ROMAN REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE

509 B.C.E. -27 B.C.E.

REPUBLIC

• 27 B.C.E.TO 476. C.E.

EMPIRE

SPQR

• SENATUS

• POPULUSQUE

• ROMANUS

• SENATE AND THE ROMAN PEOPLE

REPUBLIC COLLAPSES1. AFTER PUNIC WARS ROME EXPERIENCES

WEALTH AND POWER FOR CERTAIN CITIZENS 2. NOBLES CHEAPLY AQUIRE HUGE AMOUNTS OF LAND

3. MERCHANTS PROSPER BY SUPPLYING THE ARMY , SLAVES AND TRADE WITH PROVINCES

4. SMALL FARMERS CAN’T COMPETE WITH CHEAP GRAIN WORKERS LOSE JOBS TO SLAVES

5. TO GAIN SUPPORT OF POOR GOV’T OFFICALS PROMISE FREE BREAD AND CIRCUSES ( ENTERTAINMENT)

TWO BROTHERS, TRIBUNES, WANTED TO HELP THE POOR. THEY WANTED TO LIMIT THE SIZE OF ESTATES AND GIVE LAND TO THE

POOR. THEY BOTH MET VIOLENT DEATHS.

CONQUESTS CHANGE THE ARMY

THE SMALL FARMER HAD BEEN THE CITIZEN SOLDIER THE BACKBONE OF THE ARMY.

AS HE DISAPPEARED THE NATURE OF THE ARMY CHANGED- PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS LOYAL TO THEIR GENERALS NOT THE REPUBLIC .

CIVIL WARS BEGIN BETWEEN GENERALS FOR CONTROL OF ROME.

PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS

CITIZENSOLDIERS

FIRST TRIUMVERATE POMPEY, CRASSUS, CAESAR

IN 60 B.C. THESE 3 MEN RULE ROME AS CONSULS for 1 YEAR- NOT AGAIN FOR 10 YEARS CAESAR THAN IS GOVENOR OF GAUL WHERE HE GAINS FAME CONQUERING THE GAULS IN THE GALLIC WAR

IN 49B.C.HE DEFIES THE SENATE COMES BACK TO ROME AND CROSSES THE RUBICON( DIE IS CAST) AND A CIVIL WAR ENSUES BETWEEN ROME LED BY POMPEY AND CAESAR.

CAESAR IS VICTORIOUS

CAESAR LEADS ROME CAESAR IS APPOINTED DICTATOR FOR LIFE.

HE WINS PEOPLE’S SUPPORT BY HIS MANY REFORMS.

SENATORS FEAR HE IS TOO POWERFUL AND KILL HIM ON MARCH 15 44 B.C.

IDES OF MARCH

DEATH OF CAESAR LED BY CASSIUS AND BRUTUS

The Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirate

43 B.C.E TO 33 B.C.E43 B.C.E TO 33 B.C.E Octavian

Marc Antony

Marcus Lepidus

SECOND TRIUMVIRATE

• They take control of Rome and rule for ten years- 43 B.C.E to 33 B.C.E and crush Julius Caesar’s assassins- Brutus and Cassius!

• Jealousy takes over- Lepidus is forced out to retire.• Marc Antony falls for Cleopatra of Egypt

and divorces Octavian’s sister! Rivalry begins. Civil war erupts with Octavian as victor! He defeats Marc at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C.E

ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS

27 B.C.E TO 476 C.E.

Octavian /Augustus:Octavian /Augustus:Rome’s First EmperorRome’s First Emperor

RULE OF CAESAR AUGUSTUS /OCTAVIAN 27 B.C.E TO 14 C.E.

• UNDER AUGUSTUS ROME BECAME AN EMPIRE –REPUBLIC ENDS! SENATE GIVES HIM THE NAME OF “IMPERATOR”

• THIS STARTS TIME OF PAX ROMANA TO 180 C.E.• TIME OF PEACE AND PROSPERITY! HE SPONSERS MANY REFORMS TO STRENGTHEN THE

EMPIRE. BOASTS MADE ROME FROM BRICKS TO MARBLE!

