Ancient RomeAncient RomeRepublic to EmpireRepublic to Empire

From a Republic to an EmpireFrom a Republic to an Empire509 B.C. 509 B.C. –– 476 A.D.476 A.D.

Roman Security SystemRoman Security System

The Republic’s MilitaryThe Republic’s Military• First only patricians

served in the army.• Rome had many

enemies: Gauls, Latins, Etruscans

• Gauls burned Rome in 390 BC

• Senate turned to all citizens including the plebeians to serve!

• Army supported by trades and taxes.• Strict discipline• Low pay for lower classes

The Legions• Trained in use of

slings, javelins, spears & swords

• Divided into legions. Define.

• Legions were divided into 60 centuries.Why? Smaller units for swift movement. New military tactic!

Roman LegionsRoman Legions

• How did the Republic treat those they conquerored?

• Carthage– City-state on

Northern coast of Africa

– Dominated western Mediterranean trade and islands: Sardinia, Corsica, & Sicily

– Sea traders– Expansionist

Policies

The Punic WarsRome vs. Carthage

Carthage

Rome

First Punic War 264 B.C.• Cause

–Rivalry over trade routes in the Mediterranean Sea and Sicily

First Punic War 264 B.C.• Results

– Rome victorious– Forced Carthage

to give up Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia

– Pay war reparations• 2,200 Euboean

talents for 20 years

Second Punic War - 218-201 B.C.

VS.

ScipioHannibal Class Reading: Class Reading:

Hannibal of CarthageHannibal of Carthage

Second Punic War - 218-201 B.C.HannibalHannibal• Carthaginian general • Introduces surprise

attack concept with “Alps invasion”

• His military strategies are still studied today at the US Military academies

Second Punic War - 218-201 B.C.

Scipio Scipio •Roman general

•Led attack on Carthage

•Forced Hanninbal home

Third Punic WarThird Punic War

• Cause–Carthage violates

terms of treaty–Senate wants

complete destruction of city

Third Punic WarThird Punic War• Results

–Carthage destroyed

–Earth salted so crops won’t grow

–All killed or enslaved

–Becomes a province of city of Rome

Results of Punic WarsOur Sea

• Rome captures Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor

• The Mediterranean is Rome’s

The Republic in Crisis 100B.C.The Republic in Crisis 100B.C.Major Problems:Major Problems:

Small farmers no longer needed to produce food;

large estates had taken over

Farmers flock to Rome and other cities looking for jobs

The Republic in Crisis The Republic in Crisis 100B.C.100B.C.

Greed and self-interest replace virtues of simplicity, hard work,

and devotion to duty

Now lived for pleasure and luxury

The Republic in Crisis The Republic in Crisis 100B.C.100B.C.

Civil Wars Break Outlegions stationed in

provinces to stop uprisingspoor paid by army generals

to serve

Revolts and Civil WarsRevolts and Civil Wars

Conquered people forced to work as

slaves• 30 % Rome’s people enslaved

– Spartacus Leads Revolt– Conquerors two legions– But… 6,000 are crucified– His body is never found!

Spartacus

The Rise of Julius CaesarThe Rise of Julius Caesar• Elected consul in 60 B.C.• First Triumvirate formed

–Caesar, Pompey, & Crassus

–Shared power• Conquered territories

–Gaul, Germanic tribes, & Britain

–Seen as a military hero-“Veni, vidi, vici…”

The Rise of Julius CaesarThe Rise of Julius Caesar• Results

–Triumvirate falls apart–Senate demands Caesar to

return w/out his army–“Crossing the Rubicon”

means an act from which there is no turning back

–Civil war ensues–Caesar hailed as dictator

for life in 45 B.C.

Provided jobs for poor

Army veterans given land

Aligned with the solar year

Libraries, temples & Forum built

Course of Tiber River alteredBuilt roads & bridges to

connect empire

“All roads lead to Rome”

Colonies established for trade

Distributed free grain

Mourners lay flowers at the site of his demise

• Many feared he would assume title of king & set up a dynasty

• 60 members of Senate plot to kill him

• The Ides of March (15th) stabbed 23x’s

Who Will Reign?Who Will Reign?

• Mark Antony is believed to be the heir.

• J. Caesar surprises many by naming his grand nephew Octavian ruler.

Who Will Reign?

Who Will

• But there is a woman…Cleopatra VII …

Watch “Great Romances: Antony & Cleopatra”

Reign?

Imperial Rome’s GovernmentImperial Rome’s Government

Roman EmpireRoman EmpireEstablishedEstablished

•The 500-year republic comesto an end. •The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus Caesar, or Exalted One; the first citizen of Rome.•The age of the Roman Empire begins in 31 B.C

2

2

Roman EmpireRoman EmpireAugustus laid the Augustus laid the foundation for a stable foundation for a stable government that would government that would function well for 200 function well for 200 years. This period was years. This period was called thecalled the Pax Pax RomanaRomana. .

