e e l t h z o n e s " . i h e p l a n a l s oi n c l u d e d t h e e s t a b l i s h n e n t o f a b o u t z 6 o 0 h e a l t h c e n t r e 6 ( ä o b u l a t o r yd i s p e n s a r i e s ) , a n d t h e t r a i n i n g o f t h e n e c e s s a r y n e d i c a l s t a f f . I n t e r i nr e s u l t s i n 1 9 8 { s h o w e d t h a t 9 0 o f t h e s e h e a l t i r z o n e s w e r e o f e r a t i o n a l ,7 0 0 h e a l t h c e n t r e s o r s i n i l a r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s h a d o p e n e d a n d a L o u t 5 0 so f t h e n e c e s s a r y a r e d i c a l s t a f f h a d b e e n t r a i n e d .

H e a l t h c a r e i n Z a i r e i s s t i l l l a r g e l y d e p e n d e n t o n f o r e i g n s u p p o r t . o n eo f t h e l a r g e s t d o n o r s i s t h e u n i t a d S t a i e s A g e n c y f o r I n t e r n a t r o n a lD e v e l o p n e n t ( u s A I D ) w h o s e c o n t r i b u t i o n s g e n e r a l i y g o t o n o n - ; o v e r n n e n t a lo r g a n i z a t i o n s ,

A v a i l a b l e d a t a o n d i s e a s e s , p r e v e n t i v e v a c c i n a t i o n s a n d d e a t h s a r e n a n yy e e r s o l d ' a n d e v e n - f o r t h a t p e r i o d t h e y p r o v i d e a h i g h l y l n c o n p l e t äp i c t u r e o f t h e p u b l i c h e a l t h s i t u a t i o n

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I n g e n e r a l , n e d i c a l c a r e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n r u r a l a r e a s ,h a s d e t e r i o r a t e d a s c o l p a r e d $ i t h t h e s i t u a t l o n p r i o r t o t 9 6 0 , A b o v ea l l , a l a r g e n u r b e r o f s r a l l d i s p e n s a r l e s w e r e E h u t d o w n f o r l a c k o fn e d i c a l a n d a u x i l i a r y p e r s o n n e l , f i n a n c i a l l e a n s a n d p h a r r a c e u t l c a l s . A sind i ca ted . above , honeve r , so t r e i r p rove ien t s we re ach ieved , pa r t i cu l a r l yi n t h e s e r u r a l a r e a s , i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h € f i v e - y € a r h e a l t h p l a n .

A n u r b e r o f l e d i c a l f a c i l i t i e s a r e s t i l l r u n b y r i n i n g c o i p a n i e s , l a r g ep l a n t a t i o n h o l d e r s a n d r e l l g i o u s c o r r u n i t l e s . F a c i l i t l e s a d l i n i s t e r e d b yc h u r c h e s h a d t o f a c e r e p e a t e d i n t e r f e r e n c e f r o r t h e s t & t e . A n i n d i c a t i o no f t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f h e a l t h s t a t l s t l c s c a n b e s e e n i n t h e f e c t t h a t ,e v e n t h o u g h l e p r o s y c e n t r e s a r e r e n t i o n e d , t h e r e l s n o r e n t i o n o f c a s e so f c o n t a r i n a t i o n o r d e a t h c a u s e d b y t h i s ( v e r y w l d e s p r e a d ) d l s e a s e ,

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F a c i l i t i e s

H o s p i t a l s a n d c l i n i c s . .S t a t e - r u f l . . . . . o ! . . .

M a t e r n i t y h o m e s . . . . . , . .S t a t e - r u f l , . . . . . . . . .

L e p r o s y c e n t r e s . . , . . . . ._ S t a t e - r u n . . . . . .P s y c h i a t r i c c l i n i c s . . . .T u b e r c u l o s i s s a n a t o r i a .

S t a t e - r u n . .H e a l t h c e n t r e s .

S t a t e - r u n . .

25

4 . 4 M e d i c a l f a c i l i t i e s

3 1 5t 5 71 8 8

6 75 63 Z

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355

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a ) I n c l u d i n g a n b u l a t o r y s e r v i c e s a n d d i s p e n s a r i e s

T h e n u m b e r o f h o s p i t a l b e d ss I i g h t l y i n 1 9 7 9 a s c o n p a r e dc I i n i c s ) . T h e n u m b e r o f b e d sa g a i n s t t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r , a n d3 0 %

i n m e d i c a l f a c i I i t i e s i n c r e a s e d o n l yw i t h 1 9 7 8 ( n a t e r n i t y h o n e s , p s y c h i a t r i c

i n h e a l t h c e n t r e s d e c r e a s e d s I i g h t t yi n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h 1 9 ? 0 , i t d e c r e a s e d b y

4 . 5 H o s p i t a l b e d s

S e r v i c e s

H o s p i t a l s a n d c l i n i c s . .S t a t e - r u n . . . . . . .

M a t e r n i t y h o m e s . . . . . . . .S t a t e - r u n . . . . . . . . . .

L e p r o s y c e n t r e s . . . .S t a t e - r u n . . .

P s y c h i a t r i c c l i n i c s . . . .T u b e r c u l o s i s s a n a t o r i a .

S t a t e - r u n .H e a I t h c e n t r e s .

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4 8 2 8 l2 4 t 0 8

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t 9 7 9

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5 5 0 0 5 4 5 03 7 0 6 3 7 3 0

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_xr_

The re we re ro re doc to r s i n t he coun t r y be fo re i ndependence ( f 959 : ?61 )t h a n i n l 9 ? 0 ( ? t 8 ) . c i v e n t h e g r o w i n g p o p ü l a t i o n , t h e " d e n 3 i t y " o fdoc to r s changed f r o r a round 23000 t o a round 31000 i nhab i t an t s pe rd o c t o r , D u r l n g t h € s e v e n t i e s , t h e n u r b e r o f d o c t o r s i n c r e a s e d s h a r p l y '

' a n d t h e s t e t i 6 t i c a l r a t i o o f i n h e b i t a n t s p e r d o c t o r l r p r o v e d t o a r o u n d

15000 i n l g?9 . l t shou ld no t , honev€ r , be f o rgo t t en t ha t apDrox l r a te l yo n e t h i r d o f a l l d o c t o r s a r e i n t h e c a p i t a l c l t y , a n d r o s t o f t h € o t h e r sa r e i n t h e l a r g e r p r o v i n c i a l c l t i e s . I n € v a l u a t i n g t h e r e l a t l v e l y s r a l ln u r b e r o f d o c t o r s a n d r e d l c a l p e r s o n n e l , i t s h o ü l d b e b o r n e i n . l n d t h a ta l a r g e p a r t o f t h e p o p u l a t l o n s t i l l t u r n s t o t h e h e a l i n g l e t h o d s o ft r ad i t i ona l A f r i can red i c i ne , and t o Eo re ex ten t t he gove rn t r€n t hase n c o u r a g e d t h i s .

4 . 6 D o c t o r s a n d d e n t i s t s

C a t e g o r y t 9 7 9

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ä;; i ; ; : :ä; ; i i ; i :'\

nunbe rI 0 0 0nu rbe rI 0 0 0

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Pha rmac i s tN u r s i n g s t a f fA u x i I i a r y n u r s i n g s t a f fM i d w i v e sA s s i s t a n t n i d w i v e s

4 , 7 0 t h e r n e d i c a l p e r s o n n e l

l l lt 6 3 57 7 9 5

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t902 207 6

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27

E D U C A T I O N

T ! t " e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e D . i s s t i l l b r o a d l y s i n i l a r t o w h a t l t w a s d u r l n gt h e B e l g i a n c o l o n i a l p e r i o d . u h i l e t h e n u l b e r o f p u p i l s a n d s t u d e n t s h a si n c r e a s e d , a n d n e w s c h o o l s a n d e d u c a t i o n a l l n i t i t u t i o n s h a v e b e e ne s t a b l l s h e d - p e r t i c u l a r l y f o r s e c o n d a r y g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n a n dv o c a t i o n a l t r a l n i n g - t h e f o r r a n d c o n t e n a o f e d u c a t i o n i s l a r g e l yu n c h a n g e d . I n s t r u c t i o n i s o r g a n i z e d i n s u c h a w e y a s t o p r o v l d ä äg e n e r a l b a c k g r o u n d , a n d t h e r e l s r a r e l y e n y r e f e r ä n c e t o t h e p r a c t l c a lr e q u i r e n e n t s o f d a i l y l i f e . s c h o o l t e a c h ä r s c o n s t i t u t e t h e r a s s o f c l v i ls e r v a n t s , a n d y e t , i n c l v i l s e r v i c e a s a w h o l e , t h e y f o r t r t h el o w e s t - p a i d g r o u p ,

s c h o o l i n g i s c o r p u l s o r y f o r a l l c h i l d r e n b e t w e e n t h e e g e s o f s i x a n de leven . Howeve r , because o f a sho r t age o f t eache rs and i o so [e ex ten t o fs c h o o l s t h e r s e l v e s , r e g u l a r s c h o o l i n g c a n n o t b e p r o v i d e d e v e r y w h e r e . I n1 9 8 3 t h e n e t s c h o o l l n g r a t i o ( t h a t i s , t h e n u r b ä r o f p r i r a r y i c h o o l a g ep u p i l s r e l a t e d t o t h e t o t a l n u t r b e r o f c h i l d r e n l n t h e s a o e a g e - g r o u p )Has es t i na ted a t a round ?5 $ Howeve r , on l y abou t { 0 $ o f , hoae w i l os t a r t s c h o o l p a s s t h r o u g h t h e s i x y e a r s ä r c o n p u l s o r y s c h o o l i n gs u c c e s s f u l l y , T h e n u n b e r o f s c h o o l - l e a v e r s i s v e r y h i g h a t - a l l l e v e l s lT h e r e a r e a l s o n a t e r i a l r e a s o n s w h y a l a r g e n u u b e r o f y o u n g p e o p l emos t o f whon co [e f r on t he poo res t sec t i ons o f t he i opu la t i on - a ree x c l u d e d - f r o f , t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f f u r t h e r e d u c a t i o n s i n c e - t f r e f " y n e n t o fs c h o o l f e e s - f o r w h i c h a d l s p e n s a t i o n w a s i n t r o d u c e d l n 1 9 6 8 - w a sr e - e s t a b l i s h e d f o r e c o n o l i c r e a E o n s i n I g ? 2 .

l t o r e t h a n t w o - t h l r d s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n a g e d f i f t e e n a n d o v e r w e r ec l a s s i f i e d a s i l l i t e r a t e i n t 9 6 2 . T h e r a t e ö f i l l i t e r a c y w e n t d o w n t o 3 9x i n - 1 9 E 5 , ' - e v e n t h o u g h i n t h a t s e i e y e a r n o r e t h a n 5 5 x . o f w o t r e n w e r es t i l l u n a b l e t o r e a d o r w r i t e .

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5 .

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1 9 8 5

3 8 . 82 t . 45 5 . 3

B e f o r e 1 9 7 { a b o u t 9 0 * o f a l l s c . h o o l s w e r e a d n i n l s t e r e d b y c a t h o l l c ,P r o t e s t a n t o r K i n b a n g i s t c o t r n u n i t i e s , I n l 9 ? 4 , a l l p r i v a t e s c h o o l s w e r eP l 9 l s t t u n d e r S t a t e c o n t r o l . H o H e v e r , i n l 9 ? 9 , w i t h g r o w i n g f i n a n c i a ld i f f i c u l t i e s a n d a s h o r t a g e o f p e r s o n n e l i n t h e s t a i e - r u n - e d u c a t i o n a lf a c i l i t i e s , t h e g o v e r n n e n t r ä q u e s t ä a t n e r e l i g l o u s c o n r u n i i i e s t o r e a u l ea d D i n i s t r a t i o n o f s c h o o l s . C o n s e q ü e n t l y , l n t h e e a r l y e i g h t i e s , n o r et h a n 8 0 % o f p r i a a r y s c h o o l s a n d a b o u t t w o - t h i r d s o f s e t o n d ä r y s c h o o l sw e r e o n c e a g a i n a d n i n l s t e r e d . b y r e l i g i o u s c o l n u n i t i e s . T e a c h e r s .s a l a r i e s a n d a p a r t o f t h e r u n n i n g c o s t s o f p r l v a t e s c h o o l s a r e f i n a n c e do u t o f t h e p u b l i c b u d g e t .

5 8 8 1 7 l 3 3 6 9 8 32 t 5 9 I 9 9 0 I 8 7 I3 7 2 2 5 1 4 3 5 l l 2

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_ 2 8 _

T h e u n l v e r s i t l e s o f K i n s h a s a , L u l u l b a s h i a n d x i s a n g e n i ' f o u n d e d b e t x e e n1 9 5 { a n d 1 9 6 3 , w e r e n e r g e d i n t h e e a r l y s e v e n t i e s t o f o r D t h e U n l v e r s l t 6N a t i o n a l e d u z a i r e ( u l { A z A ) , w h e n a d d i t t o n a l f i e l d s o f s t u d y a n d r e s e a r c hf a c i l i t i e s w e r e i n t e g r a t e d . I n 1 9 8 1 , t h e U t { A z A w a s o n c e a g a l n d l v l d e di n t o t h r e e a u t o n o l o ü s u n l v e r s i t i e s w i t h c a r p u s e s i n t h e a b o v e - r e n t i o n e dc l t l e E

5 . 2 S c h o o l s a n d o t h e r e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i I i t i e s

F a c i l i t i e s t 9 8 2 / 8 3

P r i m a r y s c h o o l s . .S e c o n d a r y a n d

h i g h s c h o o l s . . . . . .U n i v e r s i t i e s . . . . .

P r i m a r y s c h o o l s . . .g i r l s . .

S e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s .g i r l s . .

V o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n gg i r l s . . . . . . .

E s t a b l i s h m e n t s . . . . rg i r l s , . . . . . . . . . .

U n i v e r s i t i e s . . . . . . .

4 ? 5 6

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. 5 3 { 5 6 0 5 2l l l

T h e n u r b e r o f p r i r a r y s c h o o l p u p i l s i n c r e a s e d c o n s t a n t l y o v e r t h e l a s tt en yea rs . I n t he schoo l yea r 19?8 /?9 t he re Be re 2? ' ß so te t han i nl 9 7 o / ? 1 . I n t h e s a l e p e r i o d t h e n u t b e r o f p u p i l s l n s e c o n d a r y g e n e r a lschoo l s r ose by 23o % , and t he nu lbe r o f s t uden t s i n t eache rs t r a i n i ngco l l eges i nc reased by 254 S The ros t r ecen t da ta On voca t i ona lt r a i n i n g e s t e b l i s h r e n t s g o e s b a c k t o l 9 ? ? l ? 8 . A t t h e t i r e , t h e n u r b e r o fs t u d e n t s i n t h i s s e c t o r w a s l 9 { I a b o v e t h e n u l b e r l n l 9 ? O / 7 1 . T h e r ew e r e s t i l l v e r y f e w g i r l s i n s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s e t t h e e n d o f t h e l e s td e c a d e , l n l 9 ? 8 / ? g t h i s f i g u r e w a s 2 6 I f o r g e n e r a l s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s ,a n d 2 9 i f o r t e a c h e r s t r a i n i n g c o l l e g e s ,

I n I g ? 4 a o n e - y e a r p e r i o d o f c i v i l i a n s e r v l c e r a s i n s t i t u t e s f o r a l ls c h o o l - l e a v e r s . r h i s i e r v i c e i n c l u d e s l i l i t a r y , p o l i t i c a l a n da g r i c u l t u r a l t r e i n i n g ,

5 . 3 P u p i l s a n d s t u d e n t s1 0 0 0

C a t e g o r y t 9 8 2 / 8 3

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l n t h e l a s t t e n y e e r s , t h e n u n b e r o f t e a c h e r s i n c r e a e e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y i na l l b r a n c h e s o f e d u c a t i o n . I n t h e e a r l y e i g h t i e s , t h e r e w e r ea p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 1 0 0 0 0 t e a c h e r s 1 n Z a l r e . T h e s t a t i s t i c e l r a t i o o f p u p l l st o t eache rs was 30 : I i n p r i t a r y schoo l s and 2 f : I i n seconda rys c h o o l s . H o w e v e r , e d u c a t i o n w a s r a r e l y e f f e c t i v e , s i n c € t r a n y o f t h et e a c h e r s w e r e i n a d e q u a t e l y t r a i n e d a n d t h e i r s a l a r i e s w e r e t o o l o l t ot r o t l v a t e t h e r . D e s p i t e l o w i n d i v i d u a l s a l a r i e s , t h e t o t a l e x p e n d l t u r eo n t e a c h e r s w a s a b o u t 4 0 * o f t o t e l p u b l i c e x p e n d i t u r e o n s a l a r i e s .T h e r e f o r e i n 1 9 8 3 t h e n u m b e r o f t e a c h e r s w a s r e d u c e d t o 1 4 0 0 0 0 g i v i n g ap u p i l / t e a c h e r r a t i o o f 4 6 : I i n p r i n a r y s c h o o l s a n d 3 0 : I i n s e c o n d a r ys c h o o l s ,

5 . 4 T e a c h e r s

C a t e g o r y

P r i m a r y s c h o o l s .t { o m e n t e a c h e r s

S e c o n d a r y a n d h i g h s c h o o l s . . . .l { o m e n t e a c h e r s

U n i v e r s i t i e s .