1. REORGANIZES ARMY INTO HIGHLY DISCIPLINED PROFESSIONAL BODY LOYAL TO EMPEROR 2. PAID GOVERNORS OF PROVINCES 3. ENCOURAGED FORMER SOLDIERS TO SETTLE IN

PROVINCES 4. CONTINUED TO GRANT CITIZENSHIP TO PROVINCES 5. EFFICIENT CIVIL SERVICE – TALENT NOT SOCIAL CLASS DETERMINED JOBS 6. CENSUS INITIATED FOR FAIR TAXING 7. DEVELOPED TRADE AND INDUSTRY AND BUILDING 8. ENCOURAGED SCIENCE, ART AND LITERATURE

The Greatest Extent of The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 the Roman Empire – 14

C.E.C.E.

SUCCESSORS TO AUGUSTUS

• 1ST FOUR EMPERORS WHO FOLLOWED AUGUSTUS

MEMBERS OF FAMILY! • MAJOR PROBLEM NO RULES OF SUCCESSION!

GOOD AND THE BAD!!!

THE BAD !• Gaius ( Caligula) 37-41 C.E CRAZY, CLAIMED TO BE A GOD

AND MAKES HORSE A CONSUL. MARRIES THAN MURDERS

SISTER• CLAUDIUS 41-54 C.E. - ROME CONQUERS S. BRITAIN - CONSDERED STUPID AND

PRAETORIAN GUARD APPOINTS HIM

• NERO 54-68 C.E. - KILLED OPPOSITION - BLAMED THE CHRISTIANS FOR BURNING ROME , MANY THOUGHT HE DID!

THE GOOD!• TIBERIUS CAESAR-14-37 C.E. - DURING TIME OF ADULT JESUS

• VESPASIAN 69-79 C.E. - BUILT COLOSSEUM, DESTROYED JERUSALEM, EXPELLED JEWS • TRAJAN 98-117 C.E - EXPANDED EMPIRE TO GREATEST EXTENT • HADRIAN 117-138 C.E. BUILT WALLS IN NORTHERN BRITAIN • MARCUS AURELIUS 161-180 C.E.

DEATH MARKED END OF PAX

ROMANA

THE PAX ROMANATHE GOOD!

• ROME KNOWN AS “ETERNAL CITY!”• ALL ROADS LEAD TO ROME • GROWTH OF CITIES WITHIN EMPIRE • GROWTH OF TRADE • BUILDING PROJECTS : COLOSSEUM (80), PANTHEON (117)

AQUADUCTS• ROMAN IDEAS OF LAW ESTABLISHED • GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE SPREADS

ALL ROADS LEAD TO ROME!

TRADE ROUTES

ROME’S IMPORTS

PAX ROMANA THE BAD !

• SHARP DIVISIONS EMERGE BETWEEN THE RICH AND POOR

• STRONG SLAVE TRADE =UNEMPLOYMENT = THE DOLE

• TRADE IMBALANCE • INFLATION • WEAK RULERS , NO RULES OF SUCCESSION • BARBARIC ENTERTAINMENT= LOW MORALS • UNREST IN THE PROVINCES • AFTER 180 C.E. ROME IS ON A DECLINE

FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• DURING THE CENTURIES THAT CHRISTIANITY WAS STRUGGLING TO SURVIVE AND SUCCEEDING

• THE ROMAN EMPIRE WAS DECLINING!

PAX ROMANA ENDS!

• AFTER THE DEATH OF MARCUS AURELIUS IN 180 C.E. :

ROME IS PLUNGED INTO CIVIL WARS AND CHAOS

NO EFFECTIVE MEANS OF SUCCESSION GENERALS COMPETED FOR THE THRONE BETWEEN 234 AND 284 C. E. ABOUT 26

EMPERORS RULED. ALL BUT ONE MET VIOLENT DEATHS AT THE HANDS OF THE MILITARY!

CAUSES OF THE FALL OF ROME

POLITICAL CAUSES • THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT WAS INEFFICIENT AND

CORRUPT PEOPLE NOT LOYAL!