Was there really 200 years of peace?

Augustus’ ReformsAugustus’ Reforms1. Created efficient civil service to

enforce the laws.2. Opened up high-level jobs to men of

talent, regardless of race.3. Allowed cities and provinces to govern

themselves.

Augustus Augustus First Emperor of the EmpireFirst Emperor of the Empire

Augustus’ ReformsAugustus’ Reforms4. Ordered a census, or population

count, in order to make the tax system more fair.

5. Set up a postal service and issued unified monetary system of coins.

6. Employed the jobless.

Augustus Augustus First Emperor of the EmpireFirst Emperor of the Empire

The Empire ExpandsThe Empire ExpandsThe Empire Expands

• Empire expands after Augustus rules

• A.D. 117 reached biggest size• New territories organized to

provinces–Laws enforced–Allowed to live as usual

The Empire ExpandsThe Empire ExpandsThe Empire Expands

How did the empire maintain control and How did the empire maintain control and communication?communication?

Benefits of ExpansionBenefits of ExpansionBenefits of Expansion

• Provinces act as buffers for Rome• Produced food • Paid taxes: supported army and

road systems

Good EmperorsGood Emperors•• Tiberius and ClaudiusTiberius and Claudius

members of Augustus’ family were efficient rulers who continued to make reforms to benefit all classes of citizens

• Hadrian 117 A.D.– Built Hadrian’s Wall in

Britain to – Passed laws to protect

women,children and slaves

– Able, tireless rulerHadrian’s WallHadrian’s Wall

Good EmperorsGood Emperors•• Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius, last , last

good emperor of the Pax good emperor of the Pax Romana eraRomana era.-Strong sense of duty-Fought invaders -Philosopher Emperor-His son began the reign of bad emperors leading to Rome’s decline.

Two ReformersTwo Reformers

DiocletianDiocletian1.1. Divided the empire into two parts to Divided the empire into two parts to

make it easier to governmake it easier to govern2.2. Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the

rapid rise of pricesrapid rise of prices

3.3. Established laws to ensure steady Established laws to ensure steady production of food and goodsproduction of food and goods

Two ReformersTwo Reformers

1.1. Continued Diocletian’s reformsContinued Diocletian’s reforms

2.2. Granted toleration to Christians, which led Granted toleration to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of Christianityto the rapid growth of Christianity

3.3. Built a new capital at Constantinople, Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the eastern part of the empire the making the eastern part of the empire the center of power center of power

ConstantineConstantine

Divided Roman EmpireDivided Roman Empire

Bad EmperorsBad Emperors

• Nero the Madman–Insane &

believed to set Rome afire and sang in the process

Bad EmperorsBad Emperors• Caligula

–Collected shells on beaches to say he conquered the sea

–Almost named his horse consul

Bad EmperorsBad Emperors

• SullaMade announcements of whom he wanted dead

Mount VesuviusMount Vesuvius

What happened What happened that terrible day that terrible day in 79 AD…in 79 AD…

Pliny: Eye Witness Pliny: Eye Witness Account!Account!

Pompeii: Vesuvius Pompeii: Vesuvius -- What Did the What Did the Eruption Look Like?Eruption Look Like?

Roman AccomplishmentsRoman Accomplishments

Roman AchievementsRoman Achievements

ArtArt1. Sculptors stressed

realism.

2. Artists depicted life scenes in mosaics and frescoes.

Roman AchievementsRoman Achievements

TechnologyTechnology

• Created aqueducts for piped water• Built an extensive road system

Over 50,000 miles

PantheonPantheonVirtual Tour Virtual Tour

PantheonPantheon

Engineering Wonders…Engineering Wonders…

Roman EngineeringRoman EngineeringAccomplishmentsAccomplishments

Roman RoadsRoman Roads

The Roman Road System

Roman AchievementsRoman Achievements

ArchitectureArchitecture•• Developed rounded domeDeveloped rounded dome•• Changed design and

improved the Greek column and arch

Colosseum & Circus MaximusColosseum & Circus Maximus• Colosseum 80 A.D.

–Held gladiator & animal fights

–Held 50,000 people• Circus Maximus

–Held chariot races–Held 250,000–Bread and Circus

Policy

Colosseum & Circus MaximusColosseum & Circus Maximus

ColosseumColosseum

Virtual Tour Virtual Tour ColosseumColosseum

Gladiator: Gladiator: Dressed to Kill Dressed to Kill

GameGame