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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILREPUBLIC OF THE PHILREPUBLIC OF THE PHILREPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINESIPPINESIPPINESIPPINES

Philippine Statistics AuthorityPhilippine Statistics AuthorityPhilippine Statistics AuthorityPhilippine Statistics Authority

FOREWORD

The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) conducted two (2) rounds of Costs and

Returns Survey (CRS) of Corn Production covering the periods January to June for selected

Luzon provinces and January to September 2013 for Visayas and Mindanao provinces.

The CRS was designed to generate data on the cost structure of corn production,

average use of materials and labor inputs, measures of profitability and other socio-

economic characteristics of corn farming in the country. The costs and returns data

contained in this report are presented according to farm type, white and yellow, with

national and regional levels of disaggregation.

The PSA gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by the National

Rice Program of the Department of Agriculture (DA) for this activity. Further, the PSA

deeply appreciates the cooperation of the farmer respondents who were interviewed by

the Contractual Data Collectors (CDCs) during the two (2) rounds of the survey.

We welcome comments and suggestions from our data users and various

stakeholders for the improvement of our data systems on costs and returns of production.

ROMEO S. RECIDE

Interim Deputy National Statistician

Sectoral Statistics Office

Philippine Statistics Authority

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

FOREWORD i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

LIST OF TABLES iii

EXPLANATORY NOTES x

I. INTRODUCTION 1

A. Rationale 1

B. Objectives 1

II. SURVEY METHODOLOGY

A. Coverage

B. Reference Period

C. Sampling Frame

D. Sampling Design and Sample Selection Procedure

2

2

2

2

2

III. SURVEY OPERATIONS 3

A. Pre-survey Training

B. Data Collection

C. Supervision of Survey Operations

3

4

4

IV. DATA PROCESSING 4

Computation of Average Costs and Returns 5

V. DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS 5

VI. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE FINDINGS 6

A. Characteristics of Corn Farmers 6

B. Farm Characteristics 9

C. Farm Practices 10

D. Input Usage 15

E. Average Production Costs and Returns of Corn 18

F. Other Information 39

STATISTICAL TABLES 46

REFERENCES

143

iii

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page

1 Percentage distribution of corn farmers by sex and by region, Philippines, January-

September 2013

47

2.01 Average age and percentage distribution of corn farmers by age group and by region,

Philippines, January-September 2013

47

2.02 Average age and percentage distribution of male corn farmers by age group and by

region, Philippines, January-September 2013

48

2.03 Average age and percentage distribution of female corn farmers by age group and by


48

3.01 Percentage distribution of corn farmers by educational attainment and by region,


49

3.02 Percentage distribution of male corn farmers by educational attainment and by region,


50

3.03 Percentage distribution of female corn farmers by educational attainment and by


51

4.01 Average farming experience and percentage distribution of corn farmers by number of

years engaged in corn farming and by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

52

4.02 Average farming experience and percentage distribution of male corn farmers by

number of years engaged in corn farming and by region, Philippines, January-

September 2013

52

4.03 Average farming experience and percentage distribution of female corn farmers by

number of years engaged in corn farming and by region, Philippines, January-

September 2013

53

5.01 Percentage distribution of corn farmers by main occupation and by region, Philippines,

January-September 2013

53

5.02 Percentage distribution of male corn farmers by main occupation and by region,


55

5.03 Percentage distribution of female corn farmers by main occupation and by region,


56

6 Percentage of corn farmers by type of farm investment owned and used in corn farm

parcel and by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

57

7 Average farm size and area devoted to corn by region, Philippines, January-September

2013

59

8 Percentage distribution of corn farm parcels by farm type and by region, Philippines,


60

iv

9 Average area planted and harvested of corn farm parcel by farm type and by region,


60

10 Percentage distribution of corn farm parcels by tenurial status and by region,


61

11 Percentage distribution of corn farmers by number of cropping per year and by region,


62

12 Percentage distribution of corn farmers by month of planting and by region,

Philippines, September 2012-July 2013

62

13 Percentage distribution of corn farmers by month of harvesting and by region,


63

14 Percentage distribution of corn farmers by farm type, by type of seeds planted and by


63

15.01 Percentage of corn farmers by source/s of hybrid seeds and by region, Philippines,


64

15.02 Percentage of corn farmers by source/s of modern OPV seeds and by region,


64

15.03 Percentage of corn farmers by source/s of native OPV seeds and by region, Philippines,


65

16 Percentage of corn farmers by type of labor used in land preparation and by region,


65

17 Percentage of corn farmers by method of fertilizer application and by region,


66

18 Percentage of corn farmers by method of weeding and by region, Philippines, January-

September 2013

67

19 Percentage of corn farmers by method of shelling and by region, Philippines, January-

September 2013

67

20 Percentage of corn farmers by method of drying and by region, Philippines, January-

September 2013

68

21 Percentage of corn farmers by type of solid organic fertilizers used and by region,


68

22 Percentage of corn farmers by type of solid inorganic fertilizers used and by region,


69

23 Percentage of corn farmers by type of pesticides used and by region, Philippines,


70

24.01 Percentage of corn farmers by mode of acquisition of seeds, by source and by region,


70

v

24.02 Percentage of corn farmers by mode of acquisition of organic fertilizers, by source and

by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

71

24.03 Percentage of corn farmers by mode of acquisition of inorganic fertilizers, by source

and by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

71

24.04 Percentage of corn farmers by mode of acquisition of pesticides, by source and by


72

25.01 Average quantity of seeds used per hectare by farm type and by region, Philippines,


72

25.02 Average quantity of seeds used per hectare by seed type and by region, Philippines,


73

25.03 Average quantity of solid organic fertilizers used per hectare by farm type and by


73

25.04 Average quantity of solid organic fertilizers used per hectare by seed type and by


74

25.05 Average quantity of inorganic fertilizers used per hectare by farm type and by region,


74

25.06 Average quantity of inorganic fertilizers used per hectare by seed type and by region,


75

26.01 All Corn: Average quantity of solid inorganic fertilizers applied per hectare by type and


75

26.02 White Corn: Average quantity of solid inorganic fertilizers applied per hectare by type


76

26.03 Yellow Corn: Average quantity of solid inorganic fertilizers applied per hectare by type


77

26.04 Hybrid Corn: Average quantity of solid inorganic fertilizers applied per hectare by type


78

26.05 Modern OPV Corn: Average quantity of solid inorganic fertilizers applied per hectare by

type and by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

79

26.06 Native OPV Corn: Average quantity of solid inorganic fertilizers applied per hectare by

type and by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

80

27.01 Average quantity of fertilizer nutrients applied per hectare by farm type and by region,


81

27.02 Average quantity of fertilizer nutrients applied per hectare by seed type and by region,


83

28.01 Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by farm type and by region,


85

vi

28.02 Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by seed type and by region,


85

29.01 All Corn: Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type and by region,


86

29.02 White Corn: Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type and by region,


86

29.03 Yellow Corn: Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type and by region,


87

29.04 Hybrid Corn: Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type and by region,


87

29.05 Modern OPV Corn: Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type and by


88

29.06 Native OPV Corn: Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type and by


88

30 Average labor utilization per hectare by farm type and by region, Philippines, January-

September 2013

89

31 Average labor utilization per hectare by seed type and by region, Philippines, January-

September 2013

89

32.01 All Corn: Average labor utilization per hectare by source and by region, Philippines,


90

32.02 White Corn: Average labor utilization per hectare by source and by region, Philippines,


90

32.03 Yellow Corn: Average labor utilization per hectare by source and by region, Philippines,


91

32.04 Hybrid Corn: Average labor utilization per hectare by source and by region, Philippines,


91

32.05

Modern OPV Corn: Average labor utilization per hectare by source and by region,


92

32.06 Native OPV Corn: Average labor utilization per hectare by source and by region,


92

33.01 Average labor utilization per hectare by farm activity and by farm type, Philippines,


93

33.02 Average labor utilization per hectare by farm activity and by seed type, Philippines,


94

34.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Philippines,


95

vii

34.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type,


97

34.03 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by seed type, Philippines,


98

34.04 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by seed type,


100

34.05 Inter-regional comparison of yield and inputs usage per hectare for corn production,


101

34.06

Inter-regional comparison of average production costs and returns per hectare and per

kilogram for corn production, Philippines, January-September 2013

101

35.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, CAR, January-

June 2013

102

35.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type, CAR,

January-June 2013

103

36.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Ilocos Region,

January-June 2013

104

36.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type, Ilocos

Region, January-June 2013

105

37.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Cagayan Valley,

January-June 2013

106

37.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type, Cagayan

Valley, January-June 2013

107

38.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Central Luzon,

January-June 2013

108

38.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type, Central

Luzon, January-June 2013

109

39.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, CALABARZON,

January-June 2013

110


CALABARZON, January-June 2013

111

40.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, MIMAROPA,

January-June 2013

112


MIMAROPA, January-June 2013

113

41.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Bicol Region,

January-June 2013

114

viii

41.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type, Bicol

Region, January-June 2013

115

42.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Western

Visayas, January-September 2013

116

42.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type, Western


117

43.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Central Visayas,


118

43.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type, Central


119

44.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Eastern


120

44.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type, Eastern


121

45.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Zamboanga

Peninsula, January-September 2013

122


Zamboanga Peninsula, January-September 2013

123

46.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Northern

Mindanao, January-September 2013

124

46.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type, Northern

Mindanao, January-September 2013

125

47.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Davao Region,


126

47.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type, Davao

Region, January-September 2013

127

48.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type,

SOCCSKSARGEN, January-September 2013

128



129

49.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Caraga,


130

49.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type, Caraga,


131

50.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, ARMM,


132

ix

50.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type, ARMM,


133

51 Percentage distribution of corn produce by disposition item and by region, Philippines,


134

52 Percentage of corn farmers reporting on current level of production in comparison with

the same period last year by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

135

53 Percentage of corn farmers with higher volume of production this year by reason for

change in production and by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

135

54 Percentage of corn farmers with lower volume of production this year by reason for

change in production and by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

136

55 Percentage of corn farmers reporting problems on production by region, Philippines,


136

56 Percentage of corn farmers who sold produce to major buyer by region, Philippines,


137

57 Percentage of corn farmers reporting problems on marketing of produce by region,


138

58 Percentage of corn farmers who availed of loans for corn production by source of loan


138

59 Percentage of corn farmers who were aware and availed of benefit from government

programs/interventions in corn production by region, Philippines, January-September

2013

139

60 Percentage of corn farmers who received benefit from government

programs/interventions on corn production by type of benefit and by region,


139

61 Percentage of corn farmers who used the benefit received and increased income by


140

62

Percentage of corn farmers by perceived effect of climate change on their corn farming


140

63 Percentage of corn farmers who are members of farmers’ organization and type of

benefits received by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

141

64 Percentage distribution of corn farmers reporting on the plan of farm operations by


141

65 Percentage of corn farmers reporting on the recommendations to further improve the

corn production by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

142

x

EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. Data on demographic characteristics and farm practices contained in this report were

collected in 38 provinces covered by the survey.

2. The national average costs and returns of production represent the consolidated data

for 11 provinces of Luzon during the January to June 2013 period and 27 provinces of

Visayas and Mindanao in the January to September 2013 period. The regional average

refers to the average of the major producing provinces representing the region. In the

case of the following regions, the regional averages refer only to one (1) province:

CAR Ifugao

Ilocos Region Pangasinan

Central Luzon Tarlac

CALABARZON Quezon

MIMAROPA Palawan

Eastern Visayas Leyte

Caraga Agusan del Sur

3. Blank cells in the statistical tables indicate that there was no report for a particular data

item.

4. Data may not add up to respective totals due to rounding off of figures.

5. Percentage is used for multiple responses and may not equal to 100 percent while

percentage distribution is used for single response and should equal to 100 percent.

6. Concepts and definitions used in the report:

Cash Costs – refer to direct cash outlays or cash payments for the use of different

factors of production such as hired labor, fertilizers, chemicals, etc.

Non-Cash Costs – expenditures which are paid in kind. The prevailing prices in the

community are used in the valuation. Generally, these non-cash costs represent the

portions of the farmer’s production that serve as payments for the use of particular

factor of production.

Imputed Costs – expenditures that do not involve actual outlays in cash or in kind.

They represent the costs using owned resources in a particular activity. Valuation is

attributed through the value of the best alternative use given up for the purpose.

xi

The cost items are as follows:

Seeds – all types of corn seeds used in the production.

Fertilizers – any substance, solid or liquid, inorganic or organic, natural or

synthetic, single or combination of materials applied to the soil or on the plant to

provide one or more of the essential elements to improve plant nutrition, growth,

yield or quality, or for promoting a chemical change that enhances plant nutrition

and growth.

Soil ameliorants – elements placed or mixed into the soil to replenish depleted soil

nutrients for better plant growth.

Pesticides – all types of yield-protecting form of chemicals.

Hired labor – labor rendered by a person who is paid by the farm operator on the

agreed basis of payment. Hired labor includes man or animal or machine or any

combination with man-labor.

Mandays – conceptually, one manday is equivalent to eight (8) hours of work. To

compute for mandays, the number of days multiplied by number of hours worked

per day and the result is divided by eight (8).

Land tax – amount of tax paid by the owner-operator for the farm land.

Rentals – payments for the use of land, machine, animal, tools and farm

machineries.

Fuel and Oil – the costs incurred for the use of gasoline, oil, and other related

inputs.

Transport costs of inputs – expenditures incurred in transporting farm inputs to

the production sites.

Irrigation fee – payment for irrigation services utilized.

Interest payment on crop loan – payment for the interest on borrowed capital used

in the farm production.

Landowner’s share – portion of farmer’s production that goes to the owner of farm

land based on the agreed sharing system.

Repairs – costs incurred for all minor repairs and improvements made on the farm

investments.

xii

Food expenses – cash expenditures incurred in providing food to farm laborers.

Harvester’s/ Sheller’s share – portion of farmer’s production that serves as

payment to farm laborers who performed the harvesting and/or shelling activities.

Operator labor – imputed wages as payment to labor contributed by the operator.

Mandays of labor are valued at prevailing wage rate in the locality.

Family labor – labor rendered by the farmer’s family members who take part in any

production activities. Mandays of labor are valued at prevailing wage rate in the

locality.

Exchange labor – work done by farm laborers in exchange (or as payment) to the

work done by the farm operator/household members outside his/her own farm.

Depreciation – cost of wear and tear of farm tools and equipment, machinery and

other farm facilities and structures. The straight-line method is used in computing

for depreciation where the cost of acquisition is divided by the estimated life span of

above cited items.

Interest on operating capital – cost of capital foregone for the purchase of seeds,

fertilizers, chemicals and payment of wages for hired labor; this is derived by

multiplying the total cash outlays by the prevailing lending rates.

Rental value of owned land – imputed cost which is derived by asking the farmer

how much would be the annual value of the land if it will be rented.

Total Cost – refers to the sum of cash costs, non – cash costs and imputed costs.

Fixed Costs – are those costs which remain the same regardless of the volume of

production. Examples are land tax, lease rentals, interest payment on crop loan,

depreciation and rental value of owned land.

Variable Costs – are those costs that change with the level of output. Examples are

seed/seedlings, fertilizers, chemicals, labor, irrigation fee, etc.

Gross Returns – refers to the total value of production which is derived by multiplying

the total volume of produce by the price received by the farmer per kilogram.

Returns Above Cash Costs – returns after deducting the total cash outlays from the

total cost of production.

Returns Above Cash and Non-Cash Costs – returns after subtracting the cash and

non-cash costs from the total costs.

xiii

Net Returns – refers to the net profit after subtracting all expenses incurred in corn

production (gross returns–total costs).

Net Profit-Cost Ratio – determines the rate of return to the farmers. This is the amount

earned by the farmer for every peso spent in the production.

Focus parcel – the particular farm parcel where the last harvest is completed within

the reference period. All information collected for this survey refers to the focus parcel.

1

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Rationale

The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) recognizes the importance of generating

data on costs and returns of corn production. Thus, whenever there is opportunity, PSA

conducts Costs and Returns Survey (CRS). CRS data are among the highly requested

information from major users such as policy analysts, national accounts compilers,

farmers and other entrepreneurs in the agricultural sector. For corn farmers, CRS data

can serve as basis for the improvement of their efficiency and profitability. For both

government and non-government planners and policy makers, CRS data can be used in

designing appropriate programs and projects to boost the growth and development of

the corn industry.

Other important applications of CRS data are in the financial and insurance markets.

In particular, financial institutions require feasibility studies in every investment

portfolio. Doing a feasibility study needs CRS data. On the other hand, CRS data can

serve as solid basis in determining appropriate insurance premium rates.

The last Costs and Returns Survey of Corn Production was done in 2009. The

production costs and returns data generated by the 2009 survey were rather old and

may no longer be reflective of the current situation. While the regular updating of the

baseline data is being done, the impact of new technologies on the overall cost structure

of corn production may not be fully captured leading to possible unrealistic estimates.

Thus, with funding support from the National Rice Program of the Department of

Agriculture (DA), the PSA conducted the 2013 Survey of Costs and Returns of Corn

Production. The updated CRS data will serve as the primary basis for the annual

updating of costs and returns of corn production.

B. Objectives

The general objective of the survey is to generate data on costs and returns of corn

production. Likewise, the results will be used as basis in updating the database on costs

and returns.

Specifically, the survey aims to:

• establish an up-to-date production costs structure;

• come up with updated data sets on average use of material and labor inputs;

• determine indicators of profitability such as gross and net returns, returns above

cash cost, returns above cash and non-cash cost, profit-cost ratios and others;

and,

2

• generate other related socio-economic variables that can help characterize corn

farming households.

II. SURVEY METHODOLOGY

A. Coverage

The domain of the survey was the province. The survey was conducted in 38 corn

producing provinces in two (2) rounds to capture production seasonality and to obtain

better indicators of farm profitability. The first survey round was in July 2013 covering

321 corn farmers and the second survey round was conducted in September 2013

covering 1,035 corn farmers.

B. Reference Period

The reference period for the July 2013 survey round was the last completed harvest

within January to June 2013 which covered only Luzon provinces. For the September

2013 survey round, the reference period was the last completed harvest within January

to September 2013 and covered Visayas and Mindanao provinces.

C. Sampling Frame

The survey used the sub-samples of the Corn Production Survey (CPS)1. The 2013

CRS-Corn July Round used the CPS April 2013 Round raw data files in extracting

information on sample farmers/agricultural operators with corn harvest in January to

March 2013 and those with expected corn production (i.e. production forecasts) in

April to June 2013 based on standing crop.

On the other hand, the 2013 CRS-Corn September Round utilized two sets of raw

data files, those from the CPS April 2013 Round and those from July 2013 Round data

files, to come up with information on sample households with corn harvest in January

to March 2013 and April to June 2013 as well as those with expected corn production in

July to September 2013 based on standing crop. For both rounds, information on farm

type, seed type and month of harvest were obtained from the raw data files.

D. Sampling Design and Sample Selection Procedure

The resulting list of households with production/expected production during the

reference period was provided to concerned Operations Centers prior to each round’s

field operations. The list contained the names of farmers, type of farm, seed type and

month of harvest, and the geographic identification of the households. During data 1 The CPS is one of the two modules of the Palay and Corn Production Survey (PCPS). The PCPS is a quarterly survey of the Philippine

Statistics Authority (PSA). Its primary objective is to collect information on palay/corn area, production for the past quarter and

production forecasts for the next two quarters.

3

collection, further screening was done to confirm if those listed actually harvested corn

during the reference period. It was to be noted that one of the considerations used in

the initial screening of those to be covered in the CRS was information on expected

production (forecast) based on standing crop.

Data on costs and returns of corn production pertained to the focus parcel/s

operated or managed by the sample farmer/agricultural operator2. Focus parcel refers

to the area where the last completed corn production cycle during the reference period

took place. Its size may be equal to or less than the total agricultural area operated by

the sample farmer.

III. SURVEY OPERATIONS

A. Pre-survey Training

Three (3) levels of training were conducted. This activity aimed to have uniform

understanding of the survey concepts and procedures that were used during the survey

operations.

The first level was the training of selected Central Office (CO) staff who served as the

trainers in the next level of training. The second level training was for the Regional and

Provincial Agricultural Statistics Officers (RASOs and PASOs). They served as trainers

for the third level training which was intended for the Provincial Operations Centers

(POCs) staff and the Contractual Data Collectors (CDCs). Each level of training covered

the following activities:

• presentation of concepts and definitions, and procedures;

• conduct of dry run exercise in a non-sample barangay which provided the

training participants with hands-on experience of the things discussed

during the lectures;

• clearing of issues encountered during the dry run exercise; and,

• discussion of consistency checks and other editing guidelines.

2 In the PCPS, the enumeration units are the farm households, represented by the listed farmers/agricultural operators. In the 2013 CRS-

Corn, the enumeration units are the farmers/agricultural operators of the PCPS sample households who harvested corn during the

reference period, thus the term “sample farmer/agricultural operator” in CRS documents.

4

B. Data Collection

The data collection was carried out by the CDCs in sample provinces with more than

20 samples using structured questionnaire. For provinces with samples of 20 and

below, the regular staff of the POCs conducted the data collection. The following

activities were undertaken during field data collection:

• The usual courtesy call to the Barangay Officials in getting clearance for the

conduct of the survey;

• Searching for the target respondent or the farmer whose name appears in the

list of samples3;

• Asking of screening questions: First, if the sample farmer harvested corn

during the reference period. Second, if the corn produce was intercropped

with other crops. If harvested corn was not intercropped, then the next

screening question was asked. Third, if they produced corn for seed

purposes. If the farmers harvested during the reference period and the

produce was not intended for seed purposes, then the last screening question

was asked. Lastly, if 20 percent or more of the area planted to corn were

damaged by flood, pests and diseases, etc. If the damage was less than 20

percent or none, interview proper followed; and,

• Making callbacks when necessary.

C. Supervision of Survey Operations

The POC and selected CO Staff conducted the field supervision. They ensured that

the field data collection ran smoothly and within the set schedule. These assigned

personnel were tasked to observe the data collectors, make follow-ups, spot-check the

CDCs, edit the completed questionnaires and back-check the work of the CDCs to ensure

the quality of data that were collected.

IV. DATA PROCESSING

Editing and coding of survey returns were done at the POCs upon submission of the

accomplished questionnaires by the CDCs. The POC staff served as editors.

3 Replacement of samples was not allowed, except in cases where the sample farmer gave up the operation and the person who took

over was a member of the same household.

5

Electronic data processing involved data encoding, data cleaning and correction of

errors. Initially, data were encoded at the POCs using CSPro-based data capture

program that the Information and Communication Technology Division (ICTD)

developed. Data cleaning and correction of errors were done in two levels. The first

level involved the Provincial Processing Officers (PPOs) using the CSPro-based error-

listing program. These data files were then submitted to ICTD and were exported to MS

Excel. The second level of data cleaning was done at the Agricultural Accounts and

Statistical Indicators Division (AASID) using MS Excel. The output of the second level of

data cleaning was the final set of raw data files which were used for the generation of

data tables.

Computation of Average Costs and Returns

The sum of all costs obtained from all sample farmers in the province comprised the

provincial total costs. Then, the total costs of producing corn obtained from sample

provinces were aggregated to come up with the regional total. Finally, the total costs of

producing corn in all regions were summed up to get the national total for January to

September 2013. Similar procedures were employed for area harvested and volume of

production.

Average costs and returns were computed on per hectare of production as follows:

areaharvestTotal

outputor input ofvalueTotalhectarePer =

The indicators of profitability were derived using the following computational procedures:

1. Gross Returns = Production x Farmgate Price

2. Returns Above Cash Costs = Gross Returns – Cash Costs

3. Returns Above Cash and Non-Cash Costs = Gross Returns – (Cash Costs + Non-Cash Costs)

4. Net Returns = Gross Returns – Total Costs

5. Net Profit-Cost Ratio = Net Returns ÷ Total Costs

V. DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS

The Socio-Economic Statistics Section (SESS) of AASID spearheaded the conduct of

seminars, training and technical meetings in preparation for the review and analysis of

all the output tables. The data generated through customized data processing system

were subjected to a series of review and validation using the following approaches:

6

• completeness, consistency and range checks of data within and across tables;

and,

• spatial and temporal analysis of results with the use available auxiliary

information.

The data review and analysis were done by AASID. Data review and validation of

the output data tables by region were conducted before these were finalized. The

results were presented by SESS to the steering committee and members of the

Technical Working Group on Agricultural Accounts and Indicators (TWG–AAI).

After the final data review and validation, the total number of samples accounted to

309 corn farmers in Luzon provinces and 951 corn farmers in Visayas and Mindanao

provinces.

VI. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE FINDINGS

A. Characteristics of Corn Farmers

(Tables 1-6)

Sex, Age, Educational Attainment and Farming Experience

• Of the total number of sample corn farmers interviewed nationwide, 92.78

percent were males and 7.22 percent were females. In Central Luzon (Tarlac)

and CALABARZON (Quezon), all the reporting corn farmers were males. CAR

(Ifugao) and Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) accounted for the biggest proportions of

female corn farmers at around 15 percent each.

• At the national level, the average age of corn farmers was 53 years old. This was

52 years for the males and 57 years for the females. The oldest groups of

farmers were noted in Eastern Visayas (Leyte) and Central Visayas with an

average age of 58 years and 57 years, respectively. The youngest group of

farmers was noted in ARMM with an average age of 47 years.

• By age group, corn farmers belonging to 41 to 50 years and 51 to 60 years

comprised the biggest proportions at about 30 percent each. There were 9.37

percent who were more than 70 years old. Few farmers at 1.51 percent were

aged less than 31 years old. Among regions, Western Visayas posted the biggest

proportion of corn farmers at 50 percent belonging to age group 51 to 60 years.

SOCCSKSARGEN had 40.35 percent of the corn farmers aged 41 to 50 years old.

In CAR (Ifugao), Central Luzon (Tarlac), Central Visayas and Caraga (Agusan del

Sur), 16 to 19 percent were more than 70 years old.

7

• On the average, 42.38 percent of corn farmers in the country had elementary

education. Elementary graduates comprised 22.94 percent. This proportion was

higher among female corn farmers at 31.87 percent than male corn farmers at

22.24 percent. Meanwhile, some 10.71 percent and 3.33 percent of corn farmers

reached high school and college education, respectively. There were 13.17

percent who finished high school. Only 3.49 percent of the corn farmers

completed college education. The females had higher proportion of college

graduates at 6.59 percent while this was 3.25 percent among the male corn

farmers. Those who had no schooling accounted for 2.70 percent of corn

farmers. By region, MIMAROPA (Palawan) recorded the biggest proportions of

corn farmers who were graduates of high school at 40 percent and college

education at 20 percent. There were 10 percent who attained post-graduate

studies. About 18.52 percent in CAR (Ifugao) and 16.67 percent in Central Luzon

(Tarlac) were college degree holders.

• Nationwide, farming experience of corn farmers averaged 23 years. This was 23

years for the males and 22 years for the females. Across regions, average farming

experience of corn farmers ranged from 16 years in MIMAROPA (Palawan) to 30

years in CAR (Ifugao).

• There were 32.78 percent of corn farmers with 11 to 20 years of experience in

corn farming. About 27.14 percent reported farming experience of 21 to 30

years while 22.14 percent of corn farmers noted more than 30 years. Some 17.94

percent had been engaged in corn farming for less than 11 years. By region, the

biggest proportions of corn farmers with 11 to 20 years of experience in corn

farming were recorded in MIMAROPA (Palawan) and Central Luzon (Tarlac) at

60 percent and 50 percent, respectively. In Eastern Visayas (Leyte), more corn

farmers at 41.38 percent indicated 21 to 30 years while 44.44 percent of corn

farmers in CAR (Ifugao) noted more than 30 years of experience.

Main Occupation

• Crop farming was the main occupation of 80.79 percent of corn farmers

nationwide. Specifically, crop faming was cited by 81.52 percent of the male corn

farmers and 71.43 percent of the female corn farmers. Orchard farming as the

main occupation was noted by 9.29 percent of the corn farmers. Few farmers at

1.11 percent worked mainly as fishermen. Some 3.57 percent were laborers and

unskilled workers. Across regions, the percentage of corn farmers who reported

crop farming as their main occupation ranged from 40 percent in MIMAROPA

(Palawan) to 97.14 percent in Caraga (Agusan del Sur). Meanwhile, majority or

81.82 percent of corn farmers in CALABARZON (Quezon) and 51.72 percent in

Eastern Visayas (Leyte) cited orchard farming as their main occupation.

Laborers and unskilled workers comprised bigger proportions in CALABARZON

(Quezon) at 18.18 percent and Western Visayas at 14.81 percent.

8

Farm Investments Owned and Used in the Focus Parcel

• When asked on the use of owned farm investment in corn faming such as work

animals, 47.22 percent of corn farmers had carabao, 8.89 percent had cattle and

5.71 percent had horse. By region, ownership of carabao was cited by 22.22

percent in Central Luzon (Tarlac) to 83.56 percent in Bicol Region. Higher

proportions of corn farmers who owned and used cattle for corn farming were

noted in ARMM, Northern Mindanao and Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) at 30.61

percent, 24.24 percent and 19.57 percent, respectively.