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5 . 5 S t u d e n t s i n f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s b y s e l e c t e d h o s t c o u n t r y

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- 3 0 -

6. E}IPLOYIIENT

v e r y l i t t l e s t a t i s t i c a l d a t a o n e r p l o y r e n t i s a v a l l a b l e . T h ee c o n o r i c a l l y a c t i v e p o p u l a t i o n ( t o t e l o f g a i n f u l l y e r p l o y e d a n du n e r p l o y e d p e r s o n s ) n u l b e r e d l 3 r l l l i o n l n 1 9 8 5 , n h i c h c o r r e s p o n d s r i t han e rp l oy ren t r a te o f { t t o f t he pgpu la t i on above t he age o f t en . Abou tt h ree qua r t e r s o f t he econo r i ca l l y ac t i ve popu la t l on ä re t o be f ound i na g r i c u l t u r e , r a i n l y i n t h e f o r r o f s u b s i s t e n c e f a r l l n g ( s i t u a t i o n :1 9 8 0 ) . T h e s c o p e o f u n e r p l o y r e n t c a n , e t b e s t , o n l y b e e s t i r a t e d , s i n c et h e b o r d e r l l n e s b e t w e e n w o r k , o c c a s i o n a l w o r k , u n p a i d w o r k a s a f a r l l yl abou re r and genu ine une rp loy ten t a re hazy . E rp l oy ren t p rob le r s w l l lbeco re ro re acu te $ , i t h g row ing nu lbe rs o f young peop le Jo in i ng t hee c o n o l i c a l l y a c t i v e p o p u l a t i o n e v e r y y e a r . I n r a n y c i t i e s , t h eu n e n p l o y l e n t r a t e i s p a r t l c ü l a r l y h i g h b e c a u s e o f t h e c o n s t a n t e x o d u sf r o m r u r a l t o u r b a n e r e a s . T h e e E t i r a t e d u n e r p l o y n e n t r e t e l n l ( i n r h a s aw a s a b o u t 4 0 i i n t h e n i d - e l g h t i e s , w h i I e i n l i n l n g t o r n s l i k eL u r u r b a s h i a n d K o l w e z i t h e e s t i r a t e d r a t e i s l o w e r . I n o t h e r c i t l e s ,b a r e l y 5 0 s o f t h e e c o n o n i c a l l y a c t l v e p o p u l a t i o n a r e a s s u l e d t o b eg a i n f u l l y e n p l o y e d .

6 . I E c o n o m i c a l l y a c t i v e p o p u l a t i o n a n d t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n r )

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A b r e a k d o w n o f t h e e c o n o o i c a l l y a c t i v e p o p u l e t i o n b y a g e s h o t d E t h a t i n1 9 8 5 , 3 l S w e r e u n d e r t h e a g e o f 2 5 , 1 6 S w e r e i n t h e a g e g r o u p o f 2 5 t ol e s s t h a n - 4 5 , 2 0 % w e r e i n t h e a g e g r o u p o f 4 5 t o l e s s t h a n 6 5 a n d 3 *H e r e 6 5 a n d o l d e r . E v e n t h o u g h t h e n u l b e r o f g a i n f u l l y e n p l o y e d p e r s o n sb e t w e e n t h e a g e s o f I 0 a n d t l y e a r s d e c r e a s e d b y o n l y l l I b e t w e e n I 9 7 0a n d 1 9 8 5 , t h e p r o p o r t i o n f o r t h a t a g e g r o u p w e n t d o w n f r o r 2 ' l % t o 1 5 Ib e c a u s e o f t h e h i g h o v e r a l l p o p u l a t i o n f i g u r e s .

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6 . 3 U a g e a n d s a l a r y e a r n e r s w i t h s o c i a l s e c u r i t y b y s e c t o r s n )1 0 0 0

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? . A G R I C U L T U R E , F O R E S T R Y A N D F I S H E R I E S

I n s p i t e o f c o n s i d e r e b l e n l n i n g a c t i v i t i e s , z a i r e i s a p r e d o r l n a n t l ya g r i c u l t u r a l c o u n t r y . T h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r p r o v i d e s 2 l t o f t h e G D P ,t h o u g h t h e s h a r e o f t h e D a r k e t e c o n o r y i n t h i s i s e s t i n a t e d a t o n l y o n et h i r d . T h e p r o p o r t i o n o f e c o n o r i c a l l y a c t i v e p e r s o n s e r p l o y e d i na g r i c u l t u r e H a s e s t i t r a t e d a t 8 0 X i n 1 9 8 0 .

L i k e o t h e r s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o n o l y , a g r i c u l t u r e h a s n o t y e t [ a n a g e d t orake any t r a r ked i ap roveuen ts ove r t he deg ree o f deve lopmen t r eached i nt h e . n i n e t e e n - f i f t i e s . t { e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l p o t e n t i a l o f t h ec o u n t r y i s g r e a t , a n d p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f c u l t i v a t i o n a r e e x t r a o r d i n a r i l yd i v e r s i f i e d . T h e r e a r e , h o w e v e r , c o n s i d e r a b l e o b s t a c l e s s t a n d i n g i n t h ew a y o f p r o f i t a b l e u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e s e t r e r e n d o u s n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s . o n es u c h o b s t a c l e i s t h e v e r y l o w d e n s i t y o f p o p u l a t i o n , c o r b i n e d H i t h v e r yw i d e l y d i s p e r s e d s e t t l e i l e n t s i n r u c h o f t h e c o u n t r y . F u r t h e r h l n d r a n c e st o a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p t r e n t a r e p r o v i d e d b y i n e f f i c i e n t t r a d i t i o n e lf a rn i ng ne thods conb ined w i t h t he re l uc tance o f f a rne rs t o r ake g rea te re f f o r t s i n a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n b e c a u s e p r i c e s , t r a n s p o r t a n dr a r k e t i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f f e r n o i n c e n t i v e s , B y a n d l a r g e , g o v e r n r e n t a le f f o r t s t o p r o d u c e d e v e l o p n e n t p o l i c i e s i n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r h a v eb e e n l a c k i n g . T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h i s s e c t o r h a s b e e n d e c l l n i n gc o n s t a n t l y r i t h i n t h e o v e r a l l e c o n o | t y . E c o n o r i c p o l i c i e s , h a v e i ng e n e r a l , b e e n d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s t o t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l 6 e c t o r , F o o d l rb e c o n i n g i n c r e a s i n g l y s c a r c e , p a r t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n s u f f e r s s t e r v a t i o n ;unde rnou r i sh t r en t and na lnou r i sh ren t a re r a t r pan t , even i n r u ra l a reas ,t l h i l e Z a i r e u s e d t o b e s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t , n o r e v e n s t a p l e f o o d s ( c e r e a l s )h a v e t o b e i f , p o r t e d i n l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s . F u r t h e r r o r e , t h e p r o d u c t i o n o fe x p o r t f a r r p r o d u c t s h a s d e c r e a s e d q u a n t i t a t l v e l y t o b e l o u t h e l e v e l a tt he t l t r e o f i ndependence .

D e v e l o p r e n t o f t h e z a i r i a n e c o n o l y i n g e n e r a l d e p e n d s d e c i s i v e l i o n t h e" r e 6 u s c l t a t i o n " o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r . T h e " t h r e e - y e a r - p l a n " f r o r1 9 8 3 - 8 5 e a r - n a r k e d I b i I I i o n Z . f o r 6 8 p r o j e c t s , a l I o f w h i c h h a da l r e a d y b e e n e [ b a r k e d u p o n i n t h e c o u r s e o f e a r l l e r p l a n s , E n h a n c e dd e v e l o p n e n t p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n t h e p r i v e t e s e c t o r , i l p r o v e d t r a n s p o r t a n dr a r k e t i n g c o n d i t i o n s i n r u r a l a r e a s , g r e a t e r r o b i l i t y f o r p r o d u c e r ' sp r l ces , and ro re gene rou i c red i t and l oan cond i t i ons shou ld p rov l des u p p o r t f o r t h e g o v e r n t r e n t ' s p l a n s . T h e p r o j e c t s l n c l u d e d c u l t l v a t i o n o ff o o d p r o d u c t s ( r a i z e , r i c e , c a s s a v a . . . ) a s w e l l a s r a w f , a t e r i a l s f o rd o r e s t l c i n d u s t r y ( c o t t o n , s u g a r c e n e , p a l ! o i l ) . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s ,a n i l a l p r o d u c t i o n , f i s h e r i e s a n d f o r e s t r y w e r e t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

5 . 9 5 r i l l i o n h a ( 2 . 5 I o f t h e t o t a l l a n d a r e a ) w e r e u s e d a s a r a b l e l a n di n 1 9 8 4 , 0 . 5 6 u l l l i o n . h a ( 0 . 2 % , f o r p e r r e n e n t c r o p s a n d 9 . 2 2 u i l l i o n h a( { X ) w e r 6 c l a s s i f i e d a s p e r r a n e n t p a s t u r € o r g r a z i n g . F o r e s t s c o v e rt h r e e q u a r t e r s o f t h e c o u n t r y . T h e i r r i g a t e d a r e a i n c r e a s e d b y 6 0 0 Xco |pa red w i t h 1974 /76 .

7 . L L a n d u s e1 0 0 0 h a

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A r a b l e l a n d . . . .P e r m a n e n t c r o p s . . . . . .P a s t u r e s a n d g r a z i n g st {ooded are aO t h e r a r e a s . . . . . . . . . .I r r i g a t e d a r e a s . . . . . .

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- 3 3 -

T h e r e i s n o d e t a i l e d l n f o r r a t l o n o n t h e s t r u c t u . r e o f a g r l c u l t u r a lh o l d i n g s . t h e r o s t e c o n o r l c a l l y e f f l c l e n t s e c t o r s e e r s t o b e t h e r o d e r np lan t& t i on6 ( r anaged by Eu ropeans ) , They e rD loyed ro r€ t han one qua r t e ro f a l l g a i n f u l l y e r p l o y e d p e r s o n s i n l 9 ? ? . l n s p l t e o f t h i 3 , t h ep lan ta t i ons have su f f e red f r o r t he r l g ra t l on o f t he i r wo rk fo r ce t o ra rd ra reas rhe re go ld and d l a rond r have been d i scove red , pe r t l cu l a r l y s i ncep r i v a t e p r o r p e c t i n g w a l l e g e l i z e d .

üach incs e r€ u i ed on l y i n l a rge ag r i cu l t u ra l ho ld i ngs . The nu rbe r o ft r a c t o r s d o u b l e d b e t r e e n 1 9 7 0 a n d 1 9 8 { , b u t H i t h a t o t e l o f o n l y 2 2 0 0 i n1 9 8 { , l t w a s g t i l l v e r y s r a l l . C o l r e r c i a l f e r t l l l z e r r a r e u s e d p r i r a r i l yo n l a r g e h o l d l n g s ,

7 . 2 C o n s u n p t i o n o f f e r t i l i z e r s r )t . o f p u r e n u t r i e n t

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I 9 8 0 / 8 I t 9 8 t t 8 z t 9 8 2 / 8 3 I 9 8 3 / 8 4

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T h e p r e d o r l n a n t c r o p s f o r i n d i g e n o u s c o n s u i p t i o n a r e c a s s a v e , r l c e ,r i l l e t , p l a n t a i n a n d p u l s e s , a s w e l l a s g r o u n d n u t s a n d s w e e t p o t a t o e E .A l t h o u g h p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e r o r e i r p o r t a n t c e r e e l s , f , a i z e a n d r l c e ,i n c r e a s e d c o n s i d e r a b l y i n t h € f l r s t h a l f o f t h e e l g h t l e s , l n l 9 g { N o r et h a n 2 7 0 0 0 0 t o n n e s o f c e r e a l s s t l l l h a d t o b e l r p o r t e d . A l a r g e n u l b e ro f d i f f e r e n t ( n a l n l y t r o p l c a l ) f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s a r e l i s t e d i n t h ea g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n 6 t a t l s t i c s , r a n y o f w h i c h h a v e a c h i e v e dc o n s i d e r a b l e s i g n i f i c a n c e a s e x p o r t p r o d u c t s .

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- 3 6 -

F o r l a n y o f t h e s e c r o p s , a n d p s r t i c u l a r l y f o r f o o d p r o d u c t s . t h e y i e l dp e r h e c t a r e i s r e l a t i v e l y l o w . I n p a r t , t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h i r a r e t h eg e n e r a l l y s n a l l . s i z e o f f a r r s a n d t h e i n s u f f i c i e n t u 6 e o f r e c h i n e s ,f e r t i l i z e r s a n d p e s t i c i d e s . T h e d r o u g h t , w h i c h h i t t h € n o r t h e r n r e g l o n to f z a i r e , p e r t i c u l a r l y a f f e c t e d t h e h a r v e s t r e s u l t s o f c o f f e e a n d p a l rn u t 5 .

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n o t w o r k e d .S h e e p s k i n s ,

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F o r e s t s c o v e r t h r e e q u a r t e r s o f Z a i r e ; a f t e r t h e A [ a z o n R a l n F o r e s t ,Z a i r e h a s t h e l a r g e s t s i n g l e t r o p l c a l r a i n f o r e s t l n t h e r o r l d , a n dc o n t a i n s e b o u t 5 0 t o f a l l o f A f r i c a , s r a i n f o r e s t s . l l o s t o f t h e f o r e r ta r e a c o n s i s t s o f t h e e v e r g r e e n e q u a t o r l a l r a l n f o r e s t o f t h e C o n g o B a s i n( " G r a n d e c u v e t t e " ) . S i n i l a r t o i t a r e t h e s o - c a l l e d g r a s s l a n d f o r e s t sg r o w i n g a l o n g t h e l a r g e r i v e r s o u t s i d e t h e a c t u a l r a l n f o r s s t a r e a , s u c has t he l l a yu lbe f o res t s i n t he . l owe r Congo va l l ey ( t h l s a rea has beenl a r g e l y d e f o r e s t e d ) . S a v a n n a f o r e s t s f l o u r l s h i n t h e e e s t a n d s o u t h e e r t( S h a b a ) . A f t e r i n t e n s i v e d e f o r e s t a t i o n f o r a g r l c u l t u r a l s e t t l a r e n t ,cha rcoa l p roduc t i on and f i r e rood , wha t see red o r l g l na l l y t o beinexhaus t i b l e f o res t s have been dep le ted i n 5o .e a reas . l l o re t han 30n l l l i o n n 3 o f w o o d w e r e f e l l e d i n t 9 8 5 , b u t o n l y 8 X o f t h l s n a si n d u s t r l a l t i ü b e r . N o i n v e n t o r y o f Z a i r i a n f o r e s t s h a s y e t b e e n r a d e . t l om e a s u r e s h a v e b e e n t a k e n f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f f o r e s t s ; r f f o r e s t a t l o n i sa t b e s t e n e x c e p t i o n . I t i s d o u b t f u l t h a t t h e q u a n t i t y o f r o o d f e l l e dfo r f ue l has been adequa te l y t aken l n t o accoun t l n t he f o l l ow lngs t a t i s t i c s ; t h e r e i s s c a r c e l y a n y r e l i a b l e d a t a o n t h e q u a n t i t i e s o fw o o d f e l l e d b y t h e " t r a d i t i o n a l r i l i e u " .

An i nc rease i n de rand f o r t r op i ca l woods a f t e r t he second wo r l d wa r l edt o a v e r y s u d d e n i n c r e a s e i n f e l l i n g v a l u a b l e s p e c i e s o f w o o d i n t h ea c c e s s i b l e f o r e s t a r e a s i n B a s Z a i r e , a n d n e a r r l v e r b a n k s i n o t h e rf o res ted a reas o f t he coun t r y , The re a re abou t 230 known spec ies o ft r e e s , a b o u t 6 0 o f w h i c h c a n b e u s e d i n d u s t r l a l l y . l l a j o r e x p o r t s p e c l e sa r e a f z e l i a ( s i f u - s i f u , d o u s s i a ) , e b o n y ( d l o s p y r o s ) , i r o k o ( k a l b a l a ," A f r i c a n o a k " ) , k h a y a ( A f r i c a n r a h o g a n y ) , k i o ( a f r o r l o s i a ) , l l r b a , s a r b a( o b e c h e ) , s a p e l e , s i p o - n a h o g a n y , c h i t o l a a n d H e n g a ( " C o n g o r o s e r o o d r r ) .I n 1 9 8 4 1 3 8 0 0 0 1 3 o f t i t r b e r p r o d u c t s n e r e e x p o r t e d ( l o g s , p l a n k s a n dv e n e e r w o o d ) , h o w e v e r , t h e a n n u a l e x p o r t p o t e n t i a l o f t h e s e p r o d u c t s i se s t i n a t e d a t m a n y t i n e s t h a t n u n b e r . P r o g r e s s i n t h i s s e c t o r d e p e n d sf u n d a m e n t a l l y o n t h e c r e a t i o n o f n e w t r a n s p o r t c a p a c l t i e s a n d t h em o d e r n i z a t i o n o f l a r g e l y o b s o l e s c e n t i n s t a l l a t i o n s .

