research & development in iceland 2011 and developement in... · 1.2 the financing of research,...

RANNIS - The Icelandic Centre for Research • Laugavegur 13 • 101 Reykjavik • Iceland • Tel +354 515 5800 • [email protected]

in Iceland 2011Research & Development

Rannis–TheIcelandicCentreforResearch 4 Icelandicstatisticsonresearch,developmentandinnovation 5 Whatareresearch,developmentandinnovation? 8

1. Foundationsforresearch,developmentandinnovation 12 1.1 Governmentappropriationstoresearchanddevelopment 12 1.2 Thefinancingofresearch,developmentandinnovation 14 1.3 Education 18

2.Researchanddevelopmentinbusinessenterprisesandorganisations 21 2.1 R&Dexpenditure 21 2.2 Personnelinresearchanddevelopment 28

3.Innovationactivitieswithinbusinessenterprises 31

4.Outcomeofresearch,developmentandinnovation 32 4.1 Publicationsinpeerreviewedjournals 32 4.2 Patents 35

5.Employmentinknowledgeintensiveactivities 36

Contents

Rannis–TheIcelandicCentreforResearch

TheIcelandicCentreforResearch(Rannis)supportsresearch, technologicaldevelopmentandinnovation inIceland.Rannisreports to theMinistryofEducation,ScienceandCultureandcooperateswith the IcelandicScienceandTechnologyPolicyCouncilwiththepurposeofprovidingprofessionalassistanceinthepreparationand implementation of the science and technology policy in Iceland. Rannis serves the Icelandic sciencecommunityacrossallfieldsofscience.

The main functions of Rannis are the following:lRannisoperatesthepubliccompetitivefinancialsupportsystemforresearchandtechnologicaldevelopment.This includes the Research Fund, the Fund for Research Equipment, the Student Innovation Fund and theGraduate Research Fund on behalf of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, and the TechnologyDevelopmentFundunder theMinistryof Industry,EnergyandTourism.Eachof the funds isgovernedbyaBoardofDirectors,theallocationofgrantsbeingsubjecttoanextensivepeerreviewprocess.

lRannis provides the Science and Technology Policy Council and its subcommittees with information onscientificresearchandtechnologydevelopment,nationallyandinternationally,asabasisforthepolicymakingprocess.

lRanniscoordinatesandpromotesIcelandicparticipationinvariousinternationalresearchanddevelopmentactivitiesand interactswithcorrespondingagenciesand researchcouncils inothercountries.Rannis is theNCPhostorganisationfortheEU’s7thFrameworkProgramme.

lRannismonitorsresourceallocationinIcelandandR&Dactivities,evaluatestheresultsofscientificresearch,technicaldevelopmentandinnovation,andparticipatesininternationalbenchmarkingoftheresults.

lRannispromotespublicawarenessofresearchandinnovationinIceland.

4

Icelandicstatisticsonresearch,developmentandinnovation

5

Thisbookletprovidesanabstractofresearchanddevelopment(R&D)statisticsinIcelandandisbasedonanextensivedatabasethathasbeencollatedbyRannisanditspredecessorssince1970.PreviousbookletscanbedownloadedfromtheRanniswebsite(www.rannis.is).Thecollectionandprocessingofthedatahasbeenorganised in accordance with the procedures in OECD’s Frascati Manual. Furthermore, Rannis activelycollaborateswithEurostatandvariousinstitutionsintheNordiccountries.Rannis’surveyofR&DactivitiesinIcelandisconductedbiannually.In2005,datawasgatheredfrom1.200companiesselectedfromtheStatisticsIcelanddatabaseof firmswithmore than fouremployees,aswell aspublic institutions involved inR&D. InadditiontotheR&Dsurvey,RanniscollectsdataonR&Dfromanumberofexternalsources,e.g.commercialcompanies,publicinstitutions,includinginstitutionsofappliedindustrialresearch,highereducationandprivatenon-profitorganisations.

OtheranalysingandstatisticalactivitiesRannisperformsstatisticalworkinanumberoffieldsotherthanR&D.OneimportantareaisthecollationandprocessingofdataoninnovationamongIcelandiccompanies,usinginformationsuppliedbyStatisticsIceland;thisformspartofaEuropeanProject,CIS(CommunityInnovationSurvey)conductedbyEurostatincollaborationwiththeOECD.RannisalsoprocessesdatainthefieldofeducationsuppliedbyStatisticIceland,theUniversityofIcelandandothers.Moreover,Rannisprocessesdataonpublicationsandcitationsandonpatentapplicationsandgrants.ResearchersfromRannisplayanactivepartincollaborativeNordicandEuropeanprojectsinareasconcerning to statistics and policy-making in science, technology, innovation and other aspects of theknowledge-basedeconomy.

Whatareresearch,developmentandinnovation?

Researchanddevelopment(R&D)*referstoanycreativeworkundertakenonasystematicbasisinordertoincreasethestockofknowledge,includingknowledgeofman,cultureandsociety,andtheuseofthisstockofknowledge to devise new applications. R&D covers three activities: basic research, applied research andexperimentaldevelopment.

Basicresearchreferstoexperimentalortheoreticalworkundertakenprimarilytoacquirenewknowledgeoftheunderlying foundationofphenomenaandobservable facts,withoutanyparticularapplicationoruse inview.

Appliedresearchreferstooriginalinvestigationundertakentoacquirenewknowledge;itisdirectedprimarilyataspecificpracticalaimorobjective.

Experimentaldevelopmentreferstosystematicwork,drawingonexistingknowledgegainedfromresearchandpracticalexperience,directedatproducingnewmaterials,productsordevices,toinstallingnewprocesses,systemsandservices,ortoimprovingsubstantiallythosealreadyproducedorinstalled.

Innovation**istheimplementationofaneworsignificantlyimprovedproduct(goodsorservices),orprocess,anewmarketingmethod,oraneworganisationalmethod inbusinesspractices,workplaceorganisationorexternalrelations.Innovationisalwaysatleastnewforthefirm,butmayalsobenewforthelocalenvironmentortheworldasawhole.

Fourtypesofinnovationaredistinguished:productinnovation,processinnovation,marketinginnovationandorganisationalinnovation.

6

Productinnovationistheintroductionofgoodsorservicesthatareneworsignificantlyimprovedwithrespecttocharacteristicsorintendeduse.Thisincludessignificantimprovementintechnicalspecifications,componentsandmaterials,incorporatedsoftware,userfriendlinessorotherfunctionalcharacteristics.

Processinnovation istheimplementationofaneworsignificantlyimprovedproductionordeliverymethod.Thisincludessignificantchangesintechniques,equipmentand/orsoftware.

Marketing innovation is the implementation of a new marketing method involving significant changes inproductdesignorpackaging,productplacement,productpromotionorpricing.

Organisationalinnovationistheimplementationofaneworganisationalmethodinafirm’sbusinesspractices,workplaceorganisationorexternalrelations.

7

*FrascatiManual,2002.**OsloManual,2005.

Highlights

l Government appropriations to research and development, as stated in the national budget, in fixed 2010prices,amountedto17,4billionISK(ca.106MEUR)in2010and15,3billionISK(ca.94MEUR)in2011.Approximately40%ofthecontributionwasallocatedtothehighereducationsectorand30%tovariouspublicinstitutions.

l In2011,publiccompetitivefundingofresearchanddevelopmentwasasumofapproximatelythreebillionISK(ca.12MEUR).Publiccompetitivefundingaccountedfor17%ofthetotalR&Dexpenditure.

l The European Union, from 2007 to 2010, allocated four billion ISK (ca. 24 MEUR) to Icelandic partnersparticipatingintheEU’s7thFrameworkProgramme.

l In2007,7,8%oftheGDPinIcelandwasallocatedtoeducationalinstitutions,whichshareisalittleovertheOECD average. Icelanders allocate proportionally relatively less to tertiary education and relatively more toprimary,secondaryandpost-secondaryeducationcomparedtootherOECDcountries.

l 31%ofIcelanders,25to64yearsold,havetertiaryeducation,whichisalittleabovetheOECDaverageof28%ofpeopleinthisagerangewithtertiaryeducation.

l In2009,82Icelandersattainedtheirdoctoratedegree.Womenwereinmajorityofgraduates(63%).

l In2009,R&DexpenditureinIcelandamountedto46,5billionISK(ca.214MEUR).AsashareoftheGDP,R&Dexpenditureaccountedfor3,1%.

l IcelandrankedfifthamongOECDcountriesfortheR&D/GDPratio.

8

9

l ThetotalR&Dexpenditure in fixedpricedhas increasedby700hundredmillion ISK (4MEUR)since2007.HowevertheGDPhasdecreasedby200millionISK(ca.1MEUR)since2007.

l Ofallsectors,R&Dexpenditurewashighestinthehealthsectorandindustryin2009.

l In2009,49%ofthetotalexpenditureonR&Dwasfinancedbytheprivatesector,40%bythegovernmentand10%ofthefundingcamefromabroad.

l Intotal5.500personsperformedR&DinIcelandin2009,accountingforapproximatelyfourthousandfulltimeequivalents(FTE).MostoftheFTE’s(42%)wereperformedwithintheprivatesector.

l 76%oftheFTE’swereperformedbyresearchersandmostlymenperformedtheR&D.

l 57%ofIcelandicfirms,withatleastfouremployees,tookpartininnovativeactivitiesduring2006to2008.

l Iceland has shown the largest increase (900%) in the publication of articles in peer reviewed journals inrelativetermssincetheearly1980s.TherelativegrowthofotherNordiccountrieshasbeenconsiderablylower.

l ThenumberofIcelandicpatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOfficehasincreasedby40%inatenyearperiod,from13,7applicationsperhundredthousandinhabitantsin2001to22applicationsin2010.

Listoftablesandfigures

Figure1.Overviewofresearch,developmentandinnovationinIcelandin2009. 11Figure2.NumberofgrantsfromtheTechnologyDevelopmentFundbyindustrialclassificationfrom2008to2010. 15Figure3.NumberofgrantsfromtheIcelandicResearchFundbyfieldsofsciencefrom2009to2011. 16Figure4.TotalR&Dexpenditureinfixed2009pricesandR&DexpenditureaspercentageofGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)from1981to2009. 21Figure5.R&Dexpenditureasashare(%)ofGDPinvariousOECDcountriesfrom2000to2009. 22Figure6.R&Dexpenditurebythemeinfixed2009pricesinmillionISKfrom2001to2009. 23Figure7.R&DexpenditureinthehighereducationsectorbyfieldofscienceintheNordiccountriesinmillionISKin2007. 25Figure8.R&DexpenditurebybusinesssectorbyNACEclassificationinmillionISKfrom2003to2009. 26Figure9.TotalR&DexpenditurepercapitaandR&DexpenditureasashareofGDPinvariousOECDcountriesfrom2007to2009. 27Figure10.PercentageofEuropeanbusinessenterpriseswithinnovationactivitiesfrom2006to2008. 31Figure11.DevelopmentintotalpublicationactivityintheNordiccountriesfrom1989to2008. 32Figure12.Publicationincreasefrom1984to2008. 33Figure13.ImpactofscientificpublicationsinselectedOECDcountriesfrom2006to2007. 34Figure14.Employmentinknowledgeintensiveactivitiesin2009. 36

Table1.StatecontributiontoresearchanddevelopmentbysourceoffundinginmillionISKinfixed2011pricesfrom2010to2011. 12Table2.StatecontributiontoresearchanddevelopmentbyrecipientinmillionISKinfixed2011pricedfrom2010to2011. 13Table3.PubliccompetitivefundingofresearchanddevelopmentinmillionISKinvariablepricesandfixed2009pricesfrom2007to2011. 14Table4.OverviewofIcelandicparticipationintheEU’s7thFrameworkProgrammefrom2007to2010. 17Table5.ExpenditureoneducationalinstitutionsasapercentageofGDPbylevelofeducationin2007. 18Table6.Percentageofthepopulationthathasattainedtertiary-typeBeducationortertiary-typeAandadvancedresearchprogrammes,byagegroup. 19Table7.NumberofdoctoraldegreesintheNordiccountriesfrom2004to2009. 20Table8.TotalR&DexpenditurebysourceoffundsandperformingsectorinmillionISKin2009. 24Table9.R&Dpersonnel(fulltimeequivalent,FTE)bysectorofperformanceandoccupationin2009. 28Table10.R&Dpersonnel(fulltimeequivalent,FTE)intheNordiccountriesbysectorandnumberofresearchersthereofin2009. 29Table11.R&DpersonnelinbusinessenterprisesintheNordiccountriesin2009. 30Table12.NumberofpatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOfficeperthousandinhabitantsfrom2001to2010. 35

10

Figure1.OverviewofresearchanddevelopmentinIcelandin2009.

Source:InnovationUnionCompetitivenessReport,2011.11

R&Dintensity(GrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(GERD)as%ofGDP)

BusinessenterpriseexpenditureonR&D(BERD)as%ofGDP

PublicexpenditureonR&Das%ofGDP

Newdoctoralgraduates(ISCED6)perthousandpopulationaged25-34**

Researchers(FTE)perthousandlabourforce

Scientificpublicationswithinthe10%mostcitedpublicationsworldwideas%oftotalscientific

publicationsinthecountry

PCTpatentapplicationsinsocietalchallengesperbillionGDP(PPS€)***

PCTpatentapplicationsperbillionGDP(PPS€)

Employmentinknowledgeintensiveactivitiesas%oftotalemployment****

UnitedStates

EU

Referencegroup*

Iceland

Thesourcesdatebackto2007to2009,anemphasisisplacedonpublishingthemostrecentdata.*ThereferencegroupcomprisesIreland,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,IcelandandNorway.**ThestatisticsonnewdoctoralgraduatesonlyincludegraduationsfromIcelandicuniversities

andnograduationsfromabroad.***PatentapplicationsinsocietalchallengesrefertothenumberofPCTpatentapplicationsinclimatechangemitigationandhealth.Patentsinclimatechangemitigationequalthoseinrenewableenergy,electricandhybridvehiclesandenergyefficiencyinbuildingsandlighting.Patentsinhealth-relatedtechnologiesincludethosein

medicaltechnology.****Knowledge-intensiveactivitiesaredefined,basedonEULabourForceSurveydata,asallISATindustriesat2-digitlevelwhereatleast33%ofemploymenthasahighereducationdegree(ISCED5orISCED6).

