research showcase 2010 - eit · research showcase 2010. ... showing that the “economic way of...

ResearchShowcase

2010

InsideIntroduction 1

Showcase 1Hold that positionDr Bob Marshall’s research quantifies the competitive advantage for sailors who can maintain good hiking technique in racing dinghies.

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Showcase 2Water is a precious taongaDr Benita Wakefield shares her findings on the proposed water storage dams within the Tukituki catchment to determine the implications on Tangata Whenua cultural values.

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Showcase 3Learning to think like an economistDonna Petry and Janet Turvey’s pilot study investigates whether or not EIT students are assimiliating the ‘economic way of thinking’.

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Showcase 4Back with the All BlacksTom Johnson’s passion for rugby informs the research topic for his doctoral degree.

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Showcase 5Collaborative efforts with wineMalcolm Reeves is welcomed as a Visiting Professor to the China Agriculture University in Beijing, where he is involved in wine research.

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Showcase 6New approach eases stress for chronically illTim Mapel and Jillian Simpson explore the efficacy of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in alleviating stress for people with chronic illness.

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Showcase 7An artistic exploration of New Zealand’s man aloneWellesley Binding investigates the evolution of a national male identity around an artistic tradition.

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Showcase 8Nurse-led clinic boosts children’s healthRuth Crawford and Catrina Riley demonstrate how nurse-led interventions can achieve substantial improvements in children’s health.

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Showcase 9Checks prepare youngsters for schoolDr Kay Morris Matthews finds the life chances of more Hawke’s Bay children are enhanced by completing the Before School Check (B4SC).

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Showcase 10Symbolic meanings in marketing systemsDjavlonbek Kadirov and Richard Varey ask, what is a marketing system when it is viewed from the perspective of meanings and symbols?

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Showcase 11Appraising protection value of bond covenantsNoel Yahanpath and Sze Kee Koh find that bonds issued in New Zealand offer very limited protections to bondholders.

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Research outputs 20

ReseaRch showcase 2010

We’ve appointed four research professors, each with leading reputations in their fields of study. We’ve given priority to staff who are able to engage in applied research activity that is of benefit to Hawke’s Bay people, communities, businesses and organisations.

Applied research is important for a teaching and learning institution such as EIT. It underpins the wide range of degrees and post-graduate qualifications that are now available from EIT. But it is more than just about that. We want our applied practical research activities to be about Hawke’s Bay – advancing the cause of Hawke’s Bay businesses, communities and agencies. We are proudly Hawke’s Bay, and that is where we want to put our energy, and also into any areas where Hawke’s Bay has a national specialist leadership role to play within New Zealand.

Also important to EIT are the research relationships we have established with other organizations. These include the Hawke’s Bay District Health Board,

the Primary Health Organisations, the New Zealand Nursing Council, the Hawke’s Bay Children’s Holding Trust and NZ Sport and Recreation. We are also able to point to an increasing number of collaborations between researchers at EIT and their colleagues in other tertiary institutions, including China Agricultural University and the Universities of Waikato and Western Australia.

Show cased here is a snap shot of some of the research activity that is occurring across the institution. It represents a developing maturity of research at EIT, due in no small part to our ability to attract high calibre scholars. For example, we are proud to profile Dr Benita Wakefield, our first Foundation for Research, Science and Technology (FoRST) post-doctoral fellow.

I hope this will give you a better idea of some of the research capability we have at EIT. And if you have any ideas or research questions which you think EIT could help you with, don’t hesitate to give us a call.

Chris Collins, Chief Executive

IntroductionIn recent years, EIT has focused significant time and resources to build up and strengthen our applied research capabilities.

easteRn InstItute of technology 1

“we are proudly Hawke’s Bay, and that is where we want to put our energy…”

2 ReseaRch showcase 2010

Hold that position

While dinghy sailors and their coaches know that poor hiking positions affect the direction that boats can head and decrease their on-water speed, Professor Bob Marshall’s research provides data to quantify those effects and shows racing sailors the advantages of being able to hold a good hiking position.

Dinghy sailors use their body weight to produce a ‘righting moment’ which counteracts the moment of force caused by the wind on the sail. This is known as hiking and allows the boat to ‘point’ higher into the wind and travel the distance faster. Maintaining good hiking technique throughout a race is therefore essential in competitive sailing, but hiking is a physically demanding activity and difficult to execute while buffeted by wind and waves. Bob’s research has been able to quantify the effects on boat speed when sailors slip from a fully extended, ‘hard’ hiking position to a resting or ‘bunny’ position (see the graph).

Land-based hiking simulators have been used in the past to assess hiking technique but no information

was available to relate simulator results to on-water performance. To fill this gap, Bob undertook research on Wellington Harbour using two of New Zealand’s top international laser sailors. In each trial they sailed upwind, demonstrating three levels of righting moment while hiking and holding the position for approximately sixty seconds. Meanwhile, GPS data on the Lasers’ speed and direction were collected, as well as video footage of the sailors’ hiking positions.

The analysis involved averaging the GPS data for each trial and across subjects. Single images from the video for each hiking position were also analysed to calculate the sailor’s centre of mass, using a four-segment human body model, and the righting moment about the fore/aft centreline of the boat. Average changes in righting moment were then plotted against average changes in speed and heading.

The results showed the extent to which changes in hiking position produce decreases in boat speed and concurrent changes in direction, making it possible to calculate the effects of speed and heading on the time it takes to sail a typical leg in a race. For example, sailing one half of a 3.3 km beat in the bunny position will take approximately 3 min 20 sec longer than sailing the entire leg in the hard position. This information is useful for coaches and sailors, providing a guide to the effects of poor hiking positions and the physical training necessary for sailors to be highly competitive.