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F i s h e r i e s c o u l d b e c o n e v e r y i n p o r t a n t i n i n p r o v i n g n u t r i t i o n f o r t h ep o p u l a t i o n , w h i c h s u f f e r s f r o r a s h o r t a g e o f p r o t e l n - r i c h f o o d s ,S e a - f i s h i n g i s p r a c t i c a l l y n o n - e x i s t e n t ( b a r e l y o n e p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a lc a t c h ) ; n o r e o v e r , h e a v y o v e r - f l s h l n g d e p l e t e d t h e B e n g u e l e x a t e r s o f ft h e A n g o l a c o a s t , w h i c h u s e d t o a b o u n d i n f i s h , F i s h i n g l s t h e r e f o r er e s t r i c t e d t o t h e l a r g e l a k e s o n t h e e a s t e r n b o r d e r o f Z e i t e , a n d t ol a r g e r i v e r s . . T h e c a t c h o f f r e s h - w a t e r f i s h i s u s e d r a i n l y f o r d o r e s t l cc o n s u s p t i o n . T h e Z a i r i a n d e e p - s e a f i s h i n g f l e e t h a s o n l y a f e n v e s s e l s .T h e " P € c h e r i e i n d u s t r i e l l e d e - M o a n d a " ,c o n t r i b u t e t o i n c r e a s i n g t h e d e e p - s e a c a t c h .

f o u n d e d i n 1 9 8 3 , s h o u l d

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40

8 . } I A N U F A C T U R I N G I N D U S T R Y

I n 1 9 8 5 ' t h e r a n u f a c t u r l n g l n d u r t r y l n l 9 g 5 c o n t r l b u t e d 3 6 t t o t h € c D pa t f a c t o r c o s t . R i c h a n d d i v e r s i f l e d r i n e r a l r e r o u r c e s p r o v l d e e x c e l l e n tf o u n d a t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r e c o n o r i c , a n d p a r t l c u l ä r l y i n d u s t r l a l ,d e v e l o p r e n t ' s o f a r , r i n i n g a n d r e l a t e d h e a v y i n d u s t r l e s ( ä g . f o u n d r l e s )have been t he backbone o f t he za l r l en e tono ry . Reg iona i l y . t hey a rec o n c e n t r a t e d l n t h e s o u t h - e a s t . T h e x i n s h a s a - r a t a d i r e g i o n a n d t h ea r e a a r o u n d ( i s a n g a n i f o r l o t h e r r r a l l e r i n d u s t r l a l p o c l e t 6 . T h ef r e e - t r a d e z o n e o f I n g a ( z o F I - z o n e F r a n c h e d ' I n g a ) r h i c h c o n t a i n s al a r g e p o r e r s t a t i o n c o u l d . i n t h e l o n g r u n , b e ö o r e a n o t h e r i n d u s t r i a lc e n t r e .

T h e p r o d u c t i o n i n d e x f o r t a n u f a c t u r i n g l n d u s t r i e s i n d l c a t e d e 2 6 ti nc rease f o r t he r i n i ng sec to r i n r t 8 l as co rpa red r t t h t he re fe rencey e a r l 9 ? 0 . 0 n t h e o t h e r h a n d , p r o c e s s i n g l n d u s t r i e s s h o r e d a d e c l i n e o ft 5 r e v e n t h o u g h t h e y r e g i s t e r e d a c o n s l d e r a b l e i n c r e a s e l n v e h i c l ec o n s t r u c t i o n a n d t h e D a n u f e c t u r e o f s y n t h e t i c g o o d s . F o r l e a t h e r a n dt l n b e r - p r o c e s s i n g a n d f o o d i n d u s t r i e s r e g r e s i i o n r a s r o r e s t r o n g l yn a r k e d t h a n i n t h e o t h e r p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r i ö s l n g e n e r a l .

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* ) E x c l u d i n g e n e r g y a n d c o n s t r u c t i o na ) 1 9 8 5 | 1 2 8

F o u r r a i n s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y s u p p l y d o r e s t i c n e e d s : f i r e w o o d { i n c l u d i n gc h a r c o a l ) , o i I p r o d u c t s , c ö a l . a n d e l € c t r i c i t y p r o d u c e d l ih y d r o - e l e c t r i c p o w e r s t a t i o n s . F i r e w o o d i s b y f a r t i r e n ö s t i r p o r t a n isou rce o f ene rgy f o r househo lds , bu t f o res t r ese rves have been ex i r aus tedi n t h e v i c i n i t y o f n a n y u r b a n c e n t r e s ,

0 i l p r o d u c t s a r e i r p o r t e d . u n t i l i t w a s c l o s e d d o w n i n s e p t e t r b e r t 9 8 4 ,t h e | t o a n d a r e f i n e r y s u p p l i e d a s n a l l p e r t o f d o i e s t i c r e q u i r e n e n t s .z a i r i a n o i l i s n o t r e f i n e d i n t h e c o u n t r y . B e c a u s e o f i t s c h e n i c a lc o n p o s i t i o n , a l a r g e a r o u n t o f h e a v y f u e l o i l w o u l d b e o b t a i n e d , a n dt h i s i s n o t c o o p a t i b l e u l t h d o ü e s t l c r e q u i r e n e n t s , w h i l e p r o d u c t s w h i c ha r e n e e d e d w o u l d o n l y b e o b t a i n e d l n s a e l l q u a n t i t i e s .

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U l t h i t s t r a n y r i v e r s , Z e i r e h a s a n e x t r e o r d i n e r i l y l a r g e n a t u r a lp o t e n t i a l f o f e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n , w h l c h s o f a r h a s o n l y b e e n e x p l o i t e d t oa r i n i n u ! . l l o r e u s e s h o u l d b e l a d e o f d o r e s t i c h y d r a u l l c p o r e r , t oreduce o i l l l po r t s and t o i t r p rove t he ba lance o f pay ren t s . Ho reve r ,t h e r e i s a s u r p l u s p r o d u c t i o n o f e l e c t r i c i t y i n s o r e p a r t s o f t h ec o u n t r y , a n d t h l s i s e x p o r t e d . I n t g A 0 , A n g o l a , t h e p e o p l e . s R e p u b l i co f C o n g o , B u r u n d l , R w a n d e , a n d Z a l b i a , a l l i t p o r t e d e l e c t r i c i t y f r o lZ a i r e , O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e l s n o t e n o u g h e l e c t r i c i t y t o c o v e rn e e d s i n r a n y p a r t s o f Z a i r e l t s e l f : t h e l a i n d r a w b a c k h e r e i s a ni n a d e q u a t e d l s t r i b u t i o n n e t r o r k , T h e s t a t e - r u n c o D p a n y , t h e S o c i 6 t 6N a t i o n a l e d ' E l e c t i r c i t d ( S N E L ) , h a s b e e n i n c h a r g e o f p u b l i c p o H e rs u p p l y s i n c e I 9 7 0 . A p a r t f r o a l a r g e h y d r o - e l e c t r i c p o r { e r s t a t i o n s , t h e r ea r e a l s o d i e s e l - f u e l l e d p o n e r s t a t i o n s l n s o o e 3 0 t o l n s t n t h e i n t e r l o r .

c o a l a s a s o u r c e o f e n e r g y i s p r i n a r i l y o f r € g i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c e i nS h a b a . I t c o o e s f r o o n i n e s l n t h e L u e n a d i s t r i c t a n d l s u s e d i nf o u n d r i e s a q d c e m e n t f a c t o r i e s . l { a s t e p r o d u c t s o f s a w r i l l s a n da g r i c u l t u r e a r e u s e d t o s u p p l y e n e r g y i n l a i g e p l a n t s , c e o t h e r o a l € n e r g yw a s a l r e a d y p r o d u c e d i n t h e s i x t i e s f r o n h o t s p r i n g s i n S h a b a , a n d u s e di n c o p p e r n i n e s . A b o u t 2 5 0 s o l a r e n e r g y i n s t a l l a t i o n s w i t h c a p a c i t i e s o fa f e w h u n d r e d U a t t e a c h e r e o p e r a t i o n a l i n r u r a l a r e e s .

The I nga power s t a t i . on i n t he l owe r r eaChes o f t he Congo nea r i l a t ad i l st h e . I a r g e s t i n Z a i r e . I t s p o t e n t i a l c a p a c l t y i s e s t i n a t e d e t 4 0 0 0 0 ü f l .The nos t sp€c tacu la r deve lopnen t p rog ranüe i n r ecen t yea rs was t heb u i l d i n g o f a h i g h v o l t a g e l i n e n o r e t h a n l ? 0 0 k r l o n g f r o ! t h e I n g ep o n e r s t a t i o n t o t h e a r e a o f c o n s u t r p t i o n i n S h a b a ( t h l s p o w e r l i n e h a sb e e n o p e r a t i o n a l s i n c e J u l y l 9 8 Z ) .

T h e d a t a o n i n s t e l l e d g e n e r a t i n g c a p a c i t y o f p o u e r s t a t i o n s ( I 9 8 3 : l ? 1 6l , t U ) , b a s e d o n a U n i t e d N a t i o n s s ü r v e y . [ u s t h a v e b e e n u n d e r e s t i r a t e d b yo n e t h i r d a t t h e t i n e , s i n c e a c c o r d i n g t o o t h e r s o u r c e s , t h e o u t p u t o ft h e h y d r a u l l c p o H e r s t a t i o n s o f t h e S N E L w a s i n d i c e t e d a s 2 4 0 2 | l V .

8 . 2 I n s t a l l e d g e n e r a t i n g c a p a c i t y o f p o w e r s t a t i o n s

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S i n l l a r l y , t h e a c t u a l p r o d u c t i o n o f e l e c t r i c i t y w a s h i g h e r i n 1 9 8 3 t h a nt h e e n € r g y s t a t i s t i c s o f t h e U n i t e d I { a t i o n s i n d i c a t e d ( 4 2 1 3 ! i l l i o nk U h ) . 0 t h e r s o u r c e s s h o $ t h a t t h e S N E L a l o n e p r o d u c e d r t 5 0 O m i l l i o n k U h .i n t h a t y e a r . A g o o d h a l f o f t h e e l e c t r i c i f y p r o d u c e d u n t i l 1 9 8 2 r a sp r o v i d e d b y s n a l l e r p o $ e r s t a t i o n s i n S h a b a , a n d ü o s t o f l t w a s u s e d b yt h e n i n i n g a n d o e t a l l u r g i c a l c o n p a n y G E C A H I N E S . f r i t h t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o ft h e p o $ e r l i n e t o S h a b a , t h i s . p r o p o r t i o n c h a n g e . d . D e s p i t e t h e e x p a n d e dd i s t r i b u t i o n n € t w o r k , t h e s h a r e o f h o u s e h o l d s ( c o u n t r y - w i d e , a r o u n d { th a v e e l e c t r i c i t y ) , c o r n e r c e a n d s n a l I i n d u s t r y i s m o d e s t .

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I t l i n i n g i s t h e n o s t i m p o r t a n t e c o n o m i c s e c t o r i n t h e c o u n t r y ,c o n t r i b u t i n g 2 5 % t o t h e c D P . l t s p r o d u c t s p r o v i d e f o u r - f i f t h s o f t o t a le x p o r t e a r n i n g s . ü i n i n g i s t h e p r i n a r y a c t i v i t y o f t e n l a r g eu n d e r t a k i n g s , t h e l ä r g e s t o f n h i c h i s t h e s t a t e - r u n c o r p a n y G E C A I I I I { E S( L a c € n € r a l e d e s c a r r i ö r e s e t d e s i l i n e s ) i n L u l u o b a s h i , w h i c h r i n e sc o p p e r , c o b a l t , z i n c a n d o t h e r n o n - f e r r o u s t r e t a l s , c o n t r i b u t i n g 9 . 7b i l l i o n Z . t o t h e s t a t e b u d g e t i n 1 9 8 5 . T h e c E C A I I I N E S p l e n t s ( 3 6 1 0 0e n p l o y e e s i n 1 9 8 5 ) d o h a v e t e c h n i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s , b e c a u s e t h e i rp r o d u c t i o n i n s t a l l a t i o n s a r e a l l o b s o l e s c e n t . D i a o o n d l i n i n g u s e d t o b ee x c l u s i v e l y i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e S o c i 6 t 6 t l i n i ö r e d e B a k w a n g a ( l l I B A ) ( 5 5 0 0e n p l o y e e s , 8 0 % s t a t e - o w n e d ) . A f t e r p r i v a t e p r o s p e c t i n g f o r d i a r o n d sw a s o n c e a g a i n p e r D i t t e d i n N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 2 , t h e c o n p a n y h a d t o g i v e u pp r o s p e c t i o n r i g h t s t o h a l f i t s t e r r i t o r y ( 1 5 0 0 0 0 k o 2 ) ; t h e s e r i g h t s u e r eg i v e n o v e r t o a b o u t 6 0 0 0 0 n o n - c o r p o r a t e d i a n o n d s e e k e r s w h o w o r k s i t h o u tt h e h e l p o f l a r g e - s c a l e m a c h i n e r y o r e q u i p n e n t . B o t h g r o u p s , t t l I B A a n dt h e p r i v a t e p r o s p e c t o r s , d e c l a r e d p r o d u c t i o n o f a b o u t 6 n i l l i o n c a r a t si n 1 9 8 3 . I n 1 9 8 5 t h e t o t a l f i n d w a s o v e r 2 0 n i l l i o n c a r a t s . l l h i l e n i n i n gi s p r e d o n i n a n t l y c o n c e n t r a t e d i n S h a b a , d i a n o n d s e r e t o b e f o u n d i n E a s tK a s a i . c o l d i s m i n e d b y t h e " 0 f f i c e d e s l l i n e s d ' 0 r K i l o l l o t o "( K I L 0 l t 0 T 0 ) , w h i c h h a s 5 5 0 0 e n p l o y e e s . A t t h e e n d o f 1 9 8 2 , p r i v a t e g o l dp r o s p e c t i o n w a s l e g a l i z e d , a n d t h i s l e d t o a n i n c r e a s e i n p r o d u c t i o n t o5 6 0 0 k g o f g o l d i n 1 9 8 3 a g a i n s t 1 6 0 0 k g i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r . l n t e r n a lp r o b l e n s i n K I L 0 i l 0 T 0 a n d s n a l l e r d e c l a r e d f i n d s o f p r i v e t e p r o E p e c t o r s -i n t h e l i g h t o f s i n k i n g p r i c e s o n t h e w o r l d n a r k e t - c a u s e d p r o d u c t i o nt o d e c l i n e s h a r p l y i n 1 9 8 4 a n d 1 9 8 5 .

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Z a i r e i s o n e o f t h e r i c h e 6 t c o u n t r i e s i n t h e w o r l d i n l i n e r a l r e s o u r c e s 'A c o n s i d e r a b l e p a r t o f t h e w o r l d ' 8 r e s e r v e s o f n o n - f e r r o u s r e t a l s a r e i nt h e r i n i n g r e g i ä n o f s h a b a ( l ( a t a n g a ) . T h e c o u n t r y l s o f p a r a l o u n ts i g n i f i c a n c e f o r w o r l d c o p p e r p r o d u c t l o n : l n 1 9 8 5 z a i r e w a s t h ef i f t h - l a r g e s t c o p p e r p r o d u c e r i n t h e w o r l d , a n d t h e s e c o n d - l a r g e s t i nA f r i c a a f t e r Z a r b i a . D u e t o i n a d e q u a t e r e f i n e r y c a p a c i t y , z a i r e i s t h eon l y l a j o r coppe r p roduce r t o €xpo r t i t s coppe r t o o the r coun t r i es f o rr e f i n i n g . A p a r t f r o n t h e s h o r t a g e o f r e f i n e r y c e p a c i t y , c o s t l y a n di n e f f i c i e n t t r a n s p o r t t o t h e s e a p o r t s h a s d e t r i l e n t a l e f f e c t s o ndeve lop ren t . The coppe r p r i ce t r end on t he wo r l d na rke t i s ex t r e t r e l yi t r p o r t a n t f o r Z a i r e , s i n c e e a r n i n g s f r o n c o p p e r f i n e n c e a c o n s l d e r a b l ep a r t o f t h e c o u n t r y ' s e c o n o r y ,

I n s h e b a ( K e t a n g a ) , G E c A l l I t { E s h a s p r o s p e c t i n g r l g h t s t o a d l s t r i c t w h i c hex tends a l ong t he Lu lu rbash i - L i kas i - l ( o l r ez i ax i s f o r a l eng th o fa l i os t 300 k r and a b resd th o f a round 50 k r . The co rpeny i n t ends t oi n v e s t U S 3 6 0 0 n i l l i o n f r o ! 1 9 8 5 t o 1 9 8 9 t o r o d e r n i z e i t s t e c h n i c a le q u i p n e n t a n d t o r a t i o n a l i z e p r o d u c t i o n r e t h o d s . T h e r e a r e d i f f i c u l t l e si n t r a n s p o r t i n g G E C A I I I N E S n i n i n g a n d t r e t a l l u r g i c a l p r o d u c t s : t h eB € n g u e l a r o u t e ( 2 1 0 0 k n ) w a s d a n a g e d o r e v e n c u t o f f f o r r a n y y e a r s . a n dt h e r o u t e v i a S o u t h A f r i c a ( 3 5 0 0 k l ) i s

' v e r y c o s t l y . T h e n a t l o n a lt r a n s p o r t n e t w o r k , w i t h i t s t i x e d r i v e r / r a i l s y s t e r l n v o l v i n g f r e q u e n ta n d c ö n p l i c a t e d u n l o a d i n g a n d l o a d i n g o f f r e l g h t , l s n o t s u l t a b l e f o rb u l k t r a n s p o r l .

l l o r e t h a n { 5 * o f n o r l d p r o d u c t i o n o f c o b a l t c o l e s f r o l z a i r e ( 1 9 8 5 :1 0 8 0 0 t o n ) , w h i c h l s a l s o t h e e l e v e n t h - l a r g e s t t i n p r o d u c e r . I o l f r a r i t ep r o d u c t i o n h a s d e c l i n e d s h a r p . l y 6 i n c e I 9 8 3 .