35,138,5

43,1

4,34,0

4,93,0

0,90,6

0,90,5

15,311,6

16,217,7

9,26,3

6,815,9

1,61,61,6

0,5

0,70,7

1,01,4

2,01,3

1,01,6

2,82,0

1,83,1

1.Foundationsforresearch,developmentandinnovation1.1.Governmentappropriationstoresearchanddevelopmentbasedonthestatebudget

Source:Rannis..12

R&Doftotalcontribution(fixedprices)

in2010

Percentagein2010

R&Doftotalcontribution

in2011

Percentagein2011

Changefrom2010to2011

in%

MinistryofEducation,ScienceandCulture 10.696 61,3 9.240 60,3 -13,6

MinistryofIndustry,EnergyandTourism 1.314 7,5 1.172 7,6 -10,8

MinistryofFisheriesandAgriculture 2.902 16,6 2.532 16,5 -12,8

MinistryofWelfare 1.367 7,8 1.277 8,3 -6,6

MinistryfortheEnvironment 965 5,5 944 6,2 -2,2

MinistryoftheInterior 191 1,1 169 1,1 -11,4

Total 17.434 100 15.334 100 -12,0

Table1. GovernmentappropriationstoresearchanddevelopmentbysourceoffundinginmillionISKinfixed2011 pricesfrom2010to2011.

Source:Rannis.13

1.Foundationsforresearch,developmentandinnovation1.1.Governmentappropriationstoresearchanddevelopmentbasedonthestatebudget

R&Doftotalcontribution(fixedprices)

in2010

Percentagein2010

R&Doftotalcontribution

in2011

Percentagein2011

Changefrom2010to2011

in%

Universitiesanduniversityinstitutions 7.244 41,6 6.441 42,0 -11,1

EUFrameworkProgrammeforR&D 1.498 8,6 1.016 6,6 -32,2

Funds 2.945 16,9 2.675 17,4 -9,2

Institutions 5.483 31,5 4.971 32,4 -9,4

Projects 264 1,5 232 1,5 -20,2

Total 17.434 100 15.334 100 -12,0

Table2. GovernmentappropriationstoresearchanddevelopmentbyrecipientinmillionISKinfixed2011 pricedfrom2010to2011.

Source:Rannis.14

Variableprices Fixed2009prices

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

TheIcelandicResearchFund 590 750 815 815 783 769 871 815 758 704

TheTechnologyDevelopmentFund 500 600 690 720 720 651 697 690 670 647

TheEquipmentFund 110 115 115 115 111 143 134 115 107 100

TheIcelandicResearchFundforGraduateStudents

80 90 100 100 96 104 105 100 93 86

StrategicResearchProgrammes 105 160 315 315 285 137 186 315 293 256

FundsadministeredbyRannis 1.385 1.715 2.035 2.065 1.995 1.804 1.991 2.035 1.921 1.793

IncreasedValueinFisheries(AVS) 235 335 335 306 266 306 389 335 285 239

Otherfunds 37 56 39 47 66 48 65 39 44 59

Total 1.657 2.106 2.409 2.418 2.327 2.159 2.445 2.409 2.249 2.091

1.Foundationsforresearch,developmentandinnovation1.2.Thefinancingofresearch,developmentandinnovation

Table3. PubliccompetitivefundingofresearchanddevelopmentinmillionISKinvariablepricesandfixed 2009pricesfrom2007to2011.*

*Basedonthenationalbudget.

Source:Rannis.


15

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Figure2. NumberofgrantsfromtheTechnologyDevelopmentFundbyindustrialclassification from2008to2010.

Source:Rannis.


16

1211 10 118

13 13129

11

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2011

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ApplicationsGrantsApplicationsGrantsApplicationsGrantsApplicationsGrants

Engineering,technicalsciencesandphysical

sciences

Naturalsciencesandenvironmentalsience

Healthsciencesandlifesciences

Socialsciencesandhumanities

Figure3. NumberofgrantsfromtheIcelandicResearchFundbyfieldsofsciencefrom2009to2011.

Source:E-CORDA.17

ThematicAreas NumberofIcelandicprojects

NumberofIcelandicpartners

NumberofIcelandic

applications

Successrate(%)

EUcontributiontoIcelandicpartnersinmillion€

TotalEUcontrib.toproj.withIcelandicparticipationin

million€**

Health 13 14 56 23 6,7 75,9

Food,agriculture,fisheriesandbiotechnology 6 10 60 10 2,3 25,7

Informationandcommunicationtechnology 5 5 66 8 1,0 19,9

Nanosc.,nanotechn.,materialsandnewprod. 2 2 12 17 0,1 7,3

Energy 3 3 12 25 0,3 6,6

Environment,incl.climatechange 14 14 42 33 2,4 67,1

Transport,incl.aeronautics 3 3 19 16 0,2 5,7

Socio-economicsciencesandhumanities 4 4 32 13 0,6 11,1

Space 2 2 4 50 0,1 3,0

Security 1 2 5 20 0,3 7,0

GeneralActivities(AnnexIV) 1 1 1 100 0,0 4,0

Ideas(EuropeanResearchCouncilgrants) 1 1 23 4 2,4 2,4

Mobility-MarieCurieactions 21 21 105 20 5,8 17,8

Researchinfrastructures 8 9 14 57 0,6 42,4

ResearchforthebenefitofSME’s 10 12 63 16 0,8 18,7

Regionsofknowledge 0 0 3 0 0,0 0,0

Scienceinsociety 3 3 18 17 0,2 2,0

Supportforthedevelopm.ofresearchpolicies 2 2 3 67 0,2 2,0

Total 99 108 538 27 24,0 318,6

*The7thFrameworkProgrammewillbeinplaceuntil2013.ThedatawascompiledinAugust2011anddoesthereforenotreflecttheoverallresultsofIceland’sparticipationintheFP.**AllEUfundedprojects.


Table4. OverviewofIcelandicparticipationintheEU’s7thFrameworkProgrammefrom2007to2010.*

Source:OECD,EducationataGlance,2010.18

Primary,secondaryandpost-secondary

non-tertiaryeducation

Tertiaryeducation Totalalllevelsofeducation**

Tertiaryeducationsasashareoftotal

education

Belgium 4,1 1,3 6,1 21,3

Denmark 4,3 1,7 7,1 23,9

Finland 3,6 1,6 5,6 28,6

Netherlands 3,7 1,5 5,6 26,8

Ireland 3,5 1,2 4,7 25,5

Iceland 5,1 1,2 7,8 15,4

OECDaverage 3,6 1,5 5,7 26,3

Norway 3,7 1,3 5,5 23,6

Switzerland 4,0 1,2 5,5 21,8

Sweden 4,1 1,6 6,3 25,4

Germany 3,0 1,1 4,7 23,4

1.Foundationsforresearch,developmentandinnovation1.3Education

Table5. ExpenditureoneducationalinstitutionsaspercentageofGDPbylevelofeducationin2007.*

*Themostrecentsourcesdatebackto2007.**Expenditureonpreschooleducationisincludedinthesectionshowingtotallevelsofeducation.

Source:OECD.19

Tertiary-typeBeducation*

Tertiary-typeAandadvancedresearchprogrammes

Totaltertiary

25-64inthousands

Age 25-64 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 25-64 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 25-64 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 25-64

Belgium 16 20 17 15 12 16 23 18 14 10 32 42 35 29 22 1.866

Denmark 7 8 8 7 5 27 35 29 25 21 34 43 37 32 26 998

Finland 15 5 20 19 15 22 33 24 17 14 37 38 44 37 29 1.052

Netherlands 2 2 3 2 2 30 38 30 28 24 32 40 33 31 26 2.871

Ireland 12 14 13 10 7 22 31 23 17 12 34 45 37 27 19 792

Iceland 3 2 4 4 3 28 31 32 26 21 31 33 36 30 24 51

OECDavera. 9 10 10 9 7 21 27 22 18 15 28 35 29 25 20 -

Norway 2 2 2 3 3 34 44 36 29 25 36 46 38 32 28 894

Switzerland 10 10 11 11 9 23 29 25 21 18 34 38 36 31 27 1.433

Sweden 9 8 8 9 9 23 32 24 19 18 32 41 33 28 26 1.541

Germany 9 6 9 10 9 16 17 17 16 15 25 24 27 26 24 11.315


Table6. Percentageofthepopulationthathasattainedtertiary-typeBeducationortertiary-typeAandadvanced researchprogrammes,byagegroup.

*Tertiary-typeBprogrammes(ISCED5B)aretypicallyshorterthanthoseoftertiary-typeAandfocusonpractical,technicaloroccupationalskillsfordirectentryintothelabourmarket,althoughsometheoreticalfoundationsmaybecoveredintherespectiveprogrammes.Theyhaveaminimumdurationoftwoyearsfull-timeequivalentatthetertiarylevel.

Source:Norbal.20


2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Denmark Total 960 1.103 975 1.072 1.138 1.239

Perthousandpopulation 17,8 20,4 18,0 19,8 21,1 22,9

Women 385 456 398 449 478 570

Men 506 647 577 623 660 669

Finland Total 1.399 1.422 1.409 1.526 1.526 1.642


Women 636 698 660 772 831 861

Men 763 724 749 754 695 781

Iceland* Total 66 69 58 48 58 82


Women 31 41 31 26 25 52

Men 35 28 27 22 33 30

Norway Total 782 855 905 1.030 1.244 1.148


Women 307 343 347 459 560 518

Men 475 512 558 571 684 630

Sweden Total 2.763 2.757 2.768 2.853 2.914 2.694


Women 1.232 1.247 1.269 1.352 1.375 1.367

Men 1.531 1.510 1.499 1.501 1.539 1.327

*Icelandersattainingdoctoraldegreesabroadaccountedfor.

Table7. NumberofdoctoraldegreesintheNordiccountriesfrom2004to2009.

Source:Rannis.

2.Researchanddevelopmentinbusinessenterprisesandorganisations2.1R&Dexpenditure

21

Figure4. TotalR&Dexpenditureinfixed2009pricesandR&Dexpenditureas percentageofGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)from1981to2009.*

50.000

45.000

40.000

35.000

30.000

25.000

20.000

15.000

10.000

5.000

0

R&

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20

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ces

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illio

nIS

K

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1990

1991

1993

1995

1997

1998

1999

20002001

2002

2003

2004

2005

20062007

2008

2009

3,5%

3,0%

2,5%

2,0%

1,5%

1,0%

0,5%

0,0%

R&

D/G

DP

R&D/GDP

R&Dexpenditure

*Statisticsforevenyearsareestimates.


20

R&

De

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nd

itu

rea

sa

sh

are

(%

)o

fG

DP

Finland

Sweden

Iceland

Denmark

Germany

Belgium

Canada

EU-27*

Netherlands

Ireland

Norway

OECDaverage

Source:RannisandOECD,MainScienceandTechnologyIndicators,2010.

4,5

4,0

3,5

3,0

2,5

2,0

1,5

1,0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

*The27EUmemberstatesasofJanuary1st,2007.

Figure5.R&Dexpenditureasashare(%)ofGDPinvariousOECDcountriesfrom2000to2009.

22

Source:Rannis.23

Figure6.R&Dexpenditurebythemeinfixed2009pricesinmillionISKfrom2001to2009.


50.000

45.000

40.000

35.000

30.000

25.000

20.000

15.000

10.000

5.000

02001 2003 2005 2007 2009

922793

1.935494

12.879

1.819

13.297

3.724

13.032

690

8.192

3.327

740

2.646

943

2.201

10.983

1.236

7.218

4.352

4972.4856081.077

5.761 6.4908.585 8.281

13.440

1.166

8.523

4.343

472

3.351

4961.534

14.803

1.654

8.922

3.649

881

3.262

2.829

1.182

Fisheriesandagriculture

Generalindustry

Energyprod.anddistribution

Health

Naturalresourcesandexpl.

Socialmatters,cultureandeducation

Transportandplanning

Economy,environment,etc.

Basicresearch

5.424

Source:Rannis.24

Sourceoffunding Performingorganisation Totalfunding

Businessenterprises

% Highereducation

% Publicorganis.

% Privatenon-prof.

% Total %

Businessenterprises 21.054 85,6 946 8,2 670 7,2 - - 22.669 48,7

Publicfunding 966 3,9 9.471 81,9 7.962 85,3 412 39,7 18.810 40,4

Privatenon-profit - - 152 1,3 - - 93 8,9 245 0,5

Fromabroad 2.579 10,5 995 8,6 697 7,5 534 51,4 4.805 10,3

Totalperformed 24.599 100 11.564 100 9.329 100 1.038 100 46.530 100

Share(%)oftotalR&Dexpenditure

52,9 24,9 20,0 2,2 100


Table8.TotalR&DexpenditurebysourceoffundsandperformingsectorinmillionISKin2009.

Source:RannisandOECD,Science,TechnologyandR&DStatistics.


25

Denmark240,6

Norway193,8

Finland180,1

Iceland**11,6

Sweden400,5

19%

22%

32%

6%

14%

7%13%

23%

38%

15%

11%

25%

20%

23%

8%

21%

3%

21%

10%

35%

10%

21%

3%

21%

12%

31%

9%

15%

12%

Naturalsciences

Engineering Medicalsciences

Agriculturalsciences

Socialsciences

Humanitites

*ThemostrecentOECDsourcesonR&Dexpenditureinthehighereducationsectordatebackto2007.**R&DexpenditurewithinthehumanitiesintheIcelandichighereducationsectormeasureslessthanhalfapercent

Figure7.R&DexpenditureinthehighereducationsectorbyfieldofscienceintheNordiccountries inmillionISKin2007.*

Source:Rannis.


26

2009

2007

2005

2003

Researchanddevelopment

Chemicalindustry

Computerservices

Telecommunication

Variousindustryproduction

Variousservices

Foodandbeverages

Financeandinsurance

Transport

Metalindustry

Fisheries

Businessservicesandrelated

Construction

Electricalandheatingutilityservices

Agriculture

MillionIcelandickrona

1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.0000

Figure8.R&DexpenditurebybusinesssectorbyNACEclassificationinmillionISK from2003to2009.

Source:RannisandOECD,MainScienceandTechnologyIndicators,2010.


27

200.000

180.000

160.000

140.000

120.000

100.000

80.000

0

1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5

R&DexpenditureasshareofGDP

R&

De

xpe

nd

itu

rep

er

cap

ita

(IS

K)

Ireland Belgium

Netherlands

Norway

Germany

Iceland

Denmark

Sweden

Finland

Figure9. TotalR&DexpenditurepercapitaandR&DexpenditureasashareofGDPinvariousOECD countries.Developmentfrom2007to2009.

Source:Rannis.28

Researchers Technicians Supportstaff Total

Businessenterprises Total 1.126,3 322,4 128,4 1.577,1

Women 344,7 125,0 35,0 504,7

Men 781,6 197,4 93,4 1.072,4

Publicorganisations Total 551,7 171,3 98,0 821,0

Women 221,0 88,7 33,2 342,9

Men 330,7 82,6 64,8 478,1

Highereducation Total 1.124,6 96,1 29,5 1.250,2

Women 493,3 32,3 21,7 547,3

Men 631,3 63,8 7,8 702,9

Privatenon-profit Total 63,6 35,8 10,4 109,8

Women 30,3 32,5 5,9 68,7

Men 33,3 3,3 4,5 41,1

All Total 2.866,2 625,6 266,3 3.758,1

Women 1.089,3 278,5 95,8 1.463,6

Men 1.776,9 347,1 170,5 2.294,5

2.Researchanddevelopmentinbusinessenterprisesandorganisations2.2Personnelinresearchanddevelopment

Table9. R&Dpersonnel(fulltimeequivalent,FTE)bysectorofperformanceandoccupationin2009.

Source:RannisandOECD,MainScienceandTechnologyIndicators,2010.29

TotalFTE*

Denm. % Finl. % Iceland % Norway % Sweden % Total %

Businessenterprises 38.153 66,7 32.237 58,1 1.577 43,3 18.166 50,3 54.285 71,7 144.418 63,3

Publicresearchorg. 1.805 3,2 6.787 12,2 816 22,4 6.270 17,4 2.605 3,4 18.283 8,0

Highereducation 17.241 30,1 16.490 29,7 1.250 34,3 11.655 32,3 18.857 24,9 65.493 28,7

Total 57.199 100 55.514 100 3.643 100 36.091 100 75.747 100 228.194 100

ResearchersFTE

Denm. % Finl. % Iceland % Norway % Sweden % Total %

Businessenterprises 21.754 61,9 23.633 58,4 1.126 40,2 12.661 48,2 29.101 62,1 88.275 58,3

Publicresearchorg. 1.302 3,7 4.505 11,1 547 19,5 4.450 16,9 1.483 3,2 12.287 8,1

Highereducation 12.061 34,3 12.304 30,4 1.125 40,2 9.162 34,9 16.308 34,8 50.960 33,6

Total 35.117 100 40.442 100 2.798 100 26.273 100 46.892 100 151.522 100


Table10. R&Dpersonnel(fulltimeequivalent,FTE)intheNordiccountriesbysectorandnumberofresearchers thereofin2009.

*Adiscrepancycanfoundbetweenthetotalamountsintables9and10.Thisisbecausetable9includesinformationonFTE’sinprivatenon-profitorganisations,thesefiguresarehoweverlackingintable10.

Source:OECD,InnovationUnionScoreboard,2010.30

Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden

TotalnumberofR&Dfulltimeequivalents(FTE)inbusinessenterprises

38.153 32.237 1.577 18.166 54.285

TotalnumberofresearchersFTE’sinbusinessenterprises 21.754 23.633 1.126 12.661 29.101

TotalnumberofR&Dfulltimeequivalentsperthousandoflabourforce

20,1 22,8 22,4 13,8 16,9

TotalnumberofresearchersFTE’Sperthousandoflabourforce

12,3 16,6 17,0 10,1 10,5

Numberofwomenasashare(%)oftotalnumberofresearchers

30,2 31,4 41,0 35,2 35,1

TotalnumberofR&Dfulltimeequivalentsperthousandemployeesinbusinessenterprises

19,7 18,8 12,9 10,8 18,1

TotalnumberofresearchersFTE’sperthousandemployeesinbusinessenterprises

11,3 13,8 9,2 7,5 9,7

Employmentinknowledge-intensivebusinessenterprisesoftotalemploymentinallbusinessenterprises

15,2 14,9 18,8 15,0 15,6

RankingoftheinnovationactivitiesofEuropeancountries 3 4 14 17 2


Table11. R&DpersonnelinbusinessenterprisesintheNordiccountriesin2009.

Source:RannisandtheCommunityInnovationSurvey,2008.

3.Innovationactivitieswithinbusinessenterprises

31

100

80

60

40

20

0

Pe

rce

nta

ge

(%

)o

fb

usi

ne

sse

nte

rpri

ses

wit

hin

no

vati

on

Ge

rma

ny

Luxe

mb

ou

rg

Be

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m

Po

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l

Ice

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lan

d

Est

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ia

Au

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a

Cyp

rus

Cze

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ep

ub

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Sw

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ly

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lan

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-27

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vakia

Ro

ma

nia

Bu

lga

ria

Lith

ua

nia

Hu

ng

ary

Po

lan

d

Latv

ia

Figure10. PercentageofEuropeanbusinessenterpriseswithinnovationactivitiesinthetimeperiodfrom2006to2008.

Source:NordForsk,2010.

4.Outcomeofresearch,developmentandinnovation4.1.Publicationsinpeerreviewedjournals

32

Figure11. DevelopmentintotalpublicationactivityintheNordiccountriesfrom1989to2008.*

*Thedataisbasedonfractionalizedcounts.Allthebasicunits(addresses)inapublicationshare1credit,andacountrygets1fractioneachtimeitappearsintheaddresslist.Forexample,inanarticlewith4Swedishaddressesand1Icelandicaddress,Swedenreceives4/5andIceland1/5ofthecreditforthearticle.

70.000

60.000

50.000

40.000

30.000

20.000

10.000

0

1989-1993 1994-1998 1999-2003 2004-2008

Sweden

Denmark

Finland

Norway

Iceland

5639341.0691.470

Tota

l

Source:NordForsk,2010.


33

Figure12. Publicationincreasefrom1984to2008.*

*Theyear1984=100.

1 .100

1.000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Iceland

Norway

Finland

Denmark

Sweden

World

Pu

blic

ati

on

vo

lum

ein

de

x

1.003

534

198

4

198

5

198

6

198

7

198

8

198

9

199

0

199

1

199

2

199

3

199

4

199

5

199

6

199

7

199

8

199

9

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

Source:NIFUSTEPandNationalScienceIndicatorsThomsonReuters.


34

Figure13. ImpactofscientificpublicationsinselectedOECDcountriesfrom2006to2007.*

*Worldaverage=100.

Iceland

Switzerland

Denmark

Netherlands

UnitedStates

Belgium

Ireland

UnitedKingdom

Sweden

Finland

Germany

Canada

Norway

France

20 40 60 80 100 120 1400

158

157

143

143

134

133

131

131

129

125

125

123

122

119

160

Source:EPO.35

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Belgium 14,5 15,3 16,1 17,7 21,2 20,9 21,8 21,3 18,3 21,6

Denmark 22,0 21,8 24,1 25,4 28,9 30,0 32,3 37,9 37,1 38,9

Finland 43,6 43,3 37,8 40,5 43,7 43,2 51,0 51,7 45,6 48,4

Netherlands 40,5 47,9 50,5 49,7 53,1 51,4 50,3 50,7 48,1 42,9

Ireland 9,9 10,9 10,7 10,6 11,3 13,3 13,0 15,0 15,1 15,3

Iceland 13,7 13,9 20,4 15,7 15,2 19,4 17,3 21,3 19,1 22,0

Norway 13,9 13,2 12,7 11,7 13,9 14,9 14,1 16,0 16,2 17,5

Switzerland 66,8 70,4 72,0 75,3 83,4 91,4 94,3 92,1 88,8 99,8

Sweden 44,3 39,1 35,5 38,6 39,7 43,8 47,7 53,1 45,0 45,6

Germany 32,2 32,1 33,0 34,2 35,4 37,3 39,1 40,7 37,3 40,5

4.Outcomeofresearch,developmentandinnovation4.2.Patents

Table12. NumberofpatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOfficeperthousandinhabitantsfrom2001to2010.

Figure14. Employmentinknowledgeintensiveactivitiesin2009.*

Source:InnovationUnionScoreboard,2010.

5.Employmentinknowledgeintensiveactivities

36

Be

lgiu

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De

nm

ark

Fin

lan

d

Ne

the

rla

nd

s

Ire

lan

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No

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Sw

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20

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Em

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ivit

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as

as

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tale

mp

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t

*Knowledge-intensiveactivitiesaredefinedasallISATindustriesat2-digitlevelwhereatleast33%ofemploymenthasahighereducationdegree(ISCED5ogISCED6).

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