research & consulting - reconciliation australia...this is the only study of this nature...
TRANSCRIPT
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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Contents
1. Introduction & background
2. Methodology
► Online survey details 2018
► ARB approach 2014-2018
► ARB approach 2008-2012
3. Australian Reconciliation Barometer 2018
► Key high level findings
► Full results:
Race Relations
Equality & Equity
Unity
Institutional Integrity
Historical Acceptance
► Trends analysis
4. Appendix
► Online survey sample profiles
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Introduction & background
Reconciliation Australia (RA) first launched the Reconciliation
Barometer research project in February 2007.
The objective of the research was to develop a tool to measure
the progress of reconciliation between Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander people and non-Indigenous Australians.
The first study was completed in 2008, with subsequent biennial
tracking waves since then.
While improvements in Indigenous health, employment, housing
and education are essential for the reconciliation process,
equally important, and at the core of reconciliation, is the
relationship between the first Australians and those who have
come since.
If we are to improve the relationship and create an environment
which provides equal life chances for all Australians we must
also measure, track and understand the underlying values and
perceptions that shape this relationship and influence our social
interactions and structures.
This is the only study of this nature undertaken in Australia. The
inspiration for the Barometer came from South Africa, where the
Institute of Justice and Reconciliation developed the ‘South
African Reconciliation Barometer’.
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Introduction & background (cont.)
The Australian Reconciliation Barometer (ARB) delves into the
heart of our nation to identify the attitudes Indigenous and non-
Indigenous Australians hold about each other, and about
reconciliation in this country. It also attempts to shed some light
on opportunities for moving the relationship forward, towards a
greater reconciled, shared unity.
Reconciliation cannot be seen as a single issue or agenda.
Reconciliation Australia undertook a review of reconciliation in
Australia and internationally, and as a result of this work, five
critical dimensions that together represent a holistic and
comprehensive picture of reconciliation were identified.
Since 2014, the Barometer has aligned closely with RA’s
Reconciliation Outcomes Framework, to focus on the 5 key
dimensions:
► Race Relations, Equality and Equity, Institutional Integrity,
Unity, Historical Acceptance
Using these five dimensions, we can get a clear picture of what
is required to achieve reconciliation in Australia.
These dimensions do not exist in isolation. They are interrelated
and Australia can only achieve full reconciliation if we make
progress in all five areas.
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5
The 2018 Reconciliation Barometer report presents some key findings from this year’s survey, followed by full
findings under each Dimension, as well as survey trends, state and territory breakdowns and 10-year tracking
(where possible).
As the Methodology overview explains, it must be noted that long-term tracking prior to 2014 to today should be
approached with some caution.
Race Relations
At the heart of reconciliation is the relationship between the broader Australian community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander people. To achieve reconciliation, we need to develop strong relationships built on trust and respect, and that are free
of racism.
Equality and Equity
Reconciliation is more likely to progress when Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous Australians participate
equally and equitably in all areas of life. To make this happen we have to close the gaps in life outcomes for Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander peoples, and achieve universal recognition and respect for the distinctive collective rights and cultures of
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
Institutional Integrity
The active support of reconciliation by the nation’s political, business and community structures.
Unity
In a reconciled Australia, national unity means Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander rights, histories and cultures are valued
and recognised as part of a shared national identity.
Historical Acceptance
We can’t change the past but we can learn from it. We can make amends and we can ensure mistakes are never repeated.
Our nation’s past is reflected in the present and unless we can heal historical wounds, they will continue to play out in our
country’s future.
RA’s Reconciliation Outcomes framework: The 5 key dimensions of the ARB
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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Methodology 2018 Barometer: Survey details
General Community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Samples - 2018
Since the first Barometer in 2008, the general community sample of Australian residents has been recruited from a professional market and social research
panel. Participants received a small incentive for their participation. The sample of 1995 completed the survey between 16-30 July 2018, and is associated
with a margin of error of +/-2.2% at the 95% confidence interval. This means that if a result of 50% is found, we can be 95% confident the real result is
between 47.8% and 52.2%.
Since 2014, the Indigenous sample has also been drawn from a professional market and social research panel. Participants were self-identified as
Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. The sample of 497 completed the survey between 17 July-28 August 2018 (simultaneously with the general
community sample), and is associated with a margin of error of +/-4.4% at the 95% confidence interval.
Both the general community sample and Indigenous sample are weighted to be representative in terms of age group, gender and location (State and
Territory populations), as per Australian Bureau of Statistics 2016 Census data.
The general community sample of Australian residents included quotas set for States and Territories, which are associated with the following margins of
error at the 95% confidence interval:
NSW, Victoria, QLD +/-4.9%
WA, SA, Tasmania, +/-6.9%
ACT, NT, +/-9.8%
NOTE: State breakouts for the general population in this report have each been weighted separately as per ABS 2016 Census stats per State/Territory.
Further details of the composition of both samples are provided in the Appendix.
Comparative samples from previous waves
In 2014, 1100 residents aged 18+ in the general community and 502 in the Indigenous community completed the survey in Sept-Oct 2014.
In 2016, 2277 residents aged 18+ in the general community and 500 in the Indigenous community completed the survey in July-August 2016.
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Methodology 2014-2018 Barometer
ARB reviewed and refined
In early 2014, following a tender process, Polity Research & Consulting was selected to conduct the ARB survey, and to assist RA and its
stakeholders with a comprehensive review of the Barometer survey. In May 2014, RA convened a Roundtable workshop at the National Centre for
Indigenous Excellence in Redfern. Participants were invited based on their knowledge and experience in Indigenous affairs, reconciliation and social
research, and to achieve an appropriate mix of not-for-profit, academic and commercial sectors and gender.
The Roundtable identified 4 key areas for improvement of the ARB:
i. To better inform a broader narrative on reconciliation, by more closely aligning with RA’s Reconciliation Outcomes Framework
ii. To remove questionnaire asymmetry, with too many existing questions ‘speaking’ to non-Indigenous respondents rather than both groups
iii. To address Indigenous sample bias, as much as logistically possible, with respondents drawn from a narrow group of Indigenous networks
iv. To measure the ‘lived experience’ of respondents more, rather than their perceptions of the broader social reality
Accordingly, the Barometer was revised extensively and contains many new measures, as well as some revisions to past questions. For this reason
and also due to the improved ‘random’ sampling approach for the Indigenous community (see below), the ARB since 2014 represents something of a
resetting of the reconciliation baseline in Australia, and makes direct tracking comparisons with 2008-2012 results difficult.
Nevertheless, the results of these past surveys have, where applicable, been included in the Barometer reported in full in this report. This allows for
possible trend analysis by readers of this report, however Polity advises caution regarding any dramatic changes in results from 2012.
Acknowledged limitations
Gaining a truly representative sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians remains difficult because of a number of geographical and
socioeconomic factors. Accounting for these factors comprehensively is beyond the current budget scope of the research, and as such the sample of
Indigenous people may not be truly representative of the overall Indigenous population (particularly encompassing remote community views).
It is further acknowledged that, in the interests of graphical and reporting brevity, the abbreviation Indigenous has been used in this report, to refer to
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Similarly, the term “Australians” has been used in both the survey questions and report, to refer to all
people who are resident in Australia, including both citizens and non-citizens.
Online approach
Participants from both groups completed the survey online. Previous studies have shown that online research produces research which is at least as
accurate (and sometimes more accurate) than telephone research. Another benefit of this approach is the removal of any interviewer bias that may
come into play when discussing sensitive issues. Online surveys also have the advantage of allowing people to respond at their own pace, giving
them enough time to properly consider important and complex issues.
However, it is possible that this methodology over-samples the computer literate population which on average may be more highly-educated than the
general population.7
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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Methodology 2008-12 Barometers
Original ARB development
To create the first Australian Reconciliation Barometer, the first part of the research task was to identify different factors that contributed to advancing
reconciliation. Several phases of both quantitative and qualitative research were used in the process of identifying and defining these factors. In May
2007 RA commissioned a quantitative survey among 1,024 people to determine the underlying values of Australians towards Indigenous issues and
reconciliation. This survey was further enhanced by a series of in-depth interviews with 14 key Indigenous and non-Indigenous stakeholders. From
this, 29 hypotheses of reconciliation were identified, forming the basis of a discussion guide for further study.
In November-December 2007, a series of 12 forums were conducted with Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians in Shepparton, Rockhampton
and Sydney. The forums explored the 29 hypotheses of reconciliation and this resulted in the development of 31 “outcomes” for reconciliation, that is
actions or conditions that will advance reconciliation.
These outcomes were used to inform the development of the original Barometer questionnaire. The same questionnaire was used in surveys of
Indigenous Australians as well as the general community, to allow a direct comparison between the attitudes of the two groups. This first Barometer
survey was conducted in May 2008, May 2010 and July 2012.
General Community Sample
For the 2008-2012 studies, the general community sample of Australians was selected and weighted to be representative in terms of age, gender
and location (state and urban/regional splits), as per Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census data. Participants were recruited from a
professional market and social research panel and they received a small incentive for their participation.
1007 Australian residents aged 18+ completed the survey in May 2008, 1220 completed the survey in April 2010, and 1012 completed the survey in
July 2012. These sample sizes are associated with margins of error of +/- 3.1%, +/- 2.8% and +/-3.1% at the 95% confidence interval respectively.
Indigenous Sample
The 2008-2012 surveys among Indigenous respondents involved recruitment through Indigenous networks across Australia, with an open invitation
distributed by email and hosted on the RA website. This targeted approach was taken due to the relatively small proportion of Indigenous Australians
within established research panels, and the Australian population overall. A sample of 617 Indigenous Australians completed the survey between
25th-30th June 2008, while 704 Indigenous Australians completed it in 12th-29th April, 2010, and 516 completed it in July 2012. These sample sizes
are associated with margins of error of +/- 4%, +/- 3.7% and +/- 4.3% respectively.
Gaining a truly representative sample of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians is difficult because of a number of geographical and
socioeconomic factors. Accounting for these factors was beyond the scope of the research, and it was acknowledged that the sample of Indigenous
people (recruited via Indigenous networks) may not have been truly representative of the overall Indigenous population. The data was weighted
according to Indigenous demographic data (age/gender and location) from the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census, to try and ensure it was
as representative as possible.
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The social context of changing attitudes
9
Before interpreting any changes in the survey results between 2008 and
2018, it is worthwhile examining how the broader social, political, and
economic environment has changed in Australia during this period. There
have been some important changes in the last 10 years and these may
have influenced our attitudes to reconciliation and other Indigenous issues.
The Apology to the Stolen Generation
There were two “Indigenous events”, which were prominent at the time of
the first Barometer, but have since become less visible as major issues in
the media and the political debate. The first of these was the Federal
Government’s Apology to the Stolen Generation in February 2008. This
event acknowledged and brought attention to the impact of past
government policies on Indigenous Australians. It was generally well
received by the broader community, as well as Indigenous people, with the
latter typically seeing it as a crucial step towards building better relations
between the groups. As such, the apology brought attention to the issue of
reconciliation in a positive way that set an optimistic tone for the future.
The Northern Territory Intervention
The other major event occurring around the time of the first Barometer was
the Northern Territory Intervention which began in late 2007. As with the
Apology it generated significant media attention, but this time it was mostly
focussed around negative portrayals of Indigenous people associated with
themes of abuse, disadvantage and neglect. Although supported by both
sides of politics, the intervention was controversial, with Indigenous people
and other Australians divided on its merits.
In the time since these two events, there has generally been less attention
given to Indigenous issues in the media, and there has also been a drop in
the political salience of Indigenous issues compared to other concerns.
The Global Financial Crisis and financial security
On a broader level there has also been a major change in the global
financial environment and this has affected the importance that Australians
ascribe to various issues. Concern over the Global Financial Crisis peaked
around 2009 and continues to affect sentiment today. At a broad level the
post-GFC public mood has seen a shift from one of prosperity to one of
uncertainty and guarded optimism. Other public indicators have shown
that over this period Australians have become relatively more concerned
about job security and their financial stability and relatively less concerned
with “non-financial issues” such as the environment or Indigenous
reconciliation.
Campaign for Constitutional Recognition
Since 2010 there had been considerable progress towards an agreement
to hold a referendum that would recognise Indigenous people in the
constitution. The expert panel for constitutional change released their
initial report in January 2012 with recommendations for specific
constitutional amendments. The movement for constitutional change had a
relatively low profile at the time of the 2012 Barometer but steadily gained
attention during 2013-2016.
However, in 2017 the Coalition Government decided to shelve the
campaign indefinitely, following a period of Indigenous consultation and
the resulting Referendum Council’s final report.
The Political Landscape, 2013-2018
The Federal election of 2013 saw a change of Commonwealth
Government and the ushering in of a national focus on austerity and a
more conservative agenda, particularly towards immigration and welfare.
This largely continued under the Turnbull Government.
Episodes such as the Don Dale Detention Centre outrage in 2016, and
how Federal support for Constitutional Recognition has retreated since
2017, have likely impacted negatively on the relationship.
However, since 2016 all state parliaments have now amended their
Constitutions to recognise Australia’s First Peoples through legislation.
The Federal parliament also passed an Act of recognition in 2013.
These ‘mixed messages’ are arguably both helping and hindering the
reconciliation cause.
Australian Reconciliation Barometer 2018
10
2018
KEY FINDINGS
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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Almost all Australians view the relationship as important
11
Most people among the general community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities continue to feel the
relationship is important to Australia as a nation.
However, Indigenous respondents (73%) remain much more likely than the general community (50%) to view the
relationship as very important.
1
5
4
5
4
4
8
9
10
9
7
7
40
44
41
43
41
40
51
43
46
43
48
50
0 25 50 75 100
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
0
0
0
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
3
6
9
11
22
21
21
94
90
87
73
76
73
0 25 50 75 100
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
Indigenous respondents 2018General community 2018
Perceptions of the importance of the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians:
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Education and personal experience help drive views that the relationship is very important
12
People among both the general community and Indigenous peoples who cite personal experience or education sources
(such as school or other research) as their main source of information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
are most likely to view the relationship as very important.
For Indigenous respondents, there is also a notable correlation with parents and family as their main source.
4
6
4
5
1
6
9
7
7
6
49
40
41
36
30
41
46
49
52
64
0 25 50 75 100
The relationship is not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
5
3
7
3
8
39
23
45
15
10
61
71
46
79
82
0 25 50 75 100
Other people around you
Parents and family
The media
My own personalexperiences with Aboriginaland Torres Strait Islander…
My main source of info is...School education or other
research
Correlations of main source of information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and views of the
importance of the relationship:
General community 2018 Indigenous respondents 2018
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We still mostly agree we are better off with many cultural groups
13
The general community continues to mostly agree that Australia is better off for having many cultural groups (70%), as do
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (56%).
4
5
6
3
4
3
9
10
10
10
9
7
20
23
23
23
21
20
43
42
43
40
41
42
25
20
19
24
25
28
0 25 50 75 100
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
1
6
3
9
6
5
7
9
6
9
10
9
22
19
25
24
28
30
32
34
36
36
33
34
37
33
30
22
23
22
0 25 50 75 100
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
General community Indigenous respondents
Australia is better off because we have many different races/cultures?