U n c u t d i a n o n d s h a v e h a d a c o r p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t d e v e l o p r e n t . T h e l a r g e E td i a r o n d d e p o s i t s a r e i n L u b i l a s h a n d K a s a i . T h e s t a t e - o P n e d c o l p a n y t { l B Ap r o s p e c t s i n K a s a i , a n d , a f t e r l o d e r n i z l n g i t s t e c h n l q u e s , r e a c h e d ap r o d u c t i o n o f ? . 5 l l l l i o n c a r a t s i n 1 9 8 5 . 2 9 x f , o r e t h a n i n 1 9 8 3 .O f f i c t a t t y r e g i s t e r e d f i n d s o f p r i v a t e , p r o s p e c t o r s v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y .T h e f i g u r e w e n t d o w n f r o n 2 . 2 r i l l i o n c a r i t s i n 1 9 8 0 t o 0 . { r l l l i o nc a r a t s i n 1 9 8 2 . T h e q u a n t i t y i n c r e a s e d a f t e r p r o d u c t i o n p r i c e s w e r el i b e r a l i z e d , a n d d e l l v e r l e s b y s r a l l p r o s p e c t o r s t o o f f i c i a l s a l e sc e n t r e s w e n t u p t o e l l o s t l 3 ! i l l i o n c a r e t s '

C o a l p r o d u c t i o n i s d e c r e a s i n g ( 1 9 8 2 : l 2 { 0 0 0 t . a n d 1 9 8 5 : 9 { 0 0 0 t . ) .R e s e r v e s l n S h a b a a r e e s t i n a t e d a t ? 0 0 t i l l i o n t ' , t h o u g h o n l y a a o a l le r o u n t i s e c o n o r i c a l l y u s e f u l . z a l r l a n c o a l i s n o t o f a v e r y h i g h g r a d e 'a n d l s u s e d p r l n c l p a l l y i n G E C A I { I t { E ' s s r e l t l n g w o r k s '

Z a I r e i s e n o i l - p r o d u c i n g c o u n t r y . o l l x a s d i s c o v e r e d i n t h e c o s a t a ls h e l f i n l 9 ? 0 , e n d p r o d u c t l o n 6 t a r t e d i n l 9 ? 5 . T h e p r o d u c t l o n a r e a i ro n t h e l a r g e ( g e o l o g i c a l ) c o a s t a l s h e l f r h i c h € x t e n d s f r o l G a b o n t oAngo la , As exp la i ned above , heavy Za i r i an c rude canno t be p rocessed i nt he l , t oanda re f i ne r y , and i s t he re fo re expo r t ed . The sea rch f o r l o re o i lf i e l d s c o n t i n u e s i n s i d e t h e c o u n t r y , r a i n l y l n t h e v i c l n l t y o f t h eT a n g a n y i k a R i f t v a l l e y . t l a t u r a l g a s i s s o f a r o f n o s i g n l f l c a n c e . P l a n shave been rade t o u t i l i z€ ne thene f r o ! Lake K l vu '

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l ) J a n u a r y t o S e p t e n b e r2 l S o c i € t 6 l t i n i ö r e d e B a k H a n g aa ) J a n u a r y t o J u I yb ) Janua ry t o l t ayc ) J a n u a r y t o S e p t e r b e rd ) l s t q u a r t e re ) J a n u e r y t o A p r i l

P r o c e s s i n g i n d u ß t r i e s a r e s t i l l i n e a r l y s t a g e s o f d e v e l o p n e n t , e n dt h e i r a c t i v i t y i s n a i n l y c o n c e n t r a t e d o n p r o d u c t i o n o f c o n a u [ e r g o o d sa l n o s t e x c l u s i v e l y d e s t i n e d f o r t h e d o [ e s t i c t r a r k e t . P r o d u c t i o n i sl a r g e l y s t e g n a n t , a n d i n s o t r e c a s e s d e c l i n i n g . I ' T r a d i t i o n a l " d r a w b a c k sa r e m a n e g e ü e n t a n d t r a n s p o r t p r o b l e n s , s h o r t a g e o f r a w m a t e r i a l s a n ds p a r e p a r t s d u e t o a s c a r c i t y o f f o r e i g n c u r r e n c y . T h e r e a r e , r o r e o v e r ,p r o b l e r s o f . a r k e t i n g i n s i d e t h e c o u n t r y b e c a u s e o f t h e s e v e r € s h r i n k a g eo f p u r c h a s i n g p o w e r , t h e ' Z a i r i a n i z a t i o n " o f t h e e c o n o n y e n d t h e d e c l i n eo f r a H [ l a t e r i a l s p r i c e s o n t h e w o r l d n a r k e t . F u r t h e r [ o r e , t h ed e t r i ü e n t a l e f f e c t s o f t h e ' i n v a s i o n s " o f s h a b a ( l ( a t a n g a ) i n l 9 ? 7 a n dL 9 ? 8 c a n s t i l l b e f e l t . 0 n l y i n r e c e n t y e a r s h a s t h e g o v e r n r e n t i a d ea n y a t t e o p t s t o l i b e r a l i z e t h € e c o n o n y . T h e p r i n c i p l e o f " 6 c o n o f , i e[ i x t e " i s n o H b e i n g p r o p a g e t e d , a n d t h i s s h o u l d c r e a t e r o r e r o o l f o rp r i v a t e l n i t l a t i v e . F o r e i g n i n v e s t o r s a r e s p e c i f i c a l l y c a s t i n t o t h er o l e o f t h e d r i v i n g f o r c e o f t h e e c o n o t y .

A p a r t f r o ! t H o r e g i o n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( i n S h a b a a n d l ( a s a i i n t h e s o u t he a s t . K i n s h a s a a n d B a s z a i r e i n t h e r { e s t ) , s n a l I u n d e r t a k l n g s a n da r t i s a n s h a v e o n l y l o c a l i r p o r t e n c e . D e v e l o p r e n t p o l i c l e s i n c l u d ep l a n r t o a c c e l e r a t e i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f t h e x i s a n g a n i e r e a a n d t ot r a d s f o r i i t i n t o a n u c l e u s f o r i n d u s t r l a l d e v e l o p r e n t o f t h € € n t i r en o r t h - e a s t e r n r e g i o n .

P r o d u c t i o n o f p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r i e s h a s b e e n s l u g g i s h s i n c e I 9 8 0 , e n de x i s t i n g c a p a c i t i e s a r e o f t e n u s e d t o l e s s t h a n 5 0 * . H e e v y i n d u s t r yi n c l u d e s r e t a l l u r g i c a l a n d c h e n i e a l p l a n t s a n d a f e w l a r g e r p r o j e c t ss u c h a s c e r e n t f a c t o r i e s a n d a s t e e l w o r k s ( l l e l u k u ) ,

U n i t i t 9 8 Z

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P r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r i e s o n l y c o n t r i b u t e d 6 f t o c D P f o r r e t i o n i n 1 9 8 5 .T h e y n a i n l y p r o c € s s d o r e s t i c a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d f o r e s t r y p r o d u c t 3 . T h en a i n i n d u s t r i a l c e n t r e s a r e i n B a s Z a i r e a n d l ( i n s h a s a . n € a r L u r u t b a 3 h i ,K a l e n i a n d K i s a n g a n i . l l a j o r p r o c e s s e d f o o d p r o d u c t s e r € r h € e t f l o u r( 1 9 8 5 : 1 3 1 0 0 0 t . ) , D a i z e f l o u r , c o o k i n g o i l , r a r g e r l n e a n d s u g s r ( 1 9 8 5: 6 3 0 0 0 t . ) ; b e e r ( 1 9 8 5 : 4 . 2 ! l l l i o n h l . ) s o f t d r i n k s a n d c l g a r e t t e s( B A T , 1 2 5 0 e ü p l o y e e s ) a r e a l s o p r o d u c e d . T h e t e x t i l e i n d u 3 t r y p r o d u c e ss y n t h e t i c a n d c o t t o n y a r n , p r i n t e d c l o t h . b l a n k e t s , t a t r e s s e r , r a c k a a n ds a c k i n g . T h e c h e r i c a l i n d u s t r y p r o d u c e s s u l f u r i c a c i d , a c e t y l e n e ,s o a p s , p a i n t s a n d d y e s , a s w e l l a s t y r e s , s y n t h e t i c f l b r e s a n d a r t i c l e gn a d e o f s y n t h e t i c l a t e r i a l s . T h e r a t e o f u t i l l z a t i o n o f t h e o i lr e f i n e r y i n l l o a n d a ( x i t h p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e t t s l i a n f i r r E I { I ) r a s o n l y6 N i n 1 9 8 3 . S i n c e p r o d ü c t s r e f l n e d i n s i d e t h e c o u n t r y a r e , l n t h e e n d ,l o re expens i ve t han l r po r t ed p roduc t s due t o dec l i n i ng wo r l d . t a r ke tp r i c e s , t h e r e f i n e r y d i s c o n t i n u e d o p e r a t i o n s i n S e p t e r b e r 1 9 8 1 . T h el e t a l l u r g i c a l i n d u s t r y p r o c e s s e s p a r t o f t h e c o p p e r , z i n c a n d t l n a i n e di n t h e c o u n t r y .

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8 . 5 S e l e c t e d p r o d u c t s o f p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r i e s

P r o d u c t

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a n d a v i a t i o n f u e lF u e l o i I , t i g h t . . .F u e l o i l , h e a v y . . . .C e m e n t . . . . . . . . . .F o u n d r y c o p p e r . . .. R e f i n e d c o p p e r . . . . . . .Z L n c . . . . . . , . ,T i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B i c y c l e s . . .K e r o s e n e s t o v e s . . .M o t o r b a t t e r i e s . . .S u l f u r i c a c i d

( 1 0 0 % H 2 s 0 4 ) . .A c e t y l e n e . .S o a p . . . .S a w n t i m b e r . . .P l y w o o d . . .l l a t c h e s . . . . . . .T y r e s

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T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y , l i k e p r o e e s s i n g i n d u s t r i e s , w a s a f f e c t e d b yt h e s h o r t a g e o f f o r e i g n c u r r e n c y . T h i s h a r p e r e d a n u r b e r o f b u i l d i n gE e a s u r e s , n e r b u i l d i n g s e s w e l l a s u r g e n t l y n e e d e d r e p a l r s . c o n s t r u c t i o nr e t e r i a l s , r a c h i n e s , t o o I s , a p p l i a n c e s a n d a b o v e a l l , s p a r e p a r t s c o u l dn o t b e o b t a i n e d i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y .

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E X T E R N A L T R A D E

D e t a o n z a l r e r s e x t e r n a l t r a d e a r e S u p p l i e d b y Z a i r i a n ( n e t i o n a l )

s o u r c e s a n d E u r o p e a n c o r n u u n l t y s t a t i s t i c s . l l a t i o n a l d a t e p r o Y l d €i n f o r n a t i o n o n e x t e r n a l t r e d e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t r e e n Z a i r e a n d i t st r a d i n g p e r t n e r s a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d . c o n l u n l t y s t q t i s t i c s p r o v i d ei n f o r u i t l ö n o n b i l a t e r a l t r a d e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e r e n b e r s t a t e s o ft h e c o r l u n i t y a n d z e i r e , z a i r i a n a n d c o t r n u n i t y s t a t i s t i c i a r e n o tn e c e s s a r i l y i d e n t i c a l : d i s c r e p a n c i e s c a n b e c a u s e d b y t h e u s e o fd i f f e r e n t d e f i n i t i o n s a n d s t a t i s t i c a l n e t h o d s .

E x t e r n a l t r a d e d a t a f r o t r z a i r i a n s o u r c e s r e l a t e t o g e n e r a l t r a d e l n t h er e l i v a n t c a l e n d a r y e a r . T h e d a t a r e l a t e t o t h e e n t i r e n a t l o n a lt e r r i t o r y . T h e c o u n t r i e E r e c o r d e d a r e t h e c o u n t r y o f o r i g i n i n t h ec a s e o f i r p o r t s , a n d t h e c o u n t r y o f d e s t i n a t i o n i n t h e c a s e o f e x p o r t s .T h e v a l u e s a r e t h o s e d e c l a r e d w h e n t h e g o o d s c r o s s t h e f r o n t i e r , o n ac i f b a s i s f o r i r p o r t s a n d f o b f o r e x p o r t s . T h e b r e a k d o w n o f g o o d s i sb a s e d o n t h e " s t a n d a r d I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e C l a s s i f i c a t i o n " ( S l T c R e v .I I )

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T h e v o l u m e o f Z a i r i a n i m p o r t s i n 1 9 8 4 i n c r e a s e dp r e v i o u s y e a r . H o w e v e r , P r i m a r i I y b e c a u s e o f ac u r r e n c y d u e t o i n t e r e s t p a y m e n t s o n t h e s i z e a b l ev a l u e o f i m p o r t s d e c r e a s e d b y t 3 % i n 1 9 8 5 . I n t h et h e s t r u c t u r e o f i m p o r t s , d a t a i s l i m i t e d t o t r a d ew e s t e r n c o u n t r i e s { m e m b e r s o f t h e O E C D ) .

b y 3 ? % o v e r t h es h o r t a g e o f f o r e i g n

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H e e d i n g t h e l i s t o f i r p o r t e d g o o d s a r e r a c h i n e a n d v e h l c l e b u l l d i n g( 1 9 8 4 : U s I 3 2 2 n i l l i o n ) , f o l l o n e d b y t h e g r o u p o f r a n u f e c t u r e d g o o d s ,a n o n g w h i c h y a r n , f a b r i c s , i r o n , s t e e l a n d o t h e r r e t a l g o o d r a r e t h en o s t i r p o r t a n t . I r p o r t s o f f o o d p r o d u c t s d e c r e a s e d b y 2 0 | l n 1 9 8 2c o r p a r e d w i t h 1 9 7 9 , b u t i n c r e a s e d a g a l n b y 3 9 * i n t h e n e x t t w o y e a r 3 .c e r e a l s e n d c e r e a l ' p r o d u c t s w e r e , a s i n p r e v i o u s y e e r s , t h e p r i n c l p a lsub -g roup and accoun ted f o r 42 | o f t o t a l l r po r t s o f f ood p roduc t s i nf 9 8 4 . T h e v a l u e o f l r p o r t e d o l l p r o d u c t s w a s c l e a r l y d l r l n i l h l n g : 7 5I l e s s i n 1 9 8 4 t h a n i n 1 9 8 1 .

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51

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a n d p r e p a r a t i o n s t h e r e o f . . . . . . . .C e r e a l s a n d c e r e a l p r o d u c t s . . . . . . i . . .

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t h e i r w a s t e p r o d u c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . .R a w n a t e r i a l s o f a n i m a l

a n d p l a n t o r i g i n ( n . e . c . ) l ) . . . . .M i n e r a l f u e l s , l u b r i c a n t s a n d s i m i l a r .

o i l , o i l p r o d u c t s a n d r e l a t e d g o o d s . .C h e m i c a l p r o d u c t s , n . e . c . l ) . . . . . .

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e t h e r a n d e s t e r s . . . . , .C h e m i c a l s ( n . e . c . ) l ) . . i . . .

l l a n u f a c t u r e d g o o d s p r e d o n i n a n t l yc l a s s i f e d b y n a t u r e . . . . . . . . .

R u b b e r p r o d u c t s n . e . c . l ) . . . . . . . . . . . .P a p e r , p a p e r b o a r d a n d t h e i r p r o d u c t s

a n d o t h e r p a p e r b y - p r o d u c t s . . . . . .Y a r n , f a b r i c a n d

r e a d y - n a d e t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s . . . . . .I r o n a n d s t e e l . . .M g t a l g o o d s J r . e . c . l ) . . . . . . . . . . . .

I . l a c h i n e b u i l d i n g , e l e c t r i c a lp r o d u c t s a n d v e h i c l e s . . . . . \ . . . . . . .

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p a r t s t h e r e o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C o n m u n i c a t i o n s a p p l i a n c e s

R a d i o a n d t e l e v i s i o n s e t s . . . . . . .E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e s

p a r t s t h e r e o f . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R o a d v e h i c l e s . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .O t h e r t r a n s p o r t e q u i p m e n t . . . . . .

