chapter 6 discussion and review. ancient rome from a republic to an empire 509 b.c.e – 476 ce

Chapter 6 Chapter 6

Discussion and ReviewDiscussion and Review

Ancient RomeAncient Rome

From a Republic to an Empire From a Republic to an Empire

509 B.C.E – 476 CE 509 B.C.E – 476 CE

Geography and RomeGeography and Rome1

Why was it easier Why was it easier for the Romans to for the Romans to unite than the unite than the Greeks?Greeks?

Rome is located on Rome is located on the Italian the Italian Peninsula. Peninsula.

Rich soil Rich soil Mild climate Mild climate Center of Center of

Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea

Roman ReligionRoman Religion

Adopted Greek gods Adopted Greek gods Jupiter is Zeus Jupiter is Zeus Mars is Ares Mars is Ares Venus is AphroditeVenus is Aphrodite

Roman Republic Est. 50Roman Republic Est. 5077 BC BCEE

What is republic? What is republic? All citizens with the All citizens with the

right to vote choose right to vote choose their leaders. their leaders.

Is it a democracy?Is it a democracy?Male citizens could Male citizens could

attend, but votes of attend, but votes of wealthy class counted wealthy class counted moremore

PatriciansPatricians Vs. Plebeians Vs. Plebeians

Patricians (senate)Patricians (senate) Upper class aristocrats Upper class aristocrats

who owned land who owned land and and ccontrolled the ontrolled the government & the government & the economyeconomy

Plebeians Plebeians Farmers, merchants, Farmers, merchants,

artisans and tradersartisans and traders Who has the power?Who has the power?

The Roman Republic: GovernmentThe Roman Republic: GovernmentSee handout…See handout…

DictatorDictatorCould rule up Could rule up to 6 months in to 6 months in times of wartimes of war

300 men300 men

2211

Majority of Majority of PopulationPopulation


300 men300 men

2211


ConsulsConsuls Preside over Preside over senate, senate, generals, 1 yr generals, 1 yr termterm


300 men300 men

2211


SenateSenateServed for Served for life, most life, most powerful powerful bodybody


300 men300 men

2211


SenateSenate

PatriciansPatricians

DictatorDictatorConsulsConsuls

Plebeians and their RightsPlebeians and their Rights

Little by little, the plebeians, or Little by little, the plebeians, or common people, gained some political common people, gained some political power. power.

These included the right to elect their These included the right to elect their own officials, called tribunes and met in own officials, called tribunes and met in their own assembly. their own assembly.

The tribunes could veto, or block, laws The tribunes could veto, or block, laws that they felt harmed plebeians.that they felt harmed plebeians.


300 men300 men

2211


TribunesTribunes

PlebeiansPlebeians

SlavesSlavesNo No powerpower

The Rule of Law: Five Basic The Rule of Law: Five Basic PrinciplesPrinciples

Written down for all to seeWritten down for all to seePeople equal under law People equal under law The accused can face The accused can face

accuser and defend the accuser and defend the charge charge

Decisions based on fairnessDecisions based on fairness Innocent until proven guilty Innocent until proven guilty Guilt must be clearly Guilt must be clearly

establishedestablished

Roman SocietyRoman SocietyMenMen: : Absolute power in all areas of society, Absolute power in all areas of society,

especially the home! especially the home! Oldest living male most powerfulOldest living male most powerful

Women Women in all classes ran the home, children in all classes ran the home, children

and slaves. and slaves. Few legal rights but not shut away like Few legal rights but not shut away like

Greek women; went everywhere in Greek women; went everywhere in publicpublic

Roman SocietyRoman Society

Boys & Girls: Boys & Girls: educated together in educated together in early years. early years.

girls married by 14; father picked girls married by 14; father picked husband! husband!

boys educated until the age of 20boys educated until the age of 20

Roman Dress

What was the fashion of the day? What was the fashion of the day? TogasTogas (upper class) (upper class), stolas, pallas, tunics, leather , stolas, pallas, tunics, leather

sandals, and palla cloaks for the soldiers!sandals, and palla cloaks for the soldiers!