• As to farm buildings and other structures, 23.57 percent of corn farmers across

the country owned farm houses. About 3.17 percent had warehouse/storage and

2.22 percent had farm shed. Caraga (Agusan del Sur) reported the biggest

percentage of corn farmers with farmhouse at 51.43 percent while Northern

Mindanao accounted for the biggest proportion of corn farmers with

warehouse/storage at 9.70 percent. Ownership and use of drying pavement was

reported only by 0.88 percent of the sample corn farmers in SOCCSKSARGEN.

• For farm machineries, irrigation pump was reported by 4.60 percent of corn

farmers in the country. Among regions, ownership of irrigation pump was cited

by 80.43 percent of corn farmers in Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) and 77.78

percent in Central Luzon (Tarlac). Meanwhile, farmers with two-wheel tractors

comprised 3.65 percent while those with four-wheel tractors were only 0.48

percent of corn farmers nationwide. Those who owned and used sheller, cart

and other transport facilities corresponded to 1.59 percent, 1.67 percent and

3.17 percent. In Central Luzon (Tarlac), about 55.56 percent reported having

two-wheel tractors.

• The common farm tools and implements owned and used in corn farming were

bolo as reported by 92.06 percent, plow and yoke as mentioned by 56.35 percent

and 36.43 percent, respectively. Some 28.33 percent had spade; 26.90 percent

had sprayer; 23.57 percent had scythe; 19.21 percent had sled; 17.70 percent

had harrow and 10.63 percent had hoe. Reports on ownership of jabber, weeder,

spading fork, post hole digger, rake, weighing scale, wooden sheller and trowel

ranged from 0.71 percent to 6.90 percent. In CALABARZON (Quezon) and

Eastern Visayas (Leyte), all corn farmers reported ownership and use of bolo in

their corn farms. Plow was commonly used by 88 to 90 percent in CAR (Ifugao),

MIMAROPA (Palawan) and Bicol Region. In Central Luzon (Tarlac), the usage of

spade was reported by 94.44 percent. There were 81.48 percent and 74.07

percent of the corn farmers in CAR (Ifugao) who used sprayer and yoke,

respectively.

9

B. Farm Characteristics

(Tables 7-10)

Farm Size and Area Devoted to Corn

• The average size of farms covering all crops was 2.14 hectares. The area

devoted to corn production averaged 1.14 hectares. MIMAROPA (Palawan) had

the biggest physical area of farms at 6.33 hectares with area devoted to corn at

2.28 hectares. CAR (Ifugao) posted the biggest area devoted to corn at 2.66

hectares.

Type of Corn Farm Parcels, Area Planted/Harvested to Corn

• At the national level, 72.54 percent of the focus farm parcels were planted to

white corn while 27.46 percent were cultivated with yellow corn. All the focus

farm parcels in CALABARZON (Quezon), Central Visayas, Eastern Visayas (Leyte)

and Davao Region were planted with white corn. In CAR (Ifugao), Ilocos Region

(Pangasinan) and Central Luzon (Tarlac), the focus farm parcels were planted

only to yellow corn. Bigger proportions of farm parcels in Bicol Region, Western

Visayas, Zamboanga Peninsula, Northern Mindanao, SOCCSKSARGEN, Caraga

(Agusan del Sur) and ARMM ranging from 61.40 percent to 96.21 percent were

planted to white corn.

• The survey noted that the average area of the focus parcel planted to corn was

mostly the same as the area harvested. At the national level, the area planted

and harvested to white corn averaged 0.67 hectare. By region, ARMM posted the

biggest focus area planted to white corn at 1.12 hectares while area harvested

was only 1.10 hectares attributed to damaged produce. The smallest white corn

area planted was noted in Central Visayas at 0.34 hectare while area harvested

was 0.33 hectare. On the other hand, the area of the focus parcel planted and

harvested to yellow corn averaged 1.05 hectares. It ranged from 0.62 hectare in

Western Visayas to 2 hectares in Zamboanga Peninsula.

Tenurial Status

• About 36.11 percent of the focus corn farm parcels in the country were fully

owned, 25 percent were tenanted, 16.27 percent were owner-like possession

and 13.73 percent were rent-free. The remaining 8.88 percent comprised other

tenurial systems such as leased/rented, amortized, held under CLT/CLOA,

stewardship, mortgaged and those under voluntary offer to sell (VOS).

• The proportions of fully owned parcel were biggest in MIMAROPA (Palawan)

and ARMM at about 70 percent each. The biggest tenanted corn farm parcels

were found in Eastern Visayas (Leyte) at 65.52 percent and CALABARZON

10

(Quezon) at 54.55 percent. The corn farm parcels in CAR (Ifugao) were

dominated by those held under owner-like possession at 62.96 percent. More

rent-free corn farm parcels were noted in Western Visayas and Davao Region at

33.33 percent and 30.46 percent, respectively.

C. Farm Practices

(Tables 11-24.4)

Number of Croppings per Year

• Nationwide, 81.43 percent of corn farmers practiced two (2) croppings per year.

Some 12.70 percent adopted three (3) croppings while the rest at 5.87 percent

had one (1) cropping a year. Two (2) croppings per year were observed by all

the sample corn farmers in CAR (Ifugao), Ilocos Region (Pangasinan), Central

Luzon (Tarlac) and CALABARZON (Quezon). The practice of three croppings a

year was common among 41.06 percent in Davao Region. There were 41.84

percent of the corn farmers in ARMM who reported one cropping in a year.

Month Planting

• Planting of corn was noted mostly in months of March, April, May and November

with 11.19 percent, 18.25 percent, 25.16 percent and 14.29 percent of corn

farmers reporting, respectively. Across regions, those who planted in May was

observed highest among corn farmers in Western Visayas at 66.67 percent and

Central Visayas at 58.38 percent. Planting of corn during November was noted in

CAR (Ifugao), Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) and Central Luzon (Tarlac) as cited by

55.56 percent to 83.33 percent of corn farmers. April was the usual month of

planting in Zamboanga Peninsula as mentioned by 49.24 percent of the corn

farmers.

Month Harvesting

• Harvesting of corn in August was reported by 25.40 percent of the farmers in

the country. About 17.78 percent harvested corn in March; 15.40 percent in July

and 13.97 percent in September. By region, the proportions of corn farmers who

harvested in August were highest in Western Visayas and Northern Mindanao at

48.15 percent and 43.64 percent, respectively. On the other hand, harvesting in

March was noted among 80 to 83 percent in Ilocos Region (Pangasinan), Central

Luzon (Tarlac) and CALABARZON (Quezon). Zamboanga Peninsula had 40.91

percent of the corn farmers who harvested corn in July. September harvesting

was observed by 49.13 percent in Central Visayas.

11

Type of Seed Planted

• Of the total number of white corn farmers, 59.08 percent were users of native

OPV seeds; 40.37 percent used modern OPV seeds and 0.55 percent used hybrid

seeds. Among those who planted yellow corn, 74.86 percent used hybrid seeds;

21.97 percent, modern OPV seeds and 3.18 percent, native OPV seeds.

• At the regional level, all the white corn farmers in Cagayan Valley, CALABARZON

(Quezon) and Eastern Visayas (Leyte) planted the native OPV seeds. The usage of

modern OPV seeds was noted among 88.57 percent in SOCCSKSARGEN. Hybrid

seeds were used only by 2.70 percent and 3.45 percent of the white corn farmers

in Northern Mindanao and Caraga (Agusan del Sur), respectively. On the other

hand, the hybrid seeds of yellow corn were planted by all the sample farmers in

CAR (Ifugao), Ilocos Region (Pangasinan), Cagayan Valley and Caraga (Agusan

del Sur). The biggest proportions of the yellow corn farmers at 87.50 percent in

MIMAROPA (Palawan) and 82.61 percent in the Bicol Region used the modern

OPV seeds. There were 40 percent in ARMM who were users of native OPV of

yellow corn.

Source of Seeds

• About 93.94 percent of hybrid seed users in the country sourced their seeds

from traders. There were 2.65 percent who got their hybrid seeds from

cooperatives and only 1.89 percent obtained from co-farmers. Only few at 0.76

percent of the corn farmer-respondents acquired hybrid seeds from the

Department of Agriculture/Regional Field Office (DA/RFO), the Local

Government Units (LGUs) and seed growers. All corn farmers in Central Luzon

(Tarlac), Western Visayas and Caraga (Agusan del Sur) sourced this seed type

from traders.

• Of the total number of corn farmers who planted modern OPV seeds, 55.73

percent reported that their seeds came from their own produce while 28.76

percent noted that their seeds were sourced from co-farmers. About 12.36

percent obtained their modern OPV seeds from traders. About 0.67 percent to

2.47 percent got their seeds from seed growers, DA/RFO and LGUs. The modern

OPV seed type planted in Central Visayas and Zamboanga Peninsula was mostly

own produced as reported by 78.05 percent and 79.25 percent of corn farmers,

respectively. In Bicol Region, 54.17 percent cited traders as their source of seeds.

• Similarly, native OPV seeds were mostly out of the produce of the 66.24 percent

of corn farmers in the country. About 26.86 percent sourced their seeds from co-

farmers and 5.81 percent got their seeds from traders. The proportion of corn

farmers who acquired seeds from DA/RFO, LGUs and cooperatives ranged from

0.18 percent to 0.73 percent. In Cagayan Valley and MIMAROPA (Palawan), all

12

corn farmers produced their own native OPV seeds. Co-farmers were the sources

of native type of seeds used by 58.62 percent in Eastern Visayas (Leyte) and

69.23 percent in Davao Region.

Method of Land Preparation

• Nationwide, about 58.25 percent of corn farmers used man-animal labor in

plowing while 15.48 percent utilized man-machine labor. In rotavating, about

3.18 percent employed 2-wheel and 4-wheel tractors. In the case of harrowing,

40.32 percent of corn farmers utilized man-animal labor while 5.79 percent used

man-machine labor. The usage of man-animal labor in furrowing was reported

by 63.73 percent while a few or 2.94 percent utilized man-machine labor.

• Man-animal labor in plowing was employed by all corn farmers in Eastern

Visayas (Leyte). Rotavating using the service of man and machine such as 4-

wheel tractor was reported by 13.04 percent in Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) and

14.52 percent in Cagayan Valley. For harrowing, man-animal labor was mostly

employed by 80 to 88.89 percent of corn farmers in MIMAROPA (Palawan), Bicol

Region and CAR (Ifugao). On the other hand, 88.89 percent of corn farmers in

Central Luzon (Tarlac) used 2-wheel tractors in harrowing. Furrowing by man-

animal was practiced by all corn farmers in MIMAROPA (Palawan). There were

66.67 percent in Central Luzon (Tarlac) who utilized machine in furrowing.

Method of Fertilizer Application

• Across the country, fertilizer application through side dressing method was

reported by 53.41 percent of the sample corn farmers. Basal application was

practiced by 30.79 percent and top dressing by 27.14 percent.

• In Central Luzon (Tarlac), all the sample corn farmers adopted side dressing

while there were 94.44 percent who applied fertilizer by top dressing. Similarly,

these two methods of fertilizer application were common among 91.30 percent

of corn farmers in Ilocos Region (Pangasinan). Basal application was the

dominant practice among 87.10 percent of corn farmers in Cagayan Valley and

67.88 percent in Northern Mindanao.

Method of Weeding

• Nationwide, 59.13 percent of corn farmers removed weeds manually. Chemical

spraying was employed by 30 percent. By region, all corn farmers in

CALABARZON (Quezon) practiced manual weeding while chemical spraying was

highly practiced by 96.77 percent of farmers in Cagayan Valley. Manual weeding

was not practiced by the sample corn farmers in Central Luzon (Tarlac). There

13

was no reported chemical spraying done by the sample corn farmers in

CALABARZON (Quezon) and Eastern Visayas (Leyte).

Method of Shelling

• Shelling of corn was done manually by 58.73 percent of corn farmers in the

country. There were 33.57 percent who shelled corn mechanically. About 0.56

percent employed both methods. In CALABARZON (Quezon) and Eastern Visayas

(Leyte), all corn farmers did manual shelling of corn and there was no reported

usage of machine in shelling. All corn farmers in Central Luzon (Tarlac)

performed only mechanical shelling.

Method of Drying

• At the national level, about 84.52 percent of corn farmers did solar drying while

0.08 percent employed mechanical drying. All corn farmers in Eastern Visayas

(Leyte) dried corn under the sun. Mechanical drying of corn was reported only in

Caraga (Agusan del Sur) by 2.86 percent of corn farmers.

Use of Yield Enhancing Inputs

• The solid type of organic fertilizer was used by only few corn farmers. Across the

country, about 1.59 percent of corn farmers applied animal manure and 0.71

percent used other solid organic fertilizers like compost, vermicast, Guano,

Green Friend, Wellgrow Bio-Organic and Durabloom. The usage of animal

manure was observed only in Central Visayas, Zamboanga Peninsula, Northern

Mindanao and Davao Region by 0.66 to 4.24 percent of the corn farmers.

• For the solid type of inorganic fertilizers, the more popular grades were urea

(46-0-0) and complete (14-14-14) as reported by 43.02 percent and 33.17

percent of the corn farmers, respectively. The application of ammonium sulfate

(21-0-0) and ammonium phosphate (16-20-0) was also cited by 18.65 to 20.71

percent. Less than one percent of the corn farmers used liquid inorganic

fertilizers like Humus and Green Bee. Likewise, few corn farmers at less than one

percent reported the use of solid and liquid inorganic foliar fertilizers.

• Except for Eastern Visayas (Leyte), the proportion of farmers who used urea

(46-0-0) ranged from 9.09 percent in CALABARZON (Quezon) to 94.35 percent

in Cagayan Valley. Majority of the corn farmers in Central Luzon (Tarlac) at

83.33 percent were users of complete fertilizer (14-14-14). It was least applied

in Eastern Visayas (Leyte) with only 3.45 percent reporting. There was no

reported user of this fertilizer grade in CALABARZON (Quezon). About half of the

sample corn farmers in Zamboanga Peninsula applied ammonium phosphate

14

(16-20-0) in their corn farms. Ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) was also commonly

used by 44.44 percent in Central Luzon (Tarlac).

Use of Yield Protecting Inputs

• At the national level, the liquid type of herbicides/weedicides was used by 31.35

percent of corn farmers. The usage of liquid form of insecticides and fungicides

was cited by 3.25 percent and 0.08 percent, respectively. Only 3.49 percent of

corn farmers applied the solid form of herbicides/weedicides, insecticides,

fungicides and rodenticides. Among regions, the biggest proportion of corn

farmers who used liquid herbicides/weedicides was noted in Cagayan Valley at

96.77 percent. This was followed by those in Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) at 56.52

percent, SOCCSKSARGEN at 48.25 percent and Davao Region at 46.36 percent.

Mode of Acquisition of Material Inputs

• Nationwide, 50.79 percent of corn farmers used the seeds from their own

produce. There were 39.12 percent who purchased seeds and 8.65 percent

received seeds from private individuals/organizations and 1.51 percent received

seeds from the government (LGU-DA/RFO). Of the total number of corn farmers

who purchased seeds, 36.98 percent resorted to cash payment while 2.14

percent paid in kind. By region, majority at 87.28 percent of corn farmers in

Central Visayas and 81.82 percent in CALABARZON (Quezon) used seeds from

their own production. In Central Luzon (Tarlac), CAR (Ifugao), Ilocos Region

(Pangasinan) and Cagayan Valley, 77.78 percent to 96.77 percent of farmers

purchased seeds on cash basis. There were 29.80 percent in Davao Region who

received seeds from private individuals/organizations.

• Organic fertilizers were purchased in cash as reported by 1.67 percent of corn

farmers across the country. Only less than 1 percent cited producing their own

organic fertilizers or received from DA/RFO and LGUs.

• Among the corn farmers who purchased their inorganic fertilizers, 71.27 percent

paid these inputs in cash while 0.48 percent paid in kind. In Cagayan Valley, all

farmers acquired inorganic fertilizers through cash payment.

• There were 33.57 percent of corn farmers nationwide who paid pesticides in

cash. In kind payment was noted by 0.48 percent. By region, 96.77 percent of

farmers in Cagayan Valley purchased pesticides on cash basis.

15

D. Input Usage

(Tables 25.01-33.02)

Seeds

• At the national level, the quantity of seeds used per hectare averaged 16.61

kilograms. By farm type, seeding rate in yellow corn farms was higher at 18.11

kilograms per hectare while in white corn farms, it was 15.73 kilograms per

hectare. By seed type, usage of hybrid seeds per hectare was the highest at 17.88

kilograms. This was 17.04 kilograms per hectare for modern OPV seeds and

15.17 kilograms per hectare for the native OPV seeds.

• Across regions, seeding rates of white corn ranged 9.63 kilograms per hectare in

CALABARZON (Quezon) to 20 kilograms per hectare in MIMAROPA (Palawan).

For yellow corn, the seed usage was highest in Central Luzon (Tarlac) at 20.87

kilograms per hectare and lowest in Zamboanga Peninsula at 9.60 kilograms per

hectare. By seed type, Central Luzon (Tarlac) posted the highest seeding rates of

hybrid corn at 20.45 kilograms per hectare and modern OPV at 23.57 kilograms

per hectare. Native OPV had higher seed usage in MIMAROPA (Palawan) at 20

kilograms per hectare.

Fertilizers

• Nationwide, application of organic fertilizer averaged 8.15 kilograms per

hectare. By farm type, application of organic fertilizer ranged 8.14 kilograms in

yellow corn farm to 8.16 kilograms in white corn farm. By seed type, hybrid corn

farmers used an average of 9.65 kilograms per hectare of organic fertilizers. The

usage of corn farmers who planted modern OPV and native OPV corresponded to

7.21 kilograms and 7.80 kilograms per hectare.

• At the regional level, corn farmers in Central Luzon (Tarlac) were the heaviest

users of organic fertilizers averaging 55.48 kilograms per hectare followed by

farmers in Central Visayas at 46.39 kilograms per hectare. Specifically, the usage

of organic fertilizer in hybrid corn farm was biggest in Northern Mindanao at

107.53 kilograms per hectare. In Central Visayas, the application rates of organic

fertilizers per hectare were 82.65 kilograms for the modern OPV and 29.78

kilograms for the native OPV.

• Application of solid inorganic fertilizer in corn farms averaged 173.45 kilograms

per hectare across the country. The usage of liquid inorganic fertilizer was

minimal at 0.01 liter per hectare. By farm type, white corn farms used an average

of 93.31 kilograms of solid inorganic fertilizer per hectare. In yellow corn farms,

application rates of inorganic fertilizer were 308.35 kilograms for the solid type

and 0.02 liter for the liquid type. By seed type, hybrid seed users posted the

16

biggest application rate of solid inorganic fertilizers at 348 kilograms per

hectare. Additionally, hybrid seed users applied 0.02 liter per hectare of the said

inputs. For those who planted modern OPV, the usage of solid inorganic

fertilizers averaged 112.46 kilograms per hectare. About 86.57 kilograms per

hectare was applied by native OPV seed users.

• By region, higher application rates of solid inorganic fertilizer in all types of corn

farms were noted in Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) and Central Luzon (Tarlac) at

414.51 kilograms and 424.19 kilograms per hectare, respectively. In CAR

(Ifugao) and Cagayan Valley, fertilizer application rates corresponded to 359.86

kilograms per hectare and 348.30 kilograms per hectare.

• Among the various types of solid inorganic fertilizers, higher application rates

per hectare of corn farms were noted for urea (46-0-0) at 73.52 kilograms and

complete fertilizer (14-14-14) at 44.11 kilograms. Likewise, these types of

fertilizers were used in bigger amounts across corn farm type and seed type.

• White corn farms in Caraga (Agusan del Sur) recorded the biggest usage of urea

(46-0-0) at 66.34 kilograms. Complete fertilizer (14-14-14) was widely used by

the white corn farmers in SOCCSKSARGEN at 45.03 kilograms per hectare.

Yellow corn farmers in Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) applied more quantities of

urea (46-0-0) at 206.64 kilograms and complete fertilizer (14-14-14) at 145.57

kilograms per hectare.

• As to the nutrient content, the solid form of fertilizers applied in a one hectare of

corn farm comprised of 52.80 kilograms of nitrogen, 12.26 kilograms of

phosphorous and 6.70 kilograms of potassium. The liquid form of fertilizers

contained less than 0.01 liter per hectare each of nitrogen, phosphorous and

potassium.

• In white corn farms, N-P-K contents of solid fertilizers corresponded to 26.28

kilograms, 6.59 kilograms and 3.44 kilograms per hectare. On the other hand, N-

P-K contents applied in yellow corn farms averaged 97.47 kilograms, 21.81

kilograms and 12.19 kilograms per hectare, respectively. Among hybrid seed

users, the quantity of solid fertilizers contained 110.82 kilograms of nitrogen,

24.51 kilograms of phosphorous and 13.49 kilograms of potassium per hectare.

For modern OPV seeds users, N-P-K contents corresponded to 32.78 kilograms,

7.68 kilograms and 4.78 kilograms per hectare. Among corn farmers who used

native OPV seeds, fertilizer applied contained the least amount of nutrients at

23.70 kilograms of nitrogen, 6.44 kilograms of phosphorous and 2.90 kilograms

of potassium.

• At the regional level, Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) posted the biggest quantity of

nitrogen content of solid fertilizer at 138.04 kilograms per hectare. Phosphorous

17

content of solid fertilizer was highest in CAR (Ifugao) at 29.57 kilograms per

hectare. In Central Luzon (Tarlac), potassium content of solid fertilizers was

biggest at 25.69 kilograms per hectare.

Pesticides

• On the average, 0.03 kilogram of solid pesticides and 1.56 liters of liquid

pesticides per hectare were used by corn farmers nationwide. By farm type,

usage of liquid pesticides was higher in yellow corn farms at 3.10 liters per

hectare than in white corn farms at 0.65 liter per hectare. By seed type, 3.58

liters of liquid pesticides were applied in a one hectare of hybrid corn farm.

About 1.03 liters and 0.39 liter per hectare of the said inputs were applied in

modern OPV and native OPV corn farms, respectively. Except for CALABARZON

(Quezon) and Eastern Visayas (Leyte), liquid pesticide usage ranged from 0.07

liter per hectare in Central Visayas to 5.02 liters per hectare in Cagayan Valley.

• Across all farm types of corn, average usage of liquid herbicides/weedicides was

1.53 liters per hectare nationwide. This ranged from 0.62 liter in white corn

farms to 3.06 liters in yellow corn farms. For insecticides, application rate

averaged 0.03 liter per hectare and less than 0.01 liter for fungicides. Solid

pesticides were used in minimal amount at less than 0.01 kilogram to 0.02

kilogram per hectare. Among regions, the average application rate of liquid

herbicides/weedicides in all corn farms was biggest in Cagayan Valley at 5.02

liters per hectare. This was followed by Western Visayas at 3.01 liters per

hectare. The quantity of liquid insecticides was biggest in Caraga (Agusan del

Sur) at 0.20 liter per hectare.

Labor Utilization

• At the national level, the average labor utilization in corn farming was 45.70

mandays per hectare. It was biggest in Central Luzon (Tarlac) at 56.40 mandays

per hectare. Western Visayas and Central Visayas had high labor utilization at

55.05 mandays and 54.95 mandays per hectare, respectively. The least labor

requirement was noted in CALABARZON (Quezon) at 26.95 mandays per

hectare.

• By farm type, white corn farms utilized an average of 45.11 mandays per

hectare. Labor usage was highest in Cagayan Valley at 62.61 mandays per

hectare and lowest in MIMAROPA (Palawan) at 23.70 mandays per hectare.

Yellow corn farms required an average of 46.69 mandays per hectare. ARMM

posted the highest labor utilization at 64.50 mandays per hectare followed by

Northern Mindanao at 62.53 mandays per hectare. The least was reported in

MIMAROPA (Palawan) at 32.32 mandays per hectare.

18

• By seed type, labor requirement per hectare averaged 46.60 mandays in hybrid

corn farms, 45.45 mandays in modern OPV corn farms and 45.19 mandays in

native OPV corn farms. Among regions, Northern Mindanao posted the highest

labor utilization in hybrid corn farms at 63.82 mandays per hectare. Labor

requirement in the modern OPV corn farms was biggest in Zamboanga Peninsula

at 58.38 mandays per hectare. The native OPV corn farms in Cagayan Valley

utilized higher labor at 62.61 mandays per hectare.

• In terms of the source of labor, hired labor contributed the highest in corn

farming at an average of 22.87 mandays per hectare. By farm type, white corn

farms required 16.29 mandays of hired labor while yellow corn farms utilized

33.95 mandays. Specifically, the usage of hired labor was higher in hybrid corn

farms at 36.15 mandays and lower in native OPV corn farms at 13.81 mandays.

For other sources of labor, operator and family labor averaged 9.39 mandays

and 12.02 mandays per hectare, respectively. Exchange labor provided 1.42

mandays per hectare. Across regions, Central Visayas had the biggest operator

labor at 17.85 mandays per hectare and family labor at 18.74 mandays per

hectare. Meanwhile, exchange labor was high in CAR (Ifugao) at 8.71 mandays

per hectare. This was followed by ARMM at 7.09 mandays. Hired labor ranged

from 6.41 mandays per hectare in CALABARZON (Quezon) to 38.66 mandays per

hectare in Cagayan Valley.

• The most labor intensive activity in corn farming was manual harvesting which

required an average of 9.76 mandays per hectare. Harvesting used up more

labor in yellow corn farms at 12.30 mandays than in white corn farms at 8.25

mandays. In hybrid corn farms, harvesting had higher labor utilization at 12.80

mandays per hectare. For other activities in corn farming, plowing using man

and animal labor utilized 3.19 mandays. About 6.16 mandays per hectare were

used in planting by man alone. Manual shelling required 3.83 mandays per

hectare while mechanical shelling averaged 1.33 mandays per hectare. Solar

drying required 4.65 mandays per hectare.

E. Average Production Costs and Returns of Corn

(Tables 34.01-50.06)

Philippines

All Corn

• In 2013, the average cost of producing corn in the country was P29,087 per

hectare. Of this amount, cash costs shared 61 percent. The biggest cash

expenditures were seeds at P2,161 per hectare, inorganic fertilizers at P3,828

per hectare and hired labor at P4,214 per hectare. Non-cash costs amounted to

19

P2,006 per hectare and contributed 9 percent to the total costs. Harvesters’

share was the leading non-cash item at P919 per hectare. About 29 percent of

the total costs were imputed costs of which unpaid labor such as operator,

family and exchange labor accounted for the biggest cost at P3,656. On a per

kilogram basis, the average cost of corn production was estimated at P9.31.

• Corn harvests during the reference period at 2,373 kilograms per hectare were

worth P29,087. Average price received by farmers was P12.26 per kilogram.

Per hectare, returns above cash costs were at P15,508. Deducting cash and non-

cash costs, returns amounted to P13,502. After subtracting all costs, corn

farmers netted P7,004 and gained P0.32 for every peso of investment in corn

production.

By Farm Type

• The cost of producing white corn averaged P13,614 per hectare while that of

yellow corn amounted to P36,340. Costs per kilogram were higher in white corn

farms at P10.73 than in yellow corn farms at P8.59.

• On the average, the volume of produce in yellow corn farms was 4,231

kilograms per hectare while this was 1,269 kilograms in white corn farms.

Farmers planting white corn received higher price at P13.14 per kilogram while

those planting yellow corn got P11.82 per kilogram.

• Gross returns were P16,669 in white corn farms and P49,992 in yellow corn

farms. Returns above cash costs were P10,551 in white corn farms and P23,852

in yellow corn farms. After subtracting non-cash costs, returns settled at P8,913

and P21,227 per hectare, respectively. Accounting for all costs, net returns per

hectare were higher in producing yellow corn at P13,652 than in producing

white corn at P3,055. For every peso of investment, yellow corn farms recorded

a net profit of P0.38 while it was P0.22 in white corn farms.

By Seed Type

• The average cost of producing hybrid corn was P39,979 per hectare. For modern

OPV and native OPV corn, costs were P15,518 and P14,208 per hectare,

respectively. Per kilogram, costs ranged from P8.41 for hybrid corn, P10.25 for

modern OPV and P11.12 for native OPV corn.

• The volume of corn production using hybrid seeds averaged 4,754 kilograms per

hectare. Corn farms planted to modern OPV seeds produced 1,514 kilograms

while those that used native OPV produced 1,278 kilograms.

20

• Farmers who planted modern OPV received the highest price at P12.64. Corn

farmers who planted hybrid seeds and native OPV seeds received P11.80 per

kilogram and P11.12 per kilogram, respectively.

• Gross earnings per hectare were P56,118 for hybrid corn, P19,142 for modern

OPV corn and P16,988 for native OPV corn. Deducting the cash expenses, returns

averaged P26,687 per hectare in hybrid corn farms, P10,810 in modern OPV corn

farms and P11,278 in native OPV corn farms. Net returns of farmers producing

hybrid corn amounted to P16,139 per hectare or a net profit-cost ratio of 0.40.

Farmers engaged in the production of modern OPV corn netted P3,624 or a net

gain of P0.23 for every peso of investment. Net returns from native corn farms

figured P2,780 equivalent to net profit-cost ratio at 0.20.

Variable and Fixed Costs of Production

• Variable costs of corn production across farm types averaged P18,680 per

hectare or 85 percent of all costs. The costs of labor at P7,961, inorganic

fertilizers at P3,983 and seeds at P2,395 were the major contributors to the

variable costs. Fixed costs averaged P3,403 per hectare and shared 15 percent

in the production cost. Rental value of owned land per hectare at P1,730 was

the biggest fixed cost item.