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n o n i t o r i n g i n s t r u m e n t sa p p a r a t u s a n d a p p l i a n c e s n . e . c . l )

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c l o c k s a n d w a t c h e s . o . . 5 . 4 3 . 4 4 . 3 4 . 6* , T r a dt r a d i n g

n g p a r t n e r s t a f , l s t r c s ( O E C D c o u n t r i e s a d d i t i o n o

N a t i o n sl ) N o t

p a r t n e r d a t a e x c e e d s( n a t t o n a l s o u r c e s ) .

e l s e w h e r e c l a s s i f i e d .

r 9 8 l l t 9 8 2

t h e t o t a l f i g u r eo n l y ) ; t

i n d i c a t e d b y t h e U n i t e d

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- 5 2 -

T h e v a l u e o f Z a i r i a n e x p o r t 6 v a r i e s c o n s l d e r a b l y , a n d i g d e t e r r i n e dra l n l y by p reva i l i ng Ho r l d r a r ke t p r i cea f o r Za i r l an p roduc t s and byt h e q u a n t l t a t i v e e v o l u t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n . Z a i r i a n e x p o r t s t o o E c Dc o u n t r i e s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y l l r l t e d t o a f e w p r o d u c t s / p r o d u c t g r o u p s .c o p p e r i s s t t l l b y f a r z a i r e ' s l a j o r e x p o r t , a n d y e t , i n t e r r s o f t o t e lv a l u e o f e x p o r t s , c o p p e r d e c r e a s e d f r o . { 9 f i n 1 9 8 3 t o 3 6 I i n l 9 8 l 'T h i s w a s p r i r a r i l y d u e t o s i n k i n g w o r t d p r i c e s o f c o p p e r l n l 9 8 l a n dredüced expo r t quan t i t i e s , bu t a lEo t o t he l nc reas ing l r po r t ance o fo t h e r r i n e r a l p r o d u c t s , p r e d o r l n a n t l y o i l , c o b a l t a n d d i a r o n d e . D u e t oa 76 x i nc rease l n t he expo r t p r i ce o f cobe l t and t o i nc reased expo r tq u a n t i t l e s , e x p o r t e a r n i n g s f o r t h i s r e t a l a l l o s t d o u b l e d i n 1 9 8 1 . T h ey ie l d f r o r d i s . ond expo r t s a l so i nc reased l n 198 { by 65 t ove r t hep r e v l o u s y e a r , d u e t o c o n s i d e r a b l y l n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n . c o n s e q ü e n t l y ,i n 1 9 8 4 d i a n o n d e n d c o b a l t e x p o r t s r e p r e s e n t e d a l n o s t l 2 f o f t h e t o t a lv a l u e o f e x p o r t s . F r o r l 9 ? 9 t o 1 9 8 { , o i l e x p o r t s s h o w e d a p a r t i c u l a r l ys t r ong and s teady i nc rease . The va lue was a l r os t s sven and a ha l ft i r e r h l g h e r l n 1 9 8 , 1 t h a n l n l 9 ? 9 , x i t h a r h a r e o f l ? t o f t o t a l e x p o r tv a l u e . C o f f e e i s b y f a r t h e r a l o r a g r i c u l t u r a l e x p o r t . I i t h r i s l n g$ o r l d r a r k e t p r i c e s a n d i n c r e a s l n g e x p o r t q u a n t i t i e s , l t s e x p o r t v a l u ei n 1 9 8 { r o s e b y a r o u n d 9 0 X o v e r t h e v a l u e i n 1 9 8 3 , T h e s h a r e o fc o f f e e i n t h € t o t a l v a l u e o f e x p o r t s w r s I l X i n 1 9 8 { .

9 . 3 l l a J o r e x p o r t p r o d u c t s / p r o d u c t ' g r o u p s r )

t l i I I i o n U S t

E x p o r t p r o d u c t s / p r o d u c t g r o u p s

F o o d s t u f f s a n d l i v e a n i m a l sp r e d o n i n a n t I y f o r f o o d . , . oC o f f e e , t e a , c o c o a , s p i c e s a n dt h e i r p r o d u c t s . o . . . . . . . . . o . . . ,

R a w n a t e r i a l s ( e x c l u d i n g f o o d s t u f f s a n dn i n g r a l f u g l s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C r u d e r u b b e r ( i n c I . s y n t h e t i ca n d r e g e n g r a t g d ) . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . .

C o r k a n d w o o d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o .M i n e r a l r a w n a t e r i a l s . . . . . .l l e t a l o r e s a n d n e t a l w a s t e . . . . . . .R a w n a t e r i a l s o f a n i n a l a n d

v e g e t a b l e o r i g i n ( n . e . c . ) l ) . . .l l i n e r a l f u e I s , l u b r i c a n t s

a n d s i m i l a r p r o d u c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . .O i I , o i I p r . o d u c t s a n d r e l a t e d g o o d s . .A n i n a l a n d v e g e t a b l e o i l s , f a t s a n d w aF a t t y v e g e t a b l e o i l s . . . . . . . . .

C h e n i c a l p r o d u c t s n . e . c , l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l l e d i c a l a n d p h a r m e c e u t i c a l p r o d u c t s . .

P r o c e s s e d g o o d s , c l a s s i f i e d p r e d o m i n a n t l yb y n a t u r g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . .

P r o d u c t s f r o n n l n e r a l s u b s t a n c e s , n . e . c . I )N o n - f g r r o u s n e t a l s . . . . r . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .l l a c h i n e b u i l d i n g , e l e c t r . p r o d u c t s

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r ) T r a d i n g p a r t n e r s t a t i s t i c st r a d i n g p a r t n e r d a t a e x c e e d sN a t i o n s ( n a t i o n a l s o u r c e s ) .I ) N o t e l s e w h e r e c l a s s i f i e d .

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B e l g i u f , i s s t i l l t h e r a i n c o u n t r y o f o r i g l n f o r Z a i r i a n i r p o r t s . T h en e x t - l a r g e s t s u p p l i e r s a r e B r a z i l , F r a n c e a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ,f o l l o w e d b y t h e F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f G e r n a n y , w i t h e x p o r t s t o Z a i r e i n1 9 8 5 a D o u n t i n g t o l 4 S o f t h e C o l t u n l t y t o t a l .

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9 . 5 E x p o r t s t o n a j o r c o u n t r i e s o f d e s t i n a t i o nM i l l i o n U S $

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g . ? t l a j o r i f , p o r t p r o d u c t s / p r o d u c t g r o u p s f r o r Z a i r e b y S I T C c l a r s i f i c a t l o n

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p l a n t o r i g i n ( n . e . c . ) l ) . .F a t t y v e g e t a b l e o i l s . . . . . . . . . . . ,M e d i c a l a n d p h a r m a c e u t i c a l p r o d u c t s .C o r k a n d w o o d p r o d u c t s

( e x c l . f u r n i t u r e ) . . . . . . . . . .N o n - f g r r o u s m g t a l s . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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- 5 6 -

IO TRAI {SPORT AND Co i l i lU l { ICAT IONS

The congo R i ve r and i t s r any t r l bu te r i es ( a round l l 00o k r o f nev lgeb lewa te rways ) p rov l de t h€ ra l n t r anspo r t n€ tuo rk l n za i r e . r he re r i ve r i a reb l o c k e d b y n a t u r a l o b s t a c l e s , l r a n s p o r t i s s u p p l e r e n t e d b y r a l l . T h eu a j o r e c o n o r i c c e n t r e o f t h e c o u n t r y , s t r a u a t x a t ä n g a ) , l e . h ä r e v e r , t o or e t r o t e t o - b e a d e q u a t e l y s e r v e d b y l n l a n d t r e n s p o r t . v a s t q u a n t i t l e s o fn i n i ng p roduc t s have t o be t r anspo r t ed by r a i lways ou t s l de t he coun t r y .A n _ e f f i c i e n t s y s t e r o f t r u n k r o a d s i s b ä i n g b u t i t , t o l r p r o v e a c c e s 3 t oa l l p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y , B e c e u s e o f t h e s i z e o f t h e i ö r r l t o r y , e i rt r a n s p o r t o b v i o u s l y a a s u t e s t a j o r i r p o r t a n c e .

The s t i l l i n co rp l e te t r anspo r t ne t ro r k and t he f r equen t l y poo r cond l t l ono f t r anspo r t equ ip ren t a re so re o f t he rea6ons f o r t he üaäk re rdnesc o fe c o n o r i c d e v e l o p r e n t . S e c t o r s w i t h b u l k y p r o d u c t r , s u c h a 8 r l n e s ,a g r i c u l t u r e - , f o r e s t r y a r e a f f e c t € d . I n t h e 1 9 8 6 - 9 0 f l v e - y e a r - p l a n ,f unds have been ea r - l a r ked f o r expand ing ra l l and road ne t ro r ks ,

P u b l i c r a i l w a y s h a v e b e e n u n d e r c e n t r a l a d r l n l 6 t r a t i o n ( s o c i d t € N a t l o n a ld e s C h e l i n s d e F e r Z a i r o i s ' / S i l C Z ) 6 l n c e l 9 ? { . A n e x c e p t i o n t o t h l s , t h eK i n s h a s a - l l a t a d l l i n e , i s r u n b y t h e " 0 f f i c e t t a t l o n a l d e 3 T r a n s p o r t s '( o l i lATRA) . S ince t he end o f l 98 { , when t r a f f i c be t reen Bo ra and i she la(136 kn ) i n t he wes t o f t he coun t r y r as d t scon t l nued , S ITCZ and O i lATRAh a v e o p e r a t e d 5 l 1 8 k e o f r a i l r a y s , 8 5 8 k t o f r h l c h a r e e l e c t r l f l e d . T h er a i l n e t x o r k c o n s i s t s o f f o u r s e p a r a t e l l n s s , w h i c h r e r e b u l l t t os u p p l e r e n t r i v e r t r a n s p o r t . D l r e c t l i n e s t o p o r t s h e v e t o p a s B t h r o u g hf o r e i g n _ c o u n t r i e s , a n d t h e s e l l n e s a r e c o n s t a n t l y t n t e r r u p t e d ü Vi n t e r n a l s t r i f e i n t h o s e c o u n t r i e s ( A n g o l a , i l o z a r b i q u e ) . t o o v e r c o l et h i s d r a w b a c k , a n l n t e r n e l Z a i r i a n r a i l w a y l i n e t j b e i n g b u i l t f r o rL u r u r b a s h i i n S h e b a , v i a I l e b o a n d K i n s h a s a t o a Z a i r i a n p ö r t o n t h eA t l a n t i c .

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T r a f f i c c a r r i e d b y O N A T R A a n d t h e S i l C z , p a r t i c u l s r l y p a s s e n g e r t r a f f l c ,h a s d e c l i n e d s h a r p l y . I n 1 9 8 { t h e n u t b e r o f f o r p a s s e n g e r s / k r f e l l b yl o r e t h a n h a l f t h e n u r b e r i n l 9 ? 5 , I n t h e s a r e p e r i o d t h e n u r b e r o f t o n /k i l o r e t e r s d r o p p e d b y 2 ? % .

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* T o t a l t r a n s p o r t ( r a i l , r o a d , i n l a n d n a v i g a t i o n ) o f t h e " O f f i c eN a t i o n a l d e s T r a n s p o r t s ' ( 0 N A T R A ) a n d t h e " S o c i 6 t ö t { a t i o n a l d e s C h e t l n sd e F e r Z a i r o i s " / S N C Z

T h e t o t a l r o a d l e n g t h , 1 4 5 0 0 0 k l , h a s r e n a i n e d u n c h a n g e d f o r y e a r s . I nl 97E t he l eng th o f " f , a j o r r oads " was ennounced as 68000 kn , bu t a newc l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n t r o d u c e d i n l 9 ? 9 c h a r a c t e r i z e d a l e r e 2 o ? o o k r a s" n a j o r r o a d s ' . 2 4 O O k a a r e a s p h a l t e d , b u t i o s t r o a d s a r e i n p o o rc o n d i t i o n . I n 1 9 6 0 , t h e r e H e r e 5 8 0 0 0 k r o f a l l - w e a t h e r r o a d s . A t f i r s to n l y t h € n a t i o n a l t r u n k r o a d s ( v o i e s n a t i o n a l e s ) c o u l d b e b u i l t a n dr e p a i r e d , R o a d l i n k s w i t h t h e p r o v i n c i a l a n d r e g i o n a l c e n t r e s a l s o n e e di u p r o v e n e n t , l l o r e t h a n h a l f o f t h i s r o a d n e t w o r k c o n s i s t s o f t r a c k s( " p i s t e s " ) , w h i c h h a v e n o s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r t r o t o r v e h l c l e t r a f f i c . T h eT r a n s - A f r i c a H i g h w a y f r o ! L a g o s / l { i g e r i a t o } l o m b a s a / K e n y a h a s a 1 5 0 0 k ns t r e t c h t h r o u g h ? . e i r e , B u i l d i n g t h i s r o a d , h o w e v e r , i s o f s e c o n d a r yi n p o r t a n c e a s c o n p a r e d w i t h b u i l d i n g a f a s t e r a n d r o r e r e l i a b l e l i n kb e t w e e n S h a b a a n d t h e A t l a n t i c c o a s t o f Z e i r e .

The nu lbe r o f passenge r ca r s dec reased sha rp l y a t t he end o f t hes e v e n t i e s , T h i s i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e i n t h e l i g h t o f z a i r e ' s e c o n o u l cd e v e l o p n e n t . l l o r e t h a n h a l f t h e n u r b e r o f n o t o r v e h i c l e s a r e r e g i s t e r e di n K i n s h a s a . T h e r e w a s a l s o a s h a r p d r o p i n n e w r e g i s t r a t i o n 6 o f i o t o rv e h i c l e s , e v e n t h o u g h a s l i g h t u p w a r d r o v e r e n t w a s o b s e r v e d i n 1 9 8 1 ,

1 0 . 4 N u m b e r o f m o t o r v e h i c l e s a n d d e n s i t y o f p a s s e n g e r c a r s * )

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In l and wa te rweys a re ve ry i i po r t an t i n za i r e . The ra j o r nav lgab lewä te rways a re t he Congo R i ve r be t xeen K ieangan l and t ( l nshasa , end t heK a s a i b e t w e e n I l e b o a n d i t s c o n f l u e n c e w i t h t h e C o n g o . N o e x h a u s t i v ed a t a o n r i v e r t r a f f i c o h t h e C o n g o e x i s t s . R i v e r r o u t e s a r d i n t e r r u p t e da t f r e q u e n t i n t e r v a l s b y r a p l d s ; s t r e t c h e s w h i c h c a n n o t b e n a v i g a t e dD u s t b e c i r c u r v e n t e d b y r e i l r a y l l n e s . T h i s s y s t e r o f t r a n s p o r t i r p l i e sf r equen t t r ans -sh ip ren t s on t he l ong nay f r o r shabe t o t he cap i t a l o r t ot h e s e a - p o r t s . I t i 8 c o s t l y a n d t i r e - c o n s u r l n g ( u p t o ? 0 d r y s t r a n s p o r tt i r e ) . 0 n t h e e a r t e r n b o r d e r t h e r e a r e r e g u l a r r h i p p i n g l a n e ; o n s o r e o ft h e l a r g e l a k e s , A c c e s s t o t h e s e a i s o n l y v e r y n e r r o w , n l t h a b o u t , l 0 k ro f c o a s t l i n e w h e r e t h e C o n g o f l o w s i n t o t h e A t l a n t i c O c e a n . T h e t a l np o r t i s l l a t a d l , 1 6 0 k t u p - r l v e r , w h i c h c a n b e r e a c h e d b y o c e a n ' g o l n gs h i p e ; b u t b e c a u s e o f c o n s t a n t s i l t i n g u p o f t h e c h a n n e l , l a r g ef r e i g h t e r s c a n o n l y p u t i n t o h a r b o u r H i t h e p e r t i a l l o a d . T h e d e e p - n a t e rh a r b o u r B a n a n a w l l l t h e r e f o r e b e b u i l t o n t h e c o a s t . l l e r c h a n t v e s e e l s o f1 0 0 c R T a n d n o r e n u u b e r 3 3 u n i t s w i t h e t o t a l t o n n a g e o f 8 { 7 0 0 G R T .

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M a t a d i i s t h e p o r t w h e r e t h e l a r g e s t q u a n t i t i e st r a n s - s h i p p e d . I n 1 9 8 4 f r e i g h t t r a n s - s h i p n e n t r o s e b y t 9D u r i n g t h e s a m e p e r i o d , K i n s h a s a ' s i m p o r t a n c e a s a p o r tt r a n s - s h i p m e n t s d r o p p i n g b y 2 8 % . T h e r e i s a r e g u l a rT a n g a n y i k a f r o m K a l e m i t o t h e T a n z a n i a n p o r t K i g o m a ,r a i l c o n n e c t i o n t o D a r e s S a l a a m . 6 . 5 % m o r e f r e i g h tt h e r e i n 1 9 8 4 t h a n i n 1 9 7 5 .