This research was funded by the Wellington City Council and SPARC.

Technology-based research quantifies the competitive advantage for sailors who can maintain good hiking technique in racing dinghies.

Dr BoB MArSHALL PhD, Biomechanics

Research Professor, Health & Sport Sciencee [email protected]

SHowcaSe 1

Dr Bob Marshall

“research was undertaken on Wellington harbour using two of New Zealand’s top sailors…”

TIME (min)

0:27:25 0:31:250:30:250:29:250:28:25

SPEE

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m/h

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2

4

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12Hard 2

675 Nm 651 Nm 581 Nm

Rest 2Bunny 2

Hard 2a


water is a precious taonga

Dr Benita Wakefield is currently completing her three year Post Doctorate study on the waterways within the Ruataniwha plains and the Mohaka River.

In the last year Dr Wakefield has been focusing on the proposed water storage dams within the Tukituki catchment to determine the implications on Tangata Whenua cultural values. The cultural impact assessment study completed by Dr Wakefield indicated there was particular concern for how increased demand for water irrigation for land use intensification will impact on water quality and water flows. Further, there are concerns about the cumulative impact on the ecological health of fresh water native fisheries, including wahi tapu/wahi taonga sites of cultural importance, as many of the streams are now running dry and taonga species seriously under threat.

A major aim of the study is to examine how Tangata Whenua are participating at governance and operational levels on the ecological health management

of water ways in particular. Historically Tangata Whenua concerns had been largely ignored with devastating consequences to cultural values, lifestyle, social, political and economic development of marae/hapu. There have been several claims filed with the Waitangi Tribunal that includes the Waipukurau purchase, Gwavas, environmental and other areas. He Toa Takitini Group represent the Heretauanga-Tamatea claimants and will be seeking a Treaty settlement that will challenge the district and regional councils to ensure equal participation in decision making and the co-management of waterways in particular.

Another focus of Dr. Wakefield’s research is to explore how marae/hapu are working towards the reclamation, restoration and revitalisation of traditional knowledge and practices to improve the mauri (life capacity) of

all taonga tuku iho (prized natural resources passed down through time immortal). The emphasis is on the development of succession plans that will ensure the transfer of traditional knowledge to future generations with the capacity and capability to uphold their responsibilities as Kaitiaki (guardians) of taonga with the confidence to realise their aspirations.

BENITA WAkEfIELD Ph.D.

FoRST Research Fellow, Te Manga Maorie [email protected]

“historically Tangata Whenua concerns had been largely ignored with devastating consequences…”

SHowcaSe 2

Benita wakefield

“Water is a precious taonga (prized possession), it is our connection to the source of all tapu (sacredness) which are the Atua (supernatural Gods), and sustains all life,” says Dr Benita Wakefield.


Learning to think like an economist

Donna and Janet have long been concerned that the introductory course in economics, a subject in the Bachelor of Business Studies and the New Zealand Diploma in Business programmes, doesn’t necessarily equip students to adopt the required conceptual way of thinking – a useful tool in business decision-making.

Their study adopts two research methods. In tests held at the start and conclusion of a summer school and a first semester programme, students were asked to identify and explain different economic terms or concepts in an article published in The Economist. Each student was also required to write a reflective journal as a means of tracking his or her progress towards learning to think like an economist.

The aim was to ascertain whether the programme’s present structure of prescription, learning outcomes and content is the best way to equip students with an economist’s conceptual thinking skills. The study encompassed a total of 25 students.

In the process of the research, the course was taught in the usual way, with instructional powerpoints, exercises and small group activities, and it remained focused on prescription learning outcomes.

While most students did develop a greater understanding of the subject, results were mixed, showing that the “economic way of thinking” is challenging for many within the constraints of a tight, content-driven, prescribed course of study.

As a result of their investigation, the researchers recommend a shake-up of the course in order to facilitate the adoption and assimilation of eight guideposts that constitute the economists’ world view.

Donna and Janet hope their work will add pedagogical value across other disciplines in a wide range of subjects taught at EIT and believe it will assist teachers and students to think more deeply about “how we can know certain things”.

“It could also generate a starting point to discover techniques that will improve those used to teach the courses by focusing on the economic way of thinking rather than the content of the various topics. This might enable students to feel more confident about the subject and assist them in retaining this way of understanding to be applied across their other subjects and in the real world.”

The researchers’ paper, ‘Shake-up: New Perspectives in Business Research & Education’, was presented at the 2010 New Zealand Applied Business Education Conference.

This pilot study investigates whether or not EIT students are assimilating the “economic way of thinking” while learning the content prescribed for the New Zealand Diploma in Business 520 Economic Environment course.

DoNNA PETry MCom (Hons)(Econ) Senior Lecturer, School of Business e [email protected] TurvEy BA (Hons)(Econ) Senior Lecturer, School of Business e [email protected]

SHowcaSe 3

Janet Turvey (left) and Donna Petry


Back with the all Blacks

One of New Zealand’s foremost rugby loose forwards of the 1960s, he represented Counties (1957), Waikato (1958), Auckland (1964) and Hawke’s Bay (1959-68) and maintains a close involvement with the sport.

The academic framework for Tom’s research is organisational culture and the macro and micro environmental forces for change in organisations. A culture may be affected by technological and physical changes to the macro environment, changes to the social system’s internal dynamics, and by historical circumstances.