• VAST EMPIRE COULD NOT BE GOVERNED EFFICIENTLY

• RIVALRY TO SUCCESSION OF THE THRONE LED TO DESTRUCTIVE CIVIL WARS

• 284 C.E. EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN DIVIDES THE EMPIRE INTO ½ AND TOOK CONTROL OF THE WEALTHIER EASTERN HALF. HE APPOINTED A CO-EMPEROR IN THE WEST. • WEAK LEADERS IN WEST AND CORRUPTION

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 284 CE284 CE

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

CONSTANTINE • AFTER DIOCLETIAN RETIRES – POWER STRUGGLE AND

CONSTANTINE TAKES OVER IN 312 C.E.

• REUNITES EAST AND WEST , BUT MOVES THE CAPITAL TO THE EAST- BYZANTIUM AND RENAMES IT – CONSTANTINOPLE – SHOWS DECLINING INFLUENCE OF ROME

• BELIEVES ROME SYMBOLIZED PAGANISM AND WANTED CLOSER CAPITAL TO TRADING CENTERS OF THE EAST.

• AFTER HIS DEATH IN 337 EMPIRE IS AGAIN DIVIDED. THE EAST FLOURISHES THE WEST IS UNDER PRESSURE OF INVADERS!

Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)

ECONOMIC CAUSES • GOVERNING REQUIRED HUGE AMOUNTS OF MONEY. THIS MONEY

CAME FROM THE EAST. THE DIVISION DEPRIVED ROME OF REVENUE.

• ARMIES NO LONGER BROUGHT IN NEW TRIBUTE • CIVIL WARS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS HURT TRADE AND

AGRICULTURE = LESS TAX $$$$$

• EFFORTS TO INCREASE $$$ SUPPLY CAUSE DEVALUATION OF MONEY AND INFLATION

• CITIES HAD HIGH TAXES AND UNEMPLOYMENT – LESS PROSPERITY

• POOR HARVESTS

SOCIAL CAUSES

• DUE TO SLAVERY WEALTHY ROMANS BECAME INTERESTED IN ONLY WEALTH AND LUXURY

• EARLY ROMAN IDEALS OF PATRIOTISM, SERVICE AND MORALITY DISAPPEARED WITH THE NEW LIFESTYLES.

• HUGE GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR

• DECLINE IN POPULATION DUE TO DISEASE THAT SWEPT THE EMPIRE IN THE 300S.

• NO LONGER HAD A STAKE IN ROME AND DID NOT CARE WHETHER EMPEROR WAS ROMAN OR GERMANIC .

MILITARY CAUSES

• CITIZENS EVADED MILITARY SERVICE SOLDIERS HAD TO BE RECRUITED FROM PEOPLE WHO HAD LITTLE LOYALTY TO ROME- MERCENARIES IN MANY CASES.

• MILITARY BUDGET LIMITED

• LACK OF LOYALTY AND TRAINING OF SOLDIERS

WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE CRUMBLES

• SINCE THE TIME OF JULIUS CAESAR GERMANIC TRIBES LIVED IN AND NEAR ROMAN BOUNDARIES. THEY WERE KEPT CONTAINED BY ROMAN TROOPS

• IN 452 C.E. THE HUNS , ( MONGOL TRIBE ) SWOOPED INTO THE AREA NORTH OF THE ROMAN AREA AND THE GERMANIC TRIBES FLOCKED SOUTHWARD TO AVOID THE HUNS.

THERE WERE 100.000 OF THE HUNS! THEY DID NOT CONQUER ROME .

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of God”“The Scourge of God”

FALL OF ROME

• GERMANIC TRIBES CONTINUE TO INVADE EVEN AFTER THE HUNS AND THE WEAK ROMAN GOV’T

CANNOT STOP THEM .

• THE VISIGOTHS GO TO SPAIN,OSTROGOTHS TO ITALY , VANDALS TO NORTH AFRICA, FRANKS IN GAUL AND ANGLOS AND SAXONS IN BRITAIN.

• IN 476 C.E. A GERMANIC CHIEF FORCES THE ROMAN EMPEROR TO GIVE UP THRONE.

THIS IS ESSENTIALLY THE : “ FALL OF ROME”

Barbarian Invasions: 4c-Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c5c

THE END!!!!!