Roman Clothing citizen, matron, magistrate, emperor, general, workman, slave

The Republic’s MilitaryThe Republic’s Military• Who could serve in the

military?• First only patricians

served in the army • Senate turned to all

citizens including the plebeians to serve!

• What was the requirement?

• Must possess land

The Punic WarsThe Punic Wars 264 -202 BCE 264 -202 BCE

Rome vs. CarthageRome vs. CarthageFought 3 Punic Fought 3 Punic

Wars why?Wars why?To dominate To dominate

western western Mediterranean trade Mediterranean trade and islandsand islands

Results of Punic WarsResults of Punic Wars

Rome captures Rome captures Macedonia, Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Greece, and Asia Minor Minor

The Mediterranean The Mediterranean belongs tobelongs to Rome Rome

Roman Republican CrisesRoman Republican Crises

What’s wrong with the senate?What’s wrong with the senate? Greed and self-interest replace Greed and self-interest replace good virtuesgood virtues Examples of corruptionExamples of corruption While Roman farmers were abroad fighting for the While Roman farmers were abroad fighting for the

empire, the privileged and powerful purchased or empire, the privileged and powerful purchased or otherwise took possession of the peasants’ land. otherwise took possession of the peasants’ land.

What happened to the returning soldiers?What happened to the returning soldiers? Lost land and soldier status because mLost land and soldier status because military was only ilitary was only

open to men with propertyopen to men with property What do ambitious generals do?What do ambitious generals do? Allow Allow landless men to enter the ranks, their loyalties landless men to enter the ranks, their loyalties

lay with the generals who rewarded them with land lay with the generals who rewarded them with land and money.and money.

The Rise of Julius CaesarThe Rise of Julius CaesarElected consul in 60 B.C.Elected consul in 60 B.C.AccomplishmentsAccomplishments Conquered territories Conquered territories Gaul, Germanic tribes, Gaul, Germanic tribes,

& Britain & Britain Seen as a military hero-Seen as a military hero-Becomes Becomes dictator for dictator for

life in 45 B.C.life in 45 B.C.EE

Provided jobs for poor

Army veterans given land

Aligned with the solar year

Libraries, temples & Forum built

Course of Tiber River alteredBuilt roads & bridges to

connect empire

“All roads lead to Rome”

Colonies established for trade

Distributed free grain

Roman EmpireRoman EmpireEstablishedEstablished

The 500-year republic The 500-year republic comescomes to an end. to an end.

The Roman senate The Roman senate gives Octavian the title gives Octavian the title of Augustus Caesar, or of Augustus Caesar, or Exalted One; the first Exalted One; the first citizen of Rome. citizen of Rome.

The age of the Roman The age of the Roman Empire begins in 31 Empire begins in 31 B.CB.C.E.E

Roman EmpireRoman EmpireAugustus laid the Augustus laid the

foundation for a stable foundation for a stable government that would government that would function well for 200 function well for 200 years. years.

This period was called the This period was called the Pax Romana. Pax Romana.

Roman army was Roman army was reorganized from a reorganized from a offensive to a defensive offensive to a defensive strategystrategy

Was there really 200 years Was there really 200 years of peace?of peace?

Augustus’ Reforms Augustus’ Reforms 1. Created efficient civil service to enforce the

laws.

2. Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent, regardless of race.

3. Allowed cities and provinces to govern themselves.

4. Ordered a census, or population count, in order to make the tax system more fair.

5. Set up a postal service and issued unified monetary system of coins.

6. Employed the jobless.

The Empire ExpandsThe Empire ExpandsThe Empire ExpandsThe Empire Expands

How did the empire maintain control and How did the empire maintain control and communication?communication?

Good EmperorsGood EmperorsMarcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius, last , last

good emperor of the good emperor of the Pax Romana era. Pax Romana era.

Strong sense of duty Strong sense of duty Philosopher Emperor Philosopher Emperor His son began the reign His son began the reign

of bad emperors leading of bad emperors leading to Rome’s decline.to Rome’s decline.