As a high-performance sporting group with a well-established and internationally recognised brand, the All Blacks provide an interesting vehicle for the research.

Since their inception in 1903, the All Blacks have won 75 percent of their test matches – a record unmatched in international and professional sport. Supporters want to know if this winning ethos, bedded into the All Black culture, can be sustained to win the World Cup.

Has the original culture of New Zealand rugby changed as a result of macro-environmental forces? Equally compelling, have the All Blacks maintained their

own culture, and has this subsumed other cultural influences and potential subcultures?

The project calls for in-depth interviews with All Black captains and coaches. Interview subjects have been limited to these roles in deference to their leadership responsibilities and to better capture the cultural history of New Zealand’s national rugby sides.

The time span covered is divided into three eras.

The 1950-70s section encompasses the post-war, Depression and post-colonial periods when rugby was still an amateur game. The 1970-90s period takes in counter culture, the politics of identity, Maori activism and biculturism, while the two decades up to the present consider changing demographics, multiculturism, the impact of Pacific Islanders, the World Cup, professionalism and changing technology.

As well as considering what bearing the captaincy and leadership may have on the team’s future success, the study evaluates other macro-environmental factors. It reviews, for example, the intellectual capital being leached off by All Black players and coaches who go overseas with no recompense to the New Zealand Rugby Union, which is charged with sustaining the game nationwide and at all levels.

While it is too early to draw conclusions from the study, it has become clear that, whatever the era, the All Blacks have developed a culture that inspires in players a desire to win games and equally a fear of defeat.

A passion for rugby informs the research topic for Tom Johnson’s doctoral degree.

ToM JoHNSoN MBA, M Mgt (Management, Marketing)

Senior Lecturer, School of Businesse [email protected]

“since their inception, the All Blacks have won 75 percent of their test matches…”

SHowcaSe 4

Tom Johnson

collaborative efforts with wineMalcolm has recently been welcomed as a Visiting Professor to the College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering at China Agriculture University (CAU) in Beijing, where he has been involved in several collaborative projects researching wine.

One of the outcomes of this work is his joint authorship of a paper titled, “Yeast species associated with wine grapes in China”, for which the indigenous yeasts of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Chardonnay in four of China’s main wine-producing regions were investigated.

Previous research has demonstrated

that the variety of the fermenting yeast, including those indigenous to a region, influences the quality of the wine. Therefore, the winemaking world is increasingly investigating the contribution indigenous yeasts can make to a wine’s aroma, flavour and mouth feel.

The range of indigenous yeasts was found to be influenced by grape ripeness, vine variety and the vine-growing region. It seems that the severity of winter in the colder regions can reduce the total yeast count.

Having previously researched red wine phenolics, it was logical that while in China Malcolm should contribute to other research projects. These included anthocyanin profiles of red grape varieties specific to China, and phenolic profiles of red grapes grown in northwest

China’s Xinjiang region. Malcolm has also co-authored a paper with CAU researchers on molecular cloning and gene encoding of a specific enzyme in grapes involved with the production of phenylethanol, and more collaborative papers on phenolics in grape and wine are projected for 2010.

Research collaborations are a feature of Malcolm’s work. The variable contribution made by the vineyard to wine flavour was the subject of a paper co-authored by an EIT Bachelor of Wine Science student, staff of Te Awa winery, EIT and the University of Auckland. This research demonstrated that the quality rankings for several Sauvignon Blanc wines produced from different groups of vines in one vineyard were not consistent from one year to the next. The investigation established an interaction between location within the vineyard and the quality rankings of each vintage.

Achieving synergies through collaborative research is increasingly important, not just to achieve better quality outcomes for the research dollars spent, but also because it allows EIT staff to extend the research horizons available to them. Collaborating with other researchers has given academic staff in EIT’s School of Viticulture and Wine access to a wide range of skills and facilities beyond the campus boundaries.


MALCoLM rEEvES M Tech (Food)(Hons)

Senior Lecturer, Viticulture and Wine Sciencee [email protected]

“research collaborations are a feature of Malcolm’s work…”

SHowcaSe 5

Malcom Reeves

This study explores the efficacy of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in alleviating stress and improving coping skills for people with chronic illness.

Mindfulness is the attitude of living in the present moment with acceptance and openness. MBSR was developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. A well-documented research base has developed over the 30 years it has been offered in the USA. More recently, it has been trialled in other countries but is a relatively new approach in New Zealand.

This research project was supported by medical consultants at the Hawke’s Bay Hospital and funded through a Hawke’s Bay Medical Research Foundation grant. In replicating research done through the Waikato Psychology Centre, Tim and Jillian hope their efforts will build the evidence base in New Zealand/Aotearoa.

Thirty-six participants with a wide range of chronic health issues were recruited for the study and randomly allocated into an initial treatment group and a wait-list control group. Seven subsequently withdrew from the exercise.

Both groups took part in the intensive MBSR programme, which consisted of eight weeks of two-and-a-half-hour classes and a seven-hour semi-silent retreat. Simple meditation, relaxation and yoga exercises were taught as well as tools to live more mindfully in the present with acceptance and openness to their experience.

Seven established screening tools measured participants’ physical and psychological health and well-being before, after and six months following the completion of the interventions. Twenty-nine of those

taking part completed the training course and six-month follow-up questionnaires.