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We widely agree Indigenous people hold a unique and important place in the national identity
14
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people continue to be twice as likely to strongly agree (64%) that their cultures are
important for Australia’s national identity, compared to the general community (32%). Similarly, twice as many Indigenous
respondents strongly agree that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people hold a unique place as the First Australians.
However, there has been an encouraging increase in both sentiments in the general community, since 2014.
2
3
3
3
2
2
7
7
8
5
4
5
20
20
18
20
18
14
46
49
48
46
46
47
25
21
23
26
31
32
0 25 50 75 100
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
5
10
5
10
7
11
11
28
27
23
92
87
83
59
66
64
0 25 50 75 100
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
General community Indigenous respondents
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures are important to Australia’s identity as a nation?
4
2
3
4
4
4
21
20
19
40
39
39
31
34
35
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
2
2
1
2
2
9
7
10
23
19
22
64
72
65
0 25 50 75 100
Aboriginal and Torres StraitIslander people hold a
unique place as the FirstAustralians?
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We mostly believe it is important to undertake a formal truth-telling process
15
The general community (80%) and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (91%) widely believe it’s important to
undertake a formal truth telling process, in relation to Australia’s shared history.
However, Indigenous respondents are much more likely to feel this is very important, compared to the general public.
General community 2018
6 14 44 36
0 25 50 75 100
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
3 6 33 58
0 25 50 75 100
Important or not toundertake a formal truth
telling process, toacknowledge the reality ofAustralia's shared history?
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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We mostly believe it is very important for Indigenous peoples to have a say in their affairs
16
The general community (95%) and Indigenous communities (94%) widely believe it’s important for Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander peoples to have a say in matters that affect them.
Notably, this includes a strong majority of the general public (58%) who think this is very important.
General community 2018
24 37 58
0 25 50 75 100
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
24 22 72
0 25 50 75 100
Important or not forAboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander peoples tohave a voice/say in matters
that affect them?
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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We continue to agree it is important for all Australians to learn more about past issues
17
The general community (45%) remain less likely to feel that it’s very important to learn about the past issues of European
settlement and government policies experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, than Indigenous
respondents (65%).
However, the vast majority in both communities has continued to believe that it’s important, since 2014.
General community
4
3
3
11
10
11
46
44
41
39
43
45
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
4
2
3
4
2
6
26
24
26
66
72
65
0 25 50 75 100
Important for allAustralians to learn moreabout the past issues of
European settlement andgovernment policy forIndigenous people?
Indigenous respondents
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Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Australians are more likely to experience racial prejudice
18
More Indigenous peoples have experienced racial prejudice in the last 6 months, than the general community, with 43% of
Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander respondents having suffered at least one form of such racism.
The most common forms of this have been verbal abuse, refused entry or physical violence. This significant disparity in daily
realities remains a key stumbling block in the relationship and an impediment to reconciliation.
4
4
16
20
96
96
84
80
0 25 50 75 100
Yes No
14 86
12
33
43
88
67
57
0 25 50 75 100
Physical violence
Refused entry to avenue
Verbal abuse
Experienced at least1 form of racial
prejudice in past 6months
General community 2018 Indigenous respondents 2018
Australian Reconciliation Barometer 2018
19
FINDINGS BY
DIMENSIONFull results comparing Indigenous-only perspectives with the
general public
Race Relations
20
How do we see cultural diversity and how well do we treat each other?
All Australians understand and value Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous cultures, rights and experiences, which results in stronger relationships based on trust and respect and that are free of racism
Key Findings: 63% of Australians never or rarely socialise with Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Australians
51% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander respondents agree that Australia is a racist country, compared to 38% of the general community
Fewer Indigenous Australians feel culturally empowered than in 2016. 19% feel they can never be themselves at work, or in their interactions with law and order (25%)
43% of Indigenous Australians have experienced at least one form or racial prejudice in the last 6 months
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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Most Australians still hardly ever socialise with Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Australians
21
Although personal experiences with Indigenous people are steadily influencing the general community, most Australians
continue to have little ‘socialising’ contact with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.
While undoubtedly the relatively small Indigenous population in Australia doesn’t make regular contact easy, this still
highlights a key ‘gap’ in reconciliation progress.
29
63
51
24
13
71
37
49
76
87
0 25 50 75 100
Socialise with never/rarely Socialise with occassionally/frequently
General community 2018
29
18
47
33
22
71
82
53
67
78
0 25 50 75 100
People of anothercultural heritage
People of Aboriginalor Torres Strait
Islander heritage
Peope of MiddleEastern heritage
People of Asianheritage
People of British orEuropean heritage
Indigenous respondents 2018
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Most Australians still socialise less with Indigenous people than with any other major cultural group
22
Australians remain most likely to socialise with people of British or European cultural heritage on a frequent basis.
When it comes to socialising with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, the general public are least likely to do so
frequently (10%) than with any other major cultural group.
6
21
15
6
3
23
42
37
18
9
48
27
35
36
32
24
10
14
40
56
0 25 50 75 100
Never Rarely Occasionally Frequently
General community 2018
7
2
15
12
8
22
16
31
21
14
43
33
38
39
35
29
49
15
28
42
0 25 50 75 100
People of anothercultural heritage
People of Aboriginalor Torres Strait
Islander heritage
Peope of MiddleEastern heritage
People of Asianheritage
People of British orEuropean heritage
Indigenous respondents 2018
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There has been little change in the percentage of Australians who frequently socialise with Indigenous people
23
There has been little change in the percentage of mainstream Australians who socialise with Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander people, either frequently (10%) or occasionally (27%), since 2016.
However, Australians (37%) are now more likely to socialise frequently or occasionally with Indigenous peoples than in
2014 (30%).
25
24
21
45
43
42
23
24
27
7
8
10
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
Never Rarely Occasionally Frequently
General community
4
4
2
14
12
16
38
34
33
44
51
49
0 25 50 75 100
Socialise with peopleof Aboriginal or Torres
Strait Islanderheritage?
Indigenous respondents
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Indigenous Australians remain more likely to view the relationship as very important
24
Most people among the general community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities continue to feel the
relationship is important to Australia as a nation.
However, Indigenous respondents (73%) remain much more likely than the general community (50%) to view the
relationship as very important.
1
5
4
5
4
4
8
9
10
9
7
7
40
44
41
43
41
40
51
43
46
43
48
50
0 25 50 75 100
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
0
0
0
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
3
6
9
11
22
21
21
94
90
87
73
76
73
0 25 50 75 100
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
Indigenous respondents 2018General community 2018
Perceptions of the importance of the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians:
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The views among younger Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians are a mixed picture
25
When it comes to holding high value in the relationship, a sense that past wrongs can never be forgiven and belief that it’s
very important for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians to have a say in matters that concern them, 18-24 year
olds are mostly behind all other age groups in Indigenous communities.
A key underlying factor for the contradictions in these views among young Indigenous Australians may be that while they
are more inclined to feel they trust other Australians (51%), they are less inclined to believe that trust is reciprocated (34%).
5
6
3
1
4
7
2
2
18
18
37
19
21
5
73
69
61
78
78
93
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
How important is the relationship?
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
34
45
38
42
43
32
51
47
42
42
48
40
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Fairly high/Very high trust:
Trust Indigenouspeoples have forother Australians
Trust otherAustralians have forIndigenous peoples
27
19
11
12
6
12
6
4
6
1
2
34
48
47
28
39
41
32
29
37
59
53
48
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
The wrongs of thepast can never beforgiven
I don't believe therehave been anywrongs
The wrongs of thepast must be rectified
There should beforgiveness
2
6
1
1
6
3
4
4
5
25
21
29
19
14
19
68
70
67
76
80
81
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Important Indigenous peoples have a voice?
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
The views among younger Australians are generally positive for the future
26
When it comes to holding high value in the relationship, perceptions of trust, a sense that past wrongs must be rectified
and belief that it’s very important for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians to have a say in matters that concern
them, 18-24 year olds are mostly ahead of all other age groups in the general community.
That these attitudes are also largely evident among 25-34 year olds further highlights how these positive views have been
largely carried forward by young people since the first Barometer in 2008.
General community 2018
3
5
4
3
5
4
6
6
8
4
7
8
31
38
42
40
41
43
61
52
46
53
47
44
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
How important is the relationship?
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
33
33
30
22
24
19
21
29
24
18
18
14
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Fairly high/Very high trust:
Trust Indigenous peoples have forother Australians
Trust other Australians have forIndigenous peoples
7
4
7
4
5
6
2
5
6
4
4
3
45
41
25
27
17
17
45
49
63
65
74
74
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
The wrongs of thepast can never beforgiven
I don't believe therehave been anywrongs
The wrongs of thepast must be rectified
There should beforgiveness
2
2
3
2
1
3
3
4
3
4
5
28
40
38
38
37
36
69
54
56
57
57
58
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Important Indigenous peoples have a voice?
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
ACT residents are most likely to view the relationship as very important
27
Most people (97%) among the general community in ACT feel the relationship is important to Australia as a nation,
with two in three saying it’s very important. Conversely, people in South Australia are least likely (47%) to view the
relationship as very important.
Notably, the Northern Territory is where more people think the relationship is not important at all (10%), compared to
other States and Territories.
3
4
3
10
5
4
2
1
8
7
8
7
6
5
7
2
43
41
40
34
39
42
38
36
47
48
49
49
50
50
52
61
0 25 50 75 100
SA
TAS
VIC
NT
NSW
QLD
WA
ACT
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
General community 2018
Perceptions of the importance of the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians:
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Education and personal experience help drive views that the relationship is very important
28
People among both the general community and Indigenous peoples who cite personal experience or education sources
(such as school or other research) as their main source of information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
are most likely to view the relationship as very important.
For Indigenous respondents, there is also a notable correlation with parents and family as their main source.
4
6
4
5
1
6
9
7
7
6
49
40
41
36
30
41
46
49
52
64
0 25 50 75 100
The relationship is not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
5
3
7
3
8
39
23
45
15
10
61
71
46
79
82
0 25 50 75 100
Other people around you
Parents and family
The media
My own personalexperiences with Aboriginaland Torres Strait Islander…
My main source of info is...School education or other
research
Correlations of main source of information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and views of the
importance of the relationship:
General community 2018 Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Education and personal experience influence has increased since 2014
29
The influence of school education and other research in the general community, in terms of helping drive the view the
relationship is very important, has increased since 2014. This is particularly evident among Indigenous respondents, which
may reflect a greater emphasis within educational settings.
Similarly, the influence of personal experience in the general community, as the main source of information leading to views
the relationship is very important, has also increased.
6
4
5
7
2
1
9
8
7
4
3
6
36
38
36
41
36
30
48
50
52
48
59
64
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
The relationship is not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
1
3
7
3
1
3
4
3
8
18
19
15
19
31
10
78
79
79
69
66
82
0 25 50 75 100
My own personalexperiences withAboriginal andTorres Strait
Islander peoples
My main sourceis... School
education orother research
Comparisons of main source of information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and views of the
importance of the relationship:
General community Indigenous respondents
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Trust levels have changed little since 2016
30
Perceptions of trust among the general public have remained steady, with 27% feeling they trust Indigenous Australians
(24% in 2016) and 21% believing that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have trust for non-Indigenous
Australians (19% in 2016). Similarly, the perception of trust held among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
respondents has changed little: 46% now feel they have high trust for other Australians, the same as 2016.
However, more Indigenous people now believe other Australians have high trust for them (40%), than in 2016 (35%).
28
29
25
15
14
13
33
31
25
20
21
18
54
52
53
48
48
49
48
50
53
46
46
48
6
6
8
12
13
11
8
10
11
13
14
13
11
11
11
21
20
21
10
7
9
16
15
16
1
2
2
5
4
6
2
2
2
4
4
5
0 25 50 75 100
Very low Fairly low Don't know Fairly high Very high
41
45
38
23
23
21
28
31
29
14
13
11
50
46
55
36
35
33
58
54
55
41
33
37
5
3
3
7
7
6
2
2
1
5
8
6
4
6
5
21
20
25
11
11
13
27
31
28
13
15
15
1
1
2
12
15
18
0 25 50 75 100
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
General community Indigenous respondents
Trust that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have for other Australians:
Trust that other Australians have for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people:
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
NSW
VicQld
WA
SA
Tas
NT
ACT
National
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
% H
old
very
/fair
ly h
igh
tru
st
for
Ind
igen
ou
s
Au
str
alian
s
The relationship is fairly/very important
High importance
Low trust for
Indigenous
Australians
Low importance
Higher trust for Indigenous Australians
Low importance
Low trust for
Indigenous
Australians
Despite high importance in the relationship, trust for Indigenous Australians remains low in all States
While there is widespread agreement the relationship is important, high trust for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
is lacking across the general communities of all States and Territories, but particularly low in NT and WA. Trust and
importance are highest in ACT.
.
High importance
Higher trust for Indigenous Australians
General community 2018
31
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Trust is lowest among West Australians
32
Levels of trust are lowest in WA, with 78% of the general community there feeling there is very/fairly low trust for
Indigenous Australians and 78% believing that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians have very/fairly low trust
for other Australians. Conversely, ACT has the highest levels of perceived high trust held by non-Indigenous Australians
(32%), while NT has the highest for trust held by Indigenous Australians (25%).
11
15
9
21
10
14
9
14
16
24
20
22
18
18
16
18
47
54
50
57
51
47
49
47
49
48
52
56
51
45
50
45
10
12
15
5
13
13
14
10
10
3
11
8
16
18
13
13
26
15
22
13
19
20
21
21
20
11
13
8
12
15
17
17
6
4
4
4
6
6
6
7
5
14
3
6
3
3
4
7
0 25 50 75 100
ACT
NT
TAS
WA
SA
QLD
VIC
NSW
ACT
NT
TAS
WA
SA
QLD
VIC
NSW
Very low Fairly low Don't know Fairly high Very high
General community 2018
Trust that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have for other Australians:
Trust that other Australians have for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people:
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Trust is highest among Sydney residents and regional/rural residents in Victoria
33
Levels of trust are highest among regional and rural residents in Victoria, with 30% feeling there is high trust for Indigenous
Australians and 33% believing that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians have high trust for other Australians.
Sydney has the highest level of trust for Indigenous peoples among capital city residents.
62
49
59
66
71
51
60
67
12
20
11
8
12
16
14
12
26
30
30
26
17
33
26
21
0 25 50 75 100
Capital cityresidents
Regional andrural residents
Capital cityresidents
Regional andrural residents
Capital cityresidents
Regional andrural residents
Capital cityresidents
Regional andrural residents
Fairly/Very low Don't know Fairly/Very high
General community 2018
Trust that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have for other Australians:
Trust that other Australians have for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people:
NSW
NSW
VIC
VIC
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Trust is lowest among regional/rural residents in Western Australia
34
Levels of trust are lowest among regional and rural residents of WA, with 86% believing that Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Australians have low trust for other Australians and 81% feeling there is low trust for Indigenous Australians.