““Third-century crisis”Third-century crisis”

Frequent turnover of rulers (most Frequent turnover of rulers (most important)important), followed by chaos and civil wars, , followed by chaos and civil wars, created the political dimension of the crisis. created the political dimension of the crisis.

Political weakness in turn encouraged invasion Political weakness in turn encouraged invasion from outside the empire. from outside the empire.

The economy suffered because of the The economy suffered because of the disruption of commerce and high cost of disruption of commerce and high cost of rewarding the armies. rewarding the armies.

Who is going to come to the rescue?Who is going to come to the rescue?

Two ReformersTwo Reformers

DiocletianDiocletian Divided the empire into Divided the empire into

two parts to make it two parts to make it easier to govern easier to govern

Fixed prices to slow Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the rapid inflation, or the rapid rise of prices rise of prices

Established laws to Established laws to ensure steady ensure steady production of food and production of food and goodsgoods

ConstantineConstantine

Continued Diocletian’s reforms Continued Diocletian’s reforms Converted to Christianity and granted Converted to Christianity and granted

toleration to Christians, which led to toleration to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of Christianity the rapid growth of Christianity

Built a new capital at Constantinople, Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the eastern part of the empire making the eastern part of the empire the center of power the center of power

Divided Roman EmpireDivided Roman Empire

Roman AchievementsRoman Achievements

TechnologyTechnologyDeveloped concreteDeveloped concreteArchesArchesCreated aqueducts for piped water Created aqueducts for piped water Built an extensive road system Built an extensive road system oover ver

50,000 miles 50,000 miles

Engineering Wonders…Engineering Wonders…

Roman Engineering

Accomplishments

Roman Roads

Colosseum & Circus MaximusColosseum & Circus MaximusColosseum 80 C.E. Colosseum 80 C.E.

Held gladiator & Held gladiator & animal fights animal fights

Held 50,000 people Held 50,000 people Circus MaximusCircus Maximus Held chariot races Held chariot races Held 250,000 Held 250,000 Bread and Circus Bread and Circus

PolicyPolicy

The Roman Empire at Its HeightThe Roman Empire at Its Height

Roman power extended from Spain to Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt.Egypt.

2

Divided Empire Divided Empire Weaker co-emperor in Rome Weaker co-emperor in Rome Best generals serve eastern emperor Best generals serve eastern emperor No western leadership No western leadership Capital moved to ConstantinopleCapital moved to Constantinople

Foreign InvasionsForeign Invasions •A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of Hun and Germanic invasions.

•476 CE end of the Western Roman empire

Roman SuccessRoman SuccessCitizenshipCitizenship In the beginningIn the beginning

Citizenship and rights only given to others living in Citizenship and rights only given to others living in the peninsulathe peninsula

By 212 CE, tBy 212 CE, the Romans wisely extended he Romans wisely extended citizenship and its privileges to conquered citizenship and its privileges to conquered peoples, incorporating them directly into the peoples, incorporating them directly into the growing empire. growing empire.

MilitaryMilitaryRome demanded Italian subjects to provide Rome demanded Italian subjects to provide

soldiers for the militarysoldiers for the military Inexhaustible reservoir of man powerInexhaustible reservoir of man power

Review: The Decline Review: The Decline and Fall of Romeand Fall of Rome

5

Religious Diversity in the Early Religious Diversity in the Early EmpireEmpire

As long as people honored Roman As long as people honored Roman gods and acknowledged the divine gods and acknowledged the divine spirit of the emperor, they were allowed spirit of the emperor, they were allowed to worship other gods as they pleased. to worship other gods as they pleased.

After the Romans conquered Judea, After the Romans conquered Judea, they excused the monotheistic Jews they excused the monotheistic Jews from worshiping the Roman gods.from worshiping the Roman gods.

Jews and the Roman EmpireJews and the Roman EmpireThe Great Revolt, 66-70 C.E in Judea The Great Revolt, 66-70 C.E in Judea

Over 1,000,000 Jews killed Over 1,000,000 Jews killed Temple grounds destroyed Temple grounds destroyed 135 C.E. - Jews banned from 135 C.E. - Jews banned from

Jerusalem Jerusalem the the diasporadiaspora

Rome Distrusts ChristiansRome Distrusts ChristiansAt first Rome is tolerant of the Christians At first Rome is tolerant of the Christians

but over time saw them as threat. but over time saw them as threat. Why? Why? Rome mistrusted Christians because…Rome mistrusted Christians because… refused to honor the Roman gods refused to honor the Roman gods make sacrifices to the emperor make sacrifices to the emperor Would not join the military Would not join the military Attend gladiator fights or religious festivals Attend gladiator fights or religious festivals Roman officials persecuted the ChristiansRoman officials persecuted the Christians

Many Christians became Many Christians became martyrsmartyrsChristianity continued to spreadChristianity continued to spread

Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity

China’s Flourishing CivilizationChina’s Flourishing Civilization

Qin DynastyQin Dynasty • “Shi Huangdi” (first emperor) wiped out the Zhou and conquered northern China uniting under central government

• Enforced legalism

How Did Shi Huang di Unite China? How Did Shi Huang di Unite China? How Did Shi Huang di Unite China? How Did Shi Huang di Unite China? 1. He replaced feudal states with military districts

governed by loyal officials. 2. He sent spies to report on local officials. 3. He forced noble families to live in his capital so

he could monitor them. 4. He jailed, tortured, and killed those who

opposed his rule. 5. He had all books of philosophy and literature

burned. 6. He standardized weights & measures, coins,

laws 7. He connected the various parts of the Great

Wall and expanded it. 4,000 miles

Shi Huangdi Army Going to the Shi Huangdi Army Going to the Afterlife with Him!Afterlife with Him!

Terra Cotta SoldiersTerra Cotta Soldiers

Han DynastyHan Dynasty• The Han dynasty

ruled from 207 B.C.E to 220 CE; rivaled Roman empire in power and achievement

Emperor Emperor WudiWudi

Han DynastyHan Dynasty• Established a

civil service examination for public posts

• Based on merit

• Opportunities for all males. Really?

The Han Golden AgeThe Han Golden Age

1. Diagnosed diseases. 2. Used herbal remedies

and other drugs for treatments.

3. Explored uses of acupuncture.

MEDICINEMEDICINE

The Han Golden AgeThe Han Golden Age

1. Horse collar2. Watermill3. Made paper out of wood pulp.4. Crossbow

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

Han DynastyHan Dynasty The Han The Han portrayed themselves as more benevolent than the portrayed themselves as more benevolent than the

Qin and subscribed to a Confucian code of Qin and subscribed to a Confucian code of responsibility. responsibility.

EducationEducation Allowed the most educated to serve in government Allowed the most educated to serve in government

post (gentry class)post (gentry class) EconomyEconomy supplied the wealth and taxes to support the supplied the wealth and taxes to support the

Chinese people and the Han government. Chinese people and the Han government. Public ServicePublic Service All males had to donate 1 month every year to All males had to donate 1 month every year to

government projects and 2 years in the military. government projects and 2 years in the military.

Chinese Family Chinese Family FamilyFamily The basic Chinese social unit The basic Chinese social unit included all previous generations. included all previous generations. Confucian influenceConfucian influence

loyalty, obedience, respect, and honor. loyalty, obedience, respect, and honor. Each member of the family had a place in the Each member of the family had a place in the

hierarchy and a proper role to play. hierarchy and a proper role to play. WomenWomen subordinate the roles of women, who were controlled subordinate the roles of women, who were controlled

by their fathers, husbands, or sons. by their fathers, husbands, or sons. not considered proper for women to participate in not considered proper for women to participate in

public life or business public life or business Arranged marriagesArranged marriages

An old saying…Confucius has a sour

look as he tastes the vinegar.

Buddha has a bitter look as he tastes the vinegar.

Laozi has a smile as he tastes the vinegar.

chapter 6 discussion and review. ancient rome from a republic to an empire 509 b.c.e – 476 ce

Documents

aphrodite roman republic

roman dress

yr termthe roman republic

roman clothing citizen

harmed plebeians

male citizens

lost land

landthe punic wars