Quantitative analysis of the data demonstrated statistically significant health and well-being changes across almost all measures used, resulting from the MBSR training. Qualitative thematic analysis also showed a number of themes and sub-themes:

1 Positive physical changes

2 Changes in behaviour

3 Healthy psychological changes in a) attitudes, b) quality of life/well-being, c) self-efficacy/agency

4 Interpersonal changes ina boundaries and relationshipsb feedback from others

“Perhaps most importantly,” say Tim and Jillian, “most research participants were still practising the techniques they learnt six months after they completed their MBSR training thus maintaining the positive health benefits and ways of coping with their illness that they had learnt.”

Results are to be published in relevant medical, nursing and counselling journals.


New approach eases stress for chronically illChronic health issues are notoriously difficult to treat and cause the sufferer considerable physical and psychological stress.

TIM MAPEL MA (Distinction) (Counselling) Senior Lecturer, School of Applied Social SciencesJILLIAN SIMPSoN RN, MN Practice Nurse, The Doctors Napier

e [email protected] 6

Jillian Simpson and Tim Mapel

@ The Falls Acrylic on cAnvAs

“These works draw from a predominantly dark, tonally moody palette that evokes feelings of unease…”

Falling Into Man Island Acrylic on cAnvAs


an artistic exploration of New Zealand’s man aloneThis research project explores the evolution of a national male identity around an artistic tradition – the European models that inform visual accounts of this country’s landscape during the colonial period.

Fourteen works painted by Wellesley over the last 12 years chart his investigation of an invented place – a ‘man island’ – whose history, destiny and issues closely parallel that of New Zealand but differ, he points out, in significant ways. These paintings, most of them very large, comprise an exhibition entitled ‘@ Work’.

This painterly exploration draws on the landscape painting traditions of the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly those that incorporate ‘sublime’ motifs, as well as their application to a Romantic landscape vision of 19th Century North America and Australia.

During the course of Wellesley’s investigation, thematic and narrative settings were created in figurative paintings that scrutinise an ‘invented’ New Zealand. This is the mythological account of a nation shaped by a history of violence-in-landscape; a putative ‘coming to nationhood’ through spiritual and physical struggle with and in the land.

Wellesley’s artworks include bogus historical narratives playing out in sublime landscapes such as foreign battlefields. These landscapes are beset by the same ‘spirit of melancholy and sado-masochism’ that

pervaded a generation of artistic exploration by some of New Zealand’s creative greats – literary figures such as poet Alan Curnow and artists that included Colin McCahon.

The antics of corporate enthusiasts are depicted in a darkly mythologised and romanticised contemporary suburbia, threatened by an encroaching wilderness that alludes to writer Monte Holcroft’s notion that a dark spiritual presence is embodied in the New Zealand rainforest, foreign to the European psyche, wrecked by its progress, but lying dormant for what he called ‘an adventure of the spirit’.

Narratives follow the fall of the ‘man alone’ hero, like that of the protagonist in author John Mulgan’s novel, and of the hero artist – perhaps Wellesley himself – as they seek national identity in the promised land.

The existential hero takes a variety of forms. He is depicted naked in primitive landscapes, transmutes into an intrepid colonial artist and is cloned into a ‘brotherhood of suits’ intent on dubious spiritual quests.

Wellesley points out that the ‘man island’ could be viewed as imaginative – the repository of omissions from New Zealand’s account of itself.

These selected works draw from a predominantly dark, tonally moody palette that evokes feelings of unease. The more recent works in the exhibition, he says, trace the corporatisation of everything in narratives that play out in ‘corporatised’ landscapes.

WELLESLEy BINDINg MFA (Painting)

Lecturer, Visual Arts & Design e [email protected]

“Wellesley’s artworks include bogus historical narratives playing out in sublime landscapes…”

SHowcaSe 7

Nurse-led clinic boosts children’s health

The evaluation was of a clinic, funded by the Hawke’s Bay Primary Health Organisation, set up to improve health outcomes for children with high needs which included Maori and Pacific children and those in families with low incomes. The rates of common chronic health conditions are two to six times higher for these groups than for other New Zealand youngsters and reducing these health disparities is a goal underpinning health provision in this country.

At the medical centre in which the clinic was set up, 1644 children aged under 18 were identified in a single year as having chronic conditions such as atopic eczema, asthma, food allergies/intolerances, functional constipation, gastroesopheal reflex disease, nocturnal bedwetting and obesity. Children presented to the centre with these conditions between two and eight times a year.

These children were invited to the nurse-led clinic where nursing staff with advanced skills took the

lead to enhance the quality of care. Each 45-minute consultation with the nurse gave time to discuss the child’s condition with caregivers, to educate and offer prevention strategies. Wider social issues affecting the child and whanau were also assessed, such as financial needs, smoking cessation, transport issues, family violence screening and housing concerns.

Language barriers were managed with an interpreter service and the clinic embraced the Te Whare Tapa Wha concept which specifically includes the different dimensions of health – spiritual, physical, mental/intellect and the extended family.

To assess the effectiveness of the clinic, an audit was carried out with baseline data collected through questions and observation at the child’s first visit. Post-intervention data was collected a month later. Altogether, data was gathered from a total of 265 consultations over the 18-month period. The children’s whanau were asked to complete a consultation satisfaction survey and GPs working within the practice also had the opportunity to complete a survey about the clinic.

The audit found that fewer children were hospitalised during the assessment period than previously. There was a fifty percent plus reduction in those requiring antibiotics, and a thirty percent reduction in the children’s eczema severity, irritability and daily occurrences of pain. The audit also showed a ten percent reduction in constipation and nocturnal bedwetting.