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A i r t r a f f l c i s o f p a r a r o u n t i r p o r t a n c e f o r a c o u n t r y t h e s i z e o f z a i r e .K i n s h a s a - N ' D J i l i , L u n u r b a s h i - L u a n o , B u k a v u , x i E a n g a n i a n d G o t r e a r ei n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r p o r t s . o t h e r n a j o r a l r f i e l d s a r e i n l l b a n d a k a 'l l b u j i - l l e j i , K a n a n g a a n d K i k w i t . t n t h e i n t e r l o r , t h e r e a r e r o r e t h a n 4 0r e g ü l a r t i u s e d a i i f i e l d s . F u r t h e r r o r e t h e r e a r e c o u n t l e s s l a n d l n g s t r i p sa l l o v e r t h e c o u n t r y . T h e s t a t e - o l n e d a i r l l n e , ' A i r Z a i r e " , f o u n d e d l n1 9 6 1 , o p e r a t e s d o t r e s t i c f l t g h t s a s n e l l a s i n t e r n a t i o n a l f l i g h t s t o e a s ta n d w e s i A f r i c a , a n d t o c e n t r a l E u r o p e . T r . o p r i v e t e a i r l i n e s w h l c h a l s oo p e r e t e f l i g h t s i n s i d e A f r i c a a n d t o H e s t e r n E u r o p e . L i k e o t h e r r o d e s o ft i a n s p o r t , i i r t r a f f i c a l s o c h a n g e s c o n s i d e r a b l y f r o n y e a r t o y e a r ,

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- 6 1 -

I I T O U R I S } I

T o u r i s r i s p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d , T h e l a i n t o u r i s t a t t r a c t i o n s a r e t h ec a p i t e l c i t y a n d t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k a l o n g t h e e a s t e r n b o r d e r , b e t r e e nL e k e K i v u e n d L a k e ü o b u t u . T h e n u r b e r o f f o r e i g n v i s i t o r s i s s t a t i o n e r y ,a f t e r d u i n d l i n g t o a r o u n d 2 5 0 0 0 i n l 9 Z ? ( c o r p a r e d w i t h { 1 0 0 0 i n f 9 ? 5 r .T h e n o s t r e c e n t d a t a o n t h e i t r u c t u r e t h € t o u r i s t i n d u s t r y d a t e b e c k t o1 9 7 7 . H o t e l c a p a c i t y d i d n o t i n c r e a s e v e r y r u c h b e t l , e e n l 9 Z 3 t o f 9 7 ? .F o r e i g n c u r r e n c y i n c o n € f r o r t h e t o u r i s t t r a d e a r o u n t e d t o 2 3 E l l l i o n U SI i n I 9 8 3 , a r o u n d l l 0 I n o r e t h a n l n I 9 ? 5 .

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The "Banque du Za i r e " f ounded i n l 96 l ( p rev i ous l y ca l l ed t he ' 8 rnqu€N a t i o n a l e d u C o n g o " ) i s t h e c e n t r a l b a n k . T h e r e a r e l 0 c o r r e r c i a l b a n k si n t h e c o u n t r y , i n c l u d i n g t h e " U n i o n z a i r o i s e d e s B a n q u e s " , w h i c h i s t h er e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f E u r o p e a n b a n k s . A p a r t f r o D t h a t , t h e r e a r e t w o s a v l n g si n s t i t u t i o n s a n d f i v e s p e c i a l i z e d ( D e v e l o p l e n t ) b & n k s . T h e l o s ti r po r t an t o f t hen i s t he soc i6 td F i nanc iö re de D6ve loppe ren t /SOF IDE ,wh i ch i r cons ide red t o be t he ea jo r l ns t r u i en t f o r i r p l e ren t i ngg o v e r n l e n t a l d e v e l o p r € n t p o l i c i e s .

s i nce 1967 t he cu r rency un i t has been t he ze i r e ( 2 , ' 100 reku te , t h€l i k u t a ( K , s i n g u l a r o f n a k u t a ) i s d i v l d e d i n t o 1 0 0 s e n g l ( r ) . O n 2 lF e b r u a r y 1 9 8 4 , t h e p r o v i s i o n a l l y i n t r o d u c e d d u a l e x c h a n g e E y s t e r( o f f i c i a l r a t e , p a r a l l e l r a r k e t r a t e ) w a s d o n e a x a y w i t h . A t t i r e s , r o r et h a n ? 5 % o f p r i v a t e t r a d e $ a s c o n d u c t e d o n t h e p a r a l l e l t a r k e t . S e v e r e ll a rge deva lua t i ons o f t he na t i ona l cu r rency l ed t o a ne r ro f l i ng o f t heg a p b e t w e e n t h e o f f i c i a l r a t e a n d t h e p a r a l l e l r a r k e t r a t e , a n d t h ec e n t r a l b a n k l i b e r a l i z e d t h e e x c h a n g e r e t e . F r o t r t h e e n d o f 1 9 8 4 t oS e p t e r b e r 1 9 8 6 t h e Z d e p r e c i a t e d i n v a l u e b y 3 8 t a g a i n s t t h e d o l l a r .

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H i t h i n a b o u t f o u r y e a r s ( f r o l t h e e n d o f l 9 8 l t o N o v e n b e r l 9 8 S ) . c a s h i nc l r c u l a t l o n i n c r e a s e d b y o v e r { 5 0 x . s t a t i s t i c a l r e f e r e n c e q u a n t i t l e s o fp e r c a p i t a c a s h i n c i r c u l a t i o n t h u s i n c r e a s e d b y a l r o s t 4 0 0 X d e s p i t e a nl n c r e a s i n g p o p u l a t i o n . D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f o b s e r v a t i o n t h e v o l ü n e o fd o r e s t i c l o a n s ( f r o t r o n e t e r y a u t h o r i t i e s a n d d e p o s i t b a n k s t a k e nt o g e t h e r ) g r e w b y a l n o s t 3 5 0 % , a n d t h e r e w a s a n e v e n c l e a r e r i n c r e a s eo f d e p o s i t b a n k l o a n s a n d l o a n s f r o n t h e n o n e t a r y a u t h o r i t l e s t o t h eg o v e r n t r e n t : b y n o r e t h a n 8 0 0 t i n t o t a l . H o w e v e r , t h e c o n s t a n t l yg r o w i n g v o l u n e o f l o a n s i s p u t i n t o a D o r e r e l a t i v e p e r s p e c t i v e b yc u r r e n c y d e v a l u a t i o n ,

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P u b l i c a c c o u n t s i n Z a i r e c o v e r c e n t r a l g o v e r n l e n t , r e g i o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s 't o w n s c o n s t i t u t i n g a d t i n i s t r a t i v e d i s t r i c t s , d e c e n t r a l i z e d a u t h o r i t i e sa n d p u b l i c u n d e r t a k i n g q . E v e n t h o u g h a l a w d e c e n t r a l i z i n g p u b l i c f i n a n c ec a n e i n t o f o r c e i n 1 9 8 3 , t h e r e g i o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s a r e s t i l l d e p e n d e n t o nc e n t r e l g o v e r n o e n t s u b s i d i e s . T o w n s c o n s t i t u t i n g a d . i n i s t r a t i v ed i s t r i c t s p i e p a r e t h e i r o w n b u d g e t s ; h o w e v e r , a n y d e f l c l t s r u s t b eendo rsed by t he cen t ra l gove rn [en t and o f f se t by t r ans fe r pay ren t s 'D e c e n t r a l i z ä d . a u t h o r i t i e s , e g . . E d u c a t i o n a l a n d P u b l i c H e a l t hA u t h o r i t i e s , c u s t o t r s a d l l n i s t r a t i o n a n d t h e o f f i c e f o r s e r v i c l n g t h eN a t i o n a l D e b t ( 0 f f i c e d e l a G e s t i o n d e l a D e t t e P u b l i q u e / o C E D E P ) , a r ea l s o d e p e n d e n t o n t r a n s f e r s f r o n t h e c e n t r a l g o v e r n D e n t , a l t h o u g h s o m eo f t h e m a r e e n t i t l e d t o i n p o s e l e v i e s t h e n s e l v e s .

c e n t r a l g o v e r n n e n t b u d g e t a r y e x p e n d i t u r e h a s i n c r e a s e d s t e a d i l y i n t h el a s t f e w y e a r s . E v e n t h o u g h i n c o l e a l s o i n c r e a s e d f r o r l 9 8 l t o I 9 8 6 't h e r e n e r e c o n s t a n t d e f i c i t ; . B u t t h e e x t e n t o f t h i s s h o r t f a l I o fr e v e n u e i s d i m i n i s h i n g . I n 1 9 8 6 i t n a s e s t i ! a t e d a t t ? . 5 t o f t h e 1 9 8 {a m o u n t ,

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* ) F i n a n c i a l y e a r - c a l e n d a r y e a rI ) P r o v i s i o n a l d a t a2 ) R e v i s e d e s t i n a t e

l l o r e t h a n 9 0 s o f t h e b u d g e t a r y r e v e n u e o f t h € c e n t r a l g o v e r n n e n t i nI 9 8 5 c a m e f r o m t a x e s : i n c o n e t a x , p r o f i t t a x , e x t e r n a l t r a d e t a x a n d t a xo n g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s . D e s p i t e t h e - c o n s i d e r a b t y i n c r e a s e d i n c i d e n c e o fi n c ö n e a n d p r o f i t t a x e s ( g r o * t h f r o n l 9 8 I t o 1 9 8 5 i 6 ? 4 % l ' t h e i rp r o p o r t i o n i n b u d g e t a r y r e v e n u e w e n t d o u n f r o m 3 5 % i n 1 9 8 1 t o 3 l % i ni 9 e - 5 . R e a s o n s f o i t h i s i n c l u d e t h e i n c o n p l e t e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t a xr e g u l a t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y t o r e t a i l e r s a n d o t h e r s e l f - e m p l o y e d p e r s o n s '

G r ö w t h o f i n c o n e t a i r e v e n u e , w h i c h a l n o s t d o u b l e d i n 1 9 8 4 o v e r t h ep r e v i o u s y e a r , t a i l e d o f f i n 1 9 8 5 b e c a u s e o f s l o w e r w a g e a n d s a l a r yg r o w t h ,

R e v € n u e f r b n t a x e s o n f o r e i g n t r a d e i n c r e a s e d b y 8 2 2 % d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d

o f o b s e r v a t i o n , b e c a u s e o f Ä x c h a n g e r a t e a d i u s t n e n t s a n d c h a n g e s i n t h el e v e l o f d ü t i e s ; b y I 9 8 5 i t c o n s t i t u t e d 3 4 o f t o t a l b u d g e t a r y r e v e n u e ,T h e p r o p o r t i o n o f e x p o r t d u t i e s i n e x t e r n a l t r a d e t a x e s , g r e w f r o m l 7i n i s a i t o 3 8 s i n 1 9 8 5 , p r i n a r i l y b e c a u s e o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r l y s t r o n gi n c r e a s e i n t h e e x p o r t v a l u e o f c o b a l t , d i a i n o n d s a n d c o f f e e .

T h e v a l u e o f t a x e s o n d o n e s t i c g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s i n t h e c e n t r a lg o v e r n m e n t b u d g e t a r y r e v e n u e g r e w f r o n z o % i n l 9 8 l t o 2 3 % i n 1 9 8 5 . Ai e a s o n { o r t h i s i s t h e i n c r e a s e i n v a l u e - a d d e d t a x f r o t r l 5 t r t o l 8 %( 1 9 8 1 ) ä s w e l l a s i n e x c i s e d u t i e s o n a l c o h o l a n d t o b a c c o .

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i r o r l 8 X i n t 9 8 I t o o v e r 3 5 * l n l 9 8 i l , a n d t o { 3 t i n 1 9 8 5 ' C e u s e s o f

t h i E g r o w t h a r e t o b e s e e n i n t h e d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e z a l t e a n d i nd e t e r i o r a t i n g i n t e r e s t r a t e s '

N o n - b u d g € t a r y e x p e n d i t u r e ( f i n a n c e d t h r o u g h f o r e i g n s u b s l d i e s a n d l o a n s )d e c r e a s ä d f r ö n t i S f t o 1 9 8 2 . I t s p r o p o r t i o n i n t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e w e n t u p

f r o r L ? * i n t 9 g 2 t o 3 0 r i n 1 9 b 5 , a b o v e a l l b e c a u s e o f t h e f a l l i n gexchange ra te o f t he za i r e . The f a j o r pe r t o f non -budge ta r y expend l t u rec o n e s f r o r f o r e i g n s u b g i d l e s i n t h e f o r l o f s u p p l l e s o f e q u l p r e n t o r

t e c h n i c a l s u p p o r t ,

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i n c l u d i n g :Equ i pmen t and na i n t enance .P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s . . .P r e s i d e n c y a n d

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o n i n t e r n a l d e b t . .o n e x t e r n a l d e b t . .

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Sta t i s t l c s ön | r ages , sa l a r i e r end eve rage ea rn i ng3 a re l nco rp l e te , Theg o v e r n r e n t l a y s d o w n r i n i r u r $ a g e s ( S a l a l r e r l n i r u r g a r e n t i l , b u t d i dn o t d o s o f o r t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l i e c t o r ( S t l I G - S a l a i r e r l n l r u ri n t e r p r o f e s s i o n n e l g a r a n t i ) u n t i l t h e r i d d l e o f 1 9 8 3 ; s l n c e o c t o b e r 1 9 8 3t h e r e f o r e , a r i n l r u l H a g e a l s o e x i s t s f o i p e r s o n s e r p l o y e d l na g r i c u l t u r e ( S l l A G - S a l a i r e l l i n i r u r A g r i c o l e c a r r n t i ) . S l n c e r o s t p e o p l ee n p l o y e d i n a g r i c u l t u r e a r e s e l f - e t p l o y e d ( r u b s l s t e n c e f a r r e r s a n df a r i l y l e r b e r s a s s i s t i n g t h e l ) , t h e y a r e n o t c o v e r e d b y t h l s r e g u l a t l o n .Uages f o r wo rke rs a re negoc ia ted be tneen un lons and i nd i v i dua lu n d e r t a k i n g s o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e l i n i l u o w a g e s . T h e r e a r e n o c o l l e c t i v ea g r e e f , € n t s f o r s p e c i f i c b r a n c h e s o f i n d u s t r y .

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S t a t i s t i c e l d a t a o n p r i c e s h a v e n o t b e e n s u f f i c i e n t l y s u r v e y e d . A s aconsequence o f cons tan t econo l i c c r i ses , e i ho r t age o f goods has beeno b s e r v e d i n r a n y s e c t o r s , w h i c h i n t u r n l e a d s t o a h i g h l n f l a t i o n r a t e .T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e i s a s c a r c i t y o f f o o d a n d o t h e r v i t a l g o o d s , a s H e l l a so f s p a r e p a r t s a n d r a w r a t e r i a l s . S i n c e S e p t e r b e r 1 9 8 3 , r o s t o f t h ep r i c e s h a v e n o t b e e n u n d e r o f f i c i a l c o n t r o l . H o r e v e r , a r u l e a p p l i c a b l et o p r o d u c e r s ' p r i c e s o f c o f f e e ä n d c o t t o n , a s r e l l a s t o p r i c e s o fp r o c e s s e d g o o d s , i s t h a t t h e p r o f i t r a r g i n s h a l l n o t e x c e e d 2 0 X o f t h ec o s t p r i c e .

C a l c u l a t i n g t h e i n f l a t i o n r a t e f o r a c o u n t r y a s l a r g e a n d a s c o l p l e x a sZ a i r e i s h i g h l y p r o b l e l a t i c a l . . T o d o t h i s , t h e n a t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c 6o f f i c e s t u d i e s t h e c o s t - o f - l i v i n g i n d e x e n d r o s t o f t h e o t h e r p r l c es t a t i s t i c s , b u t o n l y f o r t h e c a p i t a l c i t y . A b a s k e t o f 1 6 9 a r t i c l e s H a se x a r i n e d . I n 1 9 a 2 , p r i c e s i n c r e a s e d b y a n a v e r a g e o f 3 6 t . T h ed e v a l u a t i o n i n 1 9 8 3 l e d t o a s t r o n g r i s e i n t h e i n f l a t i o n r a t e ( p r i c ei n c r e a s e s c o r p a r e d u i t h 1 9 8 2 i ? ? t ) . S i n c e r e l a t i v e l y s . a l l p r i c ei n c r e a s e s o c c u r r e d i n 1 9 8 { , a n d t h e s e w e r e r a i n l y f o r f o o d p r o d u c t s( w h i c h r a d e u p a r o u n d 6 l t o f t h e b a s k e t o f g o o d s ) , t h e i n f l a t i o n r a t ew e n t b a c k t o 5 2 X , S o l e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l c a u a e s H e r e p r o d u c t i o ni n c r e a s e s i n s o n e b r a n c h e s , l i b e r a l i z e t l o n o f i r p o r t s a n d l i r i t a t i o n o fw a g e i n c r e a s e s . I n 1 9 8 5 , t h e r e H a s a g a i n a c l e a r t e n d a n c y f o r r o n e y t od e p r e c i a t e f a s t e r . T h i s c a n b e p a r t l y a s c r i b e d t o t h e l n c r e a s e i n e n e r g yc o s t s a n d p r i c e i n c r e a s e s f o r p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a n d f o r o i l p r o d u c t s .

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T h e d a t a p u b l i s h e d i n t h i s r e p o r t c o l e f r o t t h e I n s t i t u t t { a t i o n a l d e l as t a t i s t i q u e ( I N S ) a n d w e r e p r e p a r e d i n t h e f r a r e w o r k o f p h a s e V o f t h eI n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n p a r i s o n P r o i e c t ( I c P ) . E x c e p t f o r t a b l e I , r h i c hf o l l o w s t h e r u l e s o f t h e s y s t e r o f l { a t i o n a l A c c o u n t s ( s i l A ) o f t h eU n i t e d N a t i o n s , t h e o t h e r t a b l e s a r e t h e r e s u l t o f t h e a n a l y s i s o f d a t es u p p l i e d f o r I C P r e q u i r e l e n t s .