• In white corn farms, variable costs averaged P11,902 per hectare which was 87

percent of the total costs. Hired labor was the leading variable cost item at

P2,264 per hectare. This was followed by family labor at P2,134 and inorganic

fertilizers at P2,151 per hectare. Fixed costs amounted to P1,713 of which

P1,018 were rental value of owned land.

• For yellow corn farms, average variable costs were P30,092 per hectare or 83

percent of the total costs. The biggest variable cost item was hired labor at

P7,742 per hectare. Fixed costs at P6,248 per hectare were 17 percent of total

costs. Rental value of owned land accounted for the biggest fixed costs at P2,930

per hectare.

• Variable costs incurred in hybrid corn farms at P33,079 per hectare comprised

83 percent of the total costs. A big portion of the variable costs was attributed

to hired labor amounting to P8,469. In addition, inorganic fertilizers at P7,992

and seeds at P6,946 largely contributed to the total variable costs. Meanwhile,

fixed costs averaged P6,900 per hectare. The biggest fixed cost items were

rental value of owned land at P3,239, interest on operating capital at P1,358

and interest payment on crop loan at P1,334 per hectare.

• Corn farms planted to modern OPV seeds entailed an average variable cost at

P13,070 per hectare. This accounted for 84 percent of production costs. Hired

21

labor posted the biggest amount at P3,063. On the other hand, the remaining 16

percent of the total cost were fixed costs at P2,447 per hectare. The rental value

of owned land was the biggest item at P1,415 per hectare.

• In native OPV corn farms, variable costs amounted to P12,721 per hectare or 90

percent of the total costs. The leading variable costs items included family labor

at P2,484, operator labor at P2,193, hired labor at P2,143 and inorganic

fertilizers at P2,115. Fixed costs amounted to P1,487. Rental value of owned

land at P822 was the major contributor.

Inter-regional Comparisons

• During the reference period, corn farmers in Central Luzon (Tarlac) had the

highest volume of produce averaged at 5,682 kilograms per hectare. This was

followed by Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) with average yield at 5,599 kilograms.

On the other hand, low production levels were noted in Central Visayas at 897

kilograms, Eastern Visayas (Leyte) at 634 kilograms and CALABARZON

(Quezon) at 339 kilograms per hectare.

• In terms of area harvested to corn, CAR (Ifugao) posted the biggest at 1.56

hectares. Area harvested in Cagayan Valley, Caraga (Agusan del Sur) and ARMM

ranged from 1.02 to 1.11 hectares. Smallest corn area was recorded in Central

Visayas at 0.33 hectare.

• The biggest usage of seeds in corn production was noted in Central Luzon

(Tarlac) at 20.87 kilograms per hectare. Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) and ARMM

also reported big quantities of corn seeds averaged at 19.38 kilograms and 19.37

kilograms, respectively. The least seed usage was recorded in CALABARZON

(Quezon) at 9.63 kilograms per hectare.

• Application rates of solid fertilizers (all types) in corn farming were highest in

Central Luzon (Tarlac) at 479.68 kilograms per hectare and in Ilocos Region

(Pangasinan) at 414.51 kilograms per hectare. The lowest fertilizer usage was

reported in CALABARZON (Quezon) at 0.31 kilogram per hectare. It was also low

in Eastern Visayas (Leyte) at 3.76 kilograms.

• Labor utilization in corn farming was biggest in Central Luzon (Tarlac) at 56.40

mandays per hectare. It was also high in Western Visayas and Central Visayas

with about 55 mandays per hectare each. The lowest was in CALABARZON

(Quezon) at 26.95 mandays per hectare.

• Corn production in Central Luzon (Tarlac) incurred the highest cost at P49,248

per hectare. High production costs were also reported in Ilocos Region

(Pangasinan) and Cagayan Valley at P47,116 and P43,183 per hectare,

22

respectively. The least production costs were observed in Eastern Visayas

(Leyte) at P8,144 per hectare and in CALABARZON (Quezon) at P6,228 per

hectare.

• Gross earnings of corn farmers were highest in Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) and

Central Luzon (Tarlac) at P69,136 and P69,996 per hectare, respectively. Those

in Eastern Visayas (Leyte) and CALABARZON (Quezon) recorded low gross

returns corresponding to P8,925 and P3,524 per hectare.

• Net earnings per hectare were highest in Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) at P22,020

and in Central Luzon (Tarlac) at P20,749. On the other hand, MIMAROPA

(Palawan) and Eastern Visayas (Leyte) posted low net returns at P669 and

P781 per hectare, respectively. In CALABARZON (Quezon), the sample corn

farmers incurred losses worth P2,704 per hectare.

• In terms of net profit-cost ratio, Caraga (Agusan del Sur) registered the highest

at 0.55 and lowest in MIMAROPA (Palawan) at 0.04. Meanwhile, sample corn

farmers in CALABARZON (Quezon) had a loss of about P0.43 for every peso

invested in corn production.

• On a per kilogram basis, average production cost was highest in CALABARZON

(Quezon) at P18.36 and lowest in Caraga (Agusan del Sur) at P7.32. The prices

received by corn farmers for their produce were highest in Central Visayas at

P14.67 and Eastern Visayas (Leyte) at P14.08. These were lowest in

CALABARZON (Quezon) at P10.39 and MIMAROPA (Palawan) at P10.77.

CAR (Ifugao)

Yellow Corn

• In CAR, the survey covered only the province of Ifugao where the sample farms

were all planted to yellow corn during the reference period.

• Yellow corn production in Ifugao entailed an average cost of P32,034 per

hectare or P7.60 per kilogram. Of the total costs, about 65 percent were cash

costs; 8 percent were non-cash costs and 26 percent were imputed costs.

Inorganic fertilizer at P7,878 and hired labor at P4,489 per hectare were the

biggest cash expense items. Purchased seeds came next at P3,436 per hectare.

For the imputed costs, family labor was the leading expenditure item at P3,623

followed by exchange labor which amounted to P1,909 per hectare.

• During the reference period, yellow corn production averaged 4,217 kilograms

which amounted to P47,879 per hectare. Farmgate price was P11.35 per

23

kilogram. Returns above cash costs were computed at P26,942 per hectare.

Deducting non-cash outlays, returns to farmers were P24,283. Net of all costs,

corn farmers in Ifugao earned P15,846 per hectare and gained P0.49 for every

peso invested in yellow corn production.


• The variable costs incurred in producing yellow corn in Ifugao averaged

P30,182 per hectare. This comprised 94 percent of the total production costs.

Inorganic fertilizer at P8,916 and hired labor at P4,828 were the biggest

variable expense items. Likewise, seeds and family labor were also high at

P3,723 and P3,623, respectively. Fixed costs which amounted to P1,851 per

hectare were 6 percent of the total cost. Interest on operating capital valued at

P952 per hectare comprised more than half of the fixed costs.

Ilocos Region (Pangasinan)

Yellow Corn

• In Ilocos Region, the survey covered corn farmers in Pangasinan who were

planting yellow corn during the reference period.

• On the average, the cost of producing yellow corn in Pangasinan averaged

P47,116 per hectare. Of this amount, 84 percent were cash expenses, 15 percent

were imputed costs and only 1 percent comprised the non-cash expenses. Per

kilogram, the production cost of yellow corn was P8.42.

• Among cash expenses, hired labor accounted for the biggest cost at P12,348 per

hectare followed by inorganic fertilizers and seeds at P9,366 and P8,690 per

hectare, respectively. For imputed costs, the main expense items were interest

on operating capital at P1,773 and rental value of owned land at P1,749 per

hectare.

• Average production was 5,599 kilograms per hectare with a farmgate price of

P12.35 per kilogram during the reference period. The gross value of output was

estimated at P69,136 per hectare. Returns above cash costs averaged P29,347

per hectare. Net returns amounted to P22,020. The net profit-cost ratio was 0.47.


• About 87 percent of the total cost of production or P41,075 were variable costs.

Hired labor at P12,348 was the biggest variable cost item. Additionally, seeds

and inorganic fertilizers were major variable costs at P8,970 and P9,406,

respectively. Fixed costs at 13 percent of the production cost amounted to

24

P6,041 per hectare. Interest on operating capital and rental value of owned land

amounted to P3,522 and accounted for 58 percent of total fixed costs.

Cagayan Valley

All Corn

• During January to June cropping season, the average cost of producing corn in

Cagayan Valley was P43,183 per hectare or equivalent to P9.22 per kilogram. Of

the total costs, 74 percent were cash outlays, 19 percent comprised the imputed

costs and 7 percent were non-cash expenses.

• Seeds, inorganic fertilizers and hired labor were the biggest cash cost items

amounting to more than P8,000 per hectare each. For non-cash costs, harvesters’

share contributed the biggest at P1,705 per hectare. Rental value of owned land

at P5,397 accounted for the bulk of the imputed costs.

• The average volume of corn production in the region was 4,684 kilograms per

hectare. Gross value of corn production amounted to P53,964 per hectare. This

was equivalent to P11.52 per kilogram. Returns above cash costs were P22,096

per hectare while returns above cash and non-cash costs were P19,217 per

hectare. On the average, corn farmers in Cagayan Valley netted P10,781 per

hectare. For every peso of investment in corn production, these farmers gained

P0.25.

By Farm Type

• The average cost of producing white corn was P24,462 per hectare while for

yellow corn, it was P43,362 per hectare. Per kilogram, production costs were

P9.38 for white corn and P9.22 for yellow corn.

• Average production in white corn farms was lower at 2,608 kilograms per

hectare than in yellow corn farms at 4,704 kilograms. Per kilogram, farmgate

prices were P10.53 for white corn and P11.53 for yellow corn. Per hectare, white

corn farmers grossed P27,462. Those who planted yellow corn received P54,217

per hectare.

• Net returns of white corn farmers averaged P3,000 per hectare. This was P7,856

less than the net receipts of yellow corn farmers at P10,856 per hectare. Net

profit-cost ratios were 0.12 for white corn and 0.25 for yellow corn.

25


• Variable production costs averaged P33,314 per hectare or 77 percent of all

costs. The remaining 23 percent were fixed costs at P9,869 per hectare. Of the

total variable expenses, seeds valued at P 8,654 accounted for the biggest share

at 26 percent. This was followed by hired labor at P8,301 and inorganic

fertilizers at P8,047 with shares of 25 percent and 24 percent, respectively.

Rental value of owned land comprised 55 percent of the total fixed costs.

• In white corn farms, variable costs of corn production averaged P17,836 while

fixed costs amounted to P6,626 per hectare. The combined cost of hired labor

and operator labor at P9,640 accounted for 54 percent of the total variable

expenses. Rental value of owned land at P6,000 shared 91 percent of the total

fixed costs.

• Variable expenses in yellow corn farms averaged P33,462. Seeds, inorganic

fertilizers and hired labor valued at more than P8,000 each comprised 24 to 26

percent of the total variable costs. Fixed costs figured to P9,900. Of this amount,

54 percent were rental value of owned land at P5,391 per hectare.

Central Luzon (Tarlac)

Yellow Corn

• The survey in Central Luzon covered corn farmers in Tarlac. These farmers

planted yellow corn during the January to June cropping cycle.

• The average cost of production in yellow corn farms was P49,248 per hectare. Of

this cost, cash expenses contributed 77 percent while imputed costs shared 22

percent. Only 1 percent was for non-cash expenditures. The biggest cash cost

item at P11,952 was hired labor. On the other hand, operator labor at P4,206 per

hectare was the leading imputed cost item. On a per kilogram basis, average cost

of production was computed at P8.67.

• The average volume of yellow corn produced in Central Luzon (Tarlac) was

5,682 kilograms per hectare worth P69,996. On the average, these farmers sold

their produce at P12.32 per kilogram. Returns above cash costs averaged

P32,143 per hectare. After subtracting the non-cash costs, returns averaged

P31,620 per hectare. Accounting for all costs, farmers netted P20,749 per

hectare or P0.42 for every peso of investment.

26


• Variable costs of yellow corn production in Central Luzon (Tarlac) averaged

P43,189 per hectare. This was 88 percent of the total production cost. Fixed

costs at 12 percent amounted to P6,059. Hired labor was biggest variable cost

which shared 28 percent in the variable cost. Lease rental at P1,723 and interest

on operating capital at P1,532 were the major cost items with a combined share

of 54 percent in the total fixed cost.

CALABARZON (Quezon)

White Corn

• The survey in CALABARZON covered mostly the marginal corn farmers in

Quezon. During the reference period, these farmers planted white corn which

was intended for own consumption.

• In producing white corn, Quezon farmers incurred an average cost of P6,228 per

hectare. Imputed costs shared 52 percent in the total production cost. Cash and

non-cash expenses contributed 25 percent and 23 percent, respectively. The

leading imputed costs were operator labor at P1,511 and family labor at P1,424.

Hired labor valued at P979 was the primary contributor to the cash cost.

Meanwhile, per kilogram, the average cost of white corn production in Quezon

was P18.36.

• The average volume of white corn production was 339 kilograms per hectare

which amounted to P3,524. Farmgate price was P10.39 per kilogram. Returns

above cash costs averaged P1,968 per hectare. After deducting the non-cash

costs of production, returns settled at P529 per hectare only. Net of all costs,

farmers incurred losses at P2,704 per hectare. For every peso invested in corn

production, these farmers had a loss of P0.43.


• Variable costs of white corn production in Quezon averaged P5,924 or 95

percent of the total production cost. Fixed costs averaged P304 per hectare.

Total labor cost at P3,914 contributed 66 percent to the total variable cost.

Among fixed cost items, rental value of owned land had the biggest cost at P123

per hectare.

27

MIMAROPA (Palawan)

All Corn

• The survey covered the corn farmers in Palawan. During the reference period,

two (2) sample farms were planted to white corn while eight (8) farms were

cultivated to yellow corn.

• The average cost of producing corn in Palawan was P15,883 per hectare. Of this

amount, cash expenses comprised 55 percent and non-cash costs shared 13

percent. About 33 percent were imputed costs. The major cash cost items were

hired labor at P3,608 and inorganic fertilizer at P2,136. Harvesters’ share was

the leading non-cash cost at P1,094. Of the total imputed costs, rental value of

owned land was biggest at P2,024. Per kilogram, average cost of production was

P10.34.

• Corn production per hectare averaged 1,536 kilograms per hectare with

corresponding gross earnings at P16,552. On the average, farmgate price was

P10.77 per kilogram. Returns above cash costs averaged P7,882 per hectare.

Deducting the non-cash costs of production, returns averaged P5,859 per

hectare. Net returns figured to P669 per hectare or equivalent to P0.04 for every

peso of investment in corn production.

By Farm Type

• Average cost of production in white corn farm was higher at P20,731 per hectare

than in yellow corn farms at P14,671 per hectare. On a per kilogram basis, the

average costs were P12.25 in white corn farms and P9.80 in yellow corn farms.

• White corn farms recorded higher production at 1,692 kilograms per hectare

compared to yellow corn farms at 1,498 kilograms per hectare. Price received

by farmers for white corn was higher at P12.77 per kilogram. Yellow corn was

priced at P10.21 per kilogram. Gross earnings were bigger in white corn farms

averaged at P21,600 per hectare than in yellow corn farms at P15,291 per

hectare.

• White corn farmers had net returns averaged at P869 per hectare while yellow

corn farmers netted P619. Net profit-cost ratios for both farm types settled at

0.04.


• The average variable costs of production in the MIMAROPA (Palawan) at

P12,694 per hectare shared 80 percent in the total production cost. Meanwhile,

28

fixed costs averaged P3,189 per hectare. About 43 percent of the total variable

costs were the cost of labor at P5,454. Inorganic fertilizer followed at P2,136 and

shared 17 percent. On the other hand, the rental value of owned land accounted

for the biggest fixed cost item at P2,024.

• During the reference period, variable costs of producing white corn averaged

P17,831 or 86 percent of the production cost . Fixed costs averaged P2,900 per

hectare. The cost of repairs was the biggest variable cost at P4,400 with 25

percent share. Other big variable cost items included hired labor at P2,640,

harvesters’ and sheller’s share at P2,000 each per hectare. Rental value of owned

land at P2,000 comprised the bulk of the fixed cost.

• Variable costs incurred in the production of yellow corn amounted to P11,410

corresponding to 78 percent of the total cost. Of this amount, labor cost was

P5,880. Fixed cost at P3,262 comprised mostly of rental value of owned land at

P2,030 per hectare.

Bicol Region

All Corn

• Corn production in the region incurred an average cost of P12,322 per hectare or

equivalent to P10.04 per kilogram. Of the total production cost, cash outlays

were 53 percent, non-cash cost shared 5 percent and imputed cost, 42 percent.

The biggest cost items were hired labor at P2,964 per hectare for cash cost,

landowner’s share at P389 for non-cash cost and family labor at P2,395 for

imputed cost.

• The volume of corn produced in Bicol Region averaged 1,227 kilograms per

hectare. Farmgate price of corn was P13.27 per kilogram. Correspondingly, the

estimated gross value of production was P16,290. Returns above cash expenses

averaged P9,727. After deducting cash and non-cash expenses, corn farmers had

net returns of P9,091 per hectare. Net earnings averaged P3,969 per hectare. For

every peso invested in corn production, farmers gained P0.32.

By Farm Type

• Cost of producing white corn in Bicol Region averaged P9,206 per hectare. In

yellow corn farms, average cost of production was P17,069 per hectare. On a per

kilogram basis, average costs were P10.98 for white corn and P9.38 for yellow

corn.

29

• White corn farms yielded an average production of 839 kilograms per hectare.

With farmgate price at P14.21 per kilogram, gross earnings amounted to

P11,918 per hectare. Production in yellow corn farms averaged 1,819 kilograms

per hectare worth P22,952. The price received by yellow corn farmers averaged

P12.61 per kilogram.

• Subtracting all costs, white corn farmers netted P2,712 per hectare. This was

lower than those received by yellow corn farmers at P5,884 per hectare. Net

profit-cost ratio in yellow corn farm was computed at 0.34 while that in white

corn farm was 0.29.


• Variable costs of corn production averaged P11,213 per hectare. This was 91

percent of the total production cost. The costs of family labor at P2,395 and

hired labor at P2,964 made up 21 to 26 percent of the variable costs of

production. Fixed costs averaged P1,108 per hectare and rental value of owned

land accounted for more than half of this cost.

• Variable costs of producing white corn at P8,117 comprised 88 percent of the

production cost. The rest were fixed costs averaged P1,089 per hectare. Family

labor was the biggest variable cost at P2,174. For fixed costs, rental value of

owned land shared the biggest amount at P757.

• In yellow corn farms, variable outlays amounted to P15,930 and it contributed

93 percent in the production cost. Hired labor and inorganic fertilizers were the

leading variable expenses at P5,319 and P3,172, respectively. Fixed costs

averaged P1,139 of which 50 percent were interest on operating capital.

Western Visayas

All Corn

• In Western Visayas, the cost of producing corn averaged P24,450 per hectare. Of

the total production cost, 37 percent were cash costs, 41 percent were non-cash

costs and 22 percent were imputed costs. Hired labor and inorganic fertilizer

were the leading cash cost items valued at P3,325 and P2,471 per hectare,

respectively. Harvesters’ share at P2,949 and inorganic fertilizers at P2,339 were

the top contributors among the non-cash expenses. Family labor was the leading

imputed cost at P2,315 per hectare. Per kilogram, average cost of production

was P9.30.

30

• Corn production in the region averaged 2,629 kilograms per hectare. With

farmgate price at P12.65 per kilogram, total value of production was P33,242

per hectare. Returns above cash costs averaged P24,253 per hectare. Returns

above cash and non-cash costs figured to P14,257 per hectare. Net returns stood

at P8,792 per hectare. Farmers gained P0.36 for every peso of investment in

corn production.

By Farm Type

• Production costs in white corn farms averaged P11,279 per hectare. This was

P39,467 per hectare in yellow corn farms. Per kilogram, the costs were P12.06 in

white corn farms and P8.66 in yellow corn farms.

• White corn farms produced an average of 935 kilograms per hectare worth

P12,602. On the other hand, yellow corn production reached 4,560 kilograms

per hectare valued at P56,776. The price received by farmers for white corn was

higher at P13.48 per kilogram than for yellow corn at P12.45 per kilogram.

• Yellow corn farmers had higher net earnings of P17,309 per hectare or

equivalent to a gain of P0.44 for every peso of investment. White corn farmers

netted P1,323 per hectare translated to a gain of P0.12 per peso invested in

white corn farming.


• Variable costs which shared 92 percent of the total production cost amounted to

P22,479 per hectare. Inorganic fertilizer was the major variable cost item at

P4,810 per hectare. Other big variable cost items included hired labor at P3,931

and seeds at P3,068 per hectare. Fixed costs at P1,971 per hectare shared 8

percent and rental value of owned land led at P644 per hectare.

• White corn farms recorded an average variable production costs amounting to

P10,016 or 89 percent of the total cost. Fixed costs amounted to P1,263. The cost

of hired labor at P3,014 comprised 30 percent of the total variable costs. Among

fixed cost items, rental value of owned land shared the biggest at 51 percent.

• For yellow corn farms, variable costs averaged P36,690 per hectare or 93

percent of the production cost. Fixed costs averaged P2,777. Of the total variable

costs, 22 percent or P8,098 per hectare were spent for inorganic fertilizers.

Depreciation was the major fixed cost item at P951.

31

Central Visayas

White Corn

• The sample farmers in Central Visayas solely planted white corn during the

reference period. The average cost of production in white corn farms was

P11,861 per hectare. Of this amount, cash costs accounted for 37 percent, non-

cash costs shared 22 percent and 41 percent were imputed costs. Among the

cash cost items, the leading were hired labor and inorganic fertilizer at P1,452

and P1,787 per hectare, respectively. Harvesters’ share was the biggest non-cash

cost item at P1,077. For the imputed costs, operator labor recorded the biggest

cost at P2,154 per hectare. Per kilogram, average cost of white corn production

was P13.22.

• White corn production in Central Visayas averaged 897 kilograms per hectare.

Producers’ price was P14.67 per kilogram. Farmers had gross earnings of

P13,160. Returns above cash costs averaged P8,744 per hectare . When cash and

non-cash costs were accounted, net returns settled at P6,195 per hectare. After

all costs were considered, farmers netted P1,299 per hectare. Farmers gained

P0.11 for every peso of investment in white corn production.


• On the average, variable cost of white corn production was P10,867 and this

corresponded to 92 percent of the total production cost. The remainder

comprised the fixed costs at P994 per hectare. Operator labor was the biggest

variable cost item at P2,154 per hectare. This was followed by family labor and

hired labor at P1,920 and P1,691 per hectare, respectively. Inorganic fertilizer

was another big variable cost item at P1,793 per hectare. The rental value of

owned land at P286 and depreciation at P221 were the major fixed costs.

Eastern Visayas (Leyte)

White Corn

• The sample respondents in Eastern Visayas were located in the province of Leyte

and they planted white corn during the reference period.

• White corn farms in Leyte entailed an average production cost of P8,144 per

hectare or equivalent to P12.85 per kilogram. Of the total cost, imputed cost

posted the biggest share at 63 percent. The main expense items were operator

labor at P2,400 and family labor at P2,222. Together, these items accounted for

90 percent of the total imputed cost. Cash expenses comprised 21 percent and

32

non-cash cost shared 16 percent of the total cost. Among cash costs, hired labor

was the biggest cost outlay at P1,123 while landowner’s share was the major

non-cash cost item at P573 per hectare.

• In Leyte, farmers produced an average of 634 kilograms of white corn per

hectare and these were worth P8,925. Farmgate price stood at P14.08 per

kilogram. Returns above cash costs amounted to P7,190 per hectare. Returns

above cash and non-cash expenses amounted to P5,927 per hectare. Deducting

all costs, farmers netted P781 per hectare and earned about P0.10 for every peso

of investment in white corn production.


• Average variable cost of production in the region was P7,652 or equivalent to 94

percent of the total production cost. The rest were fixed costs at P492 per

hectare. The combined operator and family labor comprised 60 percent of the

total variable cost. The major fixed cost item was rental value of owned land at

P266 per hectare.

Zamboanga Peninsula

All Corn

• On the average, the cost of producing corn in the region averaged P12,692 per

hectare. Of the total production cost, 44 percent were cash expenses, 13 percent

were non-cash costs and 43 percent were imputed costs. Inorganic fertilizers at

P2,085 per hectare topped among the cash costs. Harvesters’ share was the

leading non-cash cost item at P797 per hectare followed by landowner’s share at

P544 per hectare. The costs of operator labor at P1,921 per hectare and family

labor at P1,778 per hectare were the biggest imputed costs. On a per kilogram

basis, the cost of production averaged P10.01.

• The average volume of corn production per hectare in Zamboanga Peninsula was

1,268 kilograms. At an average producers’ price of P13.85 per kilogram, farmers

grossed P17,564 per hectare. After deducting cash costs, returns averaged

P11,964 per hectare. When both cash and non-cash costs were subtracted,

returns amounted to P10,357 per hectare. Net returns stood at P4,872 per

hectare. The net profit-cost ratio was 0.38.

By Farm Type

• Per hectare, production cost in white corn farms averaged P11,996 and that in

yellow corn farms, at P16,577. Per kilogram, the average production costs were

33

P12.23 for white corn and P5.78 for yellow corn.

• On the average, the region produced 981 kilograms of white corn per hectare.

Production of yellow corn was bigger at 2,869 kilograms per hectare. The

average prices received by farmers were P13.63 per kilogram for white corn and

P14.28 per kilogram for yellow corn. Farmers grossed P13,369 per hectare in

white corn farms. Gross earnings in yellow corn farms reached 40,955 per

hectare.

• Farmers had net returns of P1,374 per hectare in producing white corn. In

yellow corn farms, farmers netted P24,378 per hectare. The net profit-cost ratio

in white corn farms was 0.11. This was higher in yellow corn farms at 1.47.


• Across all farm types, the variable costs incurred in corn production averaged

P10,729 or 85 percent of the total production cost. Fixed costs averaged P1,964

and shared 15 percent of the total cost. Inorganic fertilizer was the biggest

variable cost item at P2,085 per hectare while it was rental value of owned land

at P1,388 for fixed costs.

• In white corn farms, variable costs shared 85 percent. It amounted to P10,164

per hectare. The rest were fixed costs at P1,832 per hectare. Operator and family

labor at P2,165 and P2,021, respectively, accounted for a combined share of 41

percent of the total variable cost. Rental value of owned land at P1,306 was the

major fixed cost item with 71 percent share to total fixed cost.

• For yellow corn farms, average variable cost of production was P13,879. This

was 84 percent of the total production cost. Fixed cost of production averaged

P2,698. Hired labor was the biggest variable cost at P5,735. This was followed by

inorganic fertilizer at P3,188. The rental value of owned land stood the biggest

fixed cost at P1,842.

Northern Mindanao

All Corn

• The average cost of corn production in Northern Mindanao amounted to

P16,731 per hectare or equivalent to P10.57 per kilogram. Cash expenses had

the biggest share at 59 percent of the total cost. Non-cash costs accounted for 9

percent and imputed costs, 32 percent. Inorganic fertilizer paid in cash

comprised the biggest cash outlay at P4,178. Harvesters’ share topped in the list

of non-cash cost items and it amounted to P717 per hectare. Operator labor and

34

family labor were the leading imputed cost items valued at P1,810 and P1,875

per hectare, respectively.

• Corn production per hectare averaged 1,582 kilograms. Average producers’

price was pegged at P13.10 per kilogram. Gross returns amounted to P20,726.

Returns above cash costs were P10,881 per hectare. After accounting the non-

cash cost of production, returns averaged P9,332 per hectare. Corn farmers

netted P3,995 per hectare translated to a net profit-cost ratio of 0.24.

By Farm Type

• The cost of producing white corn averaged P14,858 per hectare. For yellow corn,

it was P31,231. On a per kilogram basis, costs averaged P11.45 for white corn

and P8.25 for yellow corn.

• The average volume of production of white corn was 1,298 kilograms per

hectare. It was 3,787 kilograms per hectare for yellow corn. Farmgate prices

were P13.69 per kilogram for white corn and P11.54 per kilogram for yellow

corn. Gross returns were P17,760 per hectare in white corn farms and P43,696

per hectare in yellow corn farms.

• Net returns from white corn production averaged P2,902 per hectare. There

was a gain of P0.20 for every peso invested in white corn farming. In yellow corn

farms, farmers had bigger net returns at P12,465 per hectare or P0.40 for every

peso of investment.


• The variable costs incurred in producing corn in the region averaged P14,760

per hectare and it corresponded to 88 percent of the total production cost.

Inorganic fertilizer was the biggest variable cost item at P4,178 per hectare.

Fixed costs averaged P1,971 per hectare of which rental value of owned land at

P766 was the biggest cost item.

• In white corn farms, the average variable production cost was P13,778. This was

93 percent of the total cost. Fixed costs amounted to P1,080 per hectare. Among

the variable cost items, inorganic fertilizer comprised the biggest at P4,354.

Interest on operating capital was the major fixed cost item at P393. Rental value

of owned land followed at P339 per hectare.

• The variable cost of production in yellow farms averaged P22,363 or 72 percent

of the total cost. The remaining 28 percent were fixed cost at P8,868 per hectare.