The study helps establish the effectiveness of nurse-led clinic in achieving health gains for high-need sectors of the community.

ruTH CrAWforD RN, M Phil (Nursing) Principal Lecturer, School of NursingCATrINA rILEy RN, MN (Child & Family) Practice Nurse, The Doctors, Napiere [email protected]


SHowcaSe 8

catrina Riley

This study of a child-specific clinic in a general practice setting in Hawke’s Bay demonstrates how nurse-led interventions can achieve substantial improvements in children’s health.

Dr kAy MorrIS MATTHEWS M.Ed (Hons), PhD (Education)

Research Professor, Education & Social Sciencese [email protected]


SHowcaSe 9

These are among the findings of research done by Professor Kay Morris Matthews, Dr Russell Wills and their team, evaluating the Before School Check programme in Hawke’s Bay.

The Before School Check (B4SC), a Ministry of Health initiative, started in Hawke’s Bay in 2009 to identify

and address any health and behaviour concerns which could compromise a child’s ability to get the most benefit from school. Specially trained nurses set out to assess the general health, vision, hearing, oral health, development and behaviour of all four-year-olds living in the region.

Funded by the Hawke’s Bay Children’s Holdings Trust, the research team assessed the way in which the B4SC was achieving its aims to find out what interventions made a difference to the success of the programme and what differences the interventions made.

The evaluation drew on data that included the cumulative totals of checks completed and referrals made, interviews with representatives of the many

different groups engaged in the programme, and a survey of parents. Results showed that over 10 months, 84 nurses assessed 1848 four-year-olds – 84 percent of the total cohort. This included 75 percent of children in the poorest fifth of the population.

Over half of all children checked were referred to specialist services, most commonly dental, hearing and vision. Close to a third of the children required assessment for at least two health issues and the poorer the family the more likely this was to be the case.

While it remains a challenge to increase the percentage of completed checks for children in the most deprived families, the success of Hawke’s Bay’s Before School Check programme means it is now viewed as an exemplary model for district health boards nationwide. This is largely due to the strongly committed, collaborative approach by the agencies involved and to a system whereby all referrals go through a clinical nurse leader and triage team who decide on the appropriate referral for the child and follow it through to completion before the child starts school.

This EIT-led evaluation, undertaken in partnership with the Hawke’s Bay District Health Board and the Hawke’s Bay Primary Health Organisation, played a pivotal role in the ongoing process that marked the collaboration underpinning the programme’s success.

Researchers: Kay Morris Matthews, Russell Wills, Diana Mara, Ariana Stockdale Frost and Sharon Kirkpatrick have in press, ‘Improving school readiness with the Before School Check: Early experience in Hawke’s Bay New Zealand’, new Zealand Medical Journal (2010).

checks prepare youngsters for schoolThe life chances of more Hawke’s Bay children are enhanced because they can hear and see in class, do not have aching, decaying teeth, and are less likely to be prevented by their speech and behaviour from getting the most benefit from school.

a Before School check

Symbolic meanings in marketing systems

Their research develops the concepts that marketing is a sign system in which meaning is derived from social interaction and understood in the context of its historical and social environment. They point to a symbolic unfolding in marketing systems; an evolutionary process whereby

new assortments of a product type emerge in response to problematic side-effects associated with meanings that are dominant in the existing systems.

To illustrate this concept, the researchers looked at two brands of dolls owned by Mattel Inc. and argue that one, American Girl, developed to meet a cultural void created in symbolic opposition to the Barbie brand. They see historical events and social trends such as women’s emancipation, feminism, the development of labour-saving household appliances and modernity as promoting the environment in which Barbie emerged and eclipsed all other symbolic meanings for dolls in the USA.

But a negative side-effect resulted. Barbie was seen to be sexualising children at an early age. By contrast, the American Girl brand stands for domesticity, nurturing

skills, relationships and strong family values. This doll, therefore, evolved to meet a symbolic need identified only because the Barbie brand was imbued with other, quite different, symbolic meaning.

Cars are another example. The researchers argue that the system of marketing the hybrid car relies on the tension created by society’s problematic dilemma about sustainable mobility. In this respect, the hybrid car symbolically operates only against a gas-guzzling car model as a reference point. They both have meaning in the marketplace for being what the other is not.

From this investigation the researchers draw two implications for macro-marketing. One is that, while making a greater assortment of products and their symbolic meanings available to consumers is an effort towards improving standards of living, it is also an unending quest to address social contradictions and problems. The second is that marketing activity is unlikely to succeed unless the symbolic character of the marketing system is understood.

Hybrid cars and Barbie dolls helped Djavlonbek and Richard answer their research question, what is a marketing system when it is viewed from the perspective of meanings and symbols?


DJAvLoNBEk kADIrov PhD (Marketing) Lecturer, School of BusinessrICHArD vArEy PhD (Marketing) Professor of Marketing, University of Waikatoe [email protected]

“the hybrid car symbolically operates only against a gas-guzzling car model as a reference point…”

SHowcaSe 10

Djavlonbek Kadirov

Restrictive covenants may be embedded in bond issues to offer potential investors some comfort that the issuers will not behave to disadvantage their interests.

However, an examination by these two researchers of 29 bond issues on the Debt Exchange of the New Zealand

Stock Exchange undertaken before the introduction of the 2008 Securities Market Act indicates that the protection afforded bondholders is weak and limited. The legislation was passed in part to govern the actions of investment advisers and market participants.

The researchers found that bonds issued in New Zealand offer very limited protections to bondholders. Where they provide protections, these are not those deemed important to bondholders.

