research psych health
TRANSCRIPT
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Health Research: Statistical tests,evidence, and peer-reviewed
literature
Psychological Health
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Data Analysis: Statistical Significance
Statistical tests are used to determine the natureof a relationship between 2 variables Is it a TRUE relationship or is it due to chance?
The p-value is often used as a cut-point forstatistical significance Probability value
What is the probability that a particular valueoccurred by chance, assuming there is no
relationship? P
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Statistical Significance
p-values come in all forms
0.05 is the cut off
Often see 0.01, 0.001, .0000
NOTE: A smaller p-value does not mean a result ismore significant or stronger
p
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Data Analysis: T-tests and Group
Differences
Examining differences between two groups
T-tests (and F-tests) statistical procedures to
compare two (or more) group means
Statistical difference between two group
means yields a p-value
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Data Analysis: Correlational Coefficient
and linear relationships
Linear relationships
as X changes, Y also changes
Numerically quantify the relationship between
the dependent (Y-variable) and independent
(x-variable)
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Data Analysis: Correlational Co-
efficient
Pearson product-moment correlation (r)
Measure of the strength of a correlation between
variables
Range: -1 to +1
Positive values=direct relationship
As one variable increases, related variable also
increases Negative value=indirect relationship
As one variable increases, related variable decreases
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Steps of the Scientific Method:
Drawing Conclusions
Drawing conclusions
CHOCOLATE
INTAKE
Body
fatness
r= - 0.11
p-value=0.01
What can we conclude about chocolate and body weight?
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Error in Research
No research study or researcher is perfect
Measurement error Incorrect use of measurement tools
Measurement tools that dont measure what they are
meant to measure Researcher error
Recording results
Implementing experimental procedures
Participant error Memory bias (record incorrectly)
Social desirability bias
Misunderstanding of the questions
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Steps of the Scientific Method
Observe a phenomenon and ask a question
Form a hypothesis (is there a causal
relationship; what do you think will happen?)
Test hypothesis (research study)
Analyze data and draw conclusions (statistical
analysis) Communicate your results (informed
literature publications, lab report)
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Steps of the Scientific Method:
Communication
Communicate your results
Publish in peer-reviewed journals
Present at conferences
Write lab reports (in this class)
Communications must be transparent and clear
Communicate purpose, methods, analysis & results
Allow for critique and feedback Demonstrate reproducibility
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Peer-reviewed Scientific Literature
Peer reviewed (aka refereed)
Submit research articles to journals for publications
Expert review and critique research
Provides check on research promotingpublication of only quality, systematic, and
informative research
Peer-reviewed journals Specific subject areas
Experts on the editorial boards & as reviewers
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Peer-reviewed (Informed) Literature
Caveat: All published research is not goodresearch?
It is still your responsibility as a good consumer to
critically evaluate the evidence to form your ownopinion
Methodological weaknesses
Design issues
Sources of bias
Analytical weaknesses
Data open to interpretation
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Using Scientific Research
One study is generally NOT enough evidence
to support a particular treatment or course of
action at least not as a standard
Compile findings from multiple studies of
different types
Explain health and diseases
Identify effective treatments and interventions
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Evidence Based Practice
Applying the best available research results(evidence) when making decisions about healthcare. Health care professionals who perform
evidence-based practice use research evidencealong with clinical expertise and patientpreferences. Systematic reviews (summaries ofhealth care research results) provide information
that aids in the process of evidence-basedpractice.
- Agency for Healthcare Quality Researchhttp://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/glossary-of-terms/?filterletter=e
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Evidence Based Practice
Relies on scientific research studies
Based on numerous and varied studies
Standards of practice are NOT based on One study
Opinion
Value
what weve always done
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Evidence Pyramid
For more information (if you are interested) http://researchguides.uic.edu/ebm
Weak Evidence
Strongest Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Randomized controlled trials
Cohort studies
Case-control studies
Case series
Case reports
Ideas, Editorials, Opinions
Animal research
In vitro (cell) research
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Other sources of health information
Most of us arent reading peer-reviewed journals forhealth information
Where do we learn about health (besides this class)?