The l a i n r e thodo log i ca l d i f f e rence be tween t he s t {A and t he I cP conce rnt h e a l l o c a t i o n o f s o r e i t e r s o f f i n a l c o n s u r p t i o n e x p e n d i t u r e b e t l e e ni t s p r i v a t e a n d p u b l i c c o r p o n e n t s , F o r t h e I c P , c e n t r e l g o v e r n l e n te x p e n d i t u r e , t h e d i r e c t b e n e f l c i a r i e s o f w h t c h a r e h o u s e h o l d s( p r i n a r i l y e x p e n d i t u r e r e l a t e d t o p u b l i c h e a l t h a n d e d u c a t i o n ) r u r t b ea l l o c a t e d t o H o u s e h o l d s i t h e t o t a l i t y o f t h e i r f i n a l c o n s u l p t l o n b e i n gd e s i g n a t e d a s F i n a l C o n s u u p t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t l o n .

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F I NAL PUBL I C CONSUI 'TPT ION .G e n e r a l s e r v i c e s . . . .H e a l t h ( g e n e r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n )E d u c a t i o n ( g e n e r a l a d u i n i s t r a i t o n ) . . .

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T h e b a l a n c e o f p a y t r e n t s r e c e p i t u l a t e s e c o n o l i c t r a n s a c t i o n s b e t w e e nr e s i d e n t s a n d n o n - r e s i d e n t s . I t c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o a c u r r e n t - a c c o u n tb a l a n c e a n d a c a p i t a l - a c c o u n t b a l a n c e . T h e c u r r e n t a c c o u n t s h o w st r a n E a c t i o n s i n r e s p e c t o f g o o d s , s e r v i c e s a n d t r a n s f e r s i n t h er e f e r e n c e p e r i o d . T r e n s f e r s a r e c r o s s - e n t r i e s f o r n o v e n e n t s o f g o o d s a n dc a p i t a l i n w h i c h n o p a y n e n t i s i n v o l v e d , T h e b a l a n c e o f c u r r e n t a c c o u n ti s t h e n e t b a l a n c e o n g o o d s , s e r v i c e s e n d t r a n s f e r s , w h l l e t h e c a p i t a la c c o u n t g e n e r a l l y s h o w s m o v e r e n t s o f c a p i t e l a s c h a n g e s i n v a r i o u s t y p e so f c l a i r s a n d l i a b i l i t i e s , T h e b a l a n c e o n c a p i t a l a c c o u n t r e p r e s e n t s t h ei n p r o v e n e n t ( + ) o r d e t e r i o r a t i o n ( - ) o f t h e n e t i o n ' s n e t f o r e i g np o s i t i o n ,

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T h e d a t a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e s e r e d r a w n f r o r p u b l l c a t i o n s o f t h eI n t e r n a t i o n a l ü o n e t a r y F u n d / I ü F ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l F i n a n c l a l S t a t i s t l c s ) ,w h i c h i n t u r n a r e b a s e d o n o f f i c i a l d a t a p r o v i d e d b y t h e B a n k o f Z a l r e 'T h e c l a s s i f l c a t i o n s a r e l a r g e l y i n l i n e w l t h t h e r e t h o d o l o g y d e s c r i b e di n t h e " B a l e n c e o f P a y a e n t s l l a n u a l " o f t h e I ü F .

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l ) L i a b i l i t i e s t o f o r e i g n n o n e t e r y a u t h o r i t i e s a n d s t a t e - a i d e db o r r o w i n g s w i t h a v i e w t o b a l a n c e o f p a y q r e n t e q u i l i b r i u n? l c r o s s - e n t r i e s f o r a l l o c a t i o n o f s D R s . t r a n s a c t i o n s i n g o l d b e t w e e nt h e m o n e t a r y a u t h o r i t i e s a n d r e s i d e n t s , a n d a d j u s t o e n t s i n r e 6 p e c t o fa s s e s s [ e n t - r e l a t e d c h a n g e s i n c u r r e n c y r e s e r v e s .3 ) c h a n g e s i n r e s e r v e s , i n c l u d i n g a s s e s s t r e n t - r e l a t e d c h a n g e s .

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P o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o l i c c o n d l t i o n s p r e v a i l i n g a . f t e r l n d e p e n d e n c e e t f l r s to b s t r u c t e d a n y l o n g t e r t r e c o n o r l c p l a n n i n g . T h e f i r s t p l a n n i n g' l n s t i t u t i o n ( " H i s h C o r l i s s i o n f o r P l a n n i n g a n d D e v e l o p r e n t " ) r a ge s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 6 6 , a n d f i v e - y e a r p l a n s r { e r e p r e p a r e d f o r f u r t h € ri d e v e l o p r e n t . T h e f i r s t f i v e - y e a r p l a n r a n f r o r 1 9 6 8 t o 1 9 7 2 , g i v i n gp r i o r i t y t o e n e r g y ( I n g a p r o j e c t ) a n d i n d u s t r i a l i z e t i o n ( s t e e l w o r k s ,f e r t i l i z e r p l a n t s , e t c , . . ) . T h e e f f e c t s o f t h e l a w o n i n v e s t r e n tl n c e n t i v e i n 1 9 6 9 w e r e a n n i h l l a t e d t h r o u g h t h e i ! p l e r e n t a t l o n o fe x t e n s i v e E t a t e p a r t i c i p a t i o n l n r a j o r u n d e r t a k i n g s . T h e c r e a t i o n o f a ni n v e s t r e n t i n c e n t i v e o f f i c e i n t h e i l i n i s t r y o f E c o n o l i c A f f a i r s a n d t h efounda t i on o f a S ta te Deve lop len t Co rpany cou ld no t change t h l c ve r yn u c h , I n d e e d , a n o t h e r f i v e - y e a r p l a n ( 1 9 ? 2 t o l 9 ? ? l w a a p r e p a r e d , b u tt h e d e c i s l v e " p o i n t e r s " f o r e c o n o r i c p o l l c y r e r e l a i d o u t l n t h eP r e s i d e n t ' s s p e e c h l n N o v e r b e r 1 9 7 3 , l e a d i n g t o t h e e x p r o p r i a t i o n a n dl n a t i o n e l i z a t i o n o f a l l f o r e i g n u n d e r t a k i n g s . A l l s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o n o r y' w e r e a f f e c t e d l a g r l c u l t u r e , l i n i n g , i n d u s t r y , t r a d e a n d l n s u r a n c e .Bu reeuc ra t i c r on i t o r i ng and con t ro l o f t he va r i ous b ranches o f t heecono l y we re i ns t i t u t ed , and t he coun t r y was soon p l unged i n t s ane c o n o n i c c r l s i 6 . B y a t t h e e n d o f 1 9 7 5 , t h e P r e s i d e n t a l r e a d y h a d t or e 6 h e p e h i s p o l i c i e s , t u r n i n g f r o e s t a t e - r u n e c o n o r [ y t o " g c o n o r i er i x t e " . E x p r o p r i a t e d f o r e l g n e r s w e r e t o b e c o l p e n s a t e d ; i n i n d u s t r y t h eS t a t e w e s t o r e s t r i c t i t s e l f t o t r o n l t o r i n g a c t i v i t l e s , f o r e t g n c a p i t a ll nves t ren t s we re t o be l o re s t r ong l y encou raged .

I f t he re had been no rea l l y co l p rehens i ve deve lop ren t p l ann ing i n Ze l r e: a t t h e t i [ e o f t h € s € i e c o n o l i c e x p e r l r e n t s " i n t h e r i d - s e v e n t l e r , b u to n l y i n d i v i d u a l p r o g r a r r e s a n d " d i r e c t i v e s " , t h e n a n y f o r r a l t y p e o fp l ann ing nay we l l have been g i ven up co rp l e te l y , The gove rn ren t l a i dd o w n ( a n d o f t e n v e r y s u d d e n l y c h a n g e d ) i n d i v i d u a l p r i o r i t l e s f o recono l i c deve lop ren t , and i n t he end was ob l l ged t o l nc l ude ag r l cu l t u rei a s | { e l l , s i n c e t h e s u p p l y o f s t a p l e g o o d s t o t h e p o p u l a t l o n B a 8Jeopa rd l zed . Fu r t he r ro re , o the r ex te rna l nega t l ve l n f l uences we re' g rox l ng i n i r po r t ance : a sha rp d rop i n wo r l d r a r ke t p r i ces o f coppe ra n d o t h € r r a w r a t e r l a l s , t h e d i s r u p t i o n o f t h e B e n g u e l a l l n e , t h e a t t a c kby t he go -ca l l ed Ka tanga genda r res i n l 9?? and 1978 . F l na l l y a p rog ra r ref o r e c o n o l l c r e v i v a l ( ü o b u t u p l a n ) w a s p r e p a r e d a t t h e e n d o f l 9 ? 7 w i t hthe he lp o f Be lg l u r end t he Uo r l d Bank , and suppo r ted by o th€ r wes te rnc o u n t r i e s . T h e p l a n p r o v l d e d f o r t o t a l i n v e s t r e n t s o f 2 . ? b l l l i o n U S t .Ad r l n l s t r a t i ve r e fo r r s and pub l i c i nves t ren t we re p l anned , t o pave t hex a y f o r f u t u r e f o r e l g n i n v e s t | e n t s . D e v e l o p r e n t p r i o r l t l e s n e r ea l l o c a t e d t o t r e n s p o r t , r l n i n g a n d a g r i c u l t u r e . T h e o b j e c t i v e e o f t h ep l a n w e r e o n l y p a r t l y f u l f t l l e d . U i t h f o r e l g n h e l p , e f f o r t s r e r e r a d e t oreo rgan i ze econo r i c ad . l n l s t r e t i on and t o s t ab i l i ze t h€ econo ry . Th€boos t t o t he €cono ry r as t o b€ ach ieved by a "P lan de re l ance " i nl 9 8 l / 8 3 , r e q u i r i n g l n v e s t l e n t r o f 6 . 9 b i l l i o n Z , T w o t h l r d s o f t h i s p l a nre re t o be f i nanced by f o re l gn 3ou rce3 , Even t hough " t op p r i o r l t y " waaa s s l g n e d t o a g r i c u l l u r e ( l { t o f t h e w h o l e ) , r l n e s ( 3 { f ) , t r a n r p o r t ( 2 0f , and ene rgy (16 t ) r ece l ved cons ide rab l y l a rge r a l oun t3 . The soc le lcec to r ( educe t i on 3 t and hea l i h f t ) He re t aken i n t o on l y scan tc o n s l d e r a t i o n .

I n t h e i n t e r l r e c o n o r i c r e v l v a l p l a n f o r 1 9 8 3 t o 1 9 8 5 , p r l o r i t y w a gg i v e n t o r e p a l r a n d r a i n t e n a n c e o f e x l g t l n g l n s t e l l a t l o n ß r a t h € r t h a n t op ro j ec t s f o r t he c rea t i on o f new l n f r as t r uc tu re . Funds $e re ea r ra r kedf o r r i n e e ( 3 1 * ) , t r a n s p o r t ( 2 6 f , , a g r i c u l t u r e l 2 l f , a n d p o w e r a n dr a t € r E u p p l y ( f 3 t ) . S p e c i a l d e v e l o p r e n t p l a n s f o r a g r l c u l t u r e a n d f o rt h€ pub l i c r l n l ng unde r tak l ng cECAt l I t lES ran pa ra l l e l w l t h t he l n t e r l rp l a n .

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T h e p r e s e n t c o n p r e h e n s i v e f i v e - y e a r p l e n f 9 8 6 t o 1 9 9 0 a l s o a l r i g n sp r i o r i t y t o [ e i n t e n a n c e o f e x i s t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s a n d t o t h e c o r p l e t i o no f c u r r e n t p r o J e c t s . l l o r e o v e r , g r o r t h o f t h e p r i v a t e e c o n o l y r i l l a l s ob e e n c o u r a g e d ; p a r t i c u l a r l n c e n t l v e s a r e p l a n n e d f o r i r p o r t 6 u b s t l t u t e sa n d f o r e x p o r t - o r i e n t e d E e c t o r s . T o t a l i n v e s t t e n t s a r e e s t i r e t e d a t 2 6 1b i l l i o n Z . o f n h i c h 9 5 b i l l l o n Z f r o l t h e p r l v a t € s € c t o r . p u b l i ci n v e E t n e n t s ( f 6 6 b i l l i o n Z , a r e t o c o n c e n t r a t e t a l n l y o n t r a n s p o r t ; 2 3i N a r e s e t a s i d e f o r r i n i n g , 1 5 f f o r p o w e r a n d H a t e r s u p p l y , 1 2 t f o ra g r i c u l t u r e . E d u c a t i o n a n d p u b l l c h e e l t h a r e r t t h e b o t t o r e n d o f t h es c a l e o f p r i o r i t l e s w i t h { X e a c h . T h e a l l o c a t i o n o f f u n d s l s b a a l c a l l yde te r r i ned by t he need t o co rp l e te p ro j ec t s wh l ch have a l r eady beens t a r t e d . I t i s h o p e d t h a t f o r e i g n c o n t r i b u t l o n s w i l l f i n a n c e i 6 I o fp u b l i c i n v e s t r e n t s .

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C O O P E R A T I O N F O R D E V E L O P } I E N T

S i n c e l n d e p e n d e n c e o n 3 0 J u n e 1 9 6 0 , Z a l r € h e s b e e n r e c e i v i n g f l n a n c l a la s s i s t a n c € f o r i t s e c o n o r i c d e v e l o p r e n t b o t h t h r o u g h b i l a t e r a l a n dt r u l t l l a t e r a l a g r e e r e n t s . T h i s c h a p t e r d e a l s w i t h a s s i s t e n c e i t h a sr e c e i v e d s i n c e 1 9 7 5 , t h e y e a r w h e n Z a i r e s i g n e d t h e L o r 6 I c o n v e n t i o non t r ade and econo r i c deve lop len t be t reen t he Eu ropean Econo r i cC o r r u n i t y ( E E C ) a n d t h e A f r i c a n . C a r i b b e a n a n d P a c i f i c ( A C P ) c o u n t r i e s .P a r t i c u l a r e n p h a s i c h a s t h e r e f o r e b e e n g i v e n t o t h € a s 6 i s t a n c e t h a tZa i r e has rece i ved f r o r each o f t he re rbe r s t a tes o f t he Co r run i t y andf r o r t h e C o t r r u n i t y i t s e l f t h r o u g h l t s v a r i o u s i n s t r u r e n t s . H o H € v e r ,b e f o r e l o o k i n g i n t o t h i s c o o p e r a t i o n a c t i v l t y l t i s u s e f u l t o g l v e a no v e r v l e w o f t h e p r o c e s s w h i c h l e d t o t h e s l g n i n g o f t h e v a r l o u sc o n v e n t l o n s , t h e i r s c o p e i n t e r r s o f ' t h e c o v € r a g c o f t h e c o u n t r l € s , a n dthe f ünds av i l ab l e unde r t he Lo r6 conven t i on ,

A t t he roo t o f t he EEC-ACP coope ra t l on l i e s t he T rea t y o f Ro lE , s l gnedi n 1 9 5 7 , w h i c h e s t a b l i s h e d t h e i n s t r u r o n t s o f c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w € e n t h eE u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s , S l x c o u n t r l e E u e r e s i g n a t o r l e s t o t h i s a g r e e r e n ti . e . B e l g i u n , F r a n c e , t h c F e d e . r a l R e p u b l i c o f c e r r a n y , L u x e r b o u r g ,I t a l y a n d t h e N e t h e r l a n d s . H o r e v e r , a s t h e s s n e g o t i a t i o n s e n t e r e dt h e i r f i n a l s t a g e F r a n c e i n s i s t e d o n a s y s t e l o f a s s o c i a t i o n r i t h t h e i r" O v e r s e a s C o u n t r l e 6 a n d T e r r i t o r i e s " ( O C T ' s ) , T h e s y s t e t r o fa s s o c i a t i o n w l t h t h € s e c ö u n t r l e s i n v o l v e d l n p a r t l c u l a r t h €l i b e r a l i z a t i o n o f t r a d e b e t w € e n r e r b e r E t a t e s a n d e a c h o f t h e O C T ' sconc€ rned , p l us f i nanc ia l a i d f r o r t he EEC to he lp t | l t h l nv€s t ren t srequ i r ed f o r t he deve lop ren t o f t he OCT 'S , The EEC was t he r€ fo re t os u p p l € r e n t t h e a i d s u p p l i s d b y t h e i n d i v i d u a l c o u n t r i e s .

I n 1960 l os t o f t he F rench - rpeak lng oC f ' r ga tned t he l r l ndependence andt h e r o f o r € t h e C o r r u n l t y ' s s t a t u t o r y l i n k w l t h t h e s e c o u n t r l e s h a d t o b echanged t o a con t rac tua l ag ree ren t t o t ake accoun t o f t h€ changeds i t üa t i on . . I n t he l i sh t o f t hese deve lop r€n t s t h€ Co r run i t y conc ludedthe Yaound6 I Conven t i on i n Ju l y 1963 , xh l ch l a i d dozn t he i ns t r ü r€n t so f E E C c o o p e r a t i o n x i t h l 8 n e w l y i n d e p € n d e d t A f r l c a n B t a t € s , a l lF rench -speek ing excep t So re l l a . Unde r o f t h i s conven t i on , t h€ Eu ropeanD e v e l o p r e n t F u n d ( E D F ) r l l o c a t l o n w a s r a i s € d t o 8 0 0 r i l l l o n u n i t s o feccoun t co rp r i s i ng l oen r and g ran t s . I n 1969 wh i l e d i r cucs ions *e rer€v i ved f o r U .K . l e rbe rsh ip o f t he EEC, l ( enya , Tanzan ia

' and Uganda

conc luded t he A rusha ag ree ren t n i t h t he EEC. I n l 9?3 , t he Co r run l t ye x p a n d e d t o 9 w i t h t h e a c c e s s i o n o f U . l ( . , I r € l a n d o n d D e n r a r k .