On average, only two to three types of convenants were embedded in the issues scrutinised, and only 27 percent of these convenants provided bondholders with full protection. Bondholders were not compensated for holding the additional risk.

If managers are only embedding restrictive covenants where they know the company will have very low risk of defaulting, say the co-authors of this research paper,

then the true level of such protections that restrictive covenants can provide to bondholders will be distorted and meaningless.

A company, for example, may embed some degree of restrictions in their investment, financing and dividend policies but can still transfer wealth from bondholders to its shareholders by shifting risk.

Recent legislative changes, the researchers believe, will go some way towards improving investor protection and confidence. But, they caution, this has yet to be seen.

The researchers propose an alternative bond protection assessment framework which directly assesses the level of protections that restrictive convenants provide tobondholders.

They first calculated the convenant quality score for each of the firms in the sample, grouping them into four protection categories. Then, using a bond assessment matrix, they categorised the bonds into strong and weak bonds and found the average return offered by the weak bond issues was lower than the stronger bond.

Potential investors could use this proposed scoring framework, it is suggested, complementing it with the traditional credit ratings when assessing their investment options.


appraising protection value of bond covenantsThe global recession has done much to weaken the faith of investors who, having learned the lessons of the economic crisis, are now looking for greater certainty in the financial landscape.

NoEL yAHANPATH MBA, BSc, ACA Senior Lecturer, School of Business e [email protected] kEE koH PhD Accounting and Finance Assistant Professor, Accounting and Finance

University of Western Australia

“bonds issued in New Zealand offer very limited protections to bondholders…”

SHowcaSe 11

Noel Yahanpath


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SCHooL of EDuCATIoN AND SoCIAL SCIENCESBray, P. (2009). a broader framework for exploring the influence of spiritual experience in the wake of stressful life events: examining connections between posttraumatic growth and psycho-spiritual transformation. Mental Health, Religion & Culture. advance online publication. doi:10.1080/13674670903367199

Bray, P. (2009). “But I have that within that passes show”: hamlet’s soliloquies as an expression of shakespeare’s loss and transformation. Consciousness, Literature and the Arts, 10(1). available from http://blackboard.lincoln.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/users/dmeyerdinkgrafe/archive/bray.html

cherrington, s., oldridge, l., & green, V. (2009). Evaluation of the Early Childhood Education Information and Communication Technologies Professional Learning Programme (ECE ICT PLP): Final report. available from http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/publications/ict/41987

crocket, K., Pentecost, M., cresswell, R., Paice, c., tollestrup, D., de Vries, M., & wolfe, R. (2009). Informing supervision practice through research: a narrative inquiry. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research: Linking Research with Practice, 9(2), 101-107.

giles, l. (2009). effect of students’ perception of workload on the quality of learning in higher education. The International Journal of Learning, 16(3), 399-408.

giles, l. (2009). Relationship between students’ perception of workload and learning. saarbrucken, germany: VDM Verlag.

Kirkland, J., Bimler, D., Rutgers, w., cleary, M., nelson, e., hill, l., & o’sullivan, J. (2009). thinking about thinking. New Zealand Principal, 24(4), 19-20.

Mara, D., & Busch, a. (with friedlander, K., simpson, s., Jackson, J., & de Vries, J.). (2009). Researching therapies: the assessment of students with intellectual disabilities. Kairaranga, 10(1), 9-14.

Morris Matthews, K. (2009). Degrees of separation? early new Zealand women principals, 1876-1926. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 4(3), 239-252.

Morris Matthews, K. (2009). Rosemary seymour - links and legacies. Women’s Studies Journal, 23(1), 4-18.

Postlewaight, g., & Mara, D. (2009). health initiatives in early childhood centres: a collaborative approach to research. In h. hamerton & c. Mercer (eds.), Research that works: Successful collaborations: Proceedings of the 5th Biennal Conference of the Institutes of Technology and Polytechs of New Zealand Research Forum, 2-3 October 2008, Bay of Plenty Polytechnic, Tauranga, New Zealand (pp. 91-95). wellington, new Zealand: Institutes of technology and Polytechs new Zealand.

wivell, J., & Mara, D. (2009). the impacts on adult children of family and fanau responsibility for elder family members: cross cultural perspectives. In h. hamerton & c. Mercer (eds.), Research that works: Successful collaborations: Proceedings of the 5th Biennal Conference of the Institutes of Technology and Polytechs of New Zealand Research Forum, 2-3 October 2008, Bay of Plenty Polytechnic, Tauranga, New Zealand (pp. 74-78). wellington, new Zealand: Institutes of technology and Polytechs new Zealand.

SCHooL of rECrEATIoN AND SPorT SCIENCEDean, s., Braakhuis, a., & Paton, c. D. (2009). the effects of egcg on fat oxidation and endurance performance in male cyclists. International

Journal of Sport Nutrition and Metabolism, 19(6), 624-644.

ferdinands, R. e. D., Kersting, u., & Marshall, R. n. (2008). a preliminary forward solution model of cricket bowling. International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering, 2(4), 211-215.

ferdinands, R. e. D., Kersting, u., & Marshall, R. n. (2009). three-dimensional lumbar segment kinetics of fast bowling in cricket. Journal of Biomechanics, 42(11), 1616-1621.