How do you know when a source is reliable orcredible? Type of source
Use of experts Use of research to back up facts
Author/editor credited
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Psychological Health
Reading: Chapter 2 Promoting andPreserving your Psychological Health, pg 28-
55
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Announcements
Kresge Library Tutorial
Lab 1
Topic: Stress
Article posted on moodle
Directions to come
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Announcements
Suggestions for note-taking
Print or download notes prior to class
Print 4-6 per page and write on the those
Compare handwritten notes with the notes
posted on line after class (if you dont print notes)
Fill in the gaps with your book (or come to office
hours) If something is NOT in the book/readings I will almost
always have it written out for you
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CONTINUING WITH RESEARCHMETHODS
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Psychological Health
Mental dimensions of health
Includes social, emotional & spiritual aspects of well-being
Involves physical dimension of health
heart rate
blood pressure
digestive system
weight
immunity
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Elements of Psychological Health
Feeling good about yourself (and your limitations)
Feeling comfortable with others
Adequate expressions of respect and compassions
Controlling tension and anxiety Consciously avoid irrational thoughts, excessive
excuse making, or blaming others Meet demands of life problem solve
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Elements of Psychological Health
Curb hate and guilt
Maintain positive outlook (more optimistic than
pessimistic)
Value diversity
Enjoy nature and/or conscious of place inuniverse
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Positive Psychology
The scientific study of the strengths and virtues
that enable individuals and communities to thrive.
The field is founded on the belief that people want
to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives, to cultivatewhat is best within themselves, and to enhance
their experiences of love, work, and play.
From the Positive Psychology Center (UPenn)
http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu
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Positive Psychology
Focus on emotional well-being, positive aspects ofcognition Conscious movement away from focus on abnormal psychology
or mental disorders
study of happiness, resiliency, strength in character ability to adapt to change and stressful events in healthy and
flexible ways
Select goals of positive psychology:
How to promote happiness and well-being How to improve learning and productivity
Understanding motivation
Understanding strength and resilience
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Positive Psychology
Recommended readings
Happiness Hypothesis by Jonathan Haidt Stumbling on Happiness by Dan Gilbert
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Psychological Health: Influences
Family
Encourage, support
Social Support (friends)
Community
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Psychological Health: Influences
Self-efficacy
Self-esteem
Learned helplessness Learned optimism
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Psychological Health: Influences
Personality
Extroversion vs Introversion
Agreeableness
Openness to experiences (inquiring intellect)
Emotional stability
Conscientiousness
Resiliency
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Psychological Health: Influences
Life-stage
Adolescence vs adulthood
Transitions
Life events
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MENTAL ILLNESS
Disruptions in psychological well-being
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Mental Illness
Disorders that impair daily functioning by
affecting
Diagnostic Criteria
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental
Disorders 5th edition (DSM-V) by the American
Psychiatry Association
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Diagnosing Mental Illness
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental
Disorders V by the American Psychiatry
Association
http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx
Sets criteria for
Diagnosis
Treatment
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Treating Mental Illness
Psychotherapy
talk-therapy
Goals of psychotherapy
Understand
Provide
Examples
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Dialectical therapy
From: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/psychotherapies/index.shtml
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Treating mental illness
Medications
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Anxiety Disorders
Characterized by persistent feelings of threat
and worry
Anxiety disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic attacks
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Level of anxiety
Fight or flight symptoms unchecked
Develops over time
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
Diagnosis
Exhibit at least 3 symptoms more days than
not for at least 6 months
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Panic Disorders
Panic attacks
Sudden onset-Anxiety
Severe physical symptoms: on- edge to heart
attack
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Panic Disorders