Pu rsuan t t o P ro toco l n " 22 o f t he T rea t y o f Adhes lon , t he en la rgedCor run i t y o f f e red t $en t y Co r l onwea l t h coun t r l es t he poss lb l l l t y o fn e g o t i a t i n g t h e l r f u t u r e r e l a t l o n s . T h l s o f f € r r . s e l s o e x t e n d e d t oA f r l can coun t r i e8 no t r e rbe rs o f t he Co r ron$ea I t h and /o r no t r e rbe r r o ft he g roup o f coun t r i es s i gna to r y o f t h€ Yeound€ I and I I conven t l on i .

The subsequen t n€go t l a t l ons cu l . i na t€d l n t he s l gn ing o f t he Lo r6 Iconven t i on on 28 Feb rua ry l 9?5 b€ tween t he n l ne r€ rbs r coun t r l € r o f t heEu ropean co r run l t y and a3 A f r l cen Ca r l bbean rnd Pac l f l c coun t r l es(AcP) , one o f t he ros t i r po r t an t f ea tu res o f t h i g conven t i on ue ! t hee t t ab l i sh ren t o f t he STABEX sys t€ r , xh i ch l s a r €chan l8 r de r l gned t os tab l l i ze t he r€v€nues o f p r i r a r y exDo r t s o f t he ACP coun t r l ea l n t l r €so f l o r p r l c€s snd /o r f a l l r i n p roduc t i on . I n add l t l on t he f unds ünde rt h e l t h E D F $ e r e l n c r € r s e d t o 3 . l t ? . 8 r l l l l o n u n l t s o f a c c o u n t . T h es€cond Lo r€ conven t l on ssx a f u r t h€ r g ro r t h l n t he re rbe r rh l p o f t hoACP coun t r i es end l n t he l r coope ra t l on t | l t h t h€ EEC; t he l r nu tba r rl nc rea red t o 5? . A s l gn l f l can t f ea tu re o f t h l r conv€n t l on xa ! t hel n t r oduc t l on o f t he SYS t l I i l , a . y s te r des lgned t o r e_e r t ab l l r h t hgv iab l l i t y o f t he r l n l ng sec to r i n Acp coun t r l es . The t t h EDF rec e l r oi n c r e a r e d t o E C U 5 . ? r l l l i o n .

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Th ls g ror th cont lnued and uhen th€ Th l rd Lor6 convsnt lon r r r r ignsd onI Dec€rber 1981, no t on ly had the EEC t€ rb€r rh lp lnc reered to t€n(Greec€ hav lng Jo ined ln 198t , bu t the ACp grouD lncroar€d to 66te tbers , corpr ls lng l5 count r le ! tn A f r tca , l3 count r loa ln thGCar ibbean and I count r ies ln the pec l f l c . The conv€nt lon prov tder fo ra t o t a l f i n a n c t a l p a c k a g e o f 8 . t 0 0 r l l l l o n E C U ' s o f r h l c h ? , t . r eprov lded by the 6 th EDF and l . I by tho Europe.n Inv€r t ten t Ban l . Thebreakdoxn o f the EDF ls a r fo l lo r r :

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I t i s aga lns t t h l e backg round t ha t r e eha l l r ev l en t he deve lop ren ta s s i s t a n c € r e c e l v e d b y Z a l r e s l n c e l 9 ? 5 . T a b l € i l 9 . l r n d 1 9 . 2 p r o y l d ed e t a i l s o f g r a n t s a n d t o t a l e s E i s t a n c e f r o r b l l a t e r a l a n d r u l t l l e t e r a laou rcea , Th€ t o ta l l nd i ca ted f o r each dono r coun t r y l nc l ude r a l dp r o v i d e d b y p r l v a t e a s w e l l a r p u b l i c l n . t l t u t i o n s . B u t f l r r t r e r h e l ll ook as t he a i d r ece l ved by Za i r e f r o t t he EDF . A t 3 l Dsc€ rbo r 1983 .t o t a l c o | r l t , n e n t s f r o r t h e 5 t h E D F a r o u n t e d t o 3 , 6 1 8 . t r i l l i o n E c U , o fw h i c h Z a i r e ' s s h a r e w a s l i l g t i l l l o n E C U ' s o r l . l t o f t h € t o t a l .

Tab le l 9 . l shows t he t o te l g ran t s r ece i ved by Ze l r e b€ tueen l 9?5 andf985 . A rong t he re l be rs o f t he EEC, t he re i n dono r coun t r i es a re - i ndec reas ing o rde r o f con t r l bu t l ons - Be lg l u r , F rance and t he Fed€ re lR e p u b l i c o f G e r r a n y . B e c a u s e o f i t s h t s t o r i c l t n k s r i t h Z e l r € , B e l g i u ri E t h e l a r g e s t d o n o r c o u n t r y r l t h 5 0 . 9 t o f t o t a l 8 i d f o r t h e n h o l Ä o ft h e p e r i o d i n q u e s t i o n . I t i s f o l l o r e d a t s o t e d t s t a n c e b y F r a n c e w i t h8 . 6 S a n d t h e F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f G e r r a n y r i t h t . 8 t , I t a l y w i t h 1 , 2 t ,t h e N e t h € r l a n d s w i t h 0 . 8 X a n d t h e U n i l e d K l n g d o r r { i t h 0 . 2 t , I t l si n t e r € s t l n g t o n o t € i n t a b l e t 9 . l t h a t t h e E E C a n d l t s r e r b e r s t a t € sr€p reßcn t 7? .0 f o f t o t . l g ran t3 r ece i ved by Za l r e be tneon l 9? t end1 9 8 5 , t h e l a r g e s t c o n t r i b u t l o n s b e l n g r a d e i n l 9 ? 9 l z o g . 9 r i l l i o n U S to r 7 8 . 4 S ) a n d i n 1 9 8 0 1 2 0 0 . 2 r i l l i o n u S l o r ? 5 , 8 t ) . T h l s t | a a aconsequ€nce o f t he ra j o r i nc reese i n l oans g ran ted by Be lg l u r andF r a n c e b e t w e € n l 9 ? 5 a n d 1 9 8 0 ( i n t h e c a s e o f B e i g i u l , h o r e v e r , a s t e e d ydec l i ne ras r eco rded be t rdeen l 98 l and 1985 , wh i l e F rance de lons t ra tesg r e a t e r s t a b i l i t y ) , t h e a c c u t u l a t e d c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e s e t H oc o u n t r i e s f o r t h o 6 e t i l o y e a r s $ e r e 6 3 . ? i e n d 6 5 , 5 * ;

U h e n l o o k i n g a t t h e t o t a l n e t d i s b u r s s r e n t s o f d e v e l o p r e n t a i d ( o D A ) ,t h e € a r e p a t t e r n e r e r g e s : t h e l a J o r d o n o r c o u n t r y i s s t i l l B e l g l u r ,w i t h a c o n t r i b u t i o n o f 3 5 . 3 X o f t o t a l a t d b e t w e e n l 9 ? 5 a n d 1 9 9 0 , t nt h e s a l e p e r i o d t h e c o t r r u n i t y a n d l t 6 r e r b e r 3 t a t e s j o l n t l y c o n t r l b u t e d6 1 , 5 X o f O D A , a l o w e r p r o p o r t l o n t h a n f o r s u b s i d t e s .

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- 8 9 -

E u r o p e a n I n v e s t r e n t B a n k ( E I B ) p r o i e c t s

The E IB and t he co t i i r r l on a re t he two f i nanc la l o rgan3 o f t he EEc -AcPcoope ra t i on . unde r t he Lo r6 I conven t i on , t he E IB wac respons ib l e f o ra t ä t a l o f 6 0 0 r i l l i o n u n i t s o f a c c o u n t , , t 0 0 . l l l i o n o f w h l c h c a r e f r o ri t s onn sou rces and 2oo r i l l l on r € re l anaged f r o r t he budg€ t l r ya l l o c a t i o n s o f t h e E D F , i n t h e f o r r o f r i s k c a p i t a l o p e r a t i o n s a n dg r a n t a i d f o r i n t e r e s t s u b s i d i e s o n E I B l o a n s . U n d e r t h e L o r ä I Iöonven t l on r *h i ch ended i n Feb rua ry l 9B5 t hes€ f unds we re i nc reased t oE C U ' s 1 , 3 5 0 n i l l l o n i n c l u d i n g t h e i e n a g e . e n t o f f u n d s f r o r t h eb u d g e t e r y a l l o c a t l o n s .

unde r t he two conven t i ons , l os t o f t he f l nanc ia l a i d p rov l ded unde r t heEDF i s i n t he f o r r . o f ou t r i gh t g ran t i o r l oans on ve ry so f t t e r rcond l t i ons . These f unds r r e i n t ended . a i n l y t o f l nance deve lop r€n tp r o g r e r r e s i n a g r i c u l t u r e , i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a n d i n t h e s o c l a l s e c t o r . 0 ni h e - o t h e r h a n a l t h e E I B ' 5 r o l e h a s b e e n c l e a r l y d e f i n e d a t b e l n g t h ep r i n a r y s o ü r c e o f f i n a n c e f o r l n d u s t r y ' a g r o - l n d u s t r y , i l n l n g e n diou r i s i . t l o xeve r , i t a l so he lps t o f l nance l nves t ren t l n ene rgy andsuppo r t s o the r r evenue -gene ra t l ng econo l l c i n f r as t r uc tu re , I t shou ldbe no ted , howeve r , t ha t t he two conven t i ons do no t p rov i d€ any coun t r yq u o t a s f o r t h e a l l o c a t l o n o f E I B f u n d s '

T h e b r o a d a i n i s t o a c h l e v e a r e a s o n a b l y b a l a n c e d d l s t r l b u t l o n o ff l nance bu t t he ac tua l a l l oca . t i on o f f unds depends on how the coun t r i esa r e a b l e t o c o r e f o r w a r d w i t h v i a b l e p r o J e c t s t u d i e s . F o r t h l s r e a s o nr u c h d e p e n d e o n t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l s i t u a t l o n o f t h e c o u n t r y , l t s r e r k e t s ,i t s a v a i l a b i l i t y o f

- r a i r ä t e r i a l 8 , t h e s k i l l s o f l t s l a b o u r f o r c e a n d

o t h € r f a c t o r s .

Unde r t he Lon6 I and I I conven t i ons , t he E IB had p rov i ded t he ACPc o u n t r i e s w i t h 6 0 2 . 5 0 l i l l i o n E C U ' s b y t h € e n d o f 1 9 8 6 . i n t h e f o r r o fl o a n s ( r i t h a n i n t e r e s t r e t e o f 3 * ) g r e n t e d o n l t s o n n f u n d s a n d2 1 9 , r l ? r i l l l o n E c U ' s l n t h e f o r r o f r i s k c a p i t a l , i ' e . a t o t e l o f8 2 Z . O t ? r i l l i o n E C U ' s , Z a i r e r e c e i v e d 2 0 . 1 5 8 r l l l i o n E c u ' s o f t h i s ( o r

? . f 1 ) , i n t h e f o r r o f r i s k c a p i t a l . U n d e r t h e L o r ö I I I c o n v e n t i o n 't he E I i conc luded l oan ag ree len t s a t a 3 t r i n t e res t r a t€ w l t h Za i r eb e t w € e n I ü a y 1 9 g 6 a n d 3 i D e c e t b e r 1 9 8 6 f o r a t o t a l s u r o f 5 0 r i l l i o nE C U ' s , o r g g . t a r o f t h e t o t e l l o a n s g r a n t e d t o A c P c o ü n t r i e s a t t h a tt l r e ( t 5 0 . ? 0 r i l l i o n E C U ' 3 ) .

The econo r i c sec to r s f o r wh i ch za i r e r ece i ved a i d f r o r t he E IB unde rthe Lo r€ I end I t conven t i ons & re as f o l l ows :

A n o u n t i n n i I I i o n E C U ' s

21 8 . 1 5 8

C o n v e n t i o n

L o m 6 I I( r i s k c a p i t a l )

L o m € I I I( I o a n s a t 3 % i n t e r e s t )

S e c t o r

Ene r gyI n d u s t r y

I n d u s t r y

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90

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E d i t o r a n d a u t h o r T i t l e

R 0 p u b l i q u e d u Z a I r e , I n s t i t u tN a t i o n a l d e l a S t a t i s t i q u e ,C o n u i s s a r i a t G d n 6 r a l a u P l a n

R € p u b l i q u e d u Z a l r e , D d p a r t e n e n t d eI ' E c o n o m i e N a t i o n a l e , I n d u s t r i e e tC o m m e r c e , K i n s h a s a

B a n q u e d u Z a I r e , K i n s h a s a

. A n n u a i r e S t a t i s t i q u e d u Z a i r e19? I

. C o n j o n c t u r e E c o n o r i q u e , A n n ö e s1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 5

. R a p p o r t A n n u e l 1 9 8 4 - 1 9 8 5

r O n l y n a t i o n a l s o u r c e s i I n t e r n a t i o n a l s o u r c e a a r e r e n t i o n e d i n t h e t e x t ,

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El est"olsticas generales (azul oscuro)E Econorla y finanzas (violeta)

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Oassificazione delle pubbli-cazioni dell'Eurostat

TEMA

E St"ti.ti"he generali (blu)

El E"onotia e finanze (viola)

E popolazione e condizioni social i (gial lo)

E energia e industria (azzurro)

El Agricoltura, foreste e pesca (verde)

E Cott"rcio estero (rosso)

El Servizi e trasporti (arancione)

El Diversi (marrone)

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E AnnuariE Tendenze congiunturali

E Conti, indagini e statistiche

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El Aro"s"tE Konlunt<turoversigterEl Regnsfaber, tellinger og statistikker

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THEilE

El G"n"r"l statistics (midnight blue)

El Econoty and finance (violet)

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El en"rgy and industry (blue)

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E YearbooksEl snort+"rm trendsE A""ornts, surveys and statisticsE Stroi"" and analysesEl u"rroo"El napio reports

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El Rtget"ne statistiek (donkerblauw)

El Econotnie en financiön (paars)

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E Energie en industrie (blauw)

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E Buitenlandse handel (rood)

El Diensten en vervoer (oranje)

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El Bevolkerung und soziale Bedingungen (Gelb)

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THEilE

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El E"onorie et finances (violet)

E Poputation et conditions sociales (iaune;

El Energie et industrie (bleu)

E Agriculture, sylviculture et peche (vert)

E Corr"rce extörieur (rouge)

El Services et transports (orange)

E Dioers (brun)

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E Etro". et analysesEl uetnoo""E Statistiques rapides

Nümcro d€ ütulo! por teme y .ede E Antal publikationer pr, emne 09 .€rle tr Anzehl d.r Verlr'ltenüichunganpro fh€m.nlo'cb und Reihe D Ap|OF6q önl|ootaüoG('L xor6 0610 xor oetpö Ü Numb.r of publication3

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E e"t"ti"ticas gerais (azul escuro)

El E"onotia e finangas (violeta)

E poputaCäo e condigöes sociais (amarelo)

E Energia e indrjlstria (azul)

El Agricultura, silvicultura e pesca(verde)

E Comercio externo (vermelho)

E Servigos e transportes (laranja)

EI Diuersos (castanho)

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El AnuariosE ConiunturaEl Contas, inquöritos e estatlsticas

E E"tudo" e anälises

El netooosEl E"tatisticas räpidas

n a tr tr tr tr tr g

E 5 1 3 1 1 1

E 1 6 2 5 5 8 1

tr 2 6 6 9 6 2 4 2

tr 4 3 7 4 1

tr 6 1 1 1 4

E 1 1 1 2 1 1 1

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European Communities - Commission

Reports on ACP countriesZAIRE

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities

1988 - 90 pp. - 21 x 29.7 cm

Theme 1: General statistics (midnight blue covers)Series C: Accounts, surueys and siatistics

EN, FR

fsBN 92-825-8270-1

Catalogue number: CA-NQ-BB-001 -EN-C

ltl"e (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg:ECU 4.40

Eurostat's series of 'Reports on ACP countries' are based on reports compiled by theStatistical Office of the Federal Republic of Germany, and published in that institufion's'Statistik des Auslandes' (Statistics of foreign countries) series. The aim is to providedetailed information on these countries, about which the general public in the EuropeanCommunity is very poorly informed, at a time when ACP-EE-C relations are intensifying andimproving, as a result, in particular, of the conclusion of the Third Lom6 Convent-ion.To make this information available to a wider international readership, Eurostat ispublishing this European version in French and English.This publication contains some general data on the country being reported upon (name,political system, administrative structure) and statistical data on the following fields:teritory, population, health, education, employment, agriculture, forestry, fisheries,industry, external trade, transport and communication, tourism, currency and finance,public accounts, wages and salaries, prices, national accounts, balance of payments,development planning, development for cooperation.

Page 98: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical
Page 99: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical
Page 100: Reports on ACP countries - COnnecting REpositories · 2017-08-11 · 7 FOR EhIOR D Eurostat's series of "Reports on ACP countries" are closely based on reports compiled by the Statistical