Marshall, R. n. (2009). Quality of dinghy hiking: effects on speed and heading [Poster paper]. In a. harrison, R. anderson & K. I. (eds.), Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports, August 17-21 2009, University of Limerick - Ireland (p. 595). castletroy, Ireland: university of limerick, Biomechanics Research unit. available from http://isbs2009-com.access.secure-ssl-servers.biz/

Mcnicol, a., o’Brien, B., Paton, c., & Knez, w. (2009). the effects of increased absolute training intensity on adaptations to endurance exercise training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12(4), 485-489.

Paton, c. D. (2009). effects of shoe cleat position on physiology and performance of competitive cyclists. International Journal of Sport Physiology and Performance, 4(4), 517-523.

Paton, c. D., hopkins, w. g., & cook, c. (2009). effects of low- vs high-cadence interval training on cycling performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(6), 1758-1763.

stratton, e., o’Brien, B. J., harvey, J., Blitvich, J., Mcnicol, a. J., Janissen, D., Paton, c., & Knez, w. (2009). treadmill velocity best predicts 5000-m run performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30, 40-45.

walklate, B. M., o’Brien, B. J., Paton, c. D., & young, w. g. (2009). supplementing regular training with short duration sprint agility training leads to substantial increase in repeated sprint agility performance with national level badminton players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), 1477-1481.

yeo, w. K., Mcgee, s. l., carey, a. l., Paton, c. D., garnham, a. P., hargreaves, M., & hawley, J. a. (2009). acute signaling responses to intense endurance training commenced with low or normal muscle glycogen. Experimental Physiology. advance online publication. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2009.049353.

SCHooL of INforMATIoN TECHNoLogyalbertyn, f. (2009). using decision making methods for e-Process selection. The New Zealand Journal of Applied Computing and Information Technology, 13(1), 1-14.

corich, s. (2009). using an automated tool to measure evidence of critical thinking of individuals in discussion forums. In s. Mann & M. Verhaart (eds.), Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the National Advisory Committee on Computing Qualifications (NACCQ 2009), Napier, New Zealand, July 10-13 (pp. 59–64). available from http://www.naccq.ac.nz

giles, o. (2009). Modifying student evaluations of teaching to improve practice: a report on a project carried out in a regional Institute of technology. the International Journal of Learning, 16(4), 521-528.

hagen-hall, K., & Verhaart, M. (2009). Mentoring students: a programme approach. In s. Mann & M. Verhaart (eds.), Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the National Advisory Committee on Computing Qualifications (NACCQ 2009), Napier, New Zealand, July 10-13 (pp. 29-36). available from http://www.naccq.ac.nz

Maccallum, K., & Jeffrey, l. M. (2009). Identifying discriminating variables that determine mobile learning adoption by educators: an initial study. In Same places, different spaces: Proceedings ascilite Auckland 2009 (pp. 602-608). available from http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/auckland09/procs/maccallum.pdf

skelton, D. (2009). Blended is still best: Optimal university learning environments that successfully blend e-learning and campus experiences for the digitally aware student. saarbrucken, germany: VDM Verlag.

skelton, D. (2009). Blended is still best: Review of literature and commentary on optimal learning environments. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems, San Francisco, California August 6th-9th 2009. available from http://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2009/

skelton, D. (2009). Blended learning environments: students have their say. In s. Mann & M. Verhaart (eds.), Proceedings of the 22nd

Refereed Research outputs


Annual Conference of the National Advisory Committee on Computing Qualifications (NACCQ 2009), Napier, New Zealand, July 10-13 (pp. 105-113). available from www.naccq.ac.nz

skelton, D. (2009). the varying influence of the cooperative influence in creating opportunities for employment. In R. K. coll & K. Zegwaard (eds.), Conference proceedings: New Zealand Association for Cooperative Education Annual Conference, Waiheke Island, 23-24 April, 2009 (pp. 34-37). available from http://www.nzace.ac.nz/conferences/2009.shtml

Verhaart, M. (2009). Personal web based knowledge management: The virtualMe framework. saarbrucken, germany: VDM Verlag.

SCHooL of NurSINgalexander, J. (2009). General Medical Practitioner and Practice Nurse perceptions of the role of Nurse Practitioner in primary care (unpublished master’s thesis). eastern Institute of technology, napier, new Zealand.

armstrong, t. (2009). Providing breastfeeding support in the community: The perceived self-efficacy of Plunket Nurses (unpublished master’s thesis). eastern Institute of technology, napier, new Zealand.

Bednarek, D. (2009). How do New Zealand nurses consider a spiritual dimension in their work? (unpublished master’s thesis). eastern Institute of technology, napier, new Zealand.

Butcher, s. (2009). Does participation in the wound care clinic with mentorship from the wound care nurse practitioner influence assessment and descriptive documentation of wounds recorded by practice nurses in primary care? (unpublished master’s thesis). eastern Institute of technology, napier, new Zealand.

crawford, R. (2009). from teaching to nursing with joy. Kai Tiaki Nursing New Zealand, 15(5), 22

hedley, c. (2009). What influences Registered Nurses to have the influenza vaccine? (unpublished master’s thesis). eastern Institute of technology, napier, new Zealand.

henrickson, K. (2009). Technology dependent chronically ill children and the handover/non-handover of their care when rehospitalised (unpublished master’s thesis). eastern Institute of technology, napier, new Zealand.

Kennedy, w. (2009). How do Registered Nurses utilise self assessment and performance appraisal to inform their professional practice? (unpublished master’s thesis). eastern Institute of technology, napier, new Zealand.

Mccool, J. (2009). Skills and knowledge retention after a resuscitation course (unpublished master’s thesis). eastern Institute of technology, napier, new Zealand.