Causes:
Genetic
Over-active sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Recurrent, unwanted thoughts and repetitive
behaviors
Intrusive thoughts
Rituals
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Recurrent, unwanted thoughts and repetitive
behaviors
Knowledge of irrationality
Diagnosis
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Responses to a previously experienced trauma
that occur in absence of the event
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Mood Disorders
Experience persistent emotional states
Sadness, despair, euphoria
interfere with daily or usual functiongin
Major depression
Dysthymic disorder
Bipolar disorder
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Event associations
Physical symptoms
Dissociation
f i i
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More Information on Anxiety
Disorders
National Institute of Mental Health
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-
disorders/index.shtml
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Causes of Mood Disorders
Interaction of genes, environment, and
personal history
Treatment
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Major Depression
Most common mood disorder
Women TWICE as likely to suffer from
depression
Depressed mood that interferes with work,relationships, daily functioning
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Major Depression (DSM-IV)
Depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in lifeactivities for at least 2 weeks
At least five of the following symptoms
Cause clinically significant impairment in social, work, orother important areas of functioning almost every day
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Dysthymic Disorder
Chronic, persistent, mild depression
Affects 1.5 million American adults (3%)
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Dysthymic Disorder
Depressed mood most of the day for more days thannot, for at least 2 years
Presence of two or more of the following symptoms
Cause clinically significant impairment in social, work, orother important areas of functioning
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Bipolar Disorder
Manic depression
Severe mood swings
Highs to lows
Affects 2.6 % population (5.7 million
Americans)
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Bipolar Disorder
Symptoms of mania
increased
decreased need more talkative than usual
flight of ideas
distractibility
psychomotor agitation excessive involvement in pleasurable activities
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Recognizing Mood Disorders
Difficult to notice, attend, and talk about
On-line screening available at Gannett
http://www.mentalhealthscreening.org/screening
/?keyword=OAKLAND
http://www.mentalhealthscreening.org/screening/?keyword=OAKLANDhttp://www.mentalhealthscreening.org/screening/?keyword=OAKLANDhttp://www.mentalhealthscreening.org/screening/?keyword=OAKLANDhttp://www.mentalhealthscreening.org/screening/?keyword=OAKLANDhttp://www.mentalhealthscreening.org/screening/?keyword=OAKLAND -
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Information on Mood Disorders
National Institute of Mental Health (nimh.gov)
Depression:
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depressio
n/index.shtml Bipolar:
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-
disorder/index.shtml
American Psychological Association (apa.org)
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml -
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Other Mental Health Issues
Self-injury
Suicide
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Self-injury
Self-harm, self-mutilation, cutting
NOT a suicide attempt, but a coping
mechanism
Often associated with
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Self-injury
Preventing behavior while developing coping
skills
Identifying triggers
Identifying plan of action for the trigger
For more information
www.selfinjury.org
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Suicide
Third leading cause of death among 15-24
year olds
90% have a diagnosable mental condition
Sex differences
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Risk factors for Suicide
Risk factors
Recent loss
Inability to let go of grief
History of depression
Expressed a desire to kill themselves
Previous suicide attempts
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Common Signs
Change in personality
Sexual dysfunction
Expressions of Change in
Preoccupation with
A direct statement Indirect statement
Final preparations
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Suicide Prevention
What you can do:
Know warning signs
Take threats seriously
Let the person know how much you care about him orher.
Ask directly.
Do not belittle the persons feelings.
Help come up with alternatives.
Tell someone; do not keep your suspicions to yourself
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Resources
National Suicide Prevention Hotline
1-800-273-8255 Suicidepreventionlifeline.org
International Suicide Prevention http://suicideprevention.wikia.com/wiki/International_Suicide_Prevention_Directory
Veterans Crisis Hotline
1800-273-8255 (1)
http://www.veteranscrisisline.net
http://suicideprevention.wikia.com/wiki/International_Suicide_Prevention_Directoryhttp://suicideprevention.wikia.com/wiki/International_Suicide_Prevention_Directory