76
81
63
61
75
86
67
64
5
5
10
13
8
6
13
14
18
14
27
26
16
8
20
22
0 25 50 75 100
Capital cityresidents
Regional andrural residents
Capital cityresidents
Regional andrural residents
Capital cityresidents
Regional andrural residents
Capital cityresidents
Regional andrural residents
Fairly/Very low Don't know Fairly/Very high
General community 2018
Trust that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have for other Australians:
Trust that other Australians have for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people:
National
National
WA
WA
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly feel there is mutual trust with medical staff, police and school staff
35
The general community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people largely feel there is a shared trust with medical
staff, police and teachers and principals.
However, 21% of Indigenous respondents feel there is low trust with police, compared with 10% of the general
community. Similarly, 11% see low trust with school staff, compared with 5% in the general community.
1
3
4
7
2
24
13
7
51
47
48
21
30
43
0 25 50 75 100
Very low trust Fairly low trust Don't know Fairly high trust Very high trust
General community 2018
2
8
1
9
13
7
25
12
10
41
42
45
22
26
37
0 25 50 75 100
School teachersand principals
Police
Doctors, nurses,medical staff etc
Perceptions of the overall level of trust with the following groups of people:
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly have a good relationship with medical staff and local shops
36
The general community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people largely feel they have good relationships with
medical staff, local shop owners and police.
However, Indigenous respondents are much more likely to have a poor relationship with police (17%) than the general
community (5%).
1
1
4
3
2
24
10
7
43
53
48
28
35
43
0 25 50 75 100
Very poor relationship Fairly poor relationship Don't know Fairly good relationship Very good relationship
General community 2018 Indigenous respondents 2018
6
2
1
11
5
4
15
10
8
39
53
48
29
31
39
0 25 50 75 100
Police
Local shopowners and staff
Doctors, nurses,medical staff etc
Perceptions of the overall quality of the relationship with the following groups of people:
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We are most likely to feel there is a low level of trust with estate agents
37
The general community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people largely feel there is high trust shared with shop
owners and staff and employers.
However, both groups are divided about the overall level of trust shared with real estate agents. And notably, the general
public are currently more likely not to trust real estate agents (37%) than Indigenous respondents (31%).
9
2
28
8
3
34
28
17
24
48
62
4
14
17
0 25 50 75 100
Very low trust Fairly low trust Don't know Fairly high trust Very high trust
General community 2018
13
3
2
18
9
6
36
30
16
24
41
55
9
18
19
0 25 50 75 100
Real estateagents
Employers
Local shopowners and staff
Perceptions of the overall level of trust with the following groups of people:
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous Australians are more likely to have very poor relationships with real estate agents
38
The general community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people largely feel they have good relationships with
employers and school staff.
However, Indigenous Australians are more likely to have a very poor relationship with real estate agents (7%), than non-
Indigenous Australians (3%).
3
1
1
9
3
4
38
31
25
39
40
44
11
26
27
0 25 50 75 100
Very poor relationship Fairly poor relationship Don't know Fairly good relationship Very good relationship
General community 2018
7
3
3
6
5
5
39
27
28
35
41
40
13
23
26
0 25 50 75 100
Real estate agents
School teachersand principals
Employers
Perceptions of the overall quality of the relationship with the following groups of people:
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
12
3
2
5
12
2
18
8
6
8
11
3
35
29
20
21
17
10
25
39
51
44
34
47
10
21
21
23
26
37
0 25 50 75 100
Very low trust Fairly low trust Dont know Fairly high trust Very high trust
Indigenous trust has remained steady for all groups of professions since 2016
39
There has been little change in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people feeling there is high trust shared with all the
professional groups, compared with 2016.
2016
13
3
2
2
8
1
18
9
6
9
13
7
36
30
16
25
12
10
24
41
55
41
42
45
9
18
19
22
26
37
0 25 50 75 100
Real estateagents
Employers
Local shopowners and staff
School teachersand principals
Police
Doctors, nurses,medical staff etc
Perceptions of the overall level of trust with the following groups of people:
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
7
2
1
2
8
1
22
5
3
8
7
3
38
29
20
22
15
8
24
46
53
48
42
47
9
18
23
21
28
40
0 25 50 75 100
Very low trust Fairly low trust Don't know Fairly high trust Very high trust
Indigenous trust has decreased for most professions since 2014
40
More Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people now feel there is low trust shared with all professional groups, compared
with 2014. In particular, Indigenous respondents are currently more likely to feel there is a low level of trust between them
and police (21%) and employers (12%), than in 2014 (15%, 7% respectively).
Notably, perceptions of very low trust with estate agents have doubled (13%), since 2014 (7%).
2014
Perceptions of the overall level of trust with the following groups of people:
Indigenous respondents 2018
13
3
2
2
8
1
18
9
6
9
13
7
36
30
16
25
12
10
24
41
55
41
42
45
9
18
19
22
26
37
0 25 50 75 100
Real estateagents
Employers
Local shopowners and staff
School teachersand principals
Police
Doctors, nurses,medical staff etc
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
6
3
3
8
2
2
10
4
4
8
2
3
40
28
28
20
12
6
28
36
36
37
52
50
16
29
29
28
31
40
0 25 50 75 100
Very poor relationship Fairly poor relationship Dont know Fairly good relationship Very good relationship
Indigenous relationships have changed little with all groups of professions since 2016
41
There has been little improvement in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people feeling they have good relationships
with all professional groups, since 2016.
2016 Indigenous respondents 2018
7
3
3
6
2
1
6
5
5
11
5
4
39
27
28
15
10
8
35
41
40
39
53
48
13
23
26
29
31
39
0 25 50 75 100
Real estate agents
School teachersand principals
Employers
Police
Local shop ownersand staff
Doctors, nurses,medical staff etc
Perceptions of the overall quality of the relationship with the following groups of people:
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
4
2
2
4
1
1
14
9
6
12
6
7
42
22
26
20
15
9
30
42
35
38
45
47
11
25
31
25
33
37
0 25 50 75 100
Very poor relationship Fairly poor relationship Don't know Fairly good relationship Very good relationship
Indigenous relationships have improved slightly with all groups of professions since 2014
42
More Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people now feel they have good relationships with all professional groups,
compared with 2014.
Notably, Indigenous respondents are more likely now to have a good relationship with estate agents (48%), than in 2014
(41%).
2014 Indigenous respondents 2018
Perceptions of the overall quality of the relationship with the following groups of people:
7
3
3
6
2
1
6
5
5
11
5
4
39
27
28
15
10
8
35
41
40
39
53
48
13
23
26
29
31
39
0 25 50 75 100
Real estate agents
School teachersand principals
Employers
Police
Local shop ownersand staff
Doctors, nurses,medical staff etc
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Personal experience is growing as a key source of information about Indigenous people
43
The general community remain more likely to cite the media (34%) or other secondary sources (such as school or other
research, 17%) as their main source of information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. However, personal
experiences are steadily increasing as a key source.
Unsurprisingly, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander respondents continue to learn about their people mostly from their
own interactions with their communities and families.
37
38
35
36
34
34
35
35
36
36
38
39
15
16
17
15
16
17
3
3
4
3
3
3
9
9
8
10
9
7
0 25 50 75 100
The media
Your own personal experiences with Indigenous people
School education or other research
Parents and family
Other people around you
2
2
10
10
9
62
57
57
49
50
50
4
5
2
7
6
7
28
32
37
28
27
30
4
4
4
6
7
4
0 25 50 75 100
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
General community Indigenous respondents
Main source of information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people:
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous Australians remain more likely to worry about other cultures
44
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people continue to be more likely to worry that other cultures are harmful to their own
(22%), or find other cultures difficult to understand (28%), than the general community.
However, a similar percentage of both groups worry about causing offence to people from another culture. And notably,
this has steadily decreased among Indigenous respondents, since 2014.
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
4
18
15
17
12
13
11
25
26
28
29
29
28
26
24
24
28
26
29
37
37
39
33
30
31
30
30
28
14
16
13
26
30
31
15
13
11
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree
General community
10
7
5
10
10
7
12
8
6
23
20
23
23
17
15
28
28
25
27
31
32
28
26
29
28
26
27
24
27
23
22
24
22
20
24
21
15
15
17
18
22
27
11
14
21
0 25 50 75 100
I find it difficult to understand the customsand ways of other races/cultures
Other races/cultures are harmful to mine
I worry about causing offence when I meetpeople from other races/cultures
Indigenous respondents
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Most people reject the notion that non-Indigenous Australians are superior
45
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people continue to be more likely to disagree strongly (46%) that non-Indigenous
Australians are superior, than the general community (39%).
However, it is notable that Indigenous respondents who agree with this sentiment (18%) also continues to be higher than in
the general community. This may reflect issues of low self esteem or perceptions of ‘material’ superiority in non-Indigenous
Australians, among Indigenous respondents.
2
3
2
2
2
3
9
10
8
6
6
8
26
27
27
24
25
23
33
30
29
32
26
28
30
30
34
35
40
39
0 25 50 75 100
Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree
7
7
4
5
8
9
7
5
5
14
9
9
6
10
9
20
14
18
12
14
11
14
15
18
68
64
70
47
54
46
0 25 50 75 100
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
General community Indigenous respondents
Non-Indigenous Australians are superior to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We still mostly agree we are better off with many cultural groups
46
The general community continues to mostly agree that Australia is better off for having many cultural groups (70%), as do
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (56%).
4
5
6
3
4
3
9
10
10
10
9
7
20
23
23
23
21
20
43
42
43
40
41
42
25
20
19
24
25
28
0 25 50 75 100
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
1
6
3
9
6
5
7
9
6
9
10
9
22
19
25
24
28
30
32
34
36
36
33
34
37
33
30
22
23
22
0 25 50 75 100
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
General community Indigenous respondents
Australia is better off because we have many different races/cultures?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More Indigenous Australians still believe Australia is a racist country
47
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are still more likely to agree Australia is a racist country (51%), than the
general community (38%), and are much more likely to strongly agree (19%, compared to 8%).
However, the vast majority of both communities also continue to believe Australians can become united.
3
3
3
11
10
9
21
18
16
44
45
48
21
23
24
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
General community
4
5
3
7
9
8
20
20
15
39
37
42
30
29
32
0 25 50 75 100
I believe it is possiblefor all Australians to
become united
Indigenous respondents
6
6
8
29
33
30
33
29
30
24
23
23
8
9
9
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree
17
19
19
31
38
32
29
23
25
17
13
17
6
7
7
0 25 50 75 100
Australia is a racistcountry
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We continue to be more likely to see high prejudice between ourselves
48
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people continue to be more likely to feel there is very high prejudice between
themselves and non-Indigenous Australians (18%), than the general community (7%).
Notably, there has been a steady decline since 2014 in both groups of people who feel there is low prejudice.
10
12
7
35
37
42
19
19
35
30
27
15
6
6
2
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
Very high prejudice Fairly high prejudice Don't know Fairly low prejudice Very low prejudice
General community Indigenous respondents
22
20
18
40
40
37
11
17
29
23
17
14
4
6
3
0 25 50 75 100
Prejudice between non-Indigenous Australians andAboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Australians
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We are most likely to see high prejudice between Anglo-Celtic heritage and Indigenous Australians
49
Both the general community (43%) and Indigenous respondents (45%) widely see high prejudice between Australians of
Anglo-Celtic heritage and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
However, Indigenous Australians are more likely to see high levels of prejudice between themselves and non-English
speaking heritage Australians (39%), than the general community (30%).
6
6
7
34
24
36
35
52
38
23
16
17
2
2
1
0 25 50 75 100
Very high prejudice Fairly high prejudice Don't know Fairly low prejudice Very low prejudice
General community 2018 Indigenous respondents 2018
14
13
15
29
26
30
39
41
38
16
18
14
2
3
2
0 25 50 75 100
Prejudice between people of Anglo-Celticcultural heritage and people of non-English
speaking cultural heritage
Prejudice between people of non-Englishspeaking cultural heritage and Indigenous
Australians
Prejudice between people of Anglo-Celticcultural heritage and Indigenous Australians
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
West Australians are most likely to feel there is high prejudice between the communities
50
Levels of prejudice between non-Indigenous Australians and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians are most
widely perceived to be high in WA and ACT.
Conversely, the general communities of Tasmania (22%), Victoria (21%) and NT (26%) most widely believe there are low
levels of prejudice. However, NT is the most divided area, with fewest people feeling they ‘don’t know’ (19%).
3
5
6
6
7
8
9
9
40
38
42
52
49
42
40
49
35
36
36
24
19
36
36
32
20
19
15
16
25
13
13
10
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
0 25 50 75 100
TAS
VIC
QLD
ACT
NT
NSW
SA
WA
Very high prejudice Fairly high prejudice Don't know Fairly low prejudice Very low prejudice
General community 2018
Level of prejudice between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and non-Indigenous Australians?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous Australians are much more likely to have experienced racial prejudice in the past 6 months
51
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are twice as likely to have experienced verbal abuse in the past six months
(33%), than the general community (16%), and are much more likely to have experienced other forms of prejudice, on the
basis of their race.
8
3
3
4
4
16
92
97
97
96
96
84
0 25 50 75 100
Yes No
General community 2018
20
12
15
14
12
33
80
88
85
86
88
67
0 25 50 75 100
Other
Refused service in ashop
Prevented from rentingor buying a property
Physical violence
Refused entry to avenue
Verbal abuse
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
The experiences of younger Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are a mixed picture
52
When it comes to views of prejudice between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and non-Indigenous
Australians, young Indigenous peoples are most likely to see very high prejudice, compared to other age groups.
Several daily issues can be seen as underlying factors. Along with many experiencing racial prejudice in the past six months
(43%), 18-24 year olds are most likely to have felt discriminated against by employers or local shop staff. And, consequently,
young Indigenous peoples are least likely to feel they can always be themselves at work or in the general community.
26
30
50
49
31
43
30
22
9
12
5
23
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Prejudice between Indigenous & non-Indigenous?
Fairly high prejudice Very high prejudice
Indigenous respondents 2018
11
9
9
8
2
12
9
8
8
1
5
0 25 50
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Felt discriminated against in the past 6 months by..
Employers
Local shop owners/staff
43
49
44
40
47
23
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Experienced racial prejudice in past 6 months?
Experienced at least 1 form of racism
39
45
49
53
63
67
31
42
37
53
40
63
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Can always be true to yourself..
At work
In the generalcommunity
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous experiences of racial prejudice have decreased since 2016
53
There has been a slight decrease in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people experiencing verbal abuse in the
past six months (33%), since 2016 (37%).
Encouragingly, there have also been slight decreases in Indigenous people experiencing most other forms of race-
based prejudice, in the past two years.
12
16
17
17
37
88
84
83
83
63
0 25 50 75 100
Yes No
2016
12
12
14
15
33
88
88
86
85
67
0 25 50 75 100
Refused service in ashop
Refused entry to avenue
Physical violence
Prevented from rentingor buying a property
Verbal abuse
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous experiences of racial prejudice have changed little since 2014
54
There has largely been no improvement in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’s experiences of race-based
prejudice in the past four years.
Most notably, the issue appears to be getting worse in terms of Indigenous Australians trying to rent or buy property.
11
11
14
12
31
89
89
86
88
69
0 25 50 75 100
Yes No
2014 Indigenous respondents 2018
12
12
14
15
33
88
88
86
85
67
0 25 50 75 100
Refused service in ashop
Refused entry to avenue
Physical violence
Prevented from rentingor buying a property
Verbal abuse
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous Australians are much more likely to have witnessed racial prejudice in the past 6 months
55
46% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have witnessed verbal abuse of another person in the past six
months, considerably more than in the general community (28%).
Notably, Indigenous respondents are much more likely to have witnessed other forms of prejudice, on the basis of their
race, compared to the general public.
7
5
6
7
10
28
93
95
94
93
90
72
0 25 50 75 100
Yes No
General community 2018
17 83
19
22
24
30
46
81
78
76
70
54
0 25 50 75 100
Other
Prevented from rentingor buying a property
Refused service in ashop
Refused entry to avenue
Physical violence
Verbal abuse
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous witness of racial prejudice has decreased since 2016
56
Since 2016, there has been a slight decrease in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people witnessing all forms of
race-based prejudice.
Most notably, fewer Indigenous respondents have witnessed prejudice towards others in property transactions (19%),
than two years ago (26%).
26
24
29
32
49
74
76
71
68
51
0 25 50 75 100
Yes No
2016
19
22
24
30
46
81
78
76
70
54
0 25 50 75 100
Prevented from rentingor buying a property
Refused service in ashop
Refused entry to avenue
Physical violence
Verbal abuse
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous witness of racial prejudice has increased since 2014
57
More Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (46%) have witnessed verbal abuse of another person in the past six
months, up from 2014 (42%).
Worryingly, they are also more likely to have witnessed other forms of race-based prejudice, compared to 2014. Most
notably, more Indigenous respondents have witnessed physical violence (30%) than four years ago (23%).
17
19
22
23
42
83
81
78
77
58
0 25 50 75 100
Yes No
2014 Indigenous respondents 2018
19
22
24
30
46
81
78
76
70
54
0 25 50 75 100
Prevented from rentingor buying a property
Refused service in ashop
Refused entry to avenue
Physical violence
Verbal abuse
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Perceptions of prejudice 2008-12
58
Between 2008-2012, both groups felt there were relatively high levels of prejudice between Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander people and other Australians.
However, while the general community mostly felt there were ‘fairly’ high levels of prejudice for Indigenous people,
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander respondents mostly believed that prejudice towards them from other Australians was
‘very’ high.
16
20
21
26
26
25
55
51
49
45
46
44
8
6
8
12
9
12
19
20
19
15
17
16
2
2
2
2
1
3
0 25 50 75 100
Very high Fairly high Don't know Fairly low Very low
50
53
59
18
19
18
43
40
36
55
55
54
1
1
2
2
4
5
5
24
21
26
2
2
3
2
0 25 50 75 100
2008
2010
2012
2008
2010
2012
General community Indigenous respondents
Prejudice that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have for other Australians:
Prejudice that other Australians have for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people:
EQUALITY & EQUITY
59
How do we feel about our living standards and is enough being done to close the gap?
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples participate equally in a range of life opportunities and the unique rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are recognised and upheld.
Key Findings: 94% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander respondents and 95% of the general community believe it is important for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to have a say in their affairs
45% of Indigenous respondents and 40% of the general community believe that the Australian education system does not prepare children well for employment
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and Australians in the general community, believe more must be done by government departments to close the gap in areas of disadvantage.
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly believe it is very important for Indigenous peoples to have a say in their affairs
60
The general community (95%) and Indigenous communities (94%) widely believe it’s important for Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander peoples to have a say in matters that affect them.
Notably, this includes a strong majority of the general public (58%) who think this is very important.
General community 2018
24 37 58
0 25 50 75 100
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
24 22 72
0 25 50 75 100
Important or not forAboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander peoples tohave a voice/say in matters
that affect them?
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More people from the ACT believe it is very important for Indigenous peoples to have a voice
61
The general community in ACT mostly believe (73%) that it’s very important for Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander peoples to have a say in matters that affect them. This is notably higher than in other areas.
However, strong majorities in all States and Territories believe this is important.
General community 2018
2
1
2
1
3
2
7
5
4
3
4
4
4
45
41
40
38
37
36
36
27
47
54
56
58
58
58
58
73
0 25 50 75 100
NT
TAS
WA
SA
NSW
QLD
VIC
ACT
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
Important Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have a voice/say in matters that affect them?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous Australians remain more likely to consider their living conditions are poor
62
While 65% of the general community consider their own living conditions to be comfortable, only 48% of Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander people do so. This ‘gap’ has worsened slightly since 2016, with less Indigenous
respondents now comfortable.
Notably, while only 2% of the general public consider their own living conditions to be a lot worse than the majority of
people in Australia, 7% of Indigenous respondents feel that way.
1
1
1
3
3
2
29
31
31
52
48
49
16
17
16
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
Very poor Poor Just getting by Comfortable Very comfortable
General community
2
2
2
13
13
15
47
45
42
29
30
31
9
10
10
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
My conditions are a lot worse Slightly worse About the same Slightly better A lot better
Indigenous respondents
4
3
2
4
6
6
40
38
43
34
34
32
18
20
16
0 25 50 75 100
Own livingconditions
8
8
7
20
19
16
38
39
47
18
21
19
16
13
11
0 25 50 75 100
Own livingconditions
compared tomajority inAustralia
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous Australians remain more likely to feel their prospects will change for the worse
63
Both the general community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people largely think their prospects for next year
will stay the same.
However, more Indigenous respondents still think their conditions will deteriorate, in terms of home life, financial situation
and working situation, compared to the general community.
11
10
10
22
22
18
7
7
8
70
69
68
54
54
57
72
73
71
19
20
21
24
24
25
22
20
21
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
Get worse Stay the same Improve
General community
16
13
16
27
21
24
13
11
12
58
52
57
44
43
43
58
55
58
26
35
27
29
36
33
29
34
31
0 25 50 75 100
My working situation will…
My financial situation will…
My home life will…
Perceptions of how prospects will change in the next year:
Indigenous respondents
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More Indigenous Australians see employment potential in terms of education and equal opportunity
64
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are now more likely to feel that employers in Australia do follow equal
opportunity laws and practices (42%), in line with the general community (44%).
Similarly, more Indigenous respondents now agree (32%) that the education system prepares children well for employment.
However, they are also more likely to strongly disagree with this premise (15%), than the general public (9%).
12
13
9
7
7
5
27
29
31
17
19
18
29
28
29
35
33
32
28
26
27
35
34
35
4
4
5
6
7
9
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
General community
18
16
15
9
11
7
27
32
30
25
19
19
28
26
22
33
35
32
18
20
21
23
25
27
9
6
11
9
10
15
0 25 50 75 100
The Australian education systemprepares children well to find a
job
Employers in Australia follow theEqual Opportunity laws
Indigenous respondents
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly think more needs to be done in areas of education to close the gap
65
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people remain more likely to think that various organisations need to do more in
areas of education, to help close the gap, than the general community.
In particular, Indigenous respondents more widely believe government (50%), the community sector (33%) and the
business sector (32%) need to do a lot more.
10
11
15
18
15
2
2
2
5
2
2
3
1
2
2
33
26
29
31
33
34
34
34
31
36
18
24
18
14
12
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
General community 2018
Doing enough to help close the gap between non-Indigenous and Indigenous peoples in education?
5
4
5
8
6
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
23
17
32
25
24
34
27
35
33
35
36
50
27
32
33
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More Australians think organisations are doing as much as they can in areas of education
66
There has bee a slight decrease in the general community of people who think that various organisations need to do a lot
more in areas of education, to help close the gap, since 2016.
In particular, more Australians now believe that businesses (31%) are doing as much as they can, compared to 2016.
General community 2016 2018
12
15
20
17
1
1
4
1
3
1
2
2
23
25
26
31
33
37
32
34
27
21
17
14
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
10
11
15
18
15
2
2
2
5
2
2
3
1
2
2
33
26
29
31
33
34
34
34
31
36
18
24
18
14
12
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
Doing enough to help close the gap between non-Indigenous and Indigenous peoples in education?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Most Australians still think organisations need to do more in areas of education, as in 2014
67
There has been little change in the general community regarding how various organisations need to do more in areas of
education, to help close the gap, since 2014.
General community 2014 2018
12
16
20
17
2
2
4
2
2
1
1
1
25
27
28
32
34
36
33
34
24
19
14
13
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
10
11
15
18
15
2
2
2
5
2
2
3
1
2
2
33
26
29
31
33
34
34
34
31
36
18
24
18
14
12
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
Doing enough to help close the gap between non-Indigenous and Indigenous peoples in education?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly think more needs to be done in areas of employment to close the gap
68
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people remain more likely to think that various organisations need to do more in areas
of employment, to help close the gap, than the general community.
In particular, Indigenous respondents more widely believe the education sector (27%), the community sector (23%) and the
business sector (25%) need to do a lot more.
11
9
12
14
13
2
2
1
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
37
28
31
30
36
35
36
37
35
35
13
21
16
15
11
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
General community 2018
Doing enough to help close the gap between non-Indigenous and Indigenous peoples in employment?
4
4
5
6
4
1
1
1
1
3
5
3
3
2
26
19
34
23
29
38
36
36
43
42
27
35
21
25
23
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Most Australians still think organisations need to do more in areas of employment
69
There has been little change in the general community regarding how various organisations need to do more in areas of
employment, to help close the gap, since 2016.
General community 2016 2018
11
13
14
14
2
1
2
1
4
3
3
2
28
30
28
36
35
36
35
34
21
18
18
13
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
11
9
12
14
13
2
2
1
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
37
28
31
30
36
35
36
37
35
35
13
21
16
15
11
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
Doing enough to help close the gap between non-Indigenous and Indigenous peoples in employment?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More Australians think organisations are doing as much as they can in employment, since 2014
70
There has bee a slight increase in the general community of people who think that various organisations are
doing as much as they can in areas of employment, to help close the gap, since 2014. In particular, more
Australians now believe the community sector (36%) is doing as much as they can, compared to 4 years ago.
However, more people now feel government needs to do a lot more (21%).
General community 2014 2018
12
13
13
14
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
28
29
28
33
38
38
40
39
18
16
15
11
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
11
9
12
14
13
2
2
1
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
37
28
31
30
36
35
36
37
35
35
13
21
16
15
11
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
Doing enough to help close the
between non-Indigenous and Indigenous peoples in employment?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly think more needs to be done in areas of health to close the gap
71
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are still more likely to think that various organisations need to do more in
areas of health, to help close the gap, than the general community.
In particular, Indigenous respondents more widely believe educational institutions (36%), the community sector (34%) and
the business sector (35%) need to do a lot more.
15
11
14
20
15
3
2
2
5
2
2
1
1
2
1
34
26
28
32
35
30
32
31
27
33
16
29
23
15
15
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
General community 2018
Doing enough to help close the gap between non-Indigenous and Indigenous peoples in health?
6
4
4
8
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
25
17
34
24
24
31
27
31
30
34
36
50
30
35
34
0 25 50 75 100
Educational institutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More Australians think organisations are doing as much as they can in areas of health
72
There has been a slight decrease in the general community of people who think that various organisations need to do a
lot more in areas of health, to help close the gap, since 2016.
In particular, more Australians now believe the community sector (35%) and Indigenous organisations (28%) are doing as
much as they can, compared to 2016.
General community 2016 2018
12
15
20
17
1
1
4
1
24
24
29
31
30
33
27
32
30
25
17
17
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
15
11
14
20
15
3
2
2
5
2
2
1
1
2
1
34
26
28
32
35
30
32
31
27
33
16
29
23
15
15
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
Doing enough to help close the gap between non-Indigenous and Indigenous peoples in health?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More Australians think organisations are doing as much as they can in areas of health, since 2014
73
More people in the general community now believe various organisations are doing as much as they can in areas of
health, to help close the gap, since 2014.
General community 2014 2018
12
15
20
16
2
1
5
2
2
1
2
1
22
26
30
31
34
34
29
34
28
23
15
15
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
Doing enough to help close the gap between non-Indigenous and Indigenous peoples in health?
15
11
14
20
15
3
2
2
5
2
2
1
1
2
1
34
26
28
32
35
30
32
31
27
33
16
29
23
15
15
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly think more needs to be done in areas of justice to close the gap
74
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are more likely to think that various organisations need to do more in areas of
justice, to help close the gap, than the general community.
In particular, Indigenous respondents more widely believe the educational sector (33%), the community sector (31%) and
the business sector (28%) need to do a lot more.
13
10
12
19
14
3
2
1
6
2
2
3
2
2
3
35
26
27
34
33
32
32
34
26
34
14
27
24
11
14
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
General community 2018
Doing enough to help close the gap between non-Indigenous and Indigenous peoples in access to justice?
7
5
6
8
6
2
2
1
3
1
3
3
2
2
3
24
17
28
31
26
31
30
30
28
32
33
43
32
28
31
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
Indigenous respondents 2018
UNITY
75
How much do we all value Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures?
An Australian society that values and recognises Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures and heritage as a proud part of a shared national identity
Key Findings:73% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people would like to do something to help improve reconciliation, compared to 54% of the general community.
81% of the general community believes Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and cultures should be recognised in the Constitution.
64% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander respondents support a treaty, compared to 47% of the general community.
More Australians believe it is possible to become united – 74% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and 72% of Australians in the general community
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Most Northern Territorians feel they know about Indigenous history
76
73% of the general community in NT believe they have a high level of knowledge about the history of Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander people.
Conversely, Capital Territorians are least likely to feel they have a high level of knowledge about the history of
Indigenous people in Australia (36%).
10
6
11
7
7
8
11
1
50
49
51
46
49
44
53
25
37
39
32
41
38
41
26
57
3
5
5
6
6
7
10
16
0 25 50 75 100
TAS
WA
VIC
SA
NSW
QLD
ACT
NT
Very low/No knowledge at all Fairly low Fairly high Very high
General community 2018
Knowledge of the history of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia:
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Our knowledge of Indigenous histories and cultures continues to increase slowly
77
72% of the general community and 79% of Indigenous respondents believe they have a high level of knowledge about the
history of Australia. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are more likely to have a high level of knowledge about the
histories of their people (74%) or their cultures (72%), than the general community (43% and 38% respectively). This can
be seen to highlight how, for Indigenous respondents, Indigenous history is central to Australian history overall.
However, it is notable that higher knowledge levels have increased steadily among the general public, since 2014.
11
12
10
9
10
8
3
4
2
59
55
53
52
48
48
27
26
26
26
29
33
33
37
37
57
56
58
4
4
5
6
5
6
13
14
14
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
Very low/No knowledge at all Fairly low Fairly high Very high
General community
3
5
5
4
5
6
2
4
5
31
21
23
23
19
21
21
15
16
38
41
45
43
41
47
48
45
49
27
33
27
30
35
27
28
35
30
0 25 50 75 100
Knowledge aboutAboriginal and Torres
Strait Islandercultures
Knowledge about thehistories of Aboriginal
and Torres StraitIslander people in
Australia
Knowledge about thehistory of Australia
Indigenous respondents
NOTE: Knowledge about the history of Indigenous people changed to “histories” in 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
The importance of knowing and learning about Indigenous history and cultures remains steady
78
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are twice as likely to believe it is very important that Indigenous histories and
cultures should be compulsory in school (62%), compared to the general public (32%).
The levels of importance in both communities has remained stable since 2014.
7 13 47 32
0 25 50 75 100
2018
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
General community
4 7 27 62
0 25 50 75 100
Important Indigenous historiesand cultures are a compulsorypart of the school curriculum?
Indigenous respondents
8
6
15
14
46
45
31
35
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
3
2
5
3
30
27
62
69
0 25 50 75 100
Important Indigenous history isa compulsory part of the school
curriculum?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
The importance of learning about Indigenous histories and cultures remains stable
79
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people remain more likely to believe it is very important for all Australians to learn
about the histories of Indigenous people (64%) or their cultures (61%). However, it is encouraging that there has been a
slight increase in these sentiments in both communities since 2014.
Similarly, Indigenous respondents are also more likely to feel that learning the history of Australia is very important,
compared to the general public. Again, this may indicate how they see Indigenous and ‘Australian’ histories entwined.
6
4
3
5
3
3
2
1
2
15
13
13
12
11
11
4
5
5
49
50
51
50
48
50
39
39
39
31
34
33
33
37
36
54
55
55
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
General community
1
2
2
2
3
3
1
2
6
4
6
5
2
5
4
3
4
36
30
31
32
25
28
31
24
29
57
65
61
62
70
64
65
71
65
0 25 50 75 100
Importance of knowing aboutIndigenous cultures
Importance of knowing about thehistories of Indigenous people
Importance of knowing about thehistory of Australia
Indigenous respondents
NOTE: Importance of the history of Indigenous people changed to “histories” in 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
There is widespread support in ACT for Indigenous histories and cultures to be formally taught in schools
80
People in ACT are most likely to believe it is very important for Indigenous history to be compulsory in school (41%).
It is notable that Tasmania is where the general community is most divided on the importance of this, with 31%
saying it’s very important but 27% saying its unimportant.
6
6
10
6
6
8
9
4
13
9
17
14
14
13
12
14
52
55
42
49
49
47
41
40
28
30
31
32
32
32
38
41
0 25 50 75 100
SA
NT
TAS
VIC
NSW
QLD
WA
ACT
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
General community 2018
Important Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures are a compulsory part of the school curriculum?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Levels of knowledge about Indigenous history and cultures 2008-2012:
81
Between 2008-12, there remained a widespread lack of knowledge about Indigenous history and culture among the general
community, with more than half claiming to have a low level of knowledge or none at all.
Unsurprisingly, knowledge levels among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were far higher.
17
24
17
15
21
16
52
48
51
43
41
42
28
25
26
38
35
34
3
3
5
4
4
8
0 25 50 75 100
No knowledge at all/Very low Fairly low Fairly high Very high
3
4
5
4
2
5
13
11
11
9
8
8
44
48
42
42
48
35
40
37
42
46
41
51
0 25 50 75 100
2008
2010
2012
2008
2010
2012
Knowledge level about the history of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people:
Knowledge level about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures:
General community Indigenous respondents
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Perceptions of importance of Indigenous history and culture 2008-2012:
82
Between 2008-2012, there was widespread agreement amongst both groups that it is important for all Australians to know
about Indigenous history and cultures.
However, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were much more likely to consider it very important.
2
5
5
2
4
4
13
15
14
11
12
10
57
55
51
53
53
51
28
25
31
34
31
35
0 25 50 75 100
Not at all important Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
1
1
3
2
15
19
23
6
8
9
84
80
73
94
92
89
0 25 50 75 100
2008
2010
2012
2008
2010
2012
Importance of knowing about the history of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people:
Importance of knowing about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures:
General community Indigenous respondents
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We widely agree Indigenous people hold a unique and important place in the national identity
83
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people continue to be twice as likely to strongly agree (64%) that their cultures are
important for Australia’s national identity, compared to the general community (32%). Similarly, twice as many Indigenous
respondents strongly agree that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people hold a unique place as the First Australians.
However, there has been an encouraging increase in both sentiments in the general community, since 2014.
2
3
3
3
2
2
7
7
8
5
4
5
20
20
18
20
18
14
46
49
48
46
46
47
25
21
23
26
31
32
0 25 50 75 100
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
5
10
5
10
7
11
11
28
27
23
92
87
83
59
66
64
0 25 50 75 100
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
General community Indigenous respondents
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures are important to Australia’s identity as a nation?
4
2
3
4
4
4
21
20
19
40
39
39
31
34
35
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
2
2
1
2
2
9
7
10
23
19
22
64
72
65
0 25 50 75 100
Aboriginal and Torres StraitIslander people hold a
unique place as the FirstAustralians?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
People in ACT widely agree Indigenous people hold a unique place as the First Australians
84
More people in the ACT strongly agree Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians have a unique standing as the
First Australians (52%), than in other areas.
Conversely, people in Tasmania are most likely to disagree (10%) that Indigenous people hold a unique place.
General community 2018
4
3
2
3
2
2
3
5
7
6
6
4
6
2
4
26
18
20
19
18
20
17
15
44
43
43
37
40
37
39
30
21
29
29
34
35
35
38
52
0 25 50 75 100
NT
TAS
SA
WA
NSW
QLD
VIC
ACT
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people hold a unique place as the First Australians?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We remain proud of our Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures
85
Most people in the general community agree they are proud of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures
(62%).
However, this continues to lag behind the prevalence among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who agree they are
proud of their cultures (86%).
Again, it is encouraging that this sentiment has increased in both communities since 2014.
2
5
5
4
2
2
8
8
9
6
5
5
41
37
36
34
33
30
32
37
35
40
39
40
17
13
16
17
21
22
0 25 50 75 100
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
14
7
11
7
11
8
34
28
24
92
86
89
51
62
62
0 25 50 75 100
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
General community Indigenous respondents
Proud of our Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More people in ACT are strongly proud of our Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures
86
More people in the general community in the ACT strongly agree they are proud of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander cultures (37%), than in other areas.
Conversely, more people in NT (11%) and SA (10%) disagree they are proud of Indigenous cultures.
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
6
3
5
7
7
6
8
4
36
31
31
27
27
35
27
20
36
42
41
41
42
33
38
39
19
21
21
21
22
23
24
37
0 25 50 75 100
TAS
VIC
QLD
SA
NSW
WA
NT
ACT
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
General community 2018
Proud of our Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More Australians continue to be proud of our multiculturalism than our Indigenous cultures
87
The general community are more likely to agree they are proud of Australia’s multiculturalism (74%) than they are of our
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures (62%).
Conversely, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are much more likely to agree they are proud of their cultures
(86%), compared to Australia’s multiculturalism (72%).
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
6
6
7
7
5
30
29
30
23
21
18
44
43
41
44
42
45
20
21
21
23
27
29
0 25 50 75 100
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
5
8
6
6
6
5
8
11
11
5
6
5
37
35
35
23
23
18
32
29
32
31
40
39
18
16
16
35
26
33
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
General community Indigenous respondents
Proud of our multiculturalism?
Proud of our British/European cultures?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Racial/cultural differences are still seen as the biggest cause of social divisions in Australia
88
Racial/cultural differences continue to be most widely viewed as the biggest cause of divisions in our society, by both
the general community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Worryingly, there has been a sharp increase
in the number of Indigenous respondents with this view (49%), since 2014.
Difference in income and wealth is also cited as the biggest cause among both groups.
5
5
10
14
25
41
6
9
10
12
24
39
5
7
7
10
23
49
0 25 50
Differences in health
Political differences
Differences in education
Differences in religion
Differences in income andwealth
Differences in racial/culturalbackground
2018
2016
2014
2
5
11
19
24
39
3
4
12
17
27
37
2
7
10
16
27
38
02550
2018
2016
2014
General community Indigenous respondents
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More Australians would like to do something to improve reconciliation
89
There has been a steady increase in both communities since 2014 of people who want to help improve reconciliation, now
54% in the general community and 73% among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
However, both groups are still more likely to want to help than they are to know exactly what they can do.
5
7
7
4
4
4
25
26
26
8
8
8
47
41
38
44
37
34
20
22
25
36
39
41
4
4
4
8
13
13
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
General community
3
4
5
3
3
3
11
10
12
3
2
1
39
37
39
26
25
23
34
32
25
46
41
40
13
17
19
22
29
33
0 25 50 75 100
I know what I can do tohelp improvereconciliation
I would like to dosomething to help
improve reconciliation
Indigenous respondents
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More Australians believe the Government should initiate measures to improve reconciliation
90
T here has been an increase in both communities since 2014 of people who strongly agree the Federal
Government and businesses should do something to help improve reconciliation. There is also widespread agreement that
educational institutions should adopt a leading role.
However, Indigenous respondents remain more likely to strongly agree with these notions, compared to the general public.
General community Indigenous respondents
5
6
5
6
4
4
5
7
11
11
12
8
7
6
20
36
33
28
25
25
19
45
36
38
38
43
41
42
23
11
13
16
19
23
27
0 25 50 75 100
2018
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
2
3
2
4
2
2
3
4
4
4
4
2
3
2
17
25
20
24
17
12
16
34
38
44
36
36
37
32
43
29
30
32
43
46
47
0 25 50 75 100
Educational institutionsshould put measures in placeto help improve reconciliation
Businesses should putmeasures in place to help
improve reconciliation
The Federal Governmentshould put measures in placeto help improve reconciliation
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly think more needs to be done to create a stronger relationship
91
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are more likely to think that various organisations need to do more to create
a stronger relationship among Indigenous and non-Indigenous people, than the general community.
In particular, Indigenous respondents widely believe Government (50%), educational institutions (38%) and the private
sector (36%) need to do a lot more.
12
10
14
18
15
3
3
2
5
2
3
4
2
2
3
31
25
29
29
33
34
34
34
31
34
17
24
19
14
13
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
General community 2018
7
7
7
10
8
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
22
14
30
19
23
30
26
29
31
32
38
50
32
36
34
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
Doing enough to create a stronger relationship between non-Indigenous and Indigenous Australians?
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More Indigenous Australians think a lot more needs to be done for a stronger relationship
92
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people more widely think that various organisations need to do a lot more to create
stronger relationships in Australia, than in 2016.
In particular, more Indigenous respondents now believe Indigenous organisations (32%) and businesses (36%) need to
do a lot more, than two years ago.
2016
Doing enough to create a stronger relationship between non-Indigenous and Indigenous Australians?
Indigenous respondents 2018
6
7
11
10
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
11
32
19
23
33
32
36
35
46
24
31
31
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
7
7
7
10
8
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
22
14
30
19
23
30
26
29
31
32
38
50
32
36
34
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More Indigenous Australians think a lot more needs to be done since 2014
93
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people more widely think that various organisations need to do a lot more to create
stronger relationships in Australia, than in 2014.
In particular, more Indigenous respondents now believe Indigenous organisations (32%) and the government sector
(50%) need to do a lot more, than four years ago.
2014
Doing enough to create a stronger relationship between non-Indigenous and Indigenous Australians?
Indigenous respondents 2018
5
6
10
7
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
12
30
18
21
38
37
38
45
42
24
29
22
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
7
7
7
10
8
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
22
14
30
19
23
30
26
29
31
32
38
50
32
36
34
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We most agree ANZAC Day could celebrate Australia’s national unity with more shared ceremonies
94
Both the general community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people continue to believe a range of things could
become shared icons that celebrate a national unity and identity, particularly official ANZAC ceremonies to honour both
non-Indigenous and Indigenous soldiers. There is also strong support for establishing a national day of significance to
celebrate Indigenous histories and cultures.
However, agreement with these potential cultural icons/events remains more widespread in the Indigenous communities.
General community Indigenous respondents
Shared cultural icons or events that would celebrate national unity and identity:
47
55
61
66
75
52
61
66
68
76
31
67
71
72
60
69
72
78
0255075100
% Yes
2018
2016
201471
75
76
83
84
76
82
83
84
86
47
82
82
60
75
79
85
84
0 25 50 75 100
Australia Day moving to a different date
National Reconciliation Week
Establishing a national day of significance thatcelebrates Indigenous histories and cultures
Australia Day continuing on January 26th
Having Welcome to Country addresses at majorsporting events (e.g. Melbourne Cup,…
Making Mabo Day (June 3) a day of nationalsignificance
Official dual naming of significant sites inAustralia, using English AND Indigenous…
Acknowledgement of the Traditional Custodiansof the land at Australian Citizenship ceremonies
Official ANZAC Day ceremonies to honourIndigenous AND non-Indigenous soldiers
% Yes
2018
2016
2014
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Perceptions of the 2008 Apology 2010-16:
95
46% of the general community believe the 2008 Apology to the stolen generations has made the relationship between
Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians better, similar to 49% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
However, while the general community sentiment has remained stable since 2012, Indigenous respondents remain less
sure, with the majority thinking it has made things worse or no different since 2014.
4
5
3
4
5
6
4
4
50
43
44
46
35
41
41
38
7
6
8
8
0 25 50 75 100
It has made the relationship a lot worse A little worse No difference A little better A lot better
3
1
5
7
2
4
6
3
37
34
38
41
47
48
34
33
11
13
17
16
0 25 50 75 100
2010
2012
2014
2016
General community Indigenous respondents
Perception of The Apology to the Stolen Generations in 2008:
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly believe it is very important for key constitutional changes to happen
96
The general community and Indigenous communities widely believe it’s important to implement the key constitutional
changes that have been proposed in Australia.
In particular, strong majorities of both groups feel it’s very important to remove racial discrimination from the Constitution.
General community 2018
8
5
7
4
15
10
12
6
43
49
36
32
34
36
45
58
0 25 50 75 100
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
6
5
5
5
8
5
5
5
28
31
24
23
59
59
66
67
0 25 50 75 100
To protect an Indigenous Bodywithin the Constitution, so it
cant be removed by anygovernment
To establish a representativeIndigenous Body, to share the
views of IndigenousAustralians regarding…
To formally recogniseAboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander peoples and culturesin the Constitution
To remove racial discriminationfrom the Constitution - like
Section 25 that says peoplecan be banned from voting…
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Younger Australians place high importance on Constitutional change
97
When it comes to the importance of removing race discrimination, recognition and establishing a representative body for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians in the Constitution, 18-24 year olds are ahead of all other age groups in
the general community.
General community 2018
3
2
5
4
4
6
4
7
8
5
6
7
27
35
34
32
32
31
67
56
54
59
58
56
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Important to remove discrimination from the Constitution?
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
2
2
6
5
7
9
4
9
11
10
11
12
44
52
52
49
47
46
49
37
32
36
35
33
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Important to establish an Indigenous rep body in the
Constitution?
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
5
4
7
6
12
13
11
16
13
15
18
17
36
46
48
44
41
39
47
34
32
34
30
32
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Important to protect an Indigenous rep body in the
Constitution?
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
3
5
7
5
8
13
6
9
13
13
16
15
35
39
35
39
37
30
56
47
44
44
38
43
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Important to formally recognise Indigenous peoples in the
Constitution?
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Older Indigenous Australians place high importance on Constitutional change
98
When it comes to the importance of removing race discrimination, recognition and establishing a representative body for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians in the Constitution, 55+ year olds are ahead of all other age groups in
Indigenous communities.
1
8
1
9
6
4
8
3
3
10
23
20
43
16
13
21
72
64
53
72
71
79
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Important to remove discrimination from the Constitution?
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
5
9
3
3
1
4
5
7
3
6
5
27
26
46
33
20
35
63
58
48
58
74
62
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Important to establish an Indigenous rep body in the
Constitution?
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
7
10
2
5
5
2
9
5
6
11
14
2
29
27
34
28
12
33
54
58
59
56
69
63
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Important to protect an Indigenous rep body in the
Constitution?
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
1
8
6
14
7
6
6
1
6
2
25
19
38
24
12
19
67
66
56
68
68
79
0 25 50 75 100
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+ yrs old
Important to formally recognise Indigenous peoples in the
Constitution?
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
13
8
12
7
26
25
18
26
13
21
17
12
0 25 50 75 100
Definitely oppose Oppose Neither support nor oppose Support Definitely support Don't know
Indigenous Australians more strongly support a treaty and sovereignty, than the general public
99
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people more widely support a treaty (64%) between Indigenous and non-Indigenous
Australians and granting sovereignty (55%), than the general public.
General community 2018
6
5
3
1
24
23
23
28
32
36
13
8
0 25 50 75 100
Support oroppose grantingsovereignty to
Indigenouspeoples?
Support oroppose a treaty?
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More people from the ACT support a treaty with Indigenous peoples
100
More people in the ACT general community support a treaty with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (62%),
than in other areas. There is also a high level of support in Victoria (52%).
Conversely, people in NT are most likely to oppose (23%) a treaty.
General community 2018
6
8
8
9
10
10
6
6
8
9
7
4
13
7
7
4
26
29
23
30
23
22
29
18
26
25
27
25
26
27
21
29
17
17
20
21
22
25
25
33
17
12
14
11
5
10
13
9
0 25 50 75 100
WA
QLD
NSW
SA
NT
VIC
TAS
ACT
Definitely oppose Oppose Neither support nor oppose Support Definitely support Don't know
Support or oppose a treaty with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Northern Territorians are widely divided on granting sovereignty to Indigenous peoples
101
More people in the ACT general community support granting sovereignty to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
peoples (42%), than in other areas.
Conversely, people in the NT are divided, with 39% opposing and 37% supporting this proposal.
General community 2018
20
12
12
15
13
10
13
11
19
16
15
14
9
12
8
15
18
25
23
30
27
27
29
16
28
18
17
15
19
17
19
23
9
9
11
13
14
15
16
19
5
20
22
14
18
19
13
15
0 25 50 75 100
NT
WA
QLD
TAS
NSW
SA
VIC
ACT
Definitely oppose Oppose Neither support nor oppose Support Definitely support Don't know
Support or oppose granting sovereignty to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Results from Recognise campaign tracking 2013-17:
102
In August 2017, 75% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander respondents supported a treaty between Indigenous and non-
Indigenous Australians, a strong increase on the long term average of 66% of previous waves, between August 2013-March
2017.
70% supported the resolution of the issue of Indigenous sovereignty, also ahead of the long term average of 66%.
40
32
42
44
41
38
45
43
34
40
42
39
36
48
26
31
25
27
23
28
25
26
26
28
26
30
29
27
28
31
17
15
18
22
16
25
32
21
21
22
25
18
3
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
4
5
5
4
3
3
3
4
4
3
2
3
2
5
6
6
4
5
4
9
8
11
7
6
0 25 50 75 100
Aug-13
Aug-14
Mar-15
Jul-15
Mar-16
Mar-17
Aug-17
Aug-13
Aug-14
Mar-15
Jul-15
Mar-16
Mar-17
Aug-17
Definitely support Probably support Neither support nor oppose Probably oppose Definitely oppose Don't know
Indigenous respondents
A treaty between
Indigenous and
non-Indigenous
Australians
Addressing the
issue of
Indigenous
sovereignty
66%
66%
Institutional Integrity
103
What role do we think institutions play in reconciliation?
The active support of reconciliation by the nation’s political, business and community structures.
Key Findings:
Experiences of racial prejudice towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people has slightly reduced:• 18% in interactions with local shop owners/staff (20% in 2016)• And most notably, 16% in interactions with police (29% in 2016)
19% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people feel they cannot be true to their cultures or personal beliefs.
50% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people believe media portrayal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is usually negative, compared to 42% of the general community.
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly think more needs to be done to reduce problems of prejudice
104
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are more likely to think that various organisations need to do more to reduce
problems of prejudice in Australia, than the general community.
In particular, Indigenous respondents widely believe Government (54%), educational institutions (41%) and the private
sector (37%) need to do a lot more.
10
8
13
18
14
3
3
2
5
3
3
4
2
2
2
33
26
33
29
34
34
32
30
30
34
17
26
19
15
12
0 25 50 75 100
Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
General community 2018
4
4
5
7
7
1
1
2
1
2
4
1
2
3
23
13
33
18
21
28
26
28
34
36
41
54
32
37
33
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
Doing enough to reduce problems of discrimination and prejudice between non-Indigenous and Indigenous Australians?
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
6
8
11
9
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
13
34
17
25
33
27
34
33
45
27
35
32
0 25 50 75 100Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
More Indigenous Australians think a lot more needs to be done to reduce prejudice
105
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people more widely think that various organisations need to do a lot more to reduce
problems of prejudice in Australia, than in 2016.
In particular, more Indigenous respondents now believe Government (54%) and Indigenous organisations (32%) need to
do a lot more, than two years ago.
2016
4
4
5
7
7
1
1
2
2
4
1
2
3
23
13
33
18
21
28
26
28
34
36
41
54
32
37
33
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
Doing enough to reduce problems of discrimination and prejudice between non-Indigenous and Indigenous Australians?
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
6
6
10
8
2
1
4
2
3
2
2
3
13
33
20
24
34
34
39
40
42
24
26
23
0 25 50 75 100Don't know Should do nothing Should do less Doing as much as they can Need to do more Need to do a lot more
More Indigenous Australians think a lot more needs to be done since 2014
106
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people more widely think that various organisations need to do a lot more to reduce
problems of prejudice in Australia, than in 2014.
In particular, more Indigenous respondents now believe Indigenous organisations and the government sector need to do
a lot more, than four years ago.
2014
Doing enough to reduce problems of discrimination and prejudice between non-Indigenous and Indigenous
Australians?
Indigenous respondents 2018
4
4
5
7
7
1
1
2
2
4
1
2
3
23
13
33
18
21
28
26
28
34
36
41
54
32
37
33
0 25 50 75 100
Educationalinstitutions
Governmentdepartments
Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islanderorganisations
Private sectorbusinesses
Community sectororganisations
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous Australians are more likely to experience racial discrimination from professionals
107
7% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have felt racially discriminated against by medical professionals in
the past six months, compared to only 1% of the general community.
Indigenous Australians are also more likely to have experienced racial discrimination recently from police (8%) and
school staff (7%), than the general community.
1
2
1
2
2
2
5
4
2
92
93
95
0 25 50 75 100
Yes, in the past 6 months Yes, between 6-12 months ago Yes, but more than a year ago No
General community 2018
7 5 12 76
8
7
8
7
16
6
68
81
0 25 50 75 100
School teachersand/or principals
Police
Doctors, nurses,and/or medical
staff etc
Indigenous respondents 2018
Have you or members of your family felt racially discriminated against by any of the following groups?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous Australians are more likely to experience racial discrimination (cont.)
108
6% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have felt racially discriminated against by a real estate agent in the past
six months, compared to only 2% of the general community.
Similarly, more Indigenous respondents have experienced racial discrimination recently by a local shop owner and/or staff
(8%) and employers (8%), compared to the general community.
2
3
4
2
2
3
4
6
7
92
89
86
0 25 50 75 100
Yes, in the past 6 months Yes, between 6-12 months ago Yes, but more than a year ago No
General community 2018
6 6 15 73
8
8
10
5
11
13
72
74
0 25 50 75 100
Real estateagents
Local shopowners and/or
staff
Employers
Indigenous respondents 2018
Have you or members of your family felt racially discriminated against by any of the following groups?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous experience of racial discrimination from professionals has changed little since 2016
109
Indigenous experience of racial discrimination has changed little in professional and service contexts, since 2016.
However, there has been a notable improvement regarding police, with 8% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
people have felt racially discriminated against by police in the past six months, half as many as two years ago (15%).
11
8
7
10
15
8
7
7
8
10
14
10
14
10
15
12
15
14
68
76
69
68
56
68
0 25 50 75 100
Yes, in the past 6 months Yes, between 6-12 months ago Yes, but more than a year ago No
2016
6
7
7
8
8
8
6
7
5
10
8
5
15
6
12
11
16
13
73
81
76
72
68
74
0 25 50 75 100
Real estateagents
Doctors, nurses,and/or medical
staff etc
School teachersand/or principals
Local shopowners and/or
staff
Police
Employers
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous experience of racial discrimination from professionals has changed little since 2014
110
There has been no improvement in Indigenous experience of racial discrimination in professional and service
contexts, since 2014.
5
6
5
6
9
7
6
5
9
8
7
6
10
9
11
9
17
12
80
81
75
76
68
75
0 25 50 75 100
Yes, in the past 6 months Yes, between 6-12 months ago Yes, but more than a year ago No
2014 Indigenous respondents 2018
6
7
7
8
8
8
6
7
5
10
8
5
15
6
12
11
16
13
73
81
76
72
68
74
0 25 50 75 100
Real estateagents
Doctors, nurses,and/or medical
staff etc
School teachersand/or principals
Local shopowners and/or
staff
Police
Employers
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous Australians more often feel they can’t be true to their culture with Police and the Courts
111
The general community continue to be more likely to believe they can always be true to their own culture or personal
beliefs in various contexts, than Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
In particular, Indigenous respondents more widely feel they can never be themselves in their interactions with law and
order officials (25%), than the general public (12%).
8
12
11
11
12
28
24
24
22
20
63
64
65
67
68
0 25 50 75 100
No, never Only sometimes Yes, always
General community 2018
13
19
19
17
25
37
39
36
29
30
50
42
45
53
45
0 25 50 75 100
In the generalcommunity
At work
In my interactionswith Government
departments
In my interactionswith educational
institutions
In my interactionswith Police or the
Courts
Can you be true to your culture or personal beliefs in the following contexts?
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
10
16
13
8
38
37
41
39
52
47
46
53
0 25 50 75 100
No, never Only sometimes Yes, always
Fewer Indigenous Australians now feel empowered culturally
112
More Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people now feel they can never be true to their culture or beliefs in various
contexts, than in 2016.
Most notably, more Indigenous respondents now feel they can never be themselves at work (19%) or in their interactions
with law and order (25%), compared to two years ago.
2016
19
25
19
13
17
39
30
36
37
29
42
45
45
50
53
0 25 50 75 100
At work
In my interactionswith Police or the
Courts
In my interactionswith Government
departments
In the generalcommunity
In my interactionswith educational
institutions
Indigenous respondents 2018
Can you be true to your culture or personal beliefs in the following contexts?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
11
10
10
6
39
44
43
44
50
46
47
51
0 25 50 75 100
No, never Only sometimes Yes, always
Fewer Indigenous Australians now feel empowered culturally than in 2014
113
More Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people now feel they can never be true to their culture or beliefs in various
contexts, than in 2014.
Most notably, more Indigenous respondents now feel they can never be themselves at work (19%) or in their interactions
with law and order (25%) or government (19%), compared to four years ago.
2014 Indigenous respondents 2018
Can you be true to your culture or personal beliefs in the following contexts?
19
25
19
13
17
39
30
36
37
29
42
45
45
50
53
0 25 50 75 100
At work
In my interactionswith Police or the
Courts
In my interactionswith Government
departments
In the generalcommunity
In my interactionswith educational
institutions
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We are divided on whether the media usually portrays Indigenous people in a balanced way
114
The general community is divided over whether the media usually portrays Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in
a negative (42%) or balanced way (47%).
While Indigenous respondents are also divided, they are more likely to believe the media usually portrays Indigenous
Australians negatively (50%), than in a balanced way (40%).
46
42
24
9
11
21
44
47
55
0 25 50 75 100
Usually negative Usually positive Balanced
General community 2018
48 12 39
50
16
9
32
40
52
0 25 50 75 100
Media portrayal of newimmigrants from overseas
Media portrayal ofAboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander Australians
Media portrayal of non-Indigenous Australians
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous people have become less sceptical about media portrayal
115
The general community remains divided over whether the media usually portrays Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
people in a negative or balanced way, in line with both 2014 and 2016.
However, while Indigenous people are also divided, they are now more likely to believe the media usually portrays them
in a balanced way (40%), than 2016 (33%).
44
45
42
7
10
11
49
45
47
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
Usually negative Usually positive Balanced
General community Indigenous respondents
45
57
50
10
10
9
45
33
40
0 25 50 75 100
Media portrayalof Aboriginal and
Torres StraitIslander
Australians
Historical Acceptance
116
How much do we accept the wrongs of the past?
All Australians understand and accept the wrongs of the past and the impact of these wrongs. Australia makes amends for the wrongs of the past and ensure these wrongs are never repeated.
Key Findings: 86% of the general community agrees it is important for all Australians to learn about past issues, compared to 87% in 2016
80% of the general community and 91% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander respondents believe it is important to undertake a formal truth telling process in Australia
Both the general community and Indigenous respondents largely accept a number of key facts about historical realities and Australia’s past institutional prejudices against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
Both the general community and Indigenous respondents widely agree that past government policies are responsible for many forms of disadvantage experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people today
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly accept key facts about past injustices
117
Both the general community and Indigenous respondents largely accept a number of key facts about historical realities
and Australia’s past institutional prejudices against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Interestingly, the
general community accepts a number of key facts at a higher rate than First Peoples’ respondents.
However, there are greatest disagreements between the groups regarding the facts that Australia was inhabited by
Indigenous Nations at the time of British colonisation, and that frontier wars occurred due to Indigenous peoples
defending their lands.
8
4
9
10
7
12
35
32
29
21
21
18
57
64
62
69
71
70
0 25 50 75 100
I do not accept this I am unsure about this I accept this
General community 2018
9
6
18
18
17
20
23
24
21
16
18
14
68
70
62
67
65
66
0 25 50 75 100
Frontier wars occurred across the Australiancontinent as a result of Indigenous people
defending their traditional lands from Europeaninvasion
At the time of British colonisation, there were atleast 250 distinct Indigenous Nations, each with
their own cultural identities and custodialconnections to land
Government policy in the 1900s dictated whereAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians
could live and be employed
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australianswere subject to mass killings, incarceration,
forced removal from land and restrictedmovement throughout the 1800s
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people didnot have full voting rights throughout Australia
until the 1960s
Government policy enabled Aboriginal children tobe removed from their families without permission
until the 1970s
Do we accept the following as factual?
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More of us now accept key facts about past injustices
118
More people in the general community now accept a number of key facts about Australia’s past history and institutional
prejudices against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Since 2016, there has been an increase of between 2-5%
for acceptance of each statement by the general public.
9
11
9
12
33
25
24
21
58
64
67
68
0 25 50 75 100
I do not accept this I am unsure about this I accept this
General community 2016
Do we accept the following as factual?
2018
8
4
9
10
7
12
35
32
29
21
21
18
57
64
62
69
71
70
0 25 50 75 100
Frontier wars occurred across the Australiancontinent as a result of Indigenous people
defending their traditional lands from Europeaninvasion
At the time of British colonisation, there were atleast 250 distinct Indigenous Nations, each with
their own cultural identities and custodialconnections to land
Government policy in the 1900s dictated whereAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians
could live and be employed
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australianswere subject to mass killings, incarceration, forced
removal from land and restricted movementthroughout the 1800s
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people didnot have full voting rights throughout Australia
until the 1960s
Government policy enabled Aboriginal children tobe removed from their families without permission
until the 1970s
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More of us now accept key facts about past injustices, since 2014
119
More people in the general community now accept a number of key facts about Australia’s past history and institutional
prejudices against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Since 2014, there has been a solid increase of between
7-10% for acceptance of each statement by the general public.
10
14
11
14
35
28
25
21
55
59
64
65
0 25 50 75 100
I do not accept this I am unsure about this I accept this
General community 2014
Do we accept the following as factual?
2018
8
4
9
10
7
12
35
32
29
21
21
18
57
64
62
69
71
70
0 25 50 75 100
Frontier wars occurred across the Australiancontinent as a result of Indigenous people
defending their traditional lands from Europeaninvasion
At the time of British colonisation, there were atleast 250 distinct Indigenous Nations, each with
their own cultural identities and custodialconnections to land
Government policy in the 1900s dictated whereAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians
could live and be employed
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australianswere subject to mass killings, incarceration, forced
removal from land and restricted movementthroughout the 1800s
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people didnot have full voting rights throughout Australia
until the 1960s
Government policy enabled Aboriginal children tobe removed from their families without permission
until the 1970s
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More people in the Territories accept that pre-colonial Australia was inhabited by Indigenous Nations, than the States
120
The general communities of ACT and NT most widely accept the fact that Australia was inhabited by Indigenous
nations at the time of British colonisation.
Conversely, more people in Qld and also in the Northern Territory do not accept this as factual, compared to other
areas of Australia.
4
5
6
4
4
2
7
1
37
32
30
31
30
31
21
15
59
63
64
64
66
66
72
85
0 25 50 75 100
WA
VIC
QLD
TAS
SA
NSW
NT
ACT
I do not accept this I am unsure about this I accept this
General community 2018
Do we accept there were more than 250 Indigenous Nations at the time of colonisation?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We continue to agree it is important for all Australians to learn more about past issues
121
The general community (45%) remain less likely to feel that it’s very important to learn about the past issues of European
settlement and government policies experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, than Indigenous
respondents (65%).
However, the vast majority in both communities has continued to believe that it’s important, since 2014.
General community
4
3
3
11
10
11
46
44
41
39
43
45
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
4
2
3
4
2
6
26
24
26
66
72
65
0 25 50 75 100
Important for allAustralians to learn moreabout the past issues of
European settlement andgovernment policy forIndigenous people?
Indigenous respondents
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More people from the ACT strongly agree it is important for all Australians to learn more about past issues
122
The general community in ACT mostly believe (53%) that it’s very important to learn about the past issues of
European settlement and government policies experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This
is notably higher than in other areas.
Conversely, only 35% of people in Tasmania feel this way, with 19% saying it’s not important.
General community 2018
4
2
5
4
2
2
3
15
7
7
13
11
11
11
12
45
53
45
40
42
42
40
34
35
38
43
44
44
45
45
53
0 25 50 75 100
TAS
NT
SA
WA
VIC
NSW
QLD
ACT
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
Important for all Australians to learn more about past issues of European settlement and government policy?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More Indigenous respondents disagree that they are responsible for their own disadvantage
123
While the general community remain divided on Indigenous responsibility for their disadvantages, there has been an
increase in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who strongly agree Indigenous people are responsible for their own
disadvantages today, than in 2016.
This may highlight how some Indigenous respondents believe their own people should take the initiative regarding their
current disadvantages, despite not being responsible for causing them.
10
9
11
24
23
24
36
36
32
20
21
20
10
11
13
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
Strongly agree Agree Neither agree or disagree Disagree Strongly disagree
General community
10
7
14
15
17
19
30
25
25
22
22
15
23
29
26
0 25 50 75 100
Aboriginal and TorresStrait IslanderAustralians are
responsible for theirown disadvantages
today?
Indigenous respondents
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We widely agree that many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are disadvantaged today because of past race-based policies and colonial legacy
124
While the general community remain divided on Indigenous responsibility for their disadvantages, more people in the
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities strongly disagree Indigenous people are responsible for their own
disadvantages today. However, both groups widely agree that many Indigenous people are disadvantaged today because of
past race-based policies and Australia’s colonial legacy.
Somewhat paradoxically, this may highlight how some Australians believe Indigenous people should take the initiative
regarding their current disadvantages, despite not being responsible for causing them.
11 24 32 20 13
0 25 50 75 100
Strongly agree Agree Neither agree or disagree Disagree Strongly disagree
General community 2018
14 19 25 15Strongly
disagree, 26
0 25 50 75 100
IndigenousAustralians are
responsible for theirown disadvantages
today?
Indigenous respondents 2018
8
6
16
13
28
26
30
36
17
18
0 25 50 75 100
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree or disagree Agree Strongly agree
7
6
8
8
25
19
29
32
31
Strongly agree , 35
0 25 50 75 100
Australia's coloniallegacy
Past race-basedpolicies
Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians are disadvantaged today because of…?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly agree the past is responsible for Indigenous disadvantages today
125
The general community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities widely agree that many Indigenous people
are disadvantaged today because of past race-based policies and Australia’s colonial legacy.
Notably, there has been a steady increase in those who strongly agree among both groups since 2014.
General community Indigenous respondents
7
7
8
6
5
6
14
17
16
12
14
13
35
30
28
30
27
26
32
33
30
38
38
36
11
14
17
14
16
18
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
2014
2016
2018
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree or disagree Agree Strongly agree
7
5
7
5
4
6
7
6
8
7
3
8
26
24
25
21
19
19
37
33
29
37
39
32
24
32
31
30
34
35
0 25 50 75 100
Australia's coloniallegacy
Past race-basedpolicies
Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians are disadvantaged today because of…?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
In 2018 we widely agree that past policies have been a cause of many Indigenous disadvantages
126
Both the general community and Indigenous respondents widely agree that past government policies are responsible for
many forms of disadvantage experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people today. However, the general
public are far less likely to strongly agree, than Indigenous people.
It is also notable that the general public more widely disagree past policies have been a cause of alcohol and substance
issues (26%), compared to just 13% of Indigenous respondents.
6
7
5
10
12
14
11
16
25
21
23
21
37
37
38
30
20
21
23
23
0 25 50 75 100
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
General community 2018
6
6
4
8
5
5
6
5
19
20
19
24
30
33
31
28
40
36
40
35
0 25 50 75 100
Lack of respect(for Aboriginal
and Torres StraitIslander people)
Poor education
Discrimination
Alcohol andsubstance abuse
Have past government policies been a cause of these disadvantages among some Indigenous Australians?
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
In 2018 we widely agree that past policies have been a cause of many Indigenous disadvantages (cont.)
127
Both the general community and Indigenous respondents widely agree that past government policies are responsible for
many forms of disadvantage experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people today. However, the general
public are far less likely to strongly agree, than Indigenous people.
It is also notable that the general public more widely disagree past policies have been a cause of housing issues (24%),
compared to just 11% of Indigenous respondents.
7
7
6
7
6
15
17
13
15
15
28
23
26
25
23
32
35
35
34
36
18
18
18
19
20
0 25 50 75 100
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
General community 2018
5
6
4
4
5
6
5
6
8
7
27
23
20
23
22
32
33
31
29
31
29
34
39
36
35
0 25 50 75 100
Lack of personal responsibility(among Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander people)
Inadequate living conditions
Lack of confidence and low selfesteem of Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander people
Poor health
Low employment
Have past government policies been a cause of these disadvantages among some Indigenous Australians?
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
7
6
5
6
6
5
6
4
9
15
17
14
14
15
12
15
11
16
28
26
26
25
23
26
22
25
21
35
34
38
36
38
38
37
38
31
16
16
17
19
18
19
21
21
23
0 25 50 75 100
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
We continue to widely agree that past policies have been a cause of many Indigenous disadvantages
128
Most people in the general community continue to agree that past government policies are responsible for many forms of
disadvantage experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people today, as in 2016.
7
7
6
7
6
6
7
5
10
15
17
13
15
15
12
14
11
16
28
23
26
25
23
25
21
23
21
32
35
35
34
36
37
37
38
30
18
18
18
19
20
20
21
23
23
0 25 50 75 100
Lack of personal responsibility(among Aboriginal and Torres…
Inadequate living conditions
Lack of confidence and low selfesteem of Aboriginal and Torres…
Poor health
Low employment
Lack of respect (for Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander people)
Poor education
Discrimination
Alcohol and substance abuse
General community 2016
Have past government policies been a cause of these disadvantages among some Indigenous Australians?
2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
6
5
4
5
3
4
5
4
7
15
16
12
14
13
12
12
10
17
30
30
30
27
30
29
25
28
24
35
35
39
38
38
39
41
41
29
14
14
15
16
15
15
17
17
23
0 25 50 75 100
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly agree
Since 2014 more of us now strongly agree that past policies have been a cause of Indigenous disadvantages
129
More people in the general community now agree strongly that past government policies are responsible for many forms
of disadvantage experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people today, than in 2014.
In particular, more Australians now strongly agree past policies have been a cause of lack of respect, discrimination and
low employment for Indigenous people, than four years ago.
General community 2014
Have past government policies been a cause of these disadvantages among some Indigenous Australians?
2018
7
7
6
7
6
6
7
5
10
15
17
13
15
15
12
14
11
16
28
23
26
25
23
25
21
23
21
32
35
35
34
36
37
37
38
30
18
18
18
19
20
20
21
23
23
0 25 50 75 100
Lack of personal responsibility(among Aboriginal and Torres…
Inadequate living conditions
Lack of confidence and low selfesteem of Aboriginal and Torres…
Poor health
Low employment
Lack of respect (for Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander people)
Poor education
Discrimination
Alcohol and substance abuse
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly believe it is important to undertake a formal truth-telling process
130
The general community (80%) and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (91%) widely believe it’s important to
undertake a formal truth telling process, in relation to Australia’s shared history.
However, Indigenous respondents are much more likely to feel this is very important, compared to the general public.
General community 2018
6 14 44 36
0 25 50 75 100
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
3 6 33 58
0 25 50 75 100
Important or not toundertake a formal truth
telling process, toacknowledge the reality ofAustralia's shared history?
Indigenous respondents 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
More people from the ACT believe it is very important to undertake a formal truth-telling process
131
The general community in ACT mostly believe (45%) that it’s very important to hold a formal truth-telling process
about the past issues of European settlement and government policies experienced by Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander people. This is notably higher than in other areas.
Conversely, more people in Tasmania (23%) and WA (23%) feel it’s not important, than in other areas.
General community 2018
6
5
4
7
7
5
5
7
17
16
17
12
12
18
14
12
44
46
45
47
45
40
43
35
32
33
33
33
36
37
37
45
0 25 50 75 100
WA
SA
NT
QLD
VIC
TAS
NSW
ACT
Not important at all Fairly unimportant Fairly important Very important
Important to undertake a formal truth-telling process about our shared history?
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
We mostly continue to believe that past issues should be forgiven and all of us should move on
132
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people remain more likely to feel the wrongs of the past must be rectified before we can
move on with reconciliation (40%), compared with the general community (28%).
General community
5
6
5
6
5
4
23
28
28
66
61
63
0 25 50 75 100
The wrongs of the past can never be forgiven
I don't believe there have been any wrongs of the past
The wrongs of the past must be rectified before all Australians can move on
There should be forgiveness for the wrongs of the past and all Australians should now move on
14
14
16
4
4
4
37
44
40
45
39
41
0 25 50 75 100
2014
2016
2018
Indigenous respondents
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Tasmanians are most likely to feel past issues must be rectified
133
Tasmania has the largest percentage of people who feel “past wrongs must be rectified” (32%), while the NT has the largest
percentage of people who believe “the wrongs of the past can never be forgiven” (13%). The general community in WA more
widely believe “there should be forgiveness so we can now move on” (72%), compared to other States and Territories.
General community 2018
13
4
3
5
7
4
5
2
6
5
6
4
3
3
5
2
19
20
23
24
29
31
31
32
63
72
68
66
61
63
58
63
0 25 50 75 100
NT
WA
SA
QLD
NSW
ACT
VIC
TAS
The wrongs of the past can never be forgiven
I don't believe there have been any wrongs of the past
The wrongs of the past must be rectified before all Australians can move on
There should be forgiveness for the wrongs of the past and all Australians should now move on
Australian Reconciliation Barometer 2008-2018
134
Trends Analysis
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
135
3033
37
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2014 2016 2018
General community
Tracking social contact between the general community and First Peoples:
While a relatively small proportion of people in the general community regularly socialise with Indigenous peoples, there has
been an encouraging increase since 2014.
General Community - % Occasionally/frequently socialise with people of Indigenous heritage
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
98
9697
94
87 86
89
90
50
60
70
80
90
100
Early '12 Late '12 Early '13 Late '13 Early '14 Late '14 Early '15 Late '15 Early '16 Late '16 Early '17 Late '17 Early '18 Late '18
Indigenous respondents who feel the relationship is fairly/very important
General community respondents who feel the relationship is fairly/very important
4th Barometer
Sept 2014
3rd Barometer
July 2012
We continue to view the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians as important
136
The vast majority of both the general community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities continue to feel that the
relationship between them is an important one. However, Indigenous people remain more likely than the general community to
feel this way.
Levels of importance have remained largely consistent since 2012, though have converged more between the groups.
6th Barometer
Aug 2018
Constitutional change
panel reports/ Aus day
incident
Turnbull Govt puts
Constitutional
Recognition on hold
Abbott Govt focuses
on ‘austerity’ and
border protection
5th Barometer
Aug 2016
Referendum
Council report
released
Four Corners’
story on Don Dale
Detention Centre
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
10099
98
91
87
87
50
60
70
80
90
100
Late '07 Early '08 Late '08 Early '09 Late '09 Early '10 Late '10 Early '11 Late '11 Early '12 Late '12
Indigenous respondents who feel the relationship is fairly/very important
General community respondents who feel the relationship is fairly/very important
3rd Barometer
July 2012
2nd Barometer
May 2010
Barometer 2008-2012:
137
Between 2008-12, the vast majority of both the general community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities
continued to feel that the relationship between them was an important one.
However, Indigenous respondents were much more likely than the general community to feel this way.
1st Barometer
May 2008
NT
intervention
Stolen
Generation
Apology
GFC peak/
Decline in community
confidence
Constitutional change
panel reports/ Aus day
incident
Gillard replaces
Rudd as PM
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous Australians are more likely to feel other Australians trust them, than the general public do
138
A gap remains in the level of trust seen to be held by other Australians for Indigenous Australians. While only one in four (27%)
of the general community see fairly high/very high trust for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 40% of Indigenous
respondents feel other Australians hold that level of trust for them.
This highlights how more work is needed with non-Indigenous Australians in particular, to build levels of shared trust.
5
34 34
40
13
2625
27
0
10
20
30
40
Early '12 Late '12 Early '13 Late '13 Early '14 Late '14 Early '15 Late '15 Early '16 Late '16 Early '17 Late '17 Early '18 Late '18
Indigenous respondents who feel other Australians have fairly/very high trust for them
General community respondents who feel they have fairly/very high trust for Indigenous Australians
3rd Barometer
July 2012
5th Barometer
Aug 2016
4th Barometer
Sept 2014
Constitutional change
panel reports/ Aus day
incident
Turnbull Govt puts
Constitutional
Recognition on hold
Abbott Govt focuses
on ‘austerity’ and
border protection
Referendum
Council report
released
Four Corners’
story on Don Dale
Detention Centre
6th Barometer
Aug 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Barometer 2008-2012:
139
Between 2008-12, perceptions of high trust held by other Australians for Indigenous Australians were low but stable.
However, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander respondents were much less likely to feel other Australians had that level of trust
for them.
4
65
1213 13
0
10
20
30
40
Late '07 Early '08 Late '08 Early '09 Late '09 Early '10 Late '10 Early '11 Late '11 Early '12 Late '12
Indigenous respondents who feel other Australians have fairly/very high trust for them
General community respondents who feel they have fairly/very high trust for Indigenous Australians
2nd Barometer
May 2010
3rd Barometer
July 2012
1st Barometer
May 2008
NT
intervention
Stolen
Generation
Apology
GFC peak/
Decline in community
confidence
Constitutional change
panel reports/ Aus day
incident
Gillard replaces
Rudd as PM
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Indigenous trust towards other Australians has remained steady
140
There has been another solid result in the numbers of Indigenous Australians who hold fairly high/very high trust for other
Australians, now nearly half (46%). However, a considerable gap remains evident between communities, with only 21% of the
general community believing Indigenous Australians hold such trust for them.
Again, this reflects the greater need for more work to be done in the general community to build a sense of shared trust.
15
39
46
46
11
2019
21
0
10
20
30
40
50
Early '12 Late '12 Early '13 Late '13 Early '14 Late '14 Early '15 Late '15 Early '16 Late '16 Early '17 Late '17 Early '18 Late '18
Indigenous respondents who feel they have fairly/very high trust for other Australians
General community respondents who feel Indigenous Australians have fairly/very high trust for them
3rd Barometer
July 2012
4th Barometer
Sept 2014
Constitutional change
panel reports/ Aus day
incident
Turnbull Govt puts
Constitutional
Recognition on hold
Abbott Govt focuses
on ‘austerity’ and
border protection
Referendum
Council report
released
Four Corners’
story on Don Dale
Detention Centre
5th Barometer
Aug 20166th Barometer
Aug 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Barometer 2008-2012:
141
Between 2008-12, perceptions of high trust held by Indigenous peoples for other Australians were low but stable among both
the general community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander respondents.
12 12
15
12
9
11
0
10
20
30
40
50
Late '07 Early '08 Late '08 Early '09 Late '09 Early '10 Late '10 Early '11 Late '11 Early '12 Late '12
Indigenous respondents who feel they have fairly/very high trust for other Australians
General community respondents who feel Indigenous Australians have fairly/very high trust for them
2nd Barometer
May 2010
3rd Barometer
July 20121st Barometer
May 2008
NT
intervention
Stolen
Generation
Apology
GFC peak/
Decline in community
confidence
Constitutional change
panel reports/ Aus day
incident
Gillard replaces
Rudd as PM
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Both groups continue to believe they trust more than the other group does
142
Throughout the eight years since the first Barometer, both non-Indigenous Australians and Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Australians have widely felt that they trust the other group, than the other group trusts them.
These ‘gaps’ in the perceptions of shared trust continue to highlight a key ongoing misunderstanding between the
communities.
40
46
21
27
0
10
20
30
40
50
Early '12 Late '12 Early '13 Late '13 Early '14 Late '14 Early '15 Late '15 Early '16 Late '16 Early '17 Late '17 Early '18 Late '18
Indigenous respondents who feel other Australians have fairly/very high trust for them
Indigenous respondents who feel they have fairly/very high trust for other Australians
General community respondents who feel Indigenous Australians have fairly/very high trust for them
General community respondents who feel they have fairly/very high trust for Indigenous Australians
3rd Barometer
July 2012
4th Barometer
Sept 2014
‘Gap’ in trust
perception
‘Gap’ in trust
perception
Constitutional change
panel reports/ Aus day
incident
Turnbull Govt puts
Constitutional
Recognition on hold
Abbott Govt focuses
on ‘austerity’ and
border protection
Referendum
Council report
released
Four Corners’
story on Don Dale
Detention Centre
5th Barometer
Aug 2016
6th Barometer
Aug 2018
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
Barometer 2008-2012:
143
Between 2008-12, both non-Indigenous Australians and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians more widely felt that
they trusted the other group, than the other group trusted them. This was particularly evident with the Indigenous respondents.
0
10
20
30
40
50
Late '07 Early '08 Late '08 Early '09 Late '09 Early '10 Late '10 Early '11 Late '11 Early '12 Late '12
Indigenous respondents who feel other Australians have fairly/very high trust for them
Indigenous respondents who feel they have fairly/very high trust for other Australians
General community respondents who feel Indigenous Australians have fairly/very high trust for them
General community respondents who feel they have fairly/very high trust for Indigenous Australians
2nd Barometer
May 2010
3rd Barometer
July 2012
1st Barometer
May 2008
‘Gap’ in trust
perception
‘Gap’ in trust
perception
NT
intervention
Stolen
Generation
Apology
GFC peak/
Decline in community
confidence
Constitutional change
panel reports/ Aus day
incident
Gillard replaces
Rudd as PM
Australian Reconciliation Barometer 2008-18
144
Key trends across 10 years tracking reconciliation
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
145
94
9087
7376
73
51
4346
43
4850
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Indigenous Peoples
General Community
Linear (Indigenous Peoples)
Linear (General Community)
ARB 10 year tracking:
For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, the importance of their relationship with other Australians has remained
consistently high since 2008 (long term average of 82% very important). This compares with a long term average of 47% very
important among the general community.
However, most notably, there has been a solid increase in both groups since 2014.
% The relationship between Indigenous people and other Australians is very
important, for Australia as a nation:
Av 82%
Av 47%
NOTE: the linear average indicates the tracking trend, while the long term average indicates the tracking median
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
146
37
33
30
2223
35
25
2019
2425
28
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Indigenous Peoples
General Community
Linear (Indigenous Peoples)
Linear (General Community)
ARB 10 year tracking:
Since 2008, more Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians have consistently agreed strongly that Australia is better
of with many races/cultures (long term average of 28%), compared to the general public (long term average of 23%).
However, encouragingly there have been solid increases since 2014, particularly among Indigenous respondents, and the
linear averages of each community have been converging across the 10 years.
% Strongly agree Australia is better off with many races and cultures:
Av 28%
Av 23%
NOTE: the linear average indicates the tracking trend, while the long term average indicates the tracking median
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
_____________________________
147
62
57 57
49 50
54
35 35 36 3638 39
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Indigenous Peoples
General Community
Linear (Indigenous Peoples)
Linear (General Community)
ARB 10 year tracking:
Since 2008, the number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians citing personal experience as their main source
of information about their people has declined slightly (long term average of 54%). This compares to a steady increase within
the general public (long term average of 37%).
However, most notably, there has been a slight increase in both groups since 2014
% Personal experience with Indigenous Australians is their main
source of information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples:
Av 54%
Av 37%
NOTE: the linear average indicates the tracking trend, while the long term average indicates the tracking median
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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148
8789
87
7376
73
4239
4239
42 43
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Indigenous Peoples
General Community
Linear (Indigenous Peoples)
Linear (General Community)
ARB 10 year tracking:
Since 2008, the prevalence of high knowledge about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories has remained steady,
both within the Indigenous community (long term average of 81%) and within the general public (long term average of 41%).
However, it is notable that general community knowledge has increased since 2014.
% Fairly/Very high knowledge about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories:
Av 81%
Av 41%
NOTE: the linear average indicates the tracking trend, while the long term average indicates the tracking median
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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149
84 85 84
66
7472
3128
31 3033
37
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Indigenous Peoples
General Community
Linear (Indigenous Peoples)
Linear (General Community)
ARB 10 year tracking:
Since 2008, the prevalence of high knowledge about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures has remained steady
within the Indigenous community (long term average of 77%), while increasing slightly within the general public (long term
average of 32%).
However, notably, both communities have seen increased knowledge levels since 2014.
% Fairly/Very high knowledge about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures:
Av 77%
Av 32%
NOTE: the linear average indicates the tracking trend, while the long term average indicates the tracking median
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150
92
8783
59
66 64
2521
2326
31 32
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Indigenous Peoples
General Community
Linear (Indigenous Peoples)
Linear (General Community)
ARB 10 year tracking:
Since 2008, strong agreement that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures are important to Australia’s national identity
has remained considerably higher within the Indigenous community (long term average of 75%).
However, this sentiment has increased within the general public over the past 10 years (long term average of 26%) and, most
notably, in both communities since 2014.
% Strongly agree Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures important to Australia’s national identity:
Av 75%
Av 26%
NOTE: the linear average indicates the tracking trend, while the long term average indicates the tracking median
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151
92
8689
51
62 62
1713
16 1721 22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Indigenous Peoples
General Community
Linear (Indigenous Peoples)
Linear (General Community)
ARB 10 year tracking:
Since 2008, strong pride about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures has remained considerably higher within
Indigenous communities (long term average of 74%).
However, this sentiment has increased slightly within the general public over the past 10 years (long term average of 17%)
and, most notably, has grown among both communities since 2014.
% Strongly agree they feel proud of our Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures:
Av 74%
Av 17%
NOTE: the linear average indicates the tracking trend, while the long term average indicates the tracking median
Appendix
152
Respondent profiles
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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Sample characteristics:
153
Gender and ageGeneral community
weighted %
General community
(raw numbers)
Indigenous community
weighted %
Indigenous community
(raw numbers)
Male 49% 997 50% 157
Female 51% 998 50% 340
Non-binary/other gender 0% 5 0% 3
18-24 years old 12% 244 21% 76
25-34 19% 266 23% 121
35-44 17% 343 19% 112
45-54 17% 335 17% 83
55-64 15% 406 12% 65
65+ 20% 401 8% 40
Education levelGeneral community
weighted %
General community
(raw numbers)
Indigenous community
weighted %
Indigenous community
(raw numbers)
Working full-time 34% 640 29% 123
Working part-time 20% 397 20% 106
Unemployed/not working 4% 94 13% 62
Student 12% 225 5% 24
Retired 19% 429 13% 58
Manage household/ family 8% 158 16% 93
Other 3% 52 5% 31
General community total sample size = 2000. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander total sample size = 500
Please note, percentages have been rounded and may not equal 100%. Other gender respondents do not figure in the
weighted samples, due to the ABS census not yet including this data.
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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Sample characteristics:
154
State General community
weighted %
General community
(raw numbers)
Indigenous community
weighted %
Indigenous community
(raw numbers)
NSW 32% 400 33% 208
VIC 26% 398 7% 67
QLD 20% 399 29% 107
WA 11% 200 12% 40
SA 7% 199 5% 29
TAS 2% 200 4% 31
ACT 2% 99 1% 9
NT 1% 100 9% 6
Metro/RegionalGeneral community
weighted %
General community
(raw numbers)
Indigenous community
weighted %
Indigenous community
(raw numbers)
Capital city 64% 1245 42% 212
Major regional city 15% 290 15% 77
Regional town 9% 177 13% 72
Rural town 8% 169 17% 89
Remote town or community 4% 114 12% 47
General community total sample size = 2000. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander total sample size = 500
Please note, percentages have been rounded and may not equal 100%. Other gender respondents do not figure in the
weighted samples, due to the ABS census not yet including this data.
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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Sample characteristics:
155
Household income
(gross)
General community
weighted %
General community
(raw numbers)
Indigenous community
weighted %
Indigenous community
(raw numbers)
Less than $30,000 14% 298 28% 138
$30,000 - $49,999 16% 348 19% 96
$50,000 - $69,999 13% 256 11% 58
$70,000 - $89,999 10% 196 10% 57
$90,000 - $119,999 14% 274 10% 45
$120,000 - $149,999 8% 154 7% 26
$150,000 - $249,999 8% 164 5% 20
$250,000 or more 2% 35 1% 4
Don’t know/prefer not to say 14% 270 10% 53
Education levelGeneral community
weighted %
General community
(raw numbers)
Indigenous community
weighted %
Indigenous community
(raw numbers)
Part of secondary school 6% 113 15% 62
Secondary school 22% 468 29% 134
TAFE / Apprenticeship 27% 575 40% 197
University degree 31% 592 13% 85
Postgraduate university degree 13% 247 4% 19
General community total sample size = 2000. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander total sample size = 500
Please note, percentages have been rounded and may not equal 100%. Other gender respondents do not figure in the
weighted samples, due to the ABS census not yet including this data.
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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Sample characteristics:
156
Birth/LanguageGeneral community
weighted %
General community
(raw numbers)
Indigenous community
weighted %
Indigenous community
(raw numbers)
Born in Australia 70% 1415 99% 493
Not born in Australia 30% 580 1% 4
English-speaking at home 91% 1842 96% 490
Non-English speaking at home 9% 153 4% 7
General community total sample size = 2000. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander total sample size = 500
Please note, percentages have been rounded and may not equal 100%. Other gender respondents do not figure in the
weighted samples, due to the ABS census not yet including this data.
Cultural HeritageIndigenous community
weighted %
Indigenous community
(raw numbers)
Australian Aboriginal 88% 443
Torres Strait Islander 3% 15
Aboriginal AND Torres Strait Islander 9% 39
POLITYRESEARCH & CONSULTING
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Australian Reconciliation Barometer 2018
Darryl NelsonManaging DirectorPolity Pty. [email protected]
September 2018
POLITY PTY. LTD.RESEARCH & CONSULTING
______________________________________________________________________
Polityresearch.com.au Sydney; NSW 2010 ABN: 93 169 495 130