Hired labor and seeds were the leading variable cost items at P7,467 and P4,049

35

per hectare, respectively. Rental value of owned land at P4,072 comprised the

biggest portion of the fixed costs at 46 percent.

Davao Region

White Corn

• The survey in Davao Region covered the corn farmers planting white corn

during the reference period.

• The average cost of white corn production in the region was P14,270 per

hectare. Of the said amount, cash expenditures and imputed costs had the most

shares at 48 percent and 46 percent, respectively. Non-cash costs contributed 6

percent. The biggest cost items were hired labor at P3,196 for cash cost and

family labor at P2,245 for imputed cost. For non-cash costs, harvesters’ share

was the major expense item valued at P492 per hectare. On a per kilogram basis,

the average cost of production in white corn farms was computed at P11.62.

• The average yield of white corn in the region was 1,228 kilograms per hectare.

At a farmgate price pegged at P13.25 per kilogram, gross value of production

was computed at P16,278 per hectare. When cash costs were subtracted, returns

were P9,475 per hectare. Accounting for both cash and non-cash costs, returns

averaged P8,608 per hectare. Net returns of white corn farmers settled at P2,008

or an earning of P0.14 for every peso invested in white corn production.


• In Davao Region, 81 percent of the total production cost in white corn farms

were variable costs which amounted to P11,554 per hectare. Fixed costs were

P2,716 per hectare and shared 19 percent. Majority or 62 percent of the variable

costs comprised the combined costs of hired, operator and family labor at

P7,180. About 13 percent were inorganic fertilizers amounting to P1,480. Among

fixed costs items, rental value of owned land had the biggest expense at P1,934.

SOCCSKSARGEN

All Corn

• Farmers in SOCCSKSARGEN spent an average of P20,780 per hectare in the

production of corn. Of this amount, cash outlays shared the biggest at 68 percent.

Non-cash expenses shared 4 percent while imputed costs, 28 percent. The bulk

of the cash costs were hired labor at P4,907 per hectare and inorganic fertilizer

36

at P3,994 per hectare. Among imputed cost items, the major contributors were

rental value of owned land at P2,597 per hectare and family labor at P1,191 per

hectare. Per kilogram, average cost of producing corn was P9.10.

• Corn production averaged 2,284 kilograms per hectare. Gross value of output

was P27,932 per hectare at a farmgate price of P12.23 per kilogram. Returns

above cash costs averaged P13,813 per hectare. Returns above cash and non-

cash costs amounted to P13,025 per hectare. Net returns of corn farmers settled

at P7,152 per hectare. For every peso of investment, corn farmers earned P0.34.

By Farm Type

• The average cost of producing white corn was P16,234 per hectare. Yellow corn

incurred higher production cost at P26,654 per hectare. For every kilogram of

white corn produced, farmers spent P11.06. It was P7.98 for yellow corn.

• On the average, production of white corn was 1,468 kilograms per hectare and

that of yellow corn was 3,340 kilograms. Farmers sold white corn at a price of

P12.81 per kilogram. Yellow corn was priced at P11.90. White corn farmers

grossed P18,804 per hectare. Yellow corn farmers earned more at P39,726 per

hectare.

• Net returns of farmers who planted white corn averaged P2,570 per hectare.

Those who cultivated yellow corn had higher net profit at P13,071 per hectare.

For every peso of investment, farmers who cultivated white corn netted P0.16

while those who planted yellow corn earned P0.49.


• Variable costs of corn production in the region averaged P16,781 per hectare or

81 percent of the total cost of production. Fixed costs at P3,999 per hectare

shared 19 percent of the total production cost. The major variable cost items

were hired labor and inorganic fertilizers with corresponding amount at P4,907

per hectare and P4,182 per hectare. For fixed cost items, rental value of owned

land contributed the most at P2,597 per hectare.

• White corn farms recorded variable costs at an average of P12,638. This was 78

percent of the total cost. Meanwhile, fixed costs amounted to P3,595 or 22

percent of the total cost. For variable costs, hired labor shared the biggest at

P3,168. It was rental value of owned land at P2,577 for fixed costs.

37

• In yellow corn farms, variable costs averaged P22,134, which was about 83

percent of the total cost. The remaining were fixed costs, which amounted to

P4,520. The bulk of the variable costs comprised the cost of hired labor at

P7,154. Rental value of owned land at P2,622 was also the leading fixed cost

item.

Caraga (Agusan del Sur)

All Corn

• In Caraga (Agusan del Sur), the average cost of producing corn was P20,433 per

hectare or equivalent to P7.32 per kilogram. About half of the total production

cost were cash costs. Among the cash outlays, expenditures were biggest for

hired labor at P3,883 per hectare and inorganic fertilizers at P3,118 per hectare.

Together, these two comprised 64 percent of the total cash expenditures. On the

other hand, the imputed costs comprised 25 percent and non-cash expenditures

shared 21 percent to the production cost. The major expenditure items were the

costs of operator labor at P1,826 for the imputed costs and harvesters’ share at

P2,945 for the non-cash costs.

• During the reference period, the region produced an average of 2,791 kilograms

of corn per hectare. Gross value of production was P31,626. The average price

received by farmers was P11.33 per kilogram. After deducting cash costs,

returns figured to P20,619 per hectare. Considering both cash and non-cash

expenditures, returns were computed at P16,371 per hectare. Net receipts of

corn farmers in Caraga stood at P11,193 per hectare or a gain of P0.55 for every

peso of investment.

By Farm Type

• The average cost of producing yellow corn in Caraga (Agusan del Sur) was

higher at P35,466 per hectare than producing white corn at P14,583 per hectare.

Production cost per kilogram was P7.67 in white corn farms. It was P6.99 in

yellow corn farms.

• Production of white corn in the region averaged 1,901 kilograms per hectare.

Yellow corn production reached an average of 5,076 kilograms per hectare. Price

of white and yellow corn averaged P11.77 per kilogram and P10.92 per

kilogram, respectively. Gross earnings in white corn farms were lower at

P22,369 per hectare. Yellow corn farms generated higher gross earnings at

P55,417 per hectare.

38

• Net returns of white corn farmers averaged P7,786 per hectare. Yellow corn

farmers had higher net profit at P19,950 per hectare. The net profit-cost ratios

were 0.53 for white corn farms and 0.56 for yellow corn farms.


• The average variable costs of production was P17,439 per hectare or 85 percent

of the total production cost. Fixed costs at P2,993 per hectare shared 15 percent.

The biggest variable cost item was labor at P7,178 per hectare. Other big

variable cost items included inorganic fertilizers and harvesters’ share at P3,118

and P2,945 per hectare, respectively. Rental value of owned land contributed the

biggest fixed costs at P924 per hectare.

• White corn farms entailed an average variable cost of P13,472 which was 92

percent of the total production cost. Of this amount, inorganic fertilizers,

harvesters’ share, hired and operator labor shared the biggest with more than

P2,000 each per hectare. Fixed costs averaged P1,111. Depreciation was the

leading fixed cost item at P658 per hectare.

• Variable costs in yellow corn farms reached P27,635 per hectare or about 78

percent of the total production cost. Fixed costs averaged P7,831 and shared 22

percent. Hired labor posted the biggest variable cost at P7,279 followed by

harvesters’ share at P5,007. On the other hand, interest payment on crop loan at

P3,200 and rental value of owned land at P3,000 comprised the bulk of the fixed

costs.

ARMM

All Corn

• On the average, the cost of corn production in the region was P16,512 per

hectare. Of this amount, 48 percent went to imputed costs and 35 percent were

cash costs and 17 percent, non-cash expenditures. The imputed cost of unpaid

labor contributed the biggest at P6,662. For cash costs, hired labor was the

major expense item at P1,980. This was followed by inorganic fertilizers

amounting to P1,587. The cost of harvesters’ share at P1,589 was leading among

the non-cash costs. Per kilogram, cost of producing corn averaged P8.70.

• Volume of corn production in the region averaged 1,899 kilograms valued at

P23,356 per hectare. Farmgate price was P12.30 per kilogram. Returns above

cash costs were estimated at P17,582 per hectare. After accounting for non-cash

outlays, farmers realized returns at P14,851 per hectare. Net returns of corn

farmers settled at P6,844 per hectare. Net profit-cost ratio was 0.41.

39

By Farm Type

• The cost of producing white corn averaged P15,146 per hectare. It was higher

for yellow corn at P28,057 per hectare. Per kilogram, average production costs

were P8.44 in white corn farms and P10.09 in yellow corn farms.

• The volume of production of white corn averaged P1,795 kilograms per hectare.

It was higher for yellow corn at 2,779 kilograms per hectare. Farmgate prices

per kilogram ranged from P12.30 for white corn to P12.32 for yellow corn. On

the average, the gross returns were P22,068 per hectare in white corn farms and

P34,241 per hectare in yellow corn farms.

• Farmers netted P6,922 per hectare in producing white corn. Yellow corn farmers

had net receipts at P6,184 per hectare. For every peso of investment, white corn

farmers gained P0.46 while yellow corn farmers earned P0.22.


• On the average, variable costs of production in the region figured to P15,016 per

hectare or 91 percent of total production cost. Fixed costs at P1,497 per hectare

comprised 9 percent. Labor (all types) was the major variable cost item at

P8,745 per hectare. On the other hand, rental value of owned land was the

leading fixed cost item at P807 per hectare.

• In white corn farms, variable costs averaged P13,841 or equivalent to 91 percent

of the total cost. About 9 percent were fixed cost which amounted to P1,305.

Family labor at P2,865 and operator labor at P2,299 comprised bigger part of

the variable costs.

• Producing yellow corn entailed an average variable cost of P24,938 or about 89

percent of the total production cost. Fixed cost at P3,119 shared 11 percent. The

biggest variable cost item was hired labor at P4,587 per hectare, followed by

family and exchange labor at P3,560 and P3,310 per hectare, respectively.

Meanwhile, the bulk or 67 percent of the fixed cost were contributed by the

rental value of owned land amounting to P2,087.

F. Other Information

(Tables 51-66)

Disposition of Produce

• Nationwide, 81.68 percent of corn production were sold. The quantity of corn

consumed at home accounted for 9.41 percent, while harvesters’ and

40

landowner’s shares comprised 3.18 percent and 1.57 percent, respectively.

Other types of disposition such as sheller’s share, other laborers’ share, land

lease/rental, given away, paid to creditors, used for seeds or feeds, wastage, and

those that were stolen shared less than 1 percent each.

• At the regional level, all the corn produced in Ilocos Region (Pangasinan) were

sold. In Central Luzon (Tarlac), 99.53 percent were marketed. Higher

proportion of volume marketed was also reported in Cagayan Valley at 92.31

percent. The least proportion was noted in Central Visayas at 13.98 percent.

CALABARZON (Quezon) had no reported volume of corn produced that was sold.

The said region had the biggest proportion for home consumption at 66.61

percent. This was followed by Central Visayas at 62.97 percent, Zamboanga

Peninsula at 46.51 percent and Eastern Visayas (Leyte) at 43.38 percent.

Harvesters’ and landowner’s shares also accounted for higher proportions in

CALABARZON (Quezon) at 13.29 percent and 10.43 percent, respectively.

Production Compared with Last Year

• When asked on the level of corn production this reference period compared with

last year, there were 40 percent of the sample corn farmers who stated that they

have same level of production. Some 29.13 percent reported lower production

this year while 28.97 percent mentioned higher production this year.

• By region, the proportions of corn farmers who stated the same production level

were highest in Bicol Region, Eastern Visayas (Leyte) and ARMM at 60.27

percent, 62.07 percent and 69.39 percent, respectively. Those who said higher

production this year had bigger proportions in Central Visayas and Caraga

(Agusan del Sur) at around 42 percent each. In CALABARZON (Quezon), all corn

farmers cited lower production this year.

• Among the corn farmers who had higher volume of production this year, 59.45

percent reported favorable weather condition as the main reason. There were

29.86 percent who cited the use of adequate fertilizer and about 18.36 percent

mentioned good quality of seeds that contributed to the higher corn production.

Few at 8.77 percent mentioned the lesser occurrence of pests and diseases while

6.58 percent pointed out the increase in area.

• At the regional level, good weather condition was the reason given by 85 percent

of corn farmers in Western Visayas for higher production this year. In ARMM,

use of adequate fertilizer was stressed by 73.33 percent. Meanwhile, 57.14

percent of corn farmers in Central Luzon (Tarlac) reported that the high

production this year was caused by the use of good quality of seeds. There were

33.33 percent each in Eastern Visayas (Leyte) and Caraga (Agusan del Sur)

reasoned out the lesser occurrence of pests and diseases while 25 percent in

CAR (Ifugao) stated area expansion.

41

• Of those who had lower production this year, majority or 60.76 percent of the

corn farmers cited bad weather condition. Other main reasons were occurrence

of pests and diseases as stated by 20.16 percent, inadequate water supply by

19.07 percent and decrease in area planted to corn by 11.72 percent.

• Across the regions, bad weather condition was the foremost reason for lower

production as indicated by 80 to 92 percent of the corn farmers in Caraga

(Agusan del Sur), CALABARZON (Quezon), ARMM, Eastern Visayas (Leyte) and

CAR (Ifugao). The incidence of pests and diseases was mentioned by 60 percent

in MIMAROPA (Palawan) and 50 percent in Eastern Visayas (Leyte). There were

40 percent in Central Luzon (Tarlac) and 33.33 percent in SOCCSKSARGEN

whose reason was inadequate water supply.

Problems Related to Production

• High cost of inputs was the major production problem encountered by 45.87

percent of corn farmers in the country. Lack of capital and bad

weather/calamities were reported by 39.21 percent and 36.19 percent of corn

farmers, respectively. The incidence of pests and diseases was the main problem

on production mentioned by 26.83 percent. Other problems cited were rough or

poor road/inadequate transport facilities, poor soil condition and inadequate

supply of water/ irrigation problem.

• Those who reported problem on the high costs of inputs was biggest in Central

Luzon (Tarlac) at 94.44 percent. Lack of capital was noted by 62.96 percent in

CAR (Ifugao) and 54.29 percent in Caraga (Agusan del Sur). Bad weather

condition was a major constraint of 60 to 72.73 percent of corn farmers in

MIMAROPA (Palawan), Central Visayas, Eastern Visayas (Leyte) and

CALABARZON (Quezon). Likewise, 72.41 percent of corn farmers in Eastern

Visayas (Leyte) encountered problem on the occurrence of pests and diseases

during the reference period. Rough road and inadequate transport facilities were

the complaints of 31.58 percent in SOCCSKSARGEN. There were 31.03 percent in

Eastern Visayas (Leyte) and 27.27 percent in CALABARZON (Quezon) who cited

poor soil condition as their problems affecting production.

Major Buyers of Produce

• Nationwide, wholesaler and wholesaler-retailer were the major buyers of corn

produce as reported by 45.70 percent and 38.42 percent of the corn farmers,

respectively. There were 7.88 percent who transacted with agents. Selling to

assemblers and consumers was cited by 3 percent. Only less than 1 percent sold

their produce to cooperatives and processors.

• By region, majority or 85.19 percent of farmers in CAR (Ifugao) and 75.61

percent in Cagayan Valley sold corn to wholesalers. Farmers who transacted

42

with wholesaler-retailers was biggest in Eastern Visayas (Leyte) at 72.73

percent. Selling corn to wholesaler-retailers was also the practice of 50 to 57

percent of the corn farmers in Davao Region, SOCCSKSARGEN, Caraga (Agusan

del Sur) and ARMM. Transaction between corn farmers and agents were

mentioned by 44.44 percent of farmers in Central Luzon (Tarlac). Consumer as

the major buyer was noted mostly by 37.50 percent in MIMAROPA (Palawan). In

Western Visayas, there were 7.14 percent who sold corn to cooperatives.

Problems Related to Marketing

• At the national level, low price of produce was the main marketing problem

among 44.21 percent of the corn farmers. Problem on unstable price was

reported by 38.73 percent. Rough road/high transport costs were the concerns

of 15.87 percent. Some 4.52 percent mentioned the lack of marketing

information and 3.57 percent cited limited buyer/market outlets.

• The biggest proportions of corn farmers who reported problem on low price of

produce were noted in CAR (Ifugao), SOCCSKSARGEN, Cagayan Valley, ARMM

and Central Luzon (Tarlac) ranging from 66.67 percent to 77.78 percent. There

were 96.30 percent in CAR (Ifugao) who reported problem on unstable prices.

Rough roads/high transport costs were the constraints of 39.07 percent of corn

farmers in Davao Region, 27.19 percent in SOCCSKSARGEN, 23.03 percent in

Northern Mindanao and 22.45 percent in ARMM.

Access to Credit

• Nationwide, 12.30 percent of corn farmers availed loans for corn production. At

the regional level, the percentages of farmer-borrowers were higher in CAR

(Ifugao) at 59.26 percent, Cagayan Valley at 52.42 percent and Central Luzon

(Tarlac) at 44.44 percent. Some 25.71 percent of corn farmers in Caraga (Agusan

del Sur) and 12.28 percent in SOCCSKSARGEN also availed loans for corn

production purposes. There was no reported availment of loans in CALABARZON

(Quezon) and Western Visayas.

• Private individuals were the major sources of loans among 87.10 percent of corn

farmers in the country. Borrowings from cooperatives and banks were cited by

7.10 percent and 1.29 percent, respectively. Some 4.52 percent obtained loans

from micro-financing, NGOs, farmer’s association and Quedancor.

• All farmer-borrowers in Ilocos Region (Pangasinan), MIMAROPA (Palawan),

Eastern Visayas (Leyte), Caraga (Agusan del Sur) and ARMM sourced their loans

from private individuals. In CAR (Ifugao), half of the farmer-borrowers got loans

from cooperatives. Meanwhile, banks were the major source of loans among

16.67 percent of the farmer-borrowers in Bicol Region.

43

Access to Government Programs/Interventions

• Awareness of government programs/interventions related to corn production

was cited by 66.75 percent of corn farmers nationwide. CAR (Ifugao) indicated

the biggest proportion of farmers who were aware of the government

programs/interventions at 92.59 percent while it was smallest in ARMM at

31.63 percent.

• Of the corn farmers who were aware of government programs/interventions,

about 12.86 percent of them availed of benefits. The proportions of these

farmer-beneficiaries were biggest in Cagayan Valley at 39.52 percent, Central

Luzon (Tarlac) at 22.22 percent and Zamboanga Peninsula at 18.94 percent.

Very few at 1.02 percent availed of benefits in ARMM.

• Among the corn farmers who received benefits from government programs/

interventions, 41.36 percent were beneficiaries of training on farming

technology. In Central Luzon (Tarlac), MIMAROPA (Palawan), and Western

Visayas, all farmer-beneficiaries were recipients of training on farming

technology.

• Seeds and post-harvest facilities were other benefits received by 30.86 percent

and 28.40 percent of the farmer-beneficiaries, respectively. All farmer-

beneficiaries in CAR (Ifugao), CALABARZON (Quezon), MIMAROPA (Palawan),

Eastern Visayas (Leyte), Caraga (Agusan del Sur) and ARMM were recipients of

seeds. In Cagayan Valley, 71.43 percent of the farmer-beneficiaries were

provided with post-harvest facilities. Farmers who had benefitted from

fertilizers and other inputs were 25 percent in Bicol Region and 20 percent in

Ilocos Region (Pangasinan).

• Of those corn farmers who benefitted from government programs/

interventions, about 77.16 percent of them said that they used the benefits. Of

this group, 61.73 percent reported that the benefits they received helped

increase their income from corn farming. At the regional level, all corn farmer-

beneficiaries in MIMAROPA (Palawan), Western Visayas, and ARMM used the

benefits they received and they claimed that the benefits helped in increasing

their income from corn farming.

Farm Practices Affected by Climate Change

• At the national level, there were 67.38 percent of corn farmers who believed that

their farming practices were affected by climate change. Specifically, this was

reported by all farmers in CALABARZON (Quezon). This belief was also highly

noted among 80 to 89 percent in CAR (Ifugao), Central Visayas and

SOCCSKSARGEN and lesser in Central Luzon (Tarlac) as cited by 11.11 percent.

44

• As to the perceived effect of climate change, decrease in yield was reported by

64.66 percent, change in cropping pattern by 34.98 percent, decrease in number

of cropping by 21.91 percent and increase in input usage by 12.49 percent.

• The decrease in yield was reported by all corn farmers in Central Luzon (Tarlac)

and CALABARZON (Quezon). Change in cropping pattern was mostly mentioned

by 67.80 percent in ARMM, 45.45 percent in Eastern Visayas (Leyte) and 42.86

percent in Central Visayas. Likewise, about 42 percent of corn farmers each in

ARMM and Bicol Region cited that climate change caused the decrease in

number of croppings. Increase in input usage was identified by 29 percent each

in Cagayan Valley and Ilocos Region (Pangasinan).

Membership in Organization and Type of Benefits Received

• Only 10 percent of corn farmers nationwide were members of farmers’

organization. Central Luzon (Tarlac) recorded the highest percentage of corn

farmers at 33.33 percent who were members of farmers’ organization. This was

20 to 22 percent in CAR (Ifugao), MIMAROPA (Palawan) and Zamboanga

Peninsula. The least membership was recorded in Cagayan Valley at 0.81 percent

and ARMM at 1.02 percent.

• Among the farmer-members, 65.08 percent availed of training/seminars. Some

11.11 percent received financial/credit support from the organization. Those

who availed of input support and marketing support were 10.32 percent and

9.52 percent of the farmer-members, respectively.

• All farmer-members of the organizations in CAR (Ifugao), Cagayan Valley and

ARMM were recipients of training/seminars. Likewise, all farmer-members in

Caraga (Agusan del Sur) were provided with financial/credit support and input

support from farmers’ organization. Meanwhile, financial assistance was given to

all the farmer-members in ARMM. Those who were provided with marketing

support were 31.82 percent in Davao Region and 28.57 percent in Western

Visayas.

Plans of Corn Farmers

• When asked on the plans of corn farmers, about 71.67 percent wanted to

maintain their current farming operations. Some 24.84 percent had plans of

expansion. A few at 1.43 percent planned to shift to other crops and 2.06 percent

desired to stop corn farming.

• In all regions, more than half of the corn farmers planned to maintain their

existing corn farm operations. This plan was dominant among 92.42 percent of

the corn farmers in Zamboanga Peninsula and 87.76 percent in ARMM. Those

45

who had plans for expansion of corn operation was highest in Davao Region at

44.37 percent. In Bicol Region, there were 10 percent who opted to shift to

other crops and another 10 percent planned to stop the corn farm operations.

Recommendation to Further Improve Corn Production

• To further improve corn farming operation, provision of financial support was

recommended by 68.17 percent of corn farmers nationwide. Price support was

suggested by 56.35 percent while regulation on price of farm inputs was cited by

43.89 percent. Some 20.32 percent recommended provision of new or modern

farming technologies and 14.44 percent, infrastructure facilities. Soil testing

analysis was mentioned by 12.94 percent. About 4 to 5 percent mentioned

addressing environmental concerns, implementing land reform and improving

irrigation services.

• The proportion of corn farmers suggesting financial support ranged from 30

percent in MIMAROPA (Palawan) to 96.30 percent in CAR (Ifugao). Price support

and regulation of prices of farm inputs were recommended by all corn farmers in

Central Luzon (Tarlac). There were 33.33 percent in Central Luzon (Tarlac) who

mentioned improvement of irrigation services. Establishment of infrastructure

facilities was suggested by 30 percent in MIMAROPA (Palawan). Meanwhile, in

CALABARZON (Quezon), about 54.55 percent proposed the conduct of soil

testing/analysis while 81.82 percent recommended the development of new or

modern farming technologies to further improve corn production. Addressing

environmental concern was cited by 37.04 percent in CAR (Ifugao).

STATISTICAL

TABLES

47

Table 1. Percentage distribution of corn farmers by sex and

by region, Philippines, January - September 2013

Male Female

PHILIPPINES 92.78 7.22

CAR 85.19 14.81

Ilocos Region 84.78 15.22

Cagayan Valley 95.97 4.03

Central Luzon 100.00

CALABARZON 100.00

MIMAROPA 90.00 10.00

Bicol Region 95.89 4.11

Western Visayas 90.74 9.26

Central Visayas 89.60 10.40

Eastern Visayas 96.55 3.45

Zamboanga Peninsula 90.91 9.09

Northern Mindanao 94.55 5.45

Davao Region 91.39 8.61

SOCCSKSARGEN 92.98 7.02

Caraga 91.43 8.57

ARMM 97.96 2.04

Region

Table 2.01 Average age and percentage distribution of corn farmers by age group and


< 31 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 > 70

PHILIPPINES 53 1.51 13.73 30.71 30.40 14.29 9.37

CAR 54 11.11 37.04 25.93 7.41 18.52

Ilocos Region 53 17.39 21.74 36.96 13.04 10.87

Cagayan Valley 51 3.23 19.35 29.84 29.03 8.87 9.68

Central Luzon 53 22.22 22.22 16.67 22.22 16.67

CALABARZON 48 27.27 27.27 36.36 9.09

MIMAROPA 53 20.00 20.00 30.00 30.00

Bicol Region 55 12.33 21.92 34.25 20.55 10.96

Western Visayas 53 1.85 14.81 16.67 50.00 11.11 5.56

Central Visayas 57 1.16 10.40 20.81 29.48 19.08 19.08

Eastern Visayas 58 3.45 20.69 34.48 34.48 6.90

Zamboanga Peninsula 53 1.52 14.39 34.85 21.21 21.21 6.82

Northern Mindanao 53 8.48 37.58 33.33 10.91 9.70

Davao Region 51 1.32 17.88 33.77 27.15 14.57 5.30

SOCCSKSARGEN 51 1.75 10.53 40.35 28.95 12.28 6.14

Caraga 55 2.86 8.57 31.43 22.86 17.14 17.14

ARMM 47 5.10 18.37 38.78 35.71 1.02 1.02

(in percent)

RegionAverage Age

(years)

Age Group

48

Table 2.02 Average age and percentage distribution of male corn farmers by age group and


< 31 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 > 70

PHILIPPINES 52 1.45 14.11 31.48 30.54 13.94 8.47

CAR 55 8.70 34.78 26.09 8.70 21.74

Ilocos Region 53 17.95 20.51 41.03 7.69 12.82

Cagayan Valley 51 3.36 19.33 28.57 29.41 9.24 10.08

Central Luzon 53 22.22 22.22 16.67 22.22 16.67

CALABARZON 48 27.27 27.27 36.36 9.09

MIMAROPA 52 22.22 22.22 22.22 33.33

Bicol Region 55 11.43 22.86 34.29 20.00 11.43

Western Visayas 53 2.04 16.33 18.37 46.94 10.20 6.12

Central Visayas 56 1.29 11.61 21.94 30.32 18.71 16.13

Eastern Visayas 58 3.57 21.43 35.71 35.71 3.57

Zamboanga Peninsula 52 1.67 15.00 35.00 21.67 20.83 5.83

Northern Mindanao 52 8.97 39.10 33.97 10.90 7.05

Davao Region 51 0.72 18.12 34.06 28.26 14.49 4.35

SOCCSKSARGEN 51 0.94 10.38 43.40 27.36 12.26 5.66

Caraga 55 3.13 9.38 31.25 21.88 15.63 18.75

ARMM 47 5.21 18.75 39.58 34.38 1.04 1.04

(in percent)

RegionAverage Age

(years)

Age Group

Table 2.03 Average age and percentage distribution of female corn farmers by age group and


< 31 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 > 70

PHILIPPINES 57 2.20 8.79 20.88 28.57 18.68 20.88

CAR 46 25.00 50.00 25.00

Ilocos Region 54 14.29 28.57 14.29 42.86

Cagayan Valley 49 20.00 60.00 20.00

Central Luzon

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 57 100.00

Bicol Region 52 33.33 33.33 33.33

Western Visayas 57 80.00 20.00

Central Visayas 65 11.11 22.22 22.22 44.44

Eastern Visayas 74 100.00

Zamboanga Peninsula 58 8.33 33.33 16.67 25.00 16.67

Northern Mindanao 66 11.11 22.22 11.11 55.56

Davao Region 52 7.69 15.38 30.77 15.38 15.38 15.38

SOCCSKSARGEN 53 12.50 12.50 50.00 12.50 12.50

Caraga 58 33.33 33.33 33.33

ARMM 52 100.00

(in percent)

RegionAverage Age

(years)

Age Group

49

Table 3.01 Percentage distribution of corn farmers by educational attainment and by region,

Philippines, January - September 2013

Elementary

Level

Elementary

Graduate

High School

Level

High School

Graduate

College

Level

PHILIPPINES 42.38 22.94 10.71 13.17 3.33

CAR 37.04 18.52 11.11 7.41 7.41

Ilocos Region 6.52 32.61 2.17 34.78 13.04

Cagayan Valley 25.00 32.26 10.48 20.97 3.23

Central Luzon 11.11 22.22 11.11 27.78 5.56

CALABARZON 27.27 54.55 18.18

MIMAROPA 10.00 10.00 10.00 40.00

Bicol Region 34.25 24.66 13.70 19.18 4.11

Western Visayas 46.30 14.81 1.85 20.37 1.85

Central Visayas 54.34 25.43 3.47 8.67 1.73

Eastern Visayas 55.17 27.59 3.45 13.79

Zamboanga Peninsula 54.55 19.70 6.82 9.85 1.52

Northern Mindanao 47.27 16.36 18.18 9.09 6.06

Davao Region 43.05 19.87 14.57 15.89 2.65

SOCCSKSARGEN 34.21 28.07 12.28 9.65 4.39

Caraga 34.29 34.29 14.29 8.57 2.86

ARMM 59.18 13.27 17.35 1.02

Region

Table 3.01 Concluded

College

Graduate

Post-

GraduateVocational

No Formal

Schooling

PHILIPPINES 3.49 0.16 1.11 2.70

CAR 18.52


Cagayan Valley 6.45 0.81 0.81

Central Luzon 16.67 5.56

CALABARZON



Western Visayas 7.41 5.56 1.85


Eastern Visayas

Zamboanga Peninsula 1.52 1.52 4.55


Davao Region 1.99 0.66 1.32

SOCCSKSARGEN 8.77 1.75 0.88

Caraga 5.71

ARMM 1.02 8.16

Region

50

Table 3.02 Percentage distribution of male corn farmers by educational attainment and


Elementary

Level

Elementary

Graduate

High School

Level

High School

Graduate

College

Level

PHILIPPINES 43.11 22.24 11.12 13.09 3.34

CAR 39.13 17.39 13.04 4.35 8.70

Ilocos Region 5.13 35.90 2.56 35.90 12.82

Cagayan Valley 24.37 32.77 10.08 21.85 3.36

Central Luzon 11.11 22.22 11.11 27.78 5.56

CALABARZON 27.27 54.55 18.18

MIMAROPA 11.11 11.11 11.11 33.33

Bicol Region 32.86 25.71 14.29 20.00 2.86

Western Visayas 46.94 12.24 2.04 22.45 2.04

Central Visayas 58.06 21.94 3.23 9.03 1.94

Eastern Visayas 57.14 25.00 3.57 14.29



Davao Region 41.30 21.01 14.49 15.94 2.90

SOCCSKSARGEN 36.79 27.36 12.26 8.49 4.72

Caraga 37.50 31.25 15.63 6.25 3.13

ARMM 58.33 13.54 17.71 1.04

Region


College

Graduate

Post-

GraduateVocational

No Formal

Schooling

PHILIPPINES 3.25 0.17 1.03 2.65

CAR 17.39




CALABARZON





Eastern Visayas





Caraga 6.25

ARMM 1.04 8.33

Region

51

Table 3.03 Percentage distribution of female corn farmers by educational attainment and


Elementary

Level

Elementary

Graduate

High School

Level

High School

Graduate

College

Level

PHILIPPINES 32.97 31.87 5.49 14.29 3.30

CAR 25.00 25.00 25.00

Ilocos Region 14.29 14.29 28.57 14.29


Central Luzon

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 100.00



Central Visayas 22.22 55.56 5.56 5.56

Eastern Visayas 100.00

Zamboanga Peninsula 41.67 25.00 16.67 8.33

Northern Mindanao 33.33 44.44 11.11

Davao Region 61.54 7.69 15.38 15.38


Caraga 66.67 33.33

ARMM 100.00

Region


College

GraduateVocational

No Formal

Schooling

PHILIPPINES 6.59 2.20 3.30

CAR 25.00


Cagayan Valley 20.00

Central Luzon

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region

Western Visayas 20.00


Eastern Visayas

Zamboanga Peninsula 8.33

Northern Mindanao 11.11

Davao Region

SOCCSKSARGEN 25.00

Caraga

ARMM

Region

52

Table 4.01 Average farming experience and percentage distribution of corn farmers by number of years

engaged in corn farming and by region, Philippines, January - September 2013

< 11 11 - 20 21 - 30 > 30

PHILIPPINES 23 17.94 32.78 27.14 22.14

CAR 30 3.70 25.93 25.93 44.44

Ilocos Region 21 19.57 39.13 23.91 17.39

Cagayan Valley 23 20.16 31.45 27.42 20.97

Central Luzon 18 22.22 50.00 22.22 5.56

CALABARZON 22 18.18 36.36 27.27 18.18

MIMAROPA 16 20.00 60.00 10.00 10.00

Bicol Region 24 15.07 26.03 36.99 21.92

Western Visayas 21 25.93 25.93 29.63 18.52

Central Visayas 25 18.50 25.43 24.86 31.21

Eastern Visayas 25 6.90 31.03 41.38 20.69

Zamboanga Peninsula 25 18.94 31.82 22.73 26.52


Davao Region 20 24.50 39.07 24.50 11.92

SOCCSKSARGEN 24 13.16 29.82 32.46 24.56

Caraga 27 11.43 28.57 25.71 34.29

ARMM 17 29.59 39.80 23.47 7.14

Region

Average Farming

Experience

(years)

Years Engaged in Corn Farming

Table 4.02 Average farming experience and percentage distribution of male corn farmers by number of

years engaged in corn farming and by region, Philippines, January - September 2013

< 11 11 - 20 21 - 30 > 30

PHILIPPINES 23 17.28 33.11 27.37 22.24

CAR 31 21.74 26.09 52.17

Ilocos Region 22 15.38 38.46 25.64 20.51

Cagayan Valley 23 21.01 31.93 25.21 21.85

Central Luzon 18 22.22 50.00 22.22 5.56

CALABARZON 22 18.18 36.36 27.27 18.18

MIMAROPA 17 22.22 55.56 11.11 11.11

Bicol Region 25 14.29 25.71 37.14 22.86

Western Visayas 21 26.53 26.53 28.57 18.37

Central Visayas 25 18.06 26.45 24.52 30.97

Eastern Visayas 25 7.14 32.14 39.29 21.43

Zamboanga Peninsula 25 17.50 30.83 25.00 26.67


Davao Region 19 24.64 39.13 23.91 12.32

SOCCSKSARGEN 24 12.26 29.25 33.96 24.53

Caraga 27 9.38 31.25 25.00 34.38

ARMM 18 28.13 40.63 23.96 7.29

Region

Average Farming

Experience

(years)


53

Table 4.03 Average farming experience and percentage distribution of female corn farmers by number

of years engaged in corn farming and by region, Philippines, January - September 2013

< 11 11 - 20 21 - 30 > 30

PHILIPPINES 22 26.37 28.57 24.18 20.88

CAR 19 25.00 50.00 25.00

Ilocos Region 14 42.86 42.86 14.29

Cagayan Valley 26 20.00 80.00

Central Luzon

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 12 100.00

Bicol Region 19 33.33 33.33 33.33

Western Visayas 22 20.00 20.00 40.00 20.00

Central Visayas 24 22.22 16.67 27.78 33.33

Eastern Visayas 25 100.00

Zamboanga Peninsula 22 33.33 41.67 25.00


Davao Region 21 23.08 38.46 30.77 7.69

SOCCSKSARGEN 20 25.00 37.50 12.50 25.00

Caraga 25 33.33 33.33 33.33

ARMM 10 100.00

Region

Average Farming

Experience

(years)


Table 5.01 Percentage distribution of corn farmers by main occupation and by region,



CAR 3.70

Ilocos Region 4.35

Cagayan Valley 0.81

Central Luzon 5.56

CALABARZON


Bicol Region 4.11



Eastern Visayas



Davao Region 2.65


Caraga 2.86

ARMM

Service

Workers and

Shop and

Market Sales

Workers

Region

Officials of the Government and

Special Interest Organizations,

Corporate Executives, Managers

Managing Proprietors and

Supervisors

Professionals

54

Table 5.01 Continued

Field Crop

Farmers

Orchard

Farmers

Livestock and Poultry

FarmersFishermen

PHILIPPINES 80.79 9.29 0.24 1.11

CAR 96.30

Ilocos Region 91.30


Central Luzon 94.44

CALABARZON 81.82




Central Visayas 80.35 1.73 1.16 2.31




Davao Region 72.19 21.19 0.66

SOCCSKSARGEN 92.98

Caraga 97.14

ARMM 89.80 8.16

Region

Farmers, Forestry Workers and Fishermen:


PHILIPPINES 1.43 0.71 3.57 0.08

CAR



Central Luzon

CALABARZON 18.18

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region 4.11


Central Visayas 4.05 0.58 7.51

Eastern Visayas





Caraga

ARMM 2.04

Region

Craft and

Related

Trades

Workers

Plant and Machine

Operators and

Assemblers

Elementary

Occupation:

Laborers and

Unskilled Workers

Special

Occupation

55

Table 5.02 Percentage distribution of male corn farmers by main occupation and by region,



CAR 4.35

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley 0.84

Central Luzon 5.56

CALABARZON


Bicol Region 2.86



Eastern Visayas



Davao Region 2.90

SOCCSKSARGEN 0.94

Caraga 3.13

ARMM

Service

Workers and

Shop and

Market Sales

Workers

Region





Supervisors

Professionals


Field Crop

Farmers

Orchard

Farmers

Livestock and Poultry

FarmersFishermen

PHILIPPINES 81.52 9.07 0.26 1.20

CAR 95.65

Ilocos Region 94.87


Central Luzon 94.44

CALABARZON 81.82




Central Visayas 80.00 1.94 1.29 2.58




Davao Region 72.46 21.01 0.72

SOCCSKSARGEN 94.34

Caraga 96.88

ARMM 91.67 8.33

Region

Farmers, Forestry Workers and Fishermen:

56


PHILIPPINES 1.37 0.77 3.42 0.09

CAR



Central Luzon

CALABARZON 18.18

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region 4.29



Eastern Visayas





Caraga

ARMM

Plant and Machine

Operators and

Assemblers

Elementary

Occupation:

Laborers and

Unskilled Workers

Special

OccupationRegion

Craft and

Related

Trades

Workers

Table 5.03 Percentage distribution of female corn farmers by main occupation and by region,



CAR

Ilocos Region 28.57

Cagayan Valley

Central Luzon

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region 33.33

Western Visayas


Eastern Visayas


Northern Mindanao

Davao Region

SOCCSKSARGEN 25.00

Caraga

ARMM

Service

Workers and

Shop and

Market Sales

Workers

Region





Supervisors

Professionals

57


Field Crop

Farmers

Orchard

Farmers

PHILIPPINES 71.43 12.09 2.20 5.49

CAR 100.00

Ilocos Region 71.43


Central Luzon

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 100.00

Bicol Region 66.67






Davao Region 69.23 23.08 7.69

SOCCSKSARGEN 75.00

Caraga 100.00

ARMM 100.00

Elementary

Occupation:

Laborers and

Unskilled

Workers

Region

Craft and

Related

Trades

Workers

Farmers, Forestry Workers

and Fishermen:

Table 6. Percentage of corn farmers by type of farm investment owned and used in corn farm parcel

and by region, Philippines, January - September 2013

Carabao Cattle HorseFarm

House

Warehouse

/ Storage

Farm

Shed

Drying

Pavement

PHILIPPINES 47.22 8.89 5.71 23.57 3.17 2.22 0.08

CAR 77.78 3.70 3.70 7.41

Ilocos Region 19.57 4.35 8.70

Cagayan Valley 50.81 8.06 4.03 0.81 1.61

Central Luzon 22.22 5.56 11.11 5.56

CALABARZON 54.55 18.18 18.18

MIMAROPA 70.00 40.00 20.00

Bicol Region 83.56 6.85 1.37 16.44

Western Visayas 62.96 7.41 14.81 1.85 1.85

Central Visayas 45.66 1.16 1.73 21.97 5.78 0.58



Northern Mindanao 49.09 24.24 21.21 43.03 9.70 1.21

Davao Region 25.83 1.99 1.99 21.85 1.32

SOCCSKSARGEN 36.84 4.39 14.91 42.11 5.26 0.88

Caraga 48.57 2.86 51.43

ARMM 59.18 30.61 34.69

Region

Work Animals Farm Buildings and Other Structures

58

Table 6. Continued

Two-

Wheel

Tractor

Four-

Wheel

Tractor

Irrigation

PumpSheller

Grain

Dryer

Transport

FacilitiesCart Engine

PHILIPPINES 3.65 0.48 4.60 1.59 0.08 3.17 1.67 0.08

CAR 22.22 3.70 14.81

Ilocos Region 26.09 4.35 80.43 4.35

Cagayan Valley 11.29 0.81 5.65 14.52 5.65 0.81

Central Luzon 55.56 77.78 11.11

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 10.00

Bicol Region 1.37

Western Visayas 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85


Eastern Visayas


Northern Mindanao 0.61 0.61 3.64 1.82


SOCCSKSARGEN 2.63 0.88 0.88 2.63 6.14 2.63

Caraga 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 14.29

ARMM

Region

Farm Machinery and Transport Facilities

Table 6. Continued

Plow Harrow Jabber Sprayer Weeder Spade Bolo Scythe Hoe

PHILIPPINES 56.35 17.70 3.73 26.90 6.90 28.33 92.06 23.57 10.63

CAR 88.89 29.63 40.74 81.48 40.74 96.30 29.63 3.70

Ilocos Region 21.74 34.78 65.22 2.17 65.22 89.13 63.04 17.39

Cagayan Valley 70.16 26.61 2.42 71.77 0.81 32.26 87.90 28.23 7.26

Central Luzon 44.44 50.00 27.78 44.44 94.44 77.78 72.22 50.00

CALABARZON 72.73 9.09 9.09 100.00

MIMAROPA 90.00 70.00 20.00 40.00 90.00 30.00

Bicol Region 89.04 32.88 19.18 41.10 93.15 6.85 32.88

Western Visayas 62.96 14.81 27.78 14.81 53.70 75.93 20.37 48.15

Central Visayas 50.29 7.51 4.05 0.58 2.89 97.69 25.43 14.45

Eastern Visayas 75.86 10.34 3.45 13.79 100.00 10.34

Zamboanga Peninsula 53.03 10.61 2.27 10.61 3.79 31.06 96.97 25.00 4.55

Northern Mindanao 73.33 24.85 15.15 2.42 17.58 87.27 28.48 9.09

Davao Region 17.88 3.97 29.14 35.10 25.83 94.70 32.45 3.31

SOCCSKSARGEN 44.74 16.67 1.75 40.35 4.39 46.49 92.98 14.04 2.63

Caraga 51.43 22.86 40.00 11.43 97.14 11.43

ARMM 70.41 30.61 6.12 8.16 9.18 20.41 89.80

Region

Farm Tools and Implements

59

Table 6. Concluded

SledSpading

Fork

Post

Hole

Digger

Yoke RakeWeighing

Scale

Manual /

Wooden

Sheller

Trowel Others1/

PHILIPPINES 19.21 0.71 6.35 36.43 6.35 4.13 1.43 0.95 3.25

CAR 51.85 74.07 7.41 3.70

Ilocos Region 4.35 6.52 10.87 4.35 41.30 32.61

Cagayan Valley 25.00 1.61 5.65 47.58 1.61 1.61 5.65

Central Luzon 11.11 11.11 5.56 16.67 11.11

CALABARZON 81.82 27.27 72.73 9.09

MIMAROPA 50.00 20.00 70.00 10.00 10.00

Bicol Region 13.70 12.33 39.73 9.59 4.11

Western Visayas 27.78 1.85 11.11 37.04 12.96 3.70 1.85 9.26

Central Visayas 5.20 13.29 42.77 1.16 4.62 6.36 4.05



Northern Mindanao 20.61 1.82 41.21 7.27 4.24 2.42 0.61

Davao Region 18.54 0.66 19.87 3.97 2.65 2.65 11.92

SOCCSKSARGEN 18.42 2.63 26.32 3.51 6.14

Caraga 42.86 8.57 51.43 5.71 2.86

ARMM 8.16 1.02 9.18 24.49 12.24 6.12

1/ Include axe, cage wheel, canvas, sawali, seed holder, scooper, sharpening stone, sickle, tent and winnower

Region

Farm Tools and Implements

Table 7. Average farm size and area devoted to corn by region,


(in hectare)

Farm SizeArea Devoted

to Corn


CAR 2.78 2.66




CALABARZON 4.10 0.74

MIMAROPA 6.33 2.28









Caraga 3.49 1.42

ARMM 1.80 1.30

Region

60

Table 8. Percentage distribution of corn farm parcels by farm type


White Yellow


CAR 100.00

Ilocos Region 100.00



CALABARZON 100.00




Central Visayas 100.00




Davao Region 100.00


Caraga 82.86 17.14

ARMM 89.80 10.20

Region

Table 9. Average area planted and harvested of corn farm parcel by farm type


(in hectare)

Area

Planted

Area

Harvested

Area

Planted

Area

Harvested

PHILIPPINES 0.67 0.67 1.05 1.05

CAR 1.56 1.56


Cagayan Valley 0.63 0.63 1.07 1.07



MIMAROPA 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63

Bicol Region 0.77 0.77 1.10 1.10







SOCCSKSARGEN 0.83 0.83 1.03 1.03

Caraga 0.89 0.89 1.67 1.67

ARMM 1.12 1.10 1.15 1.15

Yellow

Region

White

61

Table 10. Percentage distribution of corn farm parcels by tenurial status and by region,


Fully

Owned

Leased/

RentedTenanted Amortized

Rent

Free

PHILIPPINES 36.11 3.65 25.00 1.03 13.73

CAR 3.70 18.52 3.70 7.41

Ilocos Region 47.83 10.87 36.96

Cagayan Valley 45.16 4.84 27.42 3.23

Central Luzon 50.00 16.67 27.78 5.56

CALABARZON 18.18 54.55 9.09


Bicol Region 35.62 5.48 30.14 2.74 9.59

Western Visayas 25.93 3.70 12.96 33.33

Central Visayas 23.12 3.47 38.73 1.16 17.92




Davao Region 37.75 5.96 1.99 30.46

SOCCSKSARGEN 35.09 4.39 23.68 1.75 5.26

Caraga 17.14 28.57 17.14

ARMM 70.41 2.04 2.04

Region

Table 10. Concluded

Owner-like

Possession

Held Under

CLT/CLOAStewardship Mortgaged

Voluntary

Offer to Sell

(VOS)

PHILIPPINES 16.27 1.98 1.03 1.11 0.08

CAR 62.96 3.70

Ilocos Region 4.35


Central Luzon

CALABARZON 18.18

MIMAROPA 10.00







Davao Region 15.23 5.30 3.31

SOCCSKSARGEN 23.68 2.63 2.63 0.88

Caraga 28.57 8.57

ARMM 25.51

Region

62

Table 11. Percentage distribution of corn farmers by number of cropping per year


One

Cropping

Two

Croppings

Three

Croppings

PHILIPPINES 5.87 81.43 12.70

CAR 100.00




CALABARZON 100.00





Eastern Visayas 3.45 79.31 17.24



Davao Region 2.65 56.29 41.06


Caraga 2.86 94.29 2.86

ARMM 41.84 46.94 11.22

Region

Table 12. Percentage distribution of corn farmers by month of planting and by region,

Philippines, September 2012 - July 2013

Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

PHILIPPINES 0.32 3.17 14.29 9.92 6.51 2.94 11.19 18.25 25.16 7.78 0.48

CAR 55.56 44.44

Ilocos Region 8.70 76.09 10.87 2.17 2.17

Cagayan Valley 10.48 41.13 41.13 7.26

Central Luzon 5.56 83.33 11.11

CALABARZON 18.18 9.09 72.73

MIMAROPA 10.00 30.00 40.00 20.00

Bicol Region 4.11 24.66 31.51 36.99 1.37 1.37

Western Visayas 12.96 7.41 11.11 66.67 1.85

Central Visayas 2.31 0.58 0.58 1.16 10.40 58.38 26.59

Eastern Visayas 3.45 10.34 10.34 17.24 6.90 20.69 27.59 3.45


Northern Mindanao 1.82 13.94 4.24 1.21 7.27 25.45 38.18 7.88

Davao Region 1.32 1.32 6.62 5.96 33.11 27.15 18.54 4.64 1.32

SOCCSKSARGEN 2.63 4.39 5.26 5.26 4.39 12.28 28.95 34.21 2.63

Caraga 2.86 45.71 31.43 20.00

ARMM 3.06 7.14 10.20 8.16 6.12 17.35 8.16 11.22 24.49 4.08

Region2012 2013

63

Table 13. Percentage distribution of corn farmers by month of harvesting and by region,


Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept

PHILIPPINES 2.06 5.00 17.78 8.41 3.17 8.81 15.40 25.40 13.97

CAR 44.44 55.56

Ilocos Region 6.52 80.43 8.70 2.17 2.17

Cagayan Valley 2.42 10.48 58.06 29.03



MIMAROPA 20.00 60.00 10.00 10.00

Bicol Region 2.74 10.96 45.21 30.14 10.96

Western Visayas 12.96 3.70 3.70 11.11 48.15 20.37

Central Visayas 2.31 0.58 1.73 5.20 41.04 49.13

Eastern Visayas 3.45 10.34 10.34 17.24 6.90 20.69 24.14 6.90


Northern Mindanao 1.82 1.82 12.12 4.24 0.61 3.03 18.18 43.64 14.55

Davao Region 1.32 1.32 1.99 3.97 4.64 27.81 25.83 23.84 9.27

SOCCSKSARGEN 2.63 4.39 5.26 5.26 2.63 7.89 25.44 41.23 5.26

Caraga 2.86 42.86 34.29 20.00

ARMM 3.06 7.14 4.08 12.24 4.08 17.35 9.18 12.24 30.61

Region

Table 14. Percentage distribution of corn farmers by farm type, by type of seeds planted and by region,


Hybrid Modern

OPV

Native

OPV Hybrid

Modern

OPV

Native

OPV Hybrid

Modern

OPV

Native

OPV

PHILIPPINES 0.55 40.37 59.08 74.86 21.97 3.18 20.95 35.32 43.73

CAR 100.00 100.00


Cagayan Valley 100.00 100.00 98.39 1.61

Central Luzon 83.33 16.67 83.33 16.67


MIMAROPA 50.00 50.00 87.50 12.50 80.00 20.00

Bicol Region 10.00 90.00 82.61 17.39 32.88 67.12

Western Visayas 76.47 23.53 40.00 60.00 14.81 70.37 14.81

Central Visayas 23.70 76.30 23.70 76.30


Zamboanga Peninsula 40.94 59.06 80.00 20.00 3.03 40.15 56.82

Northern Mindanao 2.70 27.70 69.59 52.94 41.18 5.88 7.88 29.09 63.03

Davao Region 74.17 25.83 74.17 25.83

SOCCSKSARGEN 88.57 11.43 50.00 47.73 2.27 19.30 72.81 7.89

Caraga 3.45 20.69 75.86 100.00 20.00 17.14 62.86

ARMM 26.14 73.86 60.00 40.00 29.59 70.41

Region

White Yellow All

64

Table 15.01 Percentage of corn farmers by source/s of hybrid seeds and by region,


DA/RFO LGU TraderSeed

GrowerCooperative Co-Farmer

PHILIPPINES 0.76 0.76 93.94 0.76 2.65 1.89

CAR 3.70 81.48 3.70 11.11 3.70

Ilocos Region 2.17 91.30 2.17 4.35

Cagayan Valley 0.82 97.54 0.82 1.64


CALABARZON

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region


Central Visayas

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region


Caraga 100.00

ARMM

Region

Table 15.02 Percentage of corn farmers by source/s of modern OPV seeds


DA/RFO LGU TraderSeed

GrowerCo-Farmer

Own-

Produced

PHILIPPINES 2.47 1.12 12.36 0.67 28.76 55.73

CAR

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley

Central Luzon 33.33 33.33 33.33

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 12.50 12.50 37.50 37.50

Bicol Region 54.17 8.33 16.67 20.83



Eastern Visayas



Davao Region 6.25 2.68 4.46 33.93 56.25


Caraga 16.67 16.67 66.67

ARMM 37.93 10.34 51.72

Region

65

Table 15.03 Percentage of corn farmers by source/s of native OPV seeds and by region,


DA/RFO LGU Trader Cooperative Co-FarmerOwn-

Produced

PHILIPPINES 0.36 0.73 5.81 0.18 26.86 66.24

CAR

Ilocos Region


Central Luzon


MIMAROPA 100.00

Bicol Region 2.04 4.08 12.24 81.63



Eastern Visayas 3.45 3.45 58.62 34.48





Caraga 22.73 77.27

ARMM 17.39 36.23 47.83

Region

Table 16. Percentage of corn farmers by type of labor used in land preparation and


Two-Wheel

Tractor

Four-Wheel

Tractor

PHILIPPINES 58.25 1.19 14.29 0.48 2.70

CAR 92.59 14.81 3.70 3.70

Ilocos Region 8.70 86.96 2.17 13.04

Cagayan Valley 9.68 6.45 57.26 3.23 14.52


CALABARZON 90.91


Bicol Region 91.78 6.85 1.37






Davao Region 38.41


Caraga 77.14

ARMM 57.14 22.45 6.12

Man-

Animal

Man-MachineRegion

Plowing Rotavating

Two-Wheel

Tractor

Four-Wheel

Tractor

66

Table 16. Concluded

Two-Wheel

Tractor

Four-Wheel

Tractor

PHILIPPINES 40.32 3.49 2.30 63.73 2.94

CAR 88.89 11.11 70.37

Ilocos Region 2.17 43.48 10.87 23.91 39.13

Cagayan Valley 14.52 3.23 7.26 95.97

Central Luzon 5.56 88.89 33.33 66.67

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 80.00 100.00



Central Visayas 42.77 0.58 49.71 1.16




Davao Region 16.56 19.87 0.66

SOCCSKSARGEN 46.49 0.88 4.39 70.18 2.63

Caraga 57.14 8.57 62.86 2.86

ARMM 72.45 1.02 74.49

Furrowing

Man-

Animal

Man-

Machine

Region

Harrowing

Man-

Animal

Man-Machine

Table 17. Percentage of corn farmers by method of fertilizer application


Basal Side Dressing Top Dressing

PHILIPPINES 30.79 53.41 27.14

CAR 66.67 37.04 66.67

Ilocos Region 13.04 91.30 91.30


Central Luzon 16.67 100.00 94.44

CALABARZON 9.09


Bicol Region 19.18 27.40 19.18






Davao Region 7.28 42.38 11.92


Caraga 40.00 48.57 11.43

ARMM 12.24 25.51 14.29

Region

67

Table 18. Percentage of corn farmers by method of weeding and


ManualChemical

Spraying


CAR 51.85 37.04



Central Luzon 38.89

CALABARZON 100.00










Caraga 62.86 34.29

ARMM 87.76 8.16

Region

Table 19. Percentage of corn farmers by method of shelling and by region,


Manual Mechanical Both

PHILIPPINES 58.73 33.57 0.56

CAR 3.70 85.19 3.70




CALABARZON 100.00


Bicol Region 73.97 21.92 1.37








Caraga 65.71 31.43

ARMM 21.43 41.84

Region

68

Table 20. Percentage of corn farmers by method of drying and


Solar Mechanical


CAR 96.30

Ilocos Region 78.26


Central Luzon 27.78

CALABARZON 90.91

MIMAROPA 70.00

Bicol Region 94.52






Davao Region 94.04

SOCCSKSARGEN 92.11

Caraga 77.14 2.86

ARMM 60.20

Region

Table 21. Percentage of corn farmers by type of solid organic fertilizers used


Animal Manure Others1/


CAR

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley 0.81

Central Luzon 11.11

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region

Western Visayas


Eastern Visayas




SOCCSKSARGEN

Caraga

ARMM

1/ Include Guano, Green Friend, Wellgrow Bio-Organic, Durabloom, compost and vermicast

Region

69

Table 22. Percentage of corn farmers by type of solid inorganic fertilizers used and


Urea

(45-0-0)

Urea

(46-0-0)

Ammonium

Sulfate

(21-0-0)

Ammonium

Phosphate

(16-20-0)

Complete

(12-12-12)

PHILIPPINES 7.70 43.02 18.65 20.71 0.16

CAR 7.41 88.89 7.41 29.63


Cagayan Valley 2.42 94.35 5.65 48.39

Central Luzon 83.33 44.44 11.11

CALABARZON 9.09

MIMAROPA 50.00

Bicol Region 1.37 32.88 1.37 13.70

Western Visayas 12.96 31.48 16.67 27.78

Central Visayas 2.31 30.64 27.17 12.72




Davao Region 12.58 21.85 28.48 4.64

SOCCSKSARGEN 1.75 63.16 17.54 7.02

Caraga 5.71 45.71 28.57 2.86

ARMM 10.20 20.41 1.02

Region

Table 22. Concluded

Complete

(14-14-14)

Complete

(16-16-16)

Zinc Sulfate

(Zinc 21%)

Muriate of

Potash

(0-0-60)

Others1/

PHILIPPINES 33.17 1.03 0.16 0.16 0.48

CAR 59.26 7.41




CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 50.00

Bicol Region 21.92







SOCCSKSARGEN 51.75

Caraga 22.86

ARMM 30.61 2.04

1/ Include MRG, Amway APSA, Ammonium Chloride, Atlas (16-20-0) and Philphos (14-14-14)

Region

70

Table 23. Percentage of corn farmers by type of pesticides used and by region,


Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid

PHILIPPINES 1.59 31.35 0.79 3.25 0.08 0.08 1.03

CAR 37.04

Ilocos Region 56.52 2.17 4.35 2.17


Central Luzon 38.89

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 10.00




Eastern Visayas



Davao Region 6.62 46.36 1.99 3.97

SOCCSKSARGEN 0.88 48.25 1.75 9.65 0.88

Caraga 2.86 34.29 17.14 5.71

ARMM 3.06 3.06 11.22

Region

Herbicides /

Weedicides Insecticides Fungicides Rodenticides

Table 24.01 Percentage of corn farmers by mode of acquisition of seeds, by source and by region,


Paid in

Cash

Paid in

Kind

PHILIPPINES 36.98 2.14 50.79 1.51 8.65

CAR 88.89 3.70 7.41


Cagayan Valley 96.77 1.61 0.81 0.81


CALABARZON 9.09 81.82 9.09

MIMAROPA 30.00 50.00 10.00 10.00

Bicol Region 32.88 64.38 1.37 1.37

Western Visayas 29.63 9.26 51.85 9.26

Central Visayas 4.05 2.31 87.28 0.58 5.78

Eastern Visayas 41.38 3.45 34.48 20.69



Davao Region 9.27 56.29 4.64 29.80

SOCCSKSARGEN 51.75 6.14 39.47 2.63

Caraga 34.29 65.71 2.86

ARMM 38.78 57.14 4.08

From Government

(LGU, DA/RFO, etc.)

From Private Individual/

Organization (Trader,

Co-Farmer, Coop., etc.)

Region

Purchased

Own

Produced

Received

Self-Financed

Discounted

71

Table 24.02 Percentage of corn farmers by mode of acquisition of organic fertilizers, by source and by region,


Paid in

Cash

Paid in

Kind


CAR

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley 0.81


CALABARZON

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region

Western Visayas


Eastern Visayas




SOCCSKSARGEN

Caraga

ARMM

From Government

(LGU, DA/RFO, etc.)




Region

Purchased

Own

Produced

Received

Self-Financed

Discounted

Table 24.03 Percentage of corn farmers by mode of acquisition of inorganic fertilizers, by source and by region,


Paid in

Cash

Paid in

Kind

PHILIPPINES 71.27 0.48 0.08 0.71

CAR 96.30 7.41




CALABARZON 9.09

MIMAROPA 70.00







Davao Region 51.66 0.66 0.66


Caraga 74.29

ARMM 39.80

From Government

(LGU, DA/RFO, etc.)




Region

Purchased

Own

Produced

Received

Self-Financed

Discounted

72

Table 24.04 Percentage of corn farmers by mode of acquisition of pesticides, by source and by region,


Paid in

Cash

Paid in

Kind

PHILIPPINES 33.57 0.48 0.08 0.08 0.24

CAR 37.04




CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 10.00

Bicol Region 8.22



Eastern Visayas



Davao Region 48.34 0.66 0.66


Caraga 54.29

ARMM 14.29

From Government

(LGU, DA/RFO, etc.)


Organization (Trader, Co-

Farmer, Coop., etc.)

Region

Purchased

Own

Produced

Received

Self-Financed

Discounted

Table 25.01 Average quantity of seeds used per hectare by farm type and


(in kilogram)

15.73 18.11 16.61

PHILIPPINES 15.73 18.11 16.61

CAR 17.98 17.98





MIMAROPA 20.00 17.00 17.60

Bicol Region 16.49 19.64 17.74








Caraga 10.40 18.70 12.72

ARMM 19.22 20.57 19.37

Yellow All TypesRegion White

73

Table 25.02 Average quantity of seeds used per hectare by seed type and by region,


(in kilogram)

17.88 17.04 15.17 16.61

PHILIPPINES 17.88 17.04 15.17 16.61

CAR 17.98 17.98



Central Luzon 20.45 23.57 20.87


MIMAROPA 17.39 20.00 17.60

Bicol Region 19.90 16.33 17.74

Western Visayas 18.05 12.67 10.71 14.18





Davao Region 15.17 10.99 14.53

SOCCSKSARGEN 17.28 19.04 19.71 18.67

Caraga 18.67 10.85 10.05 12.72

ARMM 19.84 19.10 19.37

Region Hybrid All TypesModern OPV Native OPV

Table 25.03 Average quantity of solid organic fertilizers used per hectare by farm type


(in kilogram)

White Yellow All Types

8.16 8.14 8.15


CAR

Ilocos Region



CALABARZON

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region

Western Visayas


Eastern Visayas




SOCCSKSARGEN

Caraga

ARMM

Region

74

Table 25.04 Average quantity of solid organic fertilizers used per hectare by seed type


(in kilogram)

Hybrid Modern OPV Native OPV All Types

9.65 7.21 7.80 8.15

PHILIPPINES 9.65 7.21 7.80 8.15

CAR

Ilocos Region



CALABARZON

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region

Western Visayas


Eastern Visayas




SOCCSKSARGEN

Caraga

ARMM

Region

Table 25.05 Average quantity of inorganic fertilizers used per hectare by farm type


Solid (Kg) Liquid (L) Solid (Kg) Liquid (L) Solid (Kg) Liquid (L)

``````````````` 93.31 - 308.35 0.02 173.45 0.01

PHILIPPINES 93.31 308.35 0.02 173.45 0.01

CAR 359.86 0.10 359.86 0.10

Ilocos Region 414.51 0.05 414.51 0.05

Cagayan Valley 120.00 350.48 348.30



MIMAROPA 40.00 94.10 83.28

Bicol Region 27.29 142.57 72.98







SOCCSKSARGEN 125.34 269.91 188.42

Caraga 110.21 200.00 135.36

ARMM 59.34 134.78 67.32

RegionWhite Yellow All Types

75

Table 25.06 Average quantity of inorganic fertilizers used per hectare by seed type and


Solid (Kg) Liquid (L) Solid (Kg) Liquid (L) Solid (Kg) Liquid (L) Solid (Kg) Liquid (L)

348.00 0.02 112.46 - 86.57 - 173.45 0.01

PHILIPPINES 348.00 0.02 112.46 86.57 173.45 0.01

CAR 359.86 0.10 359.86 0.10

Ilocos Region 414.51 0.05 414.51 0.05

Cagayan Valley 350.48 120.00 348.30

Central Luzon 442.16 309.52 424.19



Bicol Region 140.76 28.57 72.98

Western Visayas 477.40 92.85 75.66 218.52





Davao Region 82.22 22.41 73.03

SOCCSKSARGEN 329.52 124.35 226.53 188.42

Caraga 204.76 108.20 105.89 135.36

ARMM 95.23 52.01 67.32

RegionHybrid Modern OPV Native All Types

Table 26.01 All Corn: Average quantity of solid inorganic fertilizers applied per hectare

by type and by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

(in kilogram)

PHILIPPINES 10.50 73.52 14.20 28.35 0.15

CAR 13.06 163.90 7.13 78.38

Ilocos Region 40.71 206.64 16.65

Cagayan Valley 2.65 194.43 5.49 81.47

Central Luzon 138.71 75.81 22.58

CALABARZON 0.31

MIMAROPA 35.28

Bicol Region 0.39 31.78 1.57 19.22

Western Visayas 11.77 68.24 8.62 64.01

Central Visayas 0.71 15.82 18.10 20.30




Davao Region 9.48 25.07 18.34 8.30

SOCCSKSARGEN 2.65 95.22 20.27 5.07

Caraga 12.61 78.57 21.50 1.40

ARMM 13.80 14.74 0.46

Urea

(46-0-0)Region

Urea

(45-0-0)

Ammonium

Sulfate

(21-0-0)

Ammonium

Phosphate

(16-20-0)

Complete

(12-12-12)

76


(in kilogram)

PHILIPPINES 44.11 1.48 0.31 0.10 0.72 173.45

CAR 84.32 13.06 359.86

Ilocos Region 145.57 4.93 414.51

Cagayan Valley 62.33 1.89 0.02 348.30

Central Luzon 145.16 41.94 424.19

CALABARZON 0.31








Davao Region 11.75 0.09 73.03


Caraga 21.29 135.36

ARMM 35.56 2.76 67.32


Region

Zinc

Sulfate

(Zinc 21%)

Complete

(14-14-14)

Complete

(16-16-16)

Muriate

of Potash

(0-0-60)

Others 1/ All Types

Table 26.02 White Corn: Average quantity of solid inorganic fertilizers applied per hectare


(in kilogram)

PHILIPPINES 11.42 26.17 14.95 15.71 0.16

CAR

Ilocos Region


Central Luzon

CALABARZON 0.31

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region 0.65 13.65 3.90

Western Visayas 20.32 18.55 9.12 33.57

Central Visayas 0.71 15.82 18.10 20.30




Davao Region 9.48 25.07 18.34 8.30


Caraga 17.51 66.34 18.19 1.95

ARMM 11.32 11.85 0.51

Urea

(46-0-0)Region

Urea

(45-0-0)

Ammonium

Sulfate

(21-0-0)

Ammonium

Phosphate

(16-20-0)

Complete

(12-12-12)

77


(in kilogram)

PHILIPPINES 23.93 0.40 0.49 0.08 93.31

CAR

Ilocos Region


Central Luzon

CALABARZON 0.31








Davao Region 11.75 0.09 73.03


Caraga 6.23 110.21

ARMM 32.57 3.09 59.34

1/ Include Atlas (16-20-0) and PhilPhos (14-14-14)

Region

Zinc

Sulfate

(Zinc 21%)

Complete

(14-14-14)

Complete

(16-16-16)Others

1/ All Types

Table 26.03 Yellow Corn: Average quantity of solid inorganic fertilizers applied per hectare


(in kilogram)

PHILIPPINES 8.94 153.24 12.93 49.63 0.14

CAR 13.06 163.90 7.13 78.38

Ilocos Region 40.71 206.64 16.65

Cagayan Valley 2.68 195.91 4.78 82.25

Central Luzon 138.71 75.81 22.58

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 44.10

Bicol Region 59.41 3.96 42.57

Western Visayas 2.01 124.90 8.06 98.71

Central Visayas

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region

SOCCSKSARGEN 6.08 140.49 27.65 4.42

Caraga 110.00 30.00

ARMM 34.78 39.13

Urea

(46-0-0)Region

Urea

(45-0-0)

Ammonium

Sulfate

(21-0-0)

Ammonium

Phosphate

(16-20-0)

Complete

(12-12-12)

78


(in kilogram)

PHILIPPINES 78.08 3.30 0.28 1.80 308.35

CAR 84.32 13.06 359.86

Ilocos Region 145.57 4.93 414.51

Cagayan Valley 62.93 1.91 0.02 350.48

Central Luzon 145.16 41.94 424.19

CALABARZON




Central Visayas

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region


Caraga 60.00 200.00

ARMM 60.87 134.78


RegionComplete

(14-14-14)

Complete

(16-16-16)

Muriate

of Potash

(0-0-60)

Others 1/ All Types

Table 26.04 Hybrid Corn: Average quantity of solid inorganic fertilizers applied per hectare


(in kilogram)

PHILIPPINES 8.76 176.86 13.23 57.07 0.17

CAR 13.06 163.90 7.13 78.38

Ilocos Region 40.71 206.64 16.65

Cagayan Valley 2.68 195.91 4.78 82.25

Central Luzon 149.25 72.76 26.12

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region


Central Visayas

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region


Caraga 109.52 28.57 4.76

ARMM

Urea

(46-0-0)Region

Urea

(45-0-0)

Ammonium

Sulfate

(21-0-0)

Ammonium

Phosphate

(16-20-0)

Complete

(12-12-12)

79


(in kilogram)

PHILIPPINES 85.89 3.44 0.34 2.24 348.00

CAR 84.32 13.06 359.86

Ilocos Region 145.57 4.93 414.51

Cagayan Valley 62.93 1.91 0.02 350.48

Central Luzon 145.52 48.51 442.16

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region


Central Visayas

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region


Caraga 61.90 204.76

ARMM


RegionComplete

(14-14-14)

Complete

(16-16-16)

Muriate

of Potash

(0-0-60)

Others 1/ All Types

Table 26.05 Modern OPV Corn: Average quantity of solid inorganic fertilizers applied

per hectare by type and by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

(in kilogram)

PHILIPPINES 9.66 39.73 14.52 14.45 0.30

CAR

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley


CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 38.35

Bicol Region 0.99 64.43 3.97 30.73

Western Visayas 16.18 22.47 16.46 26.96

Central Visayas 0.03 25.46 15.07 24.66

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region 9.96 29.48 19.20 9.80

SOCCSKSARGEN 4.22 58.22 13.82 2.30

Caraga 74.59 33.61

ARMM 2.60 31.21 1.30

Urea

(46-0-0)Region

Urea

(45-0-0)

Ammonium

Sulfate

(21-0-0)

Ammonium

Phosphate

(16-20-0)

Complete

(12-12-12)

80


(in kilogram)

PHILIPPINES 32.54 1.12 0.15 112.46

CAR

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley


CALABARZON





Eastern Visayas



Davao Region 13.67 0.10 82.22


Caraga 108.20

ARMM 60.13 95.23

1/ Include Atlas (16-20-0) and Philphos (14-14-14)

RegionComplete

(14-14-14)

Complete

(16-16-16)Others

1/ All Types

Table 26.06 Native OPV Corn: Average quantity of solid inorganic fertilizers applied

per hectare by type and by region, Philippines, January-September 2013

(in kilogram)

PHILIPPINES 12.74 19.89 14.70 17.72

CAR

Ilocos Region


Central Luzon

CALABARZON 0.31

MIMAROPA



Central Visayas 1.02 11.40 19.48 18.31




Davao Region 6.82 0.80 13.66

SOCCSKSARGEN 110.20 28.57 20.41

Caraga 23.56 62.83 13.74

ARMM 19.95 5.70

Urea

(46-0-0)Region

Urea

(45-0-0)

Ammonium

Sulfate

(21-0-0)

Ammonium

Phosphate

(16-20-0)

81


(in kilogram)

PHILIPPINES 20.45 0.21 0.85 86.57

CAR

Ilocos Region


Central Luzon

CALABARZON 0.31

MIMAROPA









Caraga 5.76 105.89

ARMM 22.09 4.27 52.01

All Types

Zinc

Sulfate

(Zinc 21%)

Complete

(14-14-14)

Complete

(16-16-16)Region

Table 27.01 Average quantity of fertilizer nutrients applied per hectare by farm type and




CAR

Ilocos Region


Central Luzon

CALABARZON 0.14

MIMAROPA 5.60 5.60 5.60

Bicol Region 8.47 2.05 1.27






Davao Region 22.64 3.32 1.66


Caraga 43.40 1.26 0.87

ARMM 15.19 4.66 4.56

Region

White

Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium

82



PHILIPPINES 97.47 a/ 21.81 a/ 12.19 a/

CAR 109.20 0.01 29.57 0.01 13.90 0.01

Ilocos Region 138.04 21.17 21.17


Central Luzon 114.47 25.16 25.69

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 27.29 7.00 7.00

Bicol Region 40.10 13.64 5.13


Central Visayas

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region


Caraga 65.30 8.40 8.40

ARMM 42.17 8.52 8.52

a/ Less than 0.01L

Region

Yellow




PHILIPPINES 52.80 a/ 12.26 a/ 6.70 a/

CAR 109.20 0.01 29.57 0.01 13.90 0.01

Ilocos Region 138.04 21.17 21.17


Central Luzon 114.47 25.16 25.69

CALABARZON 0.14

MIMAROPA 22.95 6.72 6.72

Bicol Region 21.00 6.65 2.80






Davao Region 22.64 3.32 1.66


Caraga 49.53 3.26 2.98

ARMM 18.04 5.07 4.98

a/ Less than 0.01L

PotassiumRegion

All Types

Nitrogen Phosphorous

83

Table 27.02 Average quanitity of fertilizer nutrients applied per hectare by seed type and



PHILIPPINES 110.82 a/ 24.51 a/ 13.49 a/

CAR 109.20 0.01 29.57 0.01 13.90 0.01

Ilocos Region 138.04 21.17 21.17


Central Luzon 120.99 25.97 26.58

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region


Central Visayas

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region

SOCCSKSARGEN 106.10 16.69 15.73

Caraga 65.81 9.62 8.67

ARMM

a/ Less than 0.01L

Region

Hybrid





CAR

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley

Central Luzon 72.86 20.00 20.00

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 24.94 7.30 7.30

Bicol Region 41.52 11.84 5.69



Eastern Visayas



Davao Region 25.57 3.89 1.93


Caraga 41.37

ARMM 24.15 8.68 8.42

Nitrogen Phosphorous PotassiumRegion

Modern OPV

84




CAR

Ilocos Region


Central Luzon

CALABARZON 0.14

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region 7.56 3.25 0.91








Caraga 43.20 0.81 0.81

ARMM 14.69 3.09 3.09

Region

Native OPV




PHILIPPINES 52.80 a/ 12.26 a/ 6.70 a/

CAR 109.20 0.01 29.57 0.01 13.90 0.01

Ilocos Region 138.04 21.17 21.17


Central Luzon 114.47 25.16 25.69

CALABARZON 0.14

MIMAROPA 22.95 6.72 6.72

Bicol Region 21.00 6.65 2.80






Davao Region 22.64 3.32 1.66


Caraga 49.53 3.26 2.98

ARMM 18.04 5.07 4.98

a/ Less than 0.01L

Region

All Types

PotassiumNitrogen Phosphorous

85

Table 28.01 Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by farm type and by region,



0.04 0.65 0.02 3.10 0.03 1.56

PHILIPPINES 0.04 0.65 0.02 3.10 0.03 1.56

CAR 1.38 1.38

Ilocos Region 0.02 1.21 0.02 1.21

Cagayan Valley 2.40 0.02 5.05 0.02 5.02


CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 0.80 0.16




Eastern Visayas



Davao Region 0.13 1.65 0.13 1.65

SOCCSKSARGEN a/ 1.20 0.05 2.87 0.02 1.93

Caraga 0.04 0.54 3.00 0.03 1.23

ARMM 0.03 0.10 0.09 0.02 0.10

a/ Less than 0.01 Kg

RegionWhite Yellow All Types

Table 28.02 Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by seed type and by region,



PHILIPPINES 0.02 3.58 0.06 1.03 0.02 0.39 0.03 1.56

CAR 1.38 1.38

Ilocos Region 0.02 1.21 0.02 1.21

Cagayan Valley 0.02 5.05 2.40 0.02 5.02


CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 0.17 0.16




Eastern Visayas

Zamboanga Peninsula 4.33 0.09 0.98 a/ 1.29 0.03 1.61


Davao Region 0.11 1.48 0.23 2.59 0.13 1.65

SOCCSKSARGEN 0.08 2.78 a/ 1.65 1.58 0.02 1.93

Caraga 0.10 2.86 0.82 a/ 0.47 0.03 1.23

ARMM 0.06 0.19 0.04 0.02 0.10


RegionHybrid Modern OPV Native OPV All Types

86

Table 29.01 All Corn: Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type and by region,



PHILIPPINES 0.02 1.53 0.01 0.03 a/ b/ a/

CAR 1.38

Ilocos Region 1.13 0.02 0.07 b/


Central Luzon 0.66

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 0.16




Eastern Visayas

Zamboanga Peninsula 1.61 0.03 a/


Davao Region 0.12 1.62 0.03 a/

SOCCSKSARGEN 0.02 1.86 a/ 0.06 a/

Caraga 0.03 1.04 0.20 a/

ARMM 0.02 0.02 0.07

a/ Less than 0.01 Kg b/ Less than 0.01 L

Region

Herbicides /

WeedicidesInsecticides Fungicides Rodenticides

Table 29.02 White Corn: Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare



PHILIPPINES 0.03 0.62 0.01 0.03 a/

CAR

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley 2.40

Central Luzon

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 0.80

Bicol Region



Eastern Visayas

Zamboanga Peninsula 1.16 0.04 a/



SOCCSKSARGEN 1.19 a/ 0.01

Caraga 0.04 0.27 0.27 a/

ARMM 0.03 0.03 0.07


Region

Herbicides /

WeedicidesInsecticides Rodenticides

87

Table 29.03 Yellow Corn: Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare



PHILIPPINES 0.01 3.06 a/ 0.04 a/ b/

CAR 1.38



Central Luzon 0.66

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA



Central Visayas

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region

SOCCSKSARGEN 0.04 2.74 a/ 0.13 a/

Caraga 3.00

ARMM 0.09


Region

Herbicides /

WeedicidesInsecticides Fungicides

Table 29.04 Hybrid Corn: Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare



PHILIPPINES 0.02 3.55 a/ 0.03 b/

CAR 1.38



Central Luzon 0.77

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region


Central Visayas

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region

SOCCSKSARGEN 0.08 2.59 a/ 0.19

Caraga 0.10 2.86

ARMM


Region

Herbicides /

WeedicidesInsecticides Fungicides

88

Table 29.05 Modern OPV Corn: Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type and by region,



PHILIPPINES 0.04 0.99 0.02 0.04 a/ a/

CAR

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley

Central Luzon

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 0.17




Eastern Visayas




SOCCSKSARGEN 1.64 a/ 0.01 a/

Caraga 0.49 0.33

ARMM 0.06 0.01 0.18


Region

Herbicides /

WeedicidesInsecticides Fungicides Rodenticides

Table 29.06 Native OPV Corn: Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare



PHILIPPINES 0.01 0.36 a/ 0.03 a/

CAR

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley 2.40

Central Luzon

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region

Western Visayas

Central Visayas

Eastern Visayas

Zamboanga Peninsula 1.29 a/




Caraga 0.21 0.26 a/

ARMM 0.03 0.01


Region

Herbicides /

WeedicidesInsecticides Rodenticides

89

Table 30. Average labor utilization per hectare by farm type and


(manday)

PHILIPPINES 45.11 46.69 45.70

CAR 46.38 46.38





MIMAROPA 23.70 32.32 30.59

Bicol Region 32.72 42.28 36.51








Caraga 40.83 45.93 42.26

ARMM 46.51 64.50 48.42

Yellow All TypesRegion White

Table 31. Average labor utilization per hectare by seed type and by region,


(manday)

42.01 42.76 40.88 41.86

PHILIPPINES 46.60 45.45 45.19 45.70

CAR 46.38 46.38



Central Luzon 59.34 37.64 56.40


MIMAROPA 30.99 26.00 30.59

Bicol Region 41.27 33.39 36.51

Western Visayas 59.41 55.76 42.33 55.05





Davao Region 49.28 43.82 48.44

SOCCSKSARGEN 39.18 38.02 35.45 38.01

Caraga 47.43 35.04 41.72 42.26

ARMM 34.92 55.82 48.42

Region Hybrid All TypesModern OPV Native OPV

90

Table 32.01 All Corn: Average labor utilization per hectare by source and


(manday)

Operator Family Exchange

9.39 12.02 1.42 19.03 41.86

PHILIPPINES 9.39 12.02 1.42 22.87 45.70

CAR 1.72 16.66 8.71 19.29 46.38

Ilocos Region 5.78 5.41 0.12 35.32 46.63

Cagayan Valley 2.87 3.11 0.22 38.66 44.86

Central Luzon 14.93 5.91 0.26 35.30 56.40

CALABARZON 10.35 10.18 6.41 26.95

MIMAROPA 5.09 5.78 19.72 30.59

Bicol Region 9.04 13.95 0.17 13.35 36.51

Western Visayas 8.78 16.68 0.85 28.74 55.05

Central Visayas 17.85 18.74 0.54 17.82 54.95

Eastern Visayas 15.26 16.76 0.05 12.54 44.61



Davao Region 9.90 14.22 0.68 23.65 48.44

SOCCSKSARGEN 5.29 8.12 0.04 24.56 38.01

Caraga 7.78 6.12 0.59 27.76 42.26

ARMM 13.44 14.91 7.09 12.98 48.42

All TypesRegionUnpaid Labor

Hired Labor

Table 32.02 White Corn: Average labor utilization per hectare by source and


(manday)


PHILIPPINES 12.47 15.10 1.26 16.29 45.11

CAR

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley 24.90 8.80 3.90 25.00 62.61

Central Luzon

CALABARZON 10.35 10.18 6.41 26.95

MIMAROPA 3.40 2.00 18.30 23.70

Bicol Region 10.51 14.42 0.03 7.77 32.72

Western Visayas 12.88 16.94 23.11 52.93

Central Visayas 17.85 18.74 0.54 17.82 54.95

Eastern Visayas 15.26 16.76 0.05 12.54 44.61



Davao Region 9.90 14.22 0.68 23.65 48.44

SOCCSKSARGEN 6.74 10.52 0.07 18.72 36.05

Caraga 10.24 8.48 0.82 21.29 40.83

ARMM 13.94 14.70 6.03 11.85 46.51


Hired Labor

91

Table 32.03 Yellow Corn: Average labor utilization per hectare by source and


(manday)


PHILIPPINES 4.19 6.84 1.70 33.95 46.69

CAR 1.72 16.66 8.71 19.29 46.38

Ilocos Region 5.78 5.41 0.12 35.32 46.63

Cagayan Valley 2.65 3.05 0.19 38.79 44.69

Central Luzon 14.93 5.91 0.26 35.30 56.40

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 5.51 6.73 20.08 32.32

Bicol Region 6.81 13.22 0.40 21.85 42.28

Western Visayas 4.12 16.39 1.81 35.16 57.48

Central Visayas

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region

SOCCSKSARGEN 3.41 5.02 32.12 40.55

Caraga 1.46 0.08 44.39 45.93

ARMM 9.23 16.66 16.02 22.59 64.50


Hired Labor

Table 32.04 Hybrid Corn: Average labor utilization per hectare by source and


(manday)


3.52 5.48 1.45 31.56 42.01

PHILIPPINES 3.52 5.48 1.45 36.15 46.60

CAR 1.72 16.66 8.71 19.29 46.38

Ilocos Region 5.78 5.41 0.12 35.32 46.63

Cagayan Valley 2.65 3.05 0.19 38.79 44.69

Central Luzon 15.17 5.41 0.30 38.46 59.34

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA

Bicol Region

Western Visayas 2.19 10.85 2.54 43.82 59.41

Central Visayas

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region

SOCCSKSARGEN 1.84 2.06 35.28 39.18

Caraga 1.49 0.07 45.87 47.43

ARMM


Hired Labor

92

Table 32.05 Modern OPV Corn: Average labor utilization per hectare by source and


(manday)


PHILIPPINES 10.68 13.32 0.65 20.81 45.45

CAR

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley

Central Luzon 13.40 9.11 15.13 37.64

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 3.97 5.59 21.44 30.99

Bicol Region 6.42 11.05 0.40 23.41 41.27

Western Visayas 11.51 21.76 22.49 55.76

Central Visayas 14.54 19.46 0.08 23.75 57.82

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region 8.81 13.51 0.71 26.26 49.28

SOCCSKSARGEN 7.12 10.98 0.06 19.85 38.02

Caraga 10.90 5.64 18.50 35.04

ARMM 16.18 7.36 3.25 8.12 34.92


Hired Labor

Table 32.06 Native OPV Corn: Average labor utilization per hectare by source and


(manday)


13.02 16.23 2.13 9.50 40.88

PHILIPPINES 13.02 16.23 2.13 13.81 45.19

CAR

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley 24.90 8.80 3.90 25.00 62.61

Central Luzon

CALABARZON 10.35 10.18 6.41 26.95

MIMAROPA 18.00 8.00 26.00

Bicol Region 10.76 15.84 0.03 6.76 33.39

Western Visayas 14.17 11.68 16.48 42.33

Central Visayas 19.37 18.42 0.75 15.10 53.64

Eastern Visayas 15.26 16.76 0.05 12.54 44.61



Davao Region 15.94 18.09 0.48 9.30 43.82

SOCCSKSARGEN 2.91 5.91 26.64 35.45

Caraga 10.25 9.61 1.10 20.77 41.72

ARMM 11.93 19.05 9.19 15.65 55.82


Hired Labor

93

Table 33.01 Average labor utilization per hectare by farm activity and by farm type,


(manday)

Land Preparation

Plowing

Man and animal 4.33 1.27 3.19

Man and machine, two-wheel a/ 0.02 0.01

Man and machine, four-wheel 0.06 0.20 0.12

Rotavating

Man and machine, two-wheel 0.02 0.01


Harrowing


Man and machine, two-wheel 0.01 0.13 0.05


Furrowing


Man and machine 0.01 0.08 0.04

Planting

Man 5.49 7.29 6.16


Care of crops

Fertilizer application (basal) 0.71 1.19 0.89

Fertilizer application (side dressing) 1.28 2.06 1.57

Fertilizer application (top dressing) 0.55 1.30 0.83

Off-barring 1.05 0.56 0.87

Hilling-up 1.31 0.76 1.11

Irrigating 1.71 0.64

Weeding

Weeding (manual) 5.77 1.23 4.08

Weeding (chemical spraying) 0.38 1.17 0.67

Chemical application (other than weedicide) 0.10 0.10 0.10

Detasseling 0.03 0.04 0.03

Harvesting

Man 8.25 12.30 9.76


Hauling of produce

Man 0.73 0.51 0.65



Shelling

Manual 5.53 0.97 3.83

Mechanical 0.56 2.62 1.33

Drying

Solar 3.82 6.04 4.65

Mechanical 0.04 0.02

Others1/

0.37 0.29 0.34

All farm activities 45.11 46.69 45.70

1/ Include clearing, digging, replanting, hauling of inputs, piling, removing of husks and packing or bagging

a/ Less than 0.01 manday

Yellow All TypesWhiteRegion

94

Table 33.02 Average labor utilization per hectare by farm activity and by seed type,


(manday)

Land Preparation

Plowing

Man and animal 0.92 3.60 4.67 3.19

Man and machine, two-wheel 0.02 a/ 0.01

Man and machine, four-wheel 0.21 0.06 0.10 0.12

Rotavating

Man and machine, two-wheel 0.03 0.01

Man and machine, four-wheel 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04

Harrowing

Man and animal 0.60 1.65 2.28 1.56

Man and machine, two-wheel 0.16 0.01 0.01 0.05

Man and machine, four-wheel 0.06 0.01 a/ 0.02

Furrowing

Man and animal 1.84 1.53 2.00 1.79

Man and machine 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.04

Planting

Man 7.53 5.45 5.70 6.16


Care of crops

Fertilizer application (basal) 1.38 0.57 0.79 0.89

Fertilizer application (side dressing) 2.30 1.46 1.07 1.57

Fertilizer application (top dressing) 1.35 0.81 0.40 0.83

Off-barring 0.31 0.82 1.38 0.87

Hilling-up 0.46 1.03 1.71 1.11

Irrigating 2.09 0.04 0.64

Weeding

Weeding (manual) 0.53 6.50 4.73 4.08

Weeding (chemical spraying) 1.36 0.50 0.26 0.67

Chemical application (other than weedicide) 0.07 0.17 0.06 0.10

Detasseling 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.03

Harvesting

Man 12.80 8.71 8.23 9.76

Man and machine 0.08 0.05 0.13 0.09

Hauling of produce

Man 0.58 0.62 0.72 0.65

Man and animal 1.47 1.21 0.62 1.08

Man and machine 0.43 0.04 0.05 0.16

Shelling

Manual 0.27 5.07 5.61 3.83

Mechanical 2.92 0.86 0.45 1.33

Drying

Solar 6.31 4.22 3.67 4.65

Mechanical 0.05 0.02

Others1/

0.26 0.34 0.41 0.34

All farm activities 46.60 45.45 45.19 45.70

1/ Include clearing, digging, replanting, hauling of inputs, piling, removing of husks and packing or bagging

a/ Less than 0.01 manday

Hybrid Modern OPV Native OPV All TypesRegion

95

Table 34.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Philippines, January-September 2013

Quantity Value (P) Quantity Value (P) Quantity Value (P)

Production kg 1,268.84 16,669 4,230.52 49,992 2,372.52 29,087

Area harvested ha. 0.67 1.05 0.77

Number of farms 914 346 1,260

CASH COSTS 6,119 26,140 13,579

Seeds kg 3.98 119 15.89 5,600 8.42 2,161

Organic fertilizers: Solid kg 6.39 15 7.15 37 6.68 23

Inorganic fertilizers: Solid kg 92.95 2,144 290.81 6,664 166.68 3,828

Inorganic fertilizers: Liquid L 0.02 8 0.01 3

Foliar: Solid kg b/ 1 b/ d/

Foliar: Liquid L 0.01 3 0.11 59 0.05 24

Pesticides: Solid kg 0.04 16 0.01 6 0.03 12

Pesticides: Liquid L 0.63 239 2.95 882 1.50 479

Hired labor manday 12.28 2,177 29.40 7,644 18.66 4,214

Land tax 110 105 108

Caretaker/overseer's wages 1 40 16

Rentals: Land 39 339 151

Machine, Animals, Tools and Equipment 175 121 155

Fuel & Oil L 0.03 2 15.71 723 5.87 271

Transport cost of inputs 146 256 187

Interest payment on crop loan 57 1,089 442

Irrigation fee 6 21 12

Sacks and tying materials / needle 117 565 284

Electricity cost 6 19 11

Food expense 365 899 564

Repairs 379 1,009 614

Others a/

3 51 21

NON-CASH COSTS 1,638 2,625 2,006

Seeds kg 10.22 175 1.16 182 6.85 178


Inorganic fertilizers: Solid kg 0.08 2 7.91 174 3.00 66

Pesticides: Solid kg b/ d/ b/ d/


Hired labor in kind manday 0.43 87 0.25 98 0.36 91

Harvesters' share kg 62.79 793 97.04 1,131 75.55 919

Sheller's share kg 13.67 175 30.62 361 19.99 245

Landowner's share kg 28.47 382 52.28 606 37.34 465

Caretaker/overseer's wages kg 0.25 3 0.15 2

Rentals: Land kg 0.51 7 1.76 18 0.97 11

Machine, Animals, Tools and Equipment kg 0.39 5 0.24 3

Interest payment on crop loan kg 1.24 14 0.46 5

UnitWhite Corn Yellow Corn All Corn

Item

96



IMPUTED COSTS 5,858 7,575 6,498

Seeds kg 1.53 33 1.05 95 1.35 56

Organic fertilizers: Solid kg 0.23 1 0.14 1

Inorganic Fertilizers: Solid kg 0.29 5 9.63 220 3.77 85

Foliar: Liquid L b/ d/ b/ d/

Pesticides: Solid kg c/ 1 c/ d/


Operator labor manday 12.47 1,937 4.19 860 9.39 1,536

Family labor manday 15.10 2,134 6.84 1,323 12.02 1,831

Exchange labor manday 1.26 241 1.70 370 1.42 289

Depreciation 199 547 328

Interest on operating capital 270 1,198 616

Rental value of owned land 1,018 2,930 1,730

Land Tax 13 8 11

Transport cost of inputs 1 d/


TOTAL COSTS 13,614 36,340 22,083

GROSS RETURNS 16,669 49,992 29,087

RETURNS ABOVE CASH COSTS 10,551 23,852 15,508

8,913 21,227 13,502

NET RETURNS 3,055 13,652 7,004

NET PROFIT-COST RATIO 0.22 0.38 0.32

COST PER KILOGRAM 10.73 8.59 9.31

FARMGATE PRICE PER KILOGRAM 13.14 11.82 12.26

a/ Include canvas, tarpaulin and "sawali"

b/ Less than 0.01 kg

c/ Less than 0.01 L

d/ Less than P1.00

White Corn Yellow Corn All CornItem

RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS

Unit

97

Table 34.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type, Philippines,


Variable Costs 11,902 30,092 18,680

Seeds 327 5,878 2,395

Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 22 42 29

Inorganic

Solid 2,151 7,059 3,980

Liquid 8 3

Foliar

Solid 1 b/

Liquid 3 59 24

Pesticides

Solid 16 7 13

Liquid 244 925 497

Labor

Hired Labor 2,264 7,742 4,305

Operator Labor 1,937 860 1,536

Family Labor 2,134 1,323 1,831

Exchange Labor 241 370 289

Caretaker/overseer`s wages 4 40 18

Rentals:


Fuel & Oil 2 723 271

Transport costs 147 256 187


Electricity costs 6 19 11

Repairs 379 1,009 614


Harvesters' share 793 1,131 919

Sheller's share 175 361 245

Landowner's share 382 606 465

Sacks and tying materials 122 581 293

Othersa/

3 51 21

FIXED COSTS 1,713 6,248 3,403

Land tax 123 113 119

Lease rental 46 357 162

Interest payment on crop loan 57 1,103 447


Interest on operating capital 270 1,198 616


TOTAL COSTS 13,614 36,340 22,083


b/ Less than P1.00

Item White Corn Yellow Corn Average

98

Table 34.03 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by seed type, Philippines, January-September 2013

Quantity Value (P) Quantity Value (P) Quantity Value (P) Quantity Value (P)

Production kg 4,754.36 56,118 1,514.14 19,142 1,278.04 16,988 2,372.52 29,087

Area harvested ha. 1.10 0.75 0.64 0.77

Number of farms 264 445 551 1,260

CASH COSTS 29,431 8,332 5,710 13,579

Seeds kg 16.70 6,643 5.15 414 4.91 109 8.42 2,161

Organic fertilizers: Solid kg 8.42 45 5.68 16 6.52 12 6.68 23

Inorganic fertilizers: Solid kg 328.93 7,559 109.53 2,495 91.07 2,109 166.68 3,828


Foliar: Solid kg b/ 1 b/ d/

Foliar: Liquid L 0.14 73 0.01 6 0.05 24

Pesticides: Solid kg 0.02 8 0.06 20 0.02 8 0.03 12

Pesticides: Liquid L 3.41 997 0.99 377 0.41 153 1.50 479

Hired labor manday 31.26 8,358 17.87 3,017 9.47 2,020 18.66 4,214

Land tax 106 102 123 108

Caretaker/overseer's wages 50 2 16

Rentals: Land 332 137 15 151

Machine, Animals, Tools and Equipment 76 136 250 155

Fuel & Oil L 18.61 858 0.93 43 c/ d/ 5.87 271

Transport cost of inputs 253 223 104 187

Interest payment on crop loan 1,317 103 41 442

Irrigation fee 25 8 4 12

Sacks and tying materials / needle 636 126 149 284


Food expense 940 515 315 564

Repairs 1,064 572 296 614

Others a/

60 5 3 21

NON-CASH COSTS 2,953 1,277 2,016 2,006

Seeds kg 0.52 208 9.80 153 9.79 186 6.85 178

Organic fertilizers: Solid kg 1.24 7 1.53 6 1.29 4 1.33 5

Inorganic fertilizers: Solid kg 9.88 218 0.15 4 3.00 66

Pesticides: Solid kg b/ d/ b/ d/


Hired labor in kind manday 0.30 111 0.25 46 0.55 123 0.36 91

Harvesters' share kg 109.72 1,275 47.91 587 77.45 991 75.55 919

Sheller's share kg 32.75 382 7.69 99 22.21 284 19.99 245

Landowner's share kg 59.79 691 28.04 358 29.06 401 37.34 465


Rentals: Land kg 1.92 20 0.93 13 0.97 11

Machine, Animals, Tools and Equipment kg 0.07 1 0.64 8 0.24 3


All CornItem

Native OPVUnit

Hybrid Modern OPV

99


Quantity Value (P) Quantity Value (P) Quantity Value (P) Quantity Value (P)

IMPUTED COSTS 7,595 5,909 6,482 6,498

Seeds kg 0.65 95 2.09 47 1.29 34 1.35 56


Inorganic Fertilizers: Solid kg 9.19 206 2.78 64 0.23 6 3.77 85

Foliar: Liquid L c/ d/ c/ d/

Pesticides: Solid kg b/ 2 b/ d/

Pesticides: Liquid L c/ 3 0.03 10 0.01 4

Operator labor manday 3.52 748 10.68 1,651 13.74 2,193 9.39 1,536

Family labor manday 5.48 1,088 13.32 1,929 17.11 2,484 12.02 1,831

Exchange labor manday 1.45 324 0.65 113 2.24 450 1.42 289

Depreciation 529 293 207 328

Interest on operating capital 1,358 364 253 616

Rental value of owned land 3,239 1,415 822 1,730

Land Tax 3 15 14 11

Transport cost of inputs 1 d/ d/

Sacks and tying materials / needle 1 8 18 9

TOTAL COSTS 39,979 15,518 14,208 22,083

GROSS RETURNS 56,118 19,142 16,988 29,087

RETURNS ABOVE CASH COSTS 26,687 10,810 11,278 15,508

23,734 9,533 9,263 13,502

NET RETURNS 16,139 3,624 2,780 7,004

NET PROFIT-COST RATIO 0.40 0.23 0.20 0.32

COST PER KILOGRAM 8.41 10.25 11.12 9.31

FARMGATE PRICE PER KILOGRAM 11.80 12.64 11.12 12.26


b/ Less than 0.01 kg

c/ Less than 0.01 L

d/ Less than P1.00

All CornItem

RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS

Native OPVUnit

Hybrid Modern OPV

100

Table 34.04 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by seed type, Philippines,


Variable Costs 33,079 13,070 12,721 18,680

Seeds 6,946 614 328 2,395

Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 52 22 18 29

Inorganic

Solid 7,982 2,563 2,115 3,980

Liquid 10 3

Foliar

Solid 1 b/

Liquid 74 6 24

Pesticides

Solid 10 20 8 13

Liquid 1,043 392 153 497

Labor

Hired Labor 8,469 3,063 2,143 4,305

Operator Labor 748 1,651 2,193 1,536

Family Labor 1,088 1,929 2,484 1,831

Exchange Labor 324 113 450 289

Caretaker/overseer`s wages 50 2 6 18

Rentals:

Machine, Animals, Tools and Equipment 76 137 258 158

Fuel & Oil 858 43 b/ 271

Transport costs 253 224 104 187

Irrigation fee 25 8 4 12


Repairs 1,064 572 296 614

Food expense 940 515 315 564

Harvesters' share 1,275 587 991 919

Sheller's share 382 99 284 245

Landowner's share 691 358 401 465

Sacks and tying materials 638 133 167 293

Othersa/

60 5 3 21

FIXED COSTS 6,900 2,447 1,487 3,403

Land tax 109 117 137 119

Lease rental 332 157 28 162

Interest payment on crop loan 1,334 103 41 447

Depreciation 529 293 207 328

Interest on operating capital 1,358 364 253 616

Rental value of owned land 3,239 1,415 822 1,730

TOTAL COSTS 39,979 15,518 14,208 22,083


b/ Less than P1.00

Item Hybrid Modern OPV Native OPV All Corn

101

Table 34.05 Inter-regional comparison of yield and inputs usage per hectare for corn production,


Yield

(kg)

Area

Harvested

(ha.)

Seeds

(kg)

Fertilizers

(kg)

Labor

(mandays)

PHILIPPINES 2,372.52 0.77 16.61 181.60 45.70

CAR 4,217.34 1.56 17.98 359.86 46.38

Ilocos Region 5,599.04 0.88 19.38 414.51 46.63

Cagayan Valley 4,684.33 1.06 17.81 355.12 44.86

Central Luzon 5,682.32 0.86 20.87 479.68 56.40

CALABARZON 339.26 0.74 9.63 0.31 26.95

MIMAROPA 1,536.42 0.63 17.60 83.28 30.59

Bicol Region 1,227.41 0.87 17.74 72.98 36.51

Western Visayas 2,628.67 0.49 14.18 218.52 55.05

Central Visayas 897.03 0.33 13.58 124.70 54.95

Eastern Visayas 633.92 0.73 11.07 3.76 44.61

Zamboanga Peninsula 1,267.93 0.50 14.55 105.89 46.77

Northern Mindanao 1,582.33 0.81 16.20 188.29 47.14

Davao Region 1,228.13 0.76 14.53 77.66 48.44

SOCSKSARGEN 2,284.39 0.91 18.67 188.42 38.01

Caraga 2,790.52 1.02 12.72 135.36 42.26

ARMM 1,898.93 1.11 19.37 67.32 48.42

Regions

Table 34.06 Inter-regional comparison of average production costs and returns per hectare and per kilogram for

corn production, Philippines, January-September 2013

Yield

(kg)

Gross

Returns (P)

Total

Costs (P)

Net

Returns (P)

Net Profit-

Cost Ratio

Gross

Returns (P)

Total

Costs (P)

Net

Returns (P)

PHILIPPINES 2,373 29,087 22,083 7,004 0.32 12.26 9.31 2.95

CAR 4,217 47,879 32,034 15,846 0.49 11.35 7.60 3.76

Ilocos Region 5,599 69,136 47,116 22,020 0.47 12.35 8.42 3.93

Cagayan Valley 4,684 53,964 43,183 10,781 0.25 11.52 9.22 2.30

Central Luzon 5,682 69,996 49,248 20,749 0.42 12.32 8.67 3.65

CALABARZON 339 3,524 6,228 (2,704) (0.43) 10.39 18.36 (7.97)

MIMAROPA 1,536 16,552 15,883 669 0.04 10.77 10.34 0.44

Bicol Region 1,227 16,290 12,322 3,969 0.32 13.27 10.04 3.23

Western Visayas 2,629 33,242 24,450 8,792 0.36 12.65 9.30 3.34

Central Visayas 897 13,160 11,861 1,299 0.11 14.67 13.22 1.45

Eastern Visayas 634 8,925 8,144 781 0.10 14.08 12.85 1.23

Zamboanga Peninsula 1,268 17,564 12,692 4,872 0.38 13.85 10.01 3.84

Northern Mindanao 1,582 20,726 16,731 3,995 0.24 13.10 10.57 2.52

Davao Region 1,228 16,278 14,270 2,008 0.14 13.25 11.62 1.64

SOCCSKSARGEN 2,284 27,932 20,780 7,152 0.34 12.23 9.10 3.13

Caraga 2,791 31,626 20,433 11,193 0.55 11.33 7.32 4.01

ARMM 1,899 23,356 16,512 6,844 0.41 12.30 8.70 3.60

Per Hectare Per Kilogram

Region

102

Table 35.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, CAR, January-June 2013


Production kg 4,217.34 47,879 4,217.34 47,879

Area harvested ha. 1.56 1.56

Number of farms 27 27

CASH COSTS 20,937 20,937

Seeds kg 15.63 3,436 15.63 3,436

Inorganic fertilizers: Solid kg 317.10 7,828 317.10 7,828


Foliar: Liquid L 0.80 447 0.80 447

Pesticides: Liquid L 1.38 367 1.38 367

Hired labor manday 16.70 4,489 16.70 4,489

Land tax 2 2

Rentals: Land 71 71

Transport cost of inputs 340 340

Interest payment on crop loan 600 600

Sacks and tying materials / needle 960 960

Food expense 1,182 1,182

Repairs 1,166 1,166

NON-CASH COSTS 2,659 2,659

Hired labor in kind manday 1.00 340 1.00 340

Harvesters' share kg 13.06 151 13.06 151

Sheller's share kg 156.24 1,776 156.24 1,776

Landowner's share kg 35.63 392 35.63 392

IMPUTED COSTS 8,438 8,438

Seeds kg 2.35 287 2.35 287


Operator labor manday 1.72 403 1.72 403

Family labor manday 16.66 3,623 16.66 3,623

Exchange labor manday 8.71 1,909 8.71 1,909

Depreciation 225 225

Interest on operating capital 952 952

TOTAL COSTS 32,034 32,034

GROSS RETURNS 47,879 47,879

RETURNS ABOVE CASH COSTS 26,942 26,942

24,283 24,283

NET RETURNS 15,846 15,846

NET PROFIT-COST RATIO 0.49 0.49

COST PER KILOGRAM 7.60 7.60FARMGATE PRICE PER KILOGRAM 11.35 11.35

UnitWhite Corn Yellow Corn All Corn

Item

RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS

103

Table 35.02 Average variable and fixed production costs of corn per hectare by farm type,

CAR, January-June 2013

VARIABLE COSTS 30,182 30,182

Seeds 3,723 3,723

Fertilizers

Inorganic

Solid 8,866 8,866

Liquid 50 50

Foliar

Liquid 447 447

Pesticides

Liquid 367 367

Labor

Hired Labor 4,828 4,828

Operator Labor 403 403

Family Labor 3,623 3,623

Exchange Labor 1,909 1,909

Transport costs 340 340

Repairs 1,166 1,166


Harvesters' share 151 151

Sheller's share 1,776 1,776

Landowner's share 392 392

Sacks and tying materials 960 960

FIXED COSTS 1,851 1,851

Land tax 2 2

Lease rental 71 71





Item White Corn Yellow Corn All Corn

104

Table 36.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Ilocos Region, January-June 2013


Production kg 5,599.04 69,136 5,599.04 69,136



CASH COSTS 39,789 39,789

Seeds kg 18.63 8,690 18.63 8,690



Foliar: Liquid L 0.10 30 0.10 30



Land tax 186 186

Caretaker/overseer's wages 9 9

Rentals: Land 1,018 1,018

Machine, Animals, Tools and Equipment 289 289

Fuel and Oil L 82.85 3,846 82.85 3,846



Irrigation fee 123 123


Food expense 472 472

Repairs 1,237 1,237

NON-CASH COSTS 253 253

Seeds kg 0.52 253 0.52 253


Seeds kg 0.22 27 0.22 27

Inorganic fertilizers: Solid kg 1.85 41 1.85 41

Pesticides: Solid kg 0.02 12 0.02 12


Operator labor manday 5.78 1,219 5.78 1,219


Exchange labor manday 0.12 25 0.12 25

Depreciation 1,020 1,020

Interest on operating capital 1,773 1,773

Rental value of owned land 1,749 1,749




29,094 29,094




UnitItemWhite Corn Yellow Corn All Corn

RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS

105


Ilocos Region, January-June 2013


Seeds 8,970 8,970

Fertilizers

Inorganic

Solid 9,386 9,386

Liquid 20 20

Foliar

Liquid 30 30

Pesticides

Solid 12 12

Liquid 517 517

Labor


Operator Labor 1,219 1,219


Exchange Labor 25 25

Caretaker/overseer`s wages 9 9

Rentals:


Fuel and Oil 3,846 3,846



Repairs 1,237 1,237




Land tax 186 186

Lease rental 1,018 1,018


Depreciation 1,020 1,020





106

Table 37.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Cagayan Valley, January-June 2013


Production kg 2,608.00 27,462 4,704.19 54,217 4,684.33 53,964


Number of farms 2 122 124

CASH COSTS 9,340 32,083 31,868

Seeds kg 17.73 8,730 17.56 8,647



Foliar: Solid kg 0.01 2 0.01 2



Pesticides: Liquid L 2.40 720 5.05 1,365 5.02 1,359


Land tax 80 80


Rentals: Land 186 184


Fuel and Oil L 6.12 300 6.06 297


Interest payment on crop loan 2,266 2,244

Irrigation fee 3 3


Food expense 960 1,210 1,208

Repairs 120 508 505

Others a/

135 133

NON-CASH COSTS 1,476 2,893 2,880

Seeds kg 18.00 180 0.17 2


Harvesters' share kg 125.76 1,296 149.13 1,709 148.91 1,705

Sheller's share kg 1.25 14 1.24 14

Landowner's share kg 98.30 1,136 97.36 1,125

IMPUTED COSTS 13,646 8,386 8,435

Seeds kg 0.08 5 0.08 5

Operator labor manday 24.90 4,860 2.65 498 2.87 540

Family labor manday 8.80 1,640 3.05 473 3.11 484



Interest on operating capital 444 1,521 1,511


TOTAL COSTS 24,462 43,362 43,183

GROSS RETURNS 27,462 54,217 53,964


16,646 19,241 19,217

NET RETURNS 3,000 10,856 10,781


COST PER KILOGRAM 9.38 9.22 9.22FARMGATE PRICE PER KILOGRAM 10.53 11.53 11.52



RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS

107


Cagayan Valley, January-June 2013

VARIABLE COSTS 17,836 33,462 33,314

Seeds 180 8,735 8,654

Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 34 34

Inorganic

Solid 2,240 8,102 8,047

Foliar

Solid 2 2

Liquid 6 5

Pesticides

Solid 7 7

Liquid 720 1,365 1,359

Labor

Hired Labor 4,780 8,335 8,301

Operator Labor 4,860 498 540

Family Labor 1,640 473 484



Rentals:


Fuel and Oil 300 297


Irrigation fee 3 3

Repairs 120 508 505

Food expense 960 1,210 1,208

Harvesters' share 1,296 1,709 1,705

Sheller's share 14 14

Landowner's share 1,136 1,125


Othersa/

135 133

FIXED COSTS 6,626 9,900 9,869

Land tax 80 80

Lease rental 186 184

Interest payment on crop loan 2,266 2,244


Interest on operating capital 444 1,521 1,511


TOTAL COSTS 24,462 43,362 43,183



108

Table 38.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Central Luzon, January-June 2013


Production kg 5,682.32 69,996 5,682.32 69,996



CASH COSTS 37,853 37,853

Seeds kg 16.35 6,776 16.35 6,776





Land tax 110 110

Rentals: Land 1,723 1,723


Fuel and Oil L 87.77 3,669 87.77 3,669





Electricity cost 387 387


Repairs 2,554 2,554


Seeds kg 1.61 65 1.61 65




Seeds kg 2.90 806 2.90 806









Rental value of owned land 774 774




31,620 31,620





RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS

109


Central Luzon, January-June 2013


Seeds 7,647 7,647

Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 290 290

Inorganic

Solid 8,595 8,595

Foliar

Liquid 5 5

Pesticides

Liquid 199 199

Labor





Rentals:


Fuel and Oil 3,669 3,669



Electricity costs 387 387

Repairs 2,554 2,554





Land tax 110 110

Lease rental 1,723 1,723







110

Table 39.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, CALABARZON, January-June 2013


Production kg 339.26 3,524 339.26 3,524



CASH COSTS 1,555 1,555

Seeds kg 0.61 49 0.61 49


Hired labor manday 6.04 979 6.04 979

Land tax 43 43

Rentals: Machine, Animals, Tools and Equipment 61 61



Repairs 202 202


Seeds kg 8.40 494 8.40 494



Rentals: Machine, Animals, Tools and Equipment kg 10.74 107 10.74 107


Seeds kg 0.61 37 0.61 37



Depreciation 79 79






529 529

NET RETURNS (2,704) (2,704)

NET PROFIT-COST RATIO (0.43) (0.43)



RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS

111


CALABARZON, January-June 2013


Seeds 580 580

Fertilizers

Inorganic

Solid 9 9

Labor

Hired Labor 979 979



Rentals:


Repairs 202 202





FIXED COSTS 304 304

Land tax 43 43

Depreciation 79 79





112

Table 40.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, MIMAROPA, January-June 2013


Production kg 1,692.00 21,600 1,497.52 15,291 1,536.42 16,552



CASH COSTS 11,449 7,976 8,671

Seeds kg 5.20 278 4.16 222


Foliar: Liquid L 3.20 1,600 0.64 320



Land tax 131 105






Repairs 4,400 504 1,283

NON-CASH COSTS 4,072 1,510 2,022

Seeds kg 4.00 72 9.80 123 8.64 113

Harvesters' share kg 160.00 2,000 71.00 868 88.80 1,094

Sheller's share kg 160.00 2,000 43.00 520 66.40 816

IMPUTED COSTS 5,210 5,185 5,190

Seeds kg 16.00 1,200 2.00 24 4.80 259

Operator labor manday 3.40 730 5.51 990 5.09 938

Family labor manday 2.00 380 6.73 1,040 5.78 908


Interest on operating capital 335 373 366


Land Tax 131 104

TOTAL COSTS 20,731 14,671 15,883

GROSS RETURNS 21,600 15,291 16,552


6,079 5,804 5,859

NET RETURNS 869 619 669




RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS

113


MIMAROPA, January-June 2013

VARIABLE COSTS 17,831 11,410 12,694

Seeds 1,272 425 594

Fertilizers

Inorganic

Solid 1,120 2,390 2,136

Foliar

Liquid 1,600 320

Pesticides

Liquid 480 96

Labor

Hired Labor 2,640 3,850 3,608

Operator Labor 730 990 938

Family Labor 380 1,040 908


Rentals:



Repairs 4,400 504 1,283


Harvesters' share 2,000 868 1,094

Sheller's share 2,000 520 816


FIXED COSTS 2,900 3,262 3,189

Land tax 261 209




TOTAL COSTS 20,731 14,671 15,883


114

Table 41.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Bicol Region, January-June 2013


Production kg 838.80 11,918 1,819.49 22,952 1,227.41 16,290



CASH COSTS 3,286 11,558 6,564

Seeds kg 3.51 312 15.52 1,153 8.27 646

Inorganic fertilizers: Solid kg 27.29 679 139.60 3,098 71.80 1,638



Land tax 74 40 61

Rentals: Land 13 85 42


Fuel and Oil L 0.13 10 0.08 6





Repairs 217 228 222

NON-CASH COSTS 867 283 636

Seeds kg 12.88 268 3.76 69 9.27 189

Harvesters' share kg 1.17 16 1.98 30 1.49 21



Rentals: Land kg 0.52 8 0.31 5

IMPUTED COSTS 5,053 5,228 5,122

Seeds kg 0.10 2 0.36 28 0.20 12


Operator labor manday 10.51 1,880 6.81 1,363 9.04 1,676





Rental value of owned land 757 238 551

TOTAL COSTS 9,206 17,069 12,322

GROSS RETURNS 11,918 22,952 16,290


7,765 11,112 9,091

NET RETURNS 2,712 5,884 3,969




RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS

115


Bicol Region, January-June 2013

VARIABLE COSTS 8,117 15,930 11,213

Seeds 582 1,250 847

Fertilizers

Inorganic

Solid 679 3,172 1,667

Pesticides

Liquid 325 129

Labor

Hired Labor 1,418 5,319 2,964

Operator Labor 1,880 1,363 1,676

Family Labor 2,174 2,733 2,395



Rentals:


Fuel and Oil 10 6


Repairs 217 228 222


Harvesters' share 16 30 21



FIXED COSTS 1,089 1,139 1,108

Land tax 74 40 61






TOTAL COSTS 9,206 17,069 12,322


116

Table 42.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Western Visayas, January-September 2013


Production kg 934.89 12,602 4,559.92 56,776 2,628.67 33,242



CASH COSTS 5,467 13,004 8,989

Seeds kg 1.56 41 5.96 2,211 3.61 1,054





Land tax 48 246 140


Fuel and Oil L 0.14 8 2.98 226 1.47 110





Repairs 234 593 402

Others a/

64 30

NON-CASH COSTS 1,270 19,946 9,996

Seeds kg 9.87 184 10.52 4,058 10.17 1,994


Pesticides: Liquid L 3.87 1,015 1.81 474

Hired labor in kind manday 1.10 181 2.61 1,089 1.80 605

Harvesters' share kg 62.47 769 443.71 5,434 240.60 2,949

Sheller's share kg 225.79 2,793 105.50 1,305



IMPUTED COSTS 4,542 6,516 5,465

Seeds kg 0.26 12 0.54 29 0.39 20







Land Tax 59 31


TOTAL COSTS 11,279 39,467 24,450

GROSS RETURNS 12,602 56,776 33,242


5,865 23,825 14,257

NET RETURNS 1,323 17,309 8,792





RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS

117


Western Visayas, January-September 2013

VARIABLE COSTS 10,016 36,690 22,479

Seeds 236 6,298 3,068

Fertilizers

Inorganic

Solid 1,926 8,098 4,810

Pesticides

Solid 6 3

Liquid 1,716 802

Labor

Hired Labor 3,014 4,975 3,931


Family Labor 1,648 3,075 2,315


Fuel and Oil 8 226 110


Repairs 234 593 402


Harvesters' share 769 5,434 2,949

Sheller's share 2,793 1,305



Othersa/

64 30

FIXED COSTS 1,263 2,777 1,971

Land tax 107 246 172






TOTAL COSTS 11,279 39,467 24,450



118

Table 43.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Central Visayas, January-September 2013


Production kg 897.03 13,160 897.03 13,160




Seeds kg 0.60 13 0.60 13





Land tax 75 75







Repairs 268 268

Others a/

5 5


Seeds kg 11.57 228 11.57 228



Harvesters' share kg 76.33 1,077 76.33 1,077




Machine, Animals, Tools and Equipment kg 2.60 37 2.60 37


Seeds kg 1.42 29 1.42 29








Land Tax 28 28

Transport cost of inputs b/ b/





6,195 6,195




a/ Include canvas, tarpaulin and "sawali"b/ Less than P 1.00


RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS

119


Central Visayas, January-September 2013


Seeds 270 270

Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 78 78

Inorganic

Solid 1,793 1,793

Pesticides

Liquid 23 23

Labor





Rentals:



Repairs 268 268


Harvesters' share 1,077 1,077




Othersa/

5 5

FIXED COSTS 994 994

Land tax 103 103









120

Table 44.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Eastern Visayas, January-September 2013


Production kg 633.92 8,925 633.92 8,925




Seeds kg 3.67 71 3.67 71



Land tax 13 13




Repairs 149 149


Seeds kg 5.35 101 5.35 101





Seeds kg 2.05 41 2.05 41




Depreciation 69 69



Land Tax 70 70




5,927 5,927

NET RETURNS 781 781



White Corn Yellow Corn All Corn

RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS

UnitItem

121


Eastern Visayas, January-September 2013


Seeds 213 213

Fertilizers

Inorganic

Solid 77 77

Labor




Exchange Labor 5 5

Transport costs 6 6

Repairs 149 149





FIXED COSTS 492 492

Land tax 84 84

Depreciation 69 69





122

Table 45.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Zamboanga Peninsula, January-September 2013


Production kg 980.76 13,369 2,869.00 40,955 1,267.93 17,564



CASH COSTS 4,465 11,927 5,600

Seeds kg 1.69 44 5.40 288 2.25 81




Pesticides: Liquid L 1.16 354 4.10 1,282 1.61 495


Land tax 163 200 168


Fuel and Oil L 0.01 1 0.01 b/





Repairs 339 885 422

NON-CASH COSTS 1,712 1,020 1,607

Seeds kg 12.54 208 10.63 177

Pesticides: Solid kg a/ b/ a/ b/





IMPUTED COSTS 5,818 3,630 5,485

Seeds kg 1.21 24 4.20 143 1.66 42


Family labor manday 19.21 2,021 3.85 429 16.87 1,778





Land Tax 8 7

TOTAL COSTS 11,996 16,577 12,692

GROSS RETURNS 13,369 40,955 17,564


7,192 28,008 10,357

NET RETURNS 1,374 24,378 4,872



a/ Less than 0.01 kg.b/ Less than P 1.00

RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS

White Corn Yellow Corn All CornItem Unit

123


Zamboanga Peninsula, January-September 2013

VARIABLE COSTS 10,164 13,879 10,729

Seeds 276 431 300

Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 44 37

Inorganic

Solid 1,887 3,188 2,085

Pesticides

Solid 5 4

Liquid 354 1,282 495

Labor

Hired Labor 1,214 5,735 1,901


Family Labor 2,021 429 1,778


Rentals:


Fuel and Oil 1 a/


Repairs 339 885 422





FIXED COSTS 1,832 2,698 1,964

Land tax 171 200 175

Lease rental 46 39





TOTAL COSTS 11,996 16,577 12,692

a/ Less than P 1.00


124

Table 46.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Northern Mindanao, January-September 2013


Production kg 1,297.62 17,760 3,787.43 43,696 1,582.33 20,726



CASH COSTS 8,368 21,287 9,845

Seeds kg 4.26 110 17.41 4,017 5.76 557







Land tax 137 135 137

Rentals: Land 19 1,445 182


Fuel and Oil L 6.44 362 0.74 41


Interest payment on crop loan 31 552 90


Food expense 157 1,097 265

Repairs 348 277 340

NON-CASH COSTS 1,471 2,150 1,548

Seeds kg 9.70 148 0.13 24 8.60 134



Harvesters' share kg 39.55 545 182.35 2,054 55.88 717



IMPUTED COSTS 5,020 7,794 5,337

Seeds kg 2.07 41 0.03 8 1.84 37





Depreciation 154 1,745 336


Rental value of owned land 339 4,072 766

Land Tax 7 6


TOTAL COSTS 14,858 31,231 16,731

GROSS RETURNS 17,760 43,696 20,726


7,921 20,259 9,332

NET RETURNS 2,902 12,465 3,995



RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS


125


Northern Mindanao, January-September 2013

VARIABLE COSTS 13,778 22,363 14,760

Seeds 299 4,049 728

Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 26 412 70

Inorganic

Solid 4,354 2,816 4,178

Foliar

Liquid 39 5

Pesticides

Solid 13 12

Liquid 127 1,288 260

Labor

Hired Labor 2,358 7,467 2,942


Family Labor 2,072 347 1,875


Rentals:


Fuel and Oil 362 41


Repairs 348 277 340

Food expense 157 1,097 265

Harvesters' share 545 2,054 717




FIXED COSTS 1,080 8,868 1,971

Land tax 144 135 143

Lease rental 19 1,445 182


Depreciation 154 1,745 336



TOTAL COSTS 14,858 31,231 16,731


126

Table 47.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Davao Region, January-September 2013


Production kg 1,228.13 16,278 1,228.13 16,278




Seeds kg 1.08 39 1.08 39






Land tax 119 119


Fuel and Oil L 0.06 5 0.06 5






Repairs 346 346


Seeds kg 9.65 162 9.65 162









Seeds kg 3.80 73 3.80 73












8,608 8,608




RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS


127


Davao Region, January-September 2013


Seeds 275 275

Fertilizers

Organic

Solid 28 28

Inorganic

Solid 1,480 1,480

Pesticides

Solid 53 53

Liquid 608 608

Labor





Rentals:


Fuel and Oil 5 5



Repairs 346 346







Land tax 119 119







128

Table 48.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, SOCCSKSARGEN, January-September 2013


Production kg 1,467.71 18,804 3,339.58 39,726 2,284.39 27,932



CASH COSTS 9,177 20,503 14,118

Seeds kg 6.64 195 15.56 2,756 10.53 1,312


Pesticides: Solid kg b/ 1 0.05 27 0.02 12



Land tax 70 123 93




Fuel and Oil L 0.07 4 0.27 13 0.15 8






Repairs 1,081 2,377 1,646

Others a/

8 4

NON-CASH COSTS 1,161 305 788

Seeds kg 12.35 134 0.82 14 7.32 81




Rentals: Land kg 13.27 133 5.79 58

IMPUTED COSTS 5,895 5,846 5,874

Seeds kg 0.31 5 1.48 27 0.82 14



Operator labor manday 6.74 1,069 3.41 619 5.29 873






Land Tax 44 47 45



TOTAL COSTS 16,234 26,654 20,780

GROSS RETURNS 18,804 39,726 27,932


8,465 18,917 13,025

NET RETURNS 2,570 13,071 7,152



a/ Include canvas, tarpaulin and "sawali"b/ Less than 0.01 kg.

RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS


129



VARIABLE COSTS 12,638 22,134 16,781

Seeds 334 2,796 1,408

Fertilizers

Inorganic

Solid 2,820 5,942 4,182

Pesticides

Solid 1 27 12

Liquid 413 972 657

Labor

Hired Labor 3,168 7,154 4,907

Operator Labor 1,069 619 873

Family Labor 1,568 704 1,191

Exchange Labor 8 5


Rentals:


Fuel and Oil 4 13 8



Repairs 1,081 2,377 1,646





Othersa/

8 4

FIXED COSTS 3,595 4,520 3,999

Land tax 114 170 138






TOTAL COSTS 16,234 26,654 20,780



130

Table 49.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, Caraga, January-September 2013


Production kg 1,901.23 22,369 5,076.00 55,417 2,790.52 31,626



CASH COSTS 6,424 22,782 11,007

Seeds kg 3.39 94 16.60 4,090 7.09 1,213





Land tax 18 75 34

Fuel and Oil L 4.50 200 1.26 56


Interest payment on crop loan 2,700 756



Repairs 230 1,729 650

Others a/

36 26

NON-CASH COSTS 2,865 7,805 4,249

Seeds kg 6.81 110 2.10 19 5.49 85




Landowner's share kg 25.99 310 194.00 2,280 73.05 861


IMPUTED COSTS 5,294 4,879 5,177

Seeds kg 0.19 27 0.14 20







TOTAL COSTS 14,583 35,466 20,433

GROSS RETURNS 22,369 55,417 31,626


13,080 24,829 16,371

NET RETURNS 7,786 19,950 11,193




RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS


131


Caraga, January-September 2013

VARIABLE COSTS 13,472 27,635 17,439

Seeds 232 4,109 1,318

Fertilizers

Inorganic

Solid 2,522 4,648 3,118

Pesticides

Solid 24 18

Liquid 360 1,152 582

Labor

Hired Labor 2,838 7,279 4,082


Family Labor 1,631 15 1,179


Fuel and Oil 200 56


Repairs 230 1,729 650




Landowner's share 310 2,280 861


Othersa/

36 26

FIXED COSTS 1,111 7,831 2,993

Land tax 18 75 34

Interest payment on crop loan 3,200 896




TOTAL COSTS 14,583 35,466 20,433



132

Table 50.01 Average production costs and returns of corn per hectare by farm type, ARMM, January-September 2013


Production kg 1,794.75 22,068 2,779.30 34,241 1,898.93 23,356



CASH COSTS 5,074 11,692 5,774

Seeds kg 9.94 243 9.57 417 9.90 261





Land tax 159 289 173

Rentals: Machine, Animals, Tools and Equipment 240 1,043 325






Repairs 265 706 311

NON-CASH COSTS 2,555 4,221 2,731

Seeds kg 9.24 166 3.70 100 8.65 159

Hired labor in kind manday 0.18 82 0.37 283 0.20 103


Sheller's share kg 59.45 753 119.17 1,521 65.77 834


IMPUTED COSTS 7,518 12,145 8,008

Seeds kg 0.05 2 7.30 365 0.82 40

Operator labor manday 13.94 2,299 9.23 1,770 13.44 2,243


Exchange labor manday 6.03 1,264 16.02 3,310 7.09 1,480





TOTAL COSTS 15,146 28,057 16,512

GROSS RETURNS 22,068 34,241 23,356


14,440 18,329 14,851

NET RETURNS 6,922 6,184 6,844



RETURNS ABOVE CASH

AND NON-CASH COSTS


133


ARMM, January-September 2013

VARIABLE COSTS 13,841 24,938 15,016

Seeds 411 883 461

Fertilizers

Inorganic

Solid 1,393 3,224 1,587

Pesticides

Solid 12 11

Liquid 87 78 86

Labor

Hired Labor 1,787 4,587 2,083

Operator Labor 2,299 1,770 2,243

Family Labor 2,865 3,560 2,939

Exchange Labor 1,264 3,310 1,480

Rentals:

Machine, Animals, Tools and Equipment 240 1,043 325



Repairs 265 706 311



Sheller's share 753 1,521 834


Sacks and tying materials 287 1,016 364

FIXED COSTS 1,305 3,119 1,497

Land tax 159 289 173





TOTAL COSTS 15,146 28,057 16,512


134

Table 51. Percentage distribution of corn produce by disposition item and by region,


Sold /

To be Sold

Harvesters'

Share

Shellers'

Share

Other

Laborers'

Share

Landowner's

Share

Land

Lease/

Rental

PHILIPPINES 81.68 3.18 0.84 0.32 1.57 0.05

CAR 89.65 0.31 3.70 0.70 0.84 0.17


Cagayan Valley 92.31 3.18 0.03 0.07 2.08



MIMAROPA 46.14 5.78 4.32

Bicol Region 83.27 0.12 2.32 0.01

Western Visayas 68.53 9.15 4.01 1.91 0.84 0.06

Central Visayas 13.98 8.51 0.58 2.03 6.40 0.20

Eastern Visayas 29.03 5.42 1.86 7.57



Davao Region 64.18 3.10 0.60 0.27 0.44

SOCCSKSARGEN 86.50 0.72 1.54 0.25

Caraga 70.81 9.09 0.05 0.66 2.62

ARMM 83.21 7.04 3.46 0.43 0.22

Region

Table 51. Concluded

For

Home

Consumption

Given

Away

Paid to

Creditor

Used/

To be Used

for Seeds

Used/

To be Used

for Feeds

Wastage Others 1/

PHILIPPINES 9.41 0.72 0.35 0.41 0.65 0.29 0.03

CAR 0.65 0.59 0.59 1.15 1.63

Ilocos Region

Cagayan Valley 0.87 0.30 0.15 0.05 0.72 0.26

Central Luzon

CALABARZON 66.61 5.06 1.44 3.16

MIMAROPA 2.47 2.54 3.38 0.55 34.81

Bicol Region 10.89 0.57 0.34 1.34 0.72 0.42

Western Visayas 12.15 0.90 0.15 1.72 0.57

Central Visayas 62.97 2.23 0.13 1.56 0.94 0.05 0.42

Eastern Visayas 43.38 0.03 8.00 2.18 1.04 1.48

Zamboanga Peninsula 46.51 0.81 0.02 0.55 1.79 0.02


Davao Region 29.76 0.18 0.42 0.86 0.04 0.15

SOCCSKSARGEN 5.29 0.29 0.48 0.14 0.09 0.12

Caraga 15.19 0.31 0.45 0.33 0.06 0.14

ARMM 0.70 2.46 1.10 1.07 0.23 0.05 0.02

1/ Include rentals other than land and stolen produce

Region

135

Table 52. Percentage of corn farmers reporting on current level of production in comparison

with the same period last year by region, Philippines, January - September 2013

Higher This Year Lower This Year About The Same

PHILIPPINES 28.97 29.13 40.00

CAR 29.63 48.15 22.22

Ilocos Region 23.91 19.57 56.52


Central Luzon 38.89 27.78 33.33

CALABARZON 100.00

MIMAROPA 30.00 50.00 20.00

Bicol Region 24.66 15.07 60.27






Davao Region 19.87 19.21 56.29


Caraga 42.86 28.57 25.71

ARMM 15.31 13.27 69.39

Region

Table 53. Percentage of corn farmers with higher volume of production this year by reason for change

in production and by region, Philippines, January - September 2013

Increase

in Area

Good

Weather

Lesser

Occurrence

of Pests and

Diseases

Good

Quality

of Seeds

Used

Adequate

Fertilizer

Adequate

Water

Supply

Others 1/

PHILIPPINES 6.58 59.45 8.77 18.36 29.86 0.27 3.29

CAR 25.00 50.00 37.50 50.00

Ilocos Region 9.09 36.36 27.27 36.36 9.09


Central Luzon 57.14 28.57 14.29

CALABARZON


Bicol Region 11.11 72.22 16.67 33.33


Central Visayas 6.94 65.28 5.56 5.56 33.33




Davao Region 16.67 30.00 16.67 16.67 16.67 13.33

SOCCSKSARGEN 8.00 56.00 16.00 36.00 32.00 4.00

Caraga 40.00 33.33 26.67 13.33

ARMM 33.33 6.67 13.33 73.33 13.33

1/ Include proper farm management, increased planting density, good quality of soil and adequate financial support

Region

Reasons For Higher Production This Year

136

Table 54. Percentage of corn farmers with lower volume of production this year by reason for change

in production and by region, Philippines, January - September 2013

Decrease

in Area

Bad

Weather

Occurrence

of Pests and

Diseases

Poor

Quality

of Seeds

Inadequate

Water

Supply

Poor

Quality of

Produce

Others 1/

PHILIPPINES 11.72 60.76 20.16 10.35 19.07 1.36 5.72

CAR 23.08 92.31 15.38 7.69 15.38

Ilocos Region 44.44 55.56 11.11

Cagayan Valley 4.44 66.67 22.22 11.11 4.44 2.22

Central Luzon 60.00 40.00 40.00

CALABARZON 81.82 18.18 9.09 18.18

MIMAROPA 60.00 60.00 20.00

Bicol Region 18.18 63.64 36.36 9.09 9.09

Western Visayas 18.18 54.55 18.18 9.09 18.18 9.09

Central Visayas 23.33 55.00 10.00 1.67 31.67 10.00

Eastern Visayas 87.50 50.00 12.50 25.00



Davao Region 6.90 55.17 34.48 6.90 17.24

SOCCSKSARGEN 11.11 53.33 13.33 11.11 33.33 11.11

Caraga 80.00 10.00 20.00

ARMM 84.62 23.08

1/ Include lack of financing, poor soil condition, improper farm management, eaten by animals and

affected by permanent crops such as rubber and mango.

Region

Reasons For Lower Production This Year

Table 55. Percentage of corn farmers reporting problems on production by region,


High Cost

of Inputs

Lack of

Capital

Bad

Weather/

Calamities

Occurrence

of Pests

and Diseases

PHILIPPINES 45.87 39.21 36.19 26.83

CAR 59.26 62.96 55.56 7.41


Cagayan Valley 67.74 45.97 50.81 29.03



MIMAROPA 30.00 40.00 60.00 30.00

Bicol Region 52.05 20.55 23.29 17.81

Western Visayas 33.33 12.96 35.19 12.96

Central Visayas 47.40 38.15 60.69 22.54

Eastern Visayas 13.79 37.93 68.97 72.41



Davao Region 15.23 30.46 28.48 36.42

SOCCSKSARGEN 64.91 51.75 35.09 21.05

Caraga 28.57 54.29 25.71 11.43

ARMM 37.76 48.98 30.61 40.82

Region

137

Table 55. Concluded

Rough or Poor

Road/Inadequate

Transport Facilities

Poor

Soil

Condition

Inadequate Supply

of Water/

Irrigation Problem

Others1/

PHILIPPINES 11.19 10.24 2.70 2.14

CAR 3.70 11.11

Ilocos Region 6.52 4.35 17.39 4.35

Cagayan Valley 8.06 4.84 6.45 3.23

Central Luzon 11.11

CALABARZON 27.27

MIMAROPA 10.00


Western Visayas 12.96 11.11 9.26 1.85





Davao Region 21.85 15.89 1.99

SOCCSKSARGEN 31.58 19.30 1.75 3.51

Caraga 5.71 8.57

ARMM 4.08 11.22 3.06

1/ Include excessive water, poor quality of seeds, eaten by animals, lack of post-harvest facilities

and lack of area for planting.

Region

Table 56. Percentage of corn farmers who sold produce to major buyer by region,


WholesalerWholesaler-

RetailerAgent Assembler Consumer Cooperative Processor

PHILIPPINES 45.70 38.42 7.88 3.39 3.27 0.85 0.48

CAR 85.19 14.81

Ilocos Region 45.65 43.48 8.70 2.17

Cagayan Valley 75.61 15.45 6.50 0.81 1.63

Central Luzon 22.22 33.33 44.44

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 37.50 25.00 37.50

Bicol Region 40.00 27.27 14.55 16.36 1.82

Western Visayas 67.86 7.14 14.29 3.57 7.14

Central Visayas 23.08 7.69 30.77 11.54 26.92




Davao Region 29.75 57.02 2.48 7.44 1.65 1.65

SOCCSKSARGEN 39.25 57.01 2.80 0.93

Caraga 35.00 50.00 15.00

ARMM 20.62 50.52 27.84 1.03

Region

138

Table 57. Percentage of corn farmers reporting problems on marketing of produce


Low Price

of Produce

Unstable

Prices

Rough Roads/

High Transport

Cost

Lack of

Marketing

Information

Limited

Buyer/

Market Outlet

PHILIPPINES 44.21 38.73 15.87 4.52 3.57

CAR 77.78 96.30 14.81 3.70

Ilocos Region 45.65 63.04 15.22 2.17 2.17

Cagayan Valley 71.77 73.39 11.29 11.29 10.48

Central Luzon 66.67 44.44 16.67

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 50.00 50.00 10.00 10.00

Bicol Region 58.90 42.47 9.59 6.85 2.74

Western Visayas 20.37 22.22 9.26 1.85

Central Visayas 11.56 4.05 0.58 1.16




Davao Region 27.81 40.40 39.07 1.99 7.28

SOCCSKSARGEN 72.81 65.79 27.19 5.26 0.88

Caraga 42.86 31.43 11.43

ARMM 68.37 40.82 22.45 8.16 7.14

Region

Table 58. Percentage of corn farmers who availed of loans for corn production by source

of loan and by region, Philippines, January - September 2013

Cooperative BankPrivate

IndividualOthers

1/

PHILIPPINES 12.30 7.10 1.29 87.10 4.52

CAR 59.26 50.00 50.00



Central Luzon 44.44 75.00 25.00

CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 10.00 100.00

Bicol Region 8.22 16.67 83.33

Western Visayas

Central Visayas 4.05 14.29 71.43 14.29




Davao Region 1.32 50.00 50.00


Caraga 25.71 100.00

ARMM 2.04 100.00

1/ Include micro-financing institutions, NGOs, farmers' association and Quedancor.

Region

Percentage of

Corn Farmers

Who Availed Loan

Source

139

Table 59. Percentage of corn farmers who were aware and availed of benefit from government programs/

interventions in corn production by region, Philippines, January - September 2013

Aware of Government

Programs/Intervention

Availed of Benefit from Government

Programs/Intervention


CAR 92.59 7.41














Caraga 77.14 2.86

ARMM 31.63 1.02

Region

Table 60. Percentage of corn farmers who received benefit from government programs/interventions on

corn production by type of benefit and by region, Philippines, January - September 2013

SeedsFertilizer and

Other Inputs

Training on

Farming

Technology

Post -

Harvest

Facilities

Marketing

SupportLoans Others

1/

PHILIPPINES 30.86 4.94 41.36 28.40 0.62 2.47 7.41

CAR 100.00 50.00

Ilocos Region 60.00 20.00 40.00

Cagayan Valley 14.29 18.37 71.43 2.04 12.24


CALABARZON 100.00

MIMAROPA 100.00 100.00

Bicol Region 50.00 25.00 50.00


Central Visayas 23.08 7.69 53.85 7.69 7.69 30.77




Davao Region 54.17 4.17 29.17 16.67 8.33


Caraga 100.00

ARMM 100.00

1/ Include crop insurance, tractor services and farm to market roads

Region

140

Table 61. Percentage of corn farmers who used the benefit received and increased income


Used the Benefit Received from

the Government

Increased

Corn Farm Income


CAR 50.00 50.00




CALABARZON

MIMAROPA 100.00 100.00




Eastern Visayas





Caraga 100.00

ARMM 100.00 100.00

Region

Table 62. Percentage of corn farmers by perceived effect of climate change on their corn farming


Change in

Cropping

Pattern

Decrease in

Number of

Cropping

Increase

in Input

Usage

Decrease

in YieldOthers

1/

PHILIPPINES 67.38 34.98 21.91 12.49 64.66 3.06

CAR 85.19 17.39 13.04 21.74 95.65

Ilocos Region 30.43 7.14 28.57 71.43

Cagayan Valley 71.77 21.35 26.97 29.21 71.91


CALABARZON 100.00 27.27 100.00

MIMAROPA 70.00 14.29 28.57 14.29 57.14

Bicol Region 35.62 26.92 42.31 38.46

Western Visayas 75.93 41.46 19.51 7.32 63.41

Central Visayas 80.92 42.86 20.00 10.00 70.00 11.43

Eastern Visayas 37.93 45.45 9.09 72.73



Davao Region 66.23 34.00 20.00 65.00

SOCCSKSARGEN 89.47 39.22 32.35 23.53 58.82 2.94

Caraga

ARMM 60.20 67.80 42.37 10.17 40.68

1/ Include decrease in frequency of plowing, increase in production, more occurrence of weeds and crop stress

Region

Affected

By Climate

Change

Effect

141

Table 63. Percentage of corn farmers who are members of farmers' organization and type

of benefits received by region, Philippines, January - September 2013

Trainings/

Seminars

Financial/

Credit

Support

Inputs

Support

Marketing

SupportOthers

1/

PHILIPPINES 10.00 65.08 11.11 10.32 9.52 5.56

CAR 22.22 100.00 50.00 16.67

Ilocos Region 10.87 80.00 20.00



CALABARZON



Western Visayas 12.96 71.43 14.29 14.29 28.57 14.29

Central Visayas 10.98 73.68 15.79 15.79

Eastern Visayas



Davao Region 14.57 68.18 13.64 31.82

SOCCSKSARGEN 13.16 53.33 13.33 13.33 6.67

Caraga 2.86 100.00 100.00

ARMM 1.02 100.00 100.00

1/ Include farm machineries, livestock dispersal and vegetable production livelihood

Region

Members of

Farmers'

Organization

Benefits Received

Table 64. Percentage distribution of corn farmers reporting on the plan of farm operations


Maintain Current

Operations

Expand

Operations

Shift To Other

Crops

Stop

Operations

PHILIPPINES 71.67 24.84 1.43 2.06

CAR 59.26 37.04 3.70


Cagayan Valley 62.90 33.87 1.61 1.61



MIMAROPA 60.00 20.00 10.00 10.00

Bicol Region 64.38 31.51 1.37 2.74


Central Visayas 73.99 21.97 1.16 2.89




Davao Region 51.66 44.37 0.66 3.31


Caraga 71.43 28.57

ARMM 87.76 12.24

Region

142

Table 65. Percentage of corn farmers reporting on the recommendations to further improve

the corn production by region, Philippines, January - September 2013

Price

Support

Improve

Irrigation

Services

Infrastructure

Facilities

Regulate

Price of

Farm Inputs

Financial

Support

PHILIPPINES 56.35 4.68 14.44 43.89 68.17

CAR 70.37 14.81 25.93 96.30

Ilocos Region 78.26 23.91 19.57 32.61 67.39

Cagayan Valley 95.16 6.45 13.71 85.48 67.74

Central Luzon 100.00 33.33 22.22 100.00 66.67

CALABARZON 9.09 18.18 45.45 72.73

MIMAROPA 90.00 30.00 10.00 30.00

Bicol Region 63.01 4.11 45.21 53.42

Western Visayas 35.19 11.11 24.07 29.63 55.56

Central Visayas 15.61 2.89 11.56 52.02 79.19

Eastern Visayas 89.66 3.45 24.14 58.62



Davao Region 53.64 0.66 20.53 28.48 69.54

SOCCSKSARGEN 80.70 0.88 14.91 38.60 74.56

Caraga 85.71 11.43 57.14 74.29

ARMM 64.29 15.31 21.43 24.49 58.16

Region

Table 65. Concluded

Soil

Testing/

Analysis

Land

Reform

Program

Environmental

Concern

New/Modern

Farming

Technologies

Others 1/

PHILIPPINES 12.94 3.73 4.52 20.32 2.78

CAR 18.52 37.04 33.33

Ilocos Region 13.04 4.35 4.35 13.04 4.35

Cagayan Valley 16.13 4.84 6.45 25.81 2.42


CALABARZON 54.55 9.09 9.09 81.82

MIMAROPA 10.00 10.00 20.00

Bicol Region 4.11 9.59 9.59 1.37

Western Visayas 18.52 9.26 20.37 5.56

Central Visayas 13.87 3.47 2.31 22.54 1.73




Davao Region 21.19 0.66 11.26 17.88 1.32

SOCCSKSARGEN 19.30 2.63 4.39 28.07 1.75

Caraga 2.86 28.57 2.86

ARMM 18.37 6.12 7.14 26.53

1/ Include more inputs support, provision of good variety of seeds, provision of crop insurance and dispersal of work animals

Region

143

References

2009 Costs and Returns of Corn Production, March 2011. BAS

Costs and Returns of Tilapia Production, September 2011. BAS

3rd Edition Metadata for National Agricultural Statistics in the Philippines. BAS

Philippine Standard Occupational Classification (PSOC),2007. NSO

List of Fully Registered Fertilizer (Finished Products/Raw Materials) as of 31

December 2011. Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority, Department of Agriculture

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILREPUBLIC OF THE PHILREPUBLIC OF THE PHILREPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINESIPPINESIPPINESIPPINES

Philippine Statistics AuthorityPhilippine Statistics AuthorityPhilippine Statistics AuthorityPhilippine Statistics Authority Ben-Lor Bldg., 1184 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City

Agricultural Accounts and Statistical

Indicators Division

Tel. No. 372-3823

[email protected]

https://www.psa.gov.ph/

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