research methodology final project
TRANSCRIPT
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1. Statement of the ProblemAn exponential increase in the touristic activities can be seen in Anton. Huge
buildings are constructed near towns and more people choose to move to this district. To
make of this place a touristic destination, it is important to work on effective services to
offer to tourist as well as excellent attention and accommodations. Most importantly, the
place must be clean and organized. Sadly, Anton is facing serious sanitary problems such as
garbage accumulation, unclean lots, and shedding of sewage; garbage piles up in big
quantities, the owners of properties do not care about cleaning their lots, the sewage
filtration systems has collapsed because of being unable to manage such big amounts of
rubbish. These three phenomena are undoubtedly the most common and noticeable.
These district sanitation problems happen for two main reasons. First, the lack of
organization and a well-thought-out plan by Anton officials has brought about
accumulation of garbage and the existence of unclean lots that host all kinds of pest. The
inefficient and almost null application of laws has not decreased the problematic. This is
why; a coherent action by authorities is required. Second, there is a lack of involvement and
consciousness by the community of Anton. Easy tasks such as not throwing garbage in
public places and taking responsibility over their propertys cleanliness reflect the
population belief in putting the blame on everybody else rather than themselves and their
own actions. An educational program is urgently needed to make Anton people aware that
real changes start from the inside-out.
Undoubtedly, the interest on Antons sanitation has been awakened by the divisive
decision of authorities to place a landfill site in El Jobo. But, is garbage the main problem?
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2. Objectives of the Researchy To find out the main sanitary problem in Anton.y To determine the main factors that take part in Antons sanitation problems.y To recognize the most important consequences of this phenomena in peoples lives.y To confirm whether sanitary inspections and projects are executed or not.y To verify whether El Jobo community has sanitary problems.y To establish possible solutions and ways to action against Antons sanitary
problems.
3. Statement of the Research Questionsy Which is the main sanitary problem in Anton?y Which are the factors that take part in the happening of Antons sanitation
problems?
y What are the consequences of this phenomenon in peoples lives?y How often are sanitary inspections executed?y Does El Jobo have sanitary problems?y What are some solutions to these sanitary problems?
4. Statement of the HypothesisAntons main sanitary problem is garbage due to the lack of a convenient system for
the treatment of waste disposals. This phenomena affects the life of population bringing
about illnesses, pest and decreasing economy.
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5. Research Background/ContextAntn District is a district of Cocl Province in Panama. The population according
to the 2000 census was 44,039. The district covers a total area of 749 km. The capital lies
at the city of Antn. The district is divided administratively into the following
corregimientos: Antn (capital), Cabuya, El Chir, El Retiro, El Valle, Juan Daz, Ro
Hato, San Juan de Dios, Santa Rita and Caballero.
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B. PLAN OF RESEARCH
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1. Study/Experimental DesignThis research study is descriptive because it describes some of the factors that have
an impact in the occurrence of Antons sanitation problems, some consequences of this
phenomenon, and the communities most affected. According to Hernndez Sampiere
(2003), descriptive studies specify the properties, characteristics and important features of
people, groups, communities and any other phenomenon which can be subject of an
analysis. The research plan includes the steps to collect data from people and the sampling
approach; as well as the instruments used to gather information.
2. Selection of cases/participants (sampling)The participants include all the inhabitants of Antons district. The sampling method
is random as this type of technique offers a sample which fulfill the characteristics needed
for the study. The sample takes account of people from different ages, social status and sex.
It is representative since it stands for no less than 10%. The main characteristic of the
sample is that of living in Anton.
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3. SettingAnton District is selected for undergoing this research because of the controversial
placement of a landfill site in one of this districts communities. This fact arouses the
attention of investigators on this place sanitation.
4. Data collection procedures and instrumentsThe instrument of a study is the mechanism used by the researcher to collect and
record in data. This study has been developed upon a primary instrument: the interview.
The interview is composed of twelve questions; five of which are qualitative questions and
seven are quantitative questions. The steps to be followed for the data analysis and
presentation are (1) interview session, (2) data totaling, (3) graphics design, (4)
interpretation of data, and (5) presentation of the results.
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5. Data Analysis1
stChart: Happening of sanitation problems in Anton according to populations
opinion.
Happening of sanitation problems in Anton
N
Yes 25
No
Total 25
Analysis: According to the interview results, 100% of the interviewed people agree
that, indeed, Anton has sanitation problems. This is an indicator that this place can
present healthy and environmental problems in the future.
100%
0%
Happening of Sanitation Problems in Anton
Yes
No
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2nd Chart: Main sanitation problems in Anton according to populations opinion.
Main Sanitation Problem in Anton
N
Garbage Accumulation 15
Sewage 14Abandoned Lots Dirtiness 18
Others 3
Total 50
Analysis: According to the interview results, 6% of the interviewed people think
that problems such as clogged gutters, construction waste and the public market
sanitation are main problems; whereas, 28% of the interviewed people consider that
sewage is a major crisis. Moreover, 30% of the interviewed people feel that trash
accumulation is being the core difficulty; while 36% of the interviewed people
strongly believe that the dirtiness of abandoned lots is the most important problem.
30%
28%
36%
6%
Main Sanitation Problem in Anton
Garbage Accumulation
Sewage
Unclean Lots
Others
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3rd
Chart: Responsible of sanitation problems according to populations opinion.
Responsible of Sanitation Problem
NAuthorities 22
Population 17
Private Corporations 5
Total 44
Analysis: According to the interview results, 50% of the interviewed people think
that authorities have the main responsibility in the happening of Anton sanitation
problems. The 39% considers that the population is the responsible, while 11% of
the interviewed people believe that private corporations are indeed responsible. It is
important to highlight that most of the interviewed people agree that not only
authorities, but also population are the core responsible.
50%
39%
11%
Responsible of Sanitation Problems
Authorities
Population
Private Corporations
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4th Chart: Most affected communities by sanitation problems according to
populations opinion.
Most Affected Communities
NLas Guabas 9
El Ciruelito 6
Rio Hato 2
The center of Anton 14
Barriada El Mirador, Pozo Rico,Cinega Vieja, El Bajo and Anton (The
whole of it)
1
El Jobo 3
Total 59
Analysis: According to the interview results, 36% of the interviewed people thinkthat the center of Anton is the most affected community; whereas 23% consider that
Las Guabas community is being hardly affected. 15% of the participants believe
that El Ciruelito is highly impacted, over 8% who considers that El Jobo is being
more affected. 5% of the interviewed people think that Rio Hato community is
being importantly impacted while 2% and 3% of the pool participants believe that
Barriada El Mirador, Pozo Rico, Cinega Vieja, El Bajo and Anton (The whole of
it) are the most affected.
36%
23%
15%
8%
5%
2%2% 3%
3% 3%
Most Affected Communities
The centerofAnton
LasGuabas
El Ciruelito
El Jobo
Rio Hato
BarriadaEl Mirador
PozoRico
Cinega Vieja
El Bajo
Anton (Thewholeofit)
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5th
Chart: Consequences of sanitation problems according to populations opinion.
Consequences of Sanitation Problems
PestN
IllnessesN
BadOdors
N
PollutionN
AppearanceN
RobberyN
Garbage
Accumulation
10 9 6 3 --- ---
Sewage --- 7 4 --- --- ---
Abandoned
LotsD
irtiness
15 1 1 --- 2 1
Total 25 17 11 3 2 1
Analysis: According the interview results, and in relation to garbage accumulation,
17% of the interviewed participants think that pest is a major consequence, 15%
believes that illnesses are an important effect while 10% believes that bad odors are
negative outcomes over 5% who thinks that pollution would be a serious
consequence. Additionally, 12% of the people states that illnesses are troubled
effects of the shedding of sewage whereas 7% say that bad odors would be an
unwanted outcome. Besides, 25% of the interviewed participants consider that pest
is a big effect of unclean lots. Illnesses, bad odors and robbery are given 1% each
and a bad appearance is given 3% on the rank. Finally, people mention other
consequences such as appearance and robbery, each of them ranking 1%.
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Garbage
Accumulation
Sewage Unclean Lots Others
10
15
9
7
1
6
4
1
32
11 1
Consequences of Sanitation Problems
Pest Illnesses BadOdors Pollution Appearance Robbery
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6th
Chart: Impact in Anton economic growth according to populations opinion.
Impact in Anton Economic Growth
N
Yes 17
No
Total 25
Analysis: According to interview results, 68% of the interviewed people think that
economy in Anton can be affected by sanitation problems. This 68% strongly
believes that trash accumulation, sewage and abandoned lots would definitely affect
tourism, economic incomes, and investment. On the other hand, 32% of the
interviewed participants consider that economy would not be affected at all.
68%
32%
Impact in Anton Economic Growth
Yes
No
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7th
Chart: Occurrence of sanitation projects in Anton according to populations
opinion.
Occurrence of Sanitation Projects in Anton
N
Yes 13
No
Total 25
Analysis: According to the interview results, 52% of the interviewed people say that
sanitation projects are executed in Anton. These range from fumigation, trash and
educational programs. In contrast, 48% of the participants say that any sanitation
project is developed. This percentage of the participants might not know of the
programs being developed or the programs do not seem to solve their necessities.
52%
48%
Occurrence of Sanitation Projects in Anton
Yes
No
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8th Chart: Occurrence of sanitation problems in El Jobo according to populations
opinion.
Occurrence of Sanitation Problems in El Jobo
NYes 4
No
Dont know 10
Total 25
Analysis: According to the interview results, 16% of the interviewed people say that
there are sanitation problems in El Jobo, while 44% says that there are no sanitation
problems in this place. On the other hand, 40% of the participants assure to not
know about El Jobos current sanitation yet they affirm this place is not the best
option for the landfill site. It is important to draw attention to the fact that most of
the participants have never visited El Jobo at the moment of the interview.
16%
44%
40%
Occurrence of Sanitation Problems in El Jobo
Yes
No
Don't know
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9th Chart: Frequency of sanitation-related inspections in Anton according to
populations opinion.
Frequency of Sanitation-Related Inspections in Anton
NOnce a year 9
Twice a year 8
Never
Others 5
Total 25
Analysis: According to the interview results, 36% of the interviewed people say that
inspections occur once a year. 32% of the participants assure that inspections come
about twice a year while 12% declares that inspections never happen. On the
contrary, 20% of the interviewed people say that inspections occur whenever asked,
each month, six times a year, each two months and each month. It can be inferred
that this service might not be as effective as expected given that the frequency to
which it happens is lower to the majority of the population.
36%
32%
12%
20%
Frequency of Sanitation-
Related
Inspections
in Anton
Onceayear
Twiceayear
Never
Others
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10th Chart: Recommendations to solve sanitation-related problems in Anton
according to populations opinion.
Recommendations to Solve Sanitation-Related Problems in Anton
NInspections 3
Laws 6
More Efficient Services 8
Population Involvement 8
Projects 7
Dont know 2
Total 34
Analysis: 46% of the interviewed participants believe that the best solution for the
sanitation problems is the involvement of the population and more efficient services
by Antons officials. 21% thinks that the execution of educational and social
programs is the best solution while the exercising of laws is considered to be the
best solution against this phenomenon, ranking 18%. Moreover, 9% of the
interviewed people consider that more frequent inspections is a good alternative and
the left 6% says they do not know of a way to improve the situation.
9%
18%
23%23%
21%
6%
Recomendations to Solve Sanitation-Related
Problems in Anton
Inspections
Laws
MoreEfficientServices
PopulationInvolvement
Projects
Don't Know
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C. INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE DATAAccording to the data collected, the majority of Anton inhabitants agree that this
place, indeed, has sanitary problems. But, in spite of conventional beliefs, Antons main
sanitary problem is not garbage but unclean lots. The accumulation of garbage ranks second
in the top list followed by the shedding of sewage. The research team openly agrees with
these results given that the observations conducted in the area of study match the
conclusion. Investigators have not found any evidence of garbage accumulation or shedding
of sewages to support the results.
Most of the interviewed people think that local authorities are the responsible of
these phenomena. Yet they also argue that a lack of social responsibility by the inhabitants
is having a big impact. This fact can be confirmed by the research team since most of the
interviewed participants did not know about El Jobos current situation; but they
powerfully stated that this community was not the best place for the rubbish dump (Even
though, they had ever been to this place). It is important to note that people acknowledge
the authorities attempts to decrease the problematic, but they believe that these efforts must
be accompanied of a well-organized teaching campaign for the population. Anton
inhabitants also suggest officials to establish a wider range of the zones to be inspected as
they think the extent to which sanitation is supervised seems to be inadequate. Furthermore,
citizens strongly believe that these phenomena originate healthy-related consequences,
social incidents such as robbery and an economic cost for investment.
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II. CONCLUSIONAfter analyzing all the data collected in the research and taking into account the
results obtained from such investigation we can conclude that Anton does have
sanitation problems being the unclean lots the main one. This statement refutes
our hypothesis which stated the garbage accumulation as the main and most
noticeable problem of Anton district.
The unclean lots problem happens due to the populations lack of involvement
in the situation of the district. Also, because the owners of most of those lands
do not care about the consequences that uncleanliness can produce to the
community and even to themselves. On the other hand, we can say that the
authorities are not really involved with the possible solutions to these problems
even though they say they are implementing new strategies to make people
clean their lots. We state this since we could observe many unclean lots during
our research and all of this places were in the main streets of Anton and near the
schools which should be the cleanest places because they are the most
frequently visited.
As a secondary topic, we have the project of the landfill in El Jobo town.
Despite it is a controversial theme, much of the population do not know about
this topic but they assure that it is not a good idea to implement such project in
that community. Meanwhile, the authorities make certain that they have taken
into account different studies to guarantee the viability of the project in order
that nobody gets injured. In fact, they allege that the implementation of the
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project will bring an economical impact in the population since they will need
manpower and use recycling processes that will lead the population to have
other ways to earn money.
So, our final hypothesis would be that the facing sanitation problems being the
unclean lots the primary. This problem is happening due to a lack of
populations participation in the cleanliness of the town and an impartial
judgment from the authorities with the owners of such lots.
As we can see the sanitation problems in Anton are not being solved currently
and it is a peoples responsibility to apply the ways that will give a better look to
the community and mainly, a healthier and nicer lifestyle; and an authorities
obligation to firmly punish the .omission of laws and cleanliness lack of the
inhabitants.
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III. Attached Informationy Interview Sample
Interview to Lic. Esteban Ruiz. Antons Major Assistant.
1. Mr. Ruiz, do you think there are sanitation problems in Anton?A: Yes, unfortunately there are many problems in Anton.
2. Which problem do you consider is the most common?A: Well, I think the most common problem is the quantity of unclean lots due to the
fact many people is interested in buying real states in our district; nevertheless, once
they have acquired the land they forget about it and that is why we have a lot of
unclean and abandoned places.
3. Who do you think is the responsible of this problem?A: I think the population is the responsible because those are private properties and
they should take care of that.
4. In your opinion, which are the most affected communities?A: I would say that the most affected communities are: Rio Hato, Anton and Juan
Hombron even though they have big touristic attractions.
5. Which are the main consequences of these sanitary problems?A: The most noticeable consequences of the unclean lots are the proliferation of
mosquitoes and other plagues, junk accumulation and scraps.
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6. Do you consider that the economical development of the district is being affectedbecause of this sanitation problem and how is it affected?
A: Yes, and it is especially affected in the tourism. In Rio Hato we have the problem
that the rubbish dump is close to the big Hotels in which the tourism activity is
being done and that give a bad appearance of the place.
7. Does Anton district has sanitary projects? Could you mention some of thoseprojects?
A: Yes it does. Actually, we have several projects such as the Hormiguitas and
the garbage recollection. Also, we have a project in which the Municipality sends
people to clean lots and try to find the owner of those lots. In addition, we apply
fines to the people that do not take care of their lots or do not throw the garbage
properly. As a major project we have the landfill project in El Jobo.
8. In El Jobo community, do they face any sanitary problem currently? Wouldnt bethe implementation of the landfill in that community a trigger for the start of
epidemies or sicknesses in that community?
A: The landfill project in El Jobo has been taken through many viability studies in
order to make the community know that it is a safe project and that it wont damage
anybody in the community. The inhabitants of this town agree with the project,
however other people outside the community are those who oppose. The landfill
project have had a very careful environmental impact study and it will be based on
building up a giant garbage pool, the implementation of recycling methods and the
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use of trenches all around the pools. As a matter of fact, we may highlight that the
suggested location for the construction of this landfill is a municipal property which
once was otorged to Salomon Ponce Aguilera High School, but as they did not
made use of such land it came back to the municipality as it is stated in the laws.
9. What would you recommend to solve the sanitation problems in Anton?A: In fact, the Antons municipality is working in different ways along with the
Health Ministry giving trainings to the mayors and implying fines to the people who
do not clean their properties. Other strategy is to place on sale signposts in the
abandoned lots to make the owner appear and fine him or her.
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y Interview to Lic. Esteban Ruiz (Mayors Assistant)
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y On-area Observation
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IV. Reference Work
y http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3n_District y Interview made to Antons Mayor Assistant: Esteban Ruiz.y Interviews made to Antons inhabitants.