Meyer, a. (2009). easing the transition to palliative care. Kai Tiaki New Zealand, 15(2), 18-19.

Roberts, J. (2009). The characteristics of the clinical nurse specialist role in New Zealand (unpublished master’s thesis). eastern Institute of technology, napier, new Zealand.

scrymgeour, g. (2009). cultural safety in new Zealand nursing practice. In M. B. hally (ed.), A guide for international nursing students in Australia and New Zealand (pp. 90-99). Melbourne: elsevier australia.

unac, f. (2009). Nurse practitioners’ access to ordering diagnostic tests (unpublished master’s thesis). eastern Institute of technology, napier, new Zealand.

white, t., crowe, h., & Papps, e. (2009). Defining urology nursing practice roles in australia and new Zealand. International Journal of Urological Nursing, 3(2), 69-77

SCHooL of rurAL AND fooD SCIENCEcalcinai, B. l. (2009). food safety compliance training for horticulture: collaborative course development by institutions and industry. In D. e. aldous (ed.), Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on Horticultural Research, Training and Extension: Chaing Mai, Thailand June 28-July 2, 2009 (pp. 57-62). leuven, Belgium: Ishs.

forrest, R. h., Itenge-Mweza, t. o., McKenzie, g. w., Zhou, h., frampton, c. M., & hickford, J. g. h. (2009). Polymorphism of the ovine 3-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB3) and its association with wool mean staple strength and yield. Animal Genetics, 40(6), 958-962.

hickford, J.g.h., forrest, R. h., Zhou, h., fang, Q., han, J., frampton, c. M., & horrell, a. l. (2009). Polymorphisms in the ovine myostatin gene

(MSTN) and their association with growth and carcass traits in new Zealand Romney sheep. Animal Genetics 41(1) 64-72.

horrell, a., forrest, R. h., Zhou, h., fang, Q., & hickford, J. g. h. (2009). association of the ADRB3 gene with birthweight and growth rate to weaning in new Zealand Romney sheep. Animal Genetics, 40(2), 251.

Itenge-Mweza, t.o., hickford, J.g.h., forrest, R. h., Mckenzie, g. w., & frampton, c. M. (2009). Improving the quality of wool through the use of gene markers. South African Journal of Animal Science, 39 (supplement 1): 219-223.

lin, y.-s., Zhou, h., forrest, R. h., frampton, c. M., & hickford, J. g. h. (2009). association between variation in faecal egg count for a mixed field challenge of nematode parasites and Igha gene polymorphism. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 128(4), 389-394.

SCHooL of vISuAL ArT AND DESIgNBahho, M. (2009, June/July). creature comforts. Luxury Home Design Australia – The Interior Issue, 154-159. (haddad Residence interiors, Putney, sydney, australia)

Bahho, M. (artist). (2009). sound shell Re-visited [Digital presentation]. Creative Hawke’s Bay Art Invitational 2009 [group exhibition]. hastings city art gallery, april 24-May 31.

Baker, P. (artist). (2009). Piiata lights [second generation Piiata lights with te Reo script in illuminated boxes]. Ahakoa he iti - small works show [group exhibition]. native agent show room, auckland, november 19, 2009-January 27, 2010.

Binding, w. (artist). (2009). Island history X. [Painted artwork]. Mind Games: Surrealism in Aotearoa. [group exhibition]. hastings city art gallery, february 5-april 5.

Binding, w. (artist). (2009). winebox 09 [Painted winebox]. Winebox Exhibition [group exhibition]. hastings city art gallery, July 25-august 26.

Binding, w. (artist). (2009). charles heaphy Reads his Death haiku [Pencil and graphite drawing]. Quick Draw [group exhibition]. hastings city art gallery, December 12, 2009-february 14, 2010.

wardle, J. (artist). (2009). Matariki ki Tua Nga Whetu – TakingArt Beyond the Stars. [group exhibition]. Maioha gallery, napier,June 27-July 11.

SCHooL of vITICuLTurE AND WINE SCIENCElogan, g. a. (2009). contract lecturing in horticultural science post-secondary education. In D. e. aldous (ed.), Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on Horticultural Research, Training and Extension: Chaing Mai, Thailand June 28-July 2, 2009 (pp. 113-120). leuven, Belgium: Ishs.

logan, g. a., howell, g. s., & nair, M. g. (2009). cyanidin-3-o-glucoside is an important anthocyanin in several clones of Vitis vinifera l. Pinot noir fruits and resulting wine from Michigan and new Zealand. Internet Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 5(2), 1-12.

Meunier, M., & steel, c. c. (2009). effect of Colletotrichum acutatum ripe rot on the composition and sensory attributes of cabernet sauvignon grapes and wine. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 15(3), 223-227.

Reeves, M. J. (2009). Packaging and the shelf life of wine. In g. l. Robertson (ed.), Food packaging and shelf life: A practical guide (pp.231-258). Baton Rouge, fl: cRc Press.

savocchia, s., thompson, J., greer, D., Meunier, M., gray, J., clark, a., & adlong, w. (2009). enhancing the teaching and evaluation of graduate attributes in wine science and viticulture degree level courses. In D. e. aldous (ed.), Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on Horticultural Research, Training and Extension: Chaing Mai, Thailand June 28-July 2, 2009 (pp. 203-210). leuven, Belgium: Ishs.

TE MANgA MAorIfleras, a., & Maaka, R. (2009). Indigeneity-grounded analysis (Iga) as policy(-making) paradigm: new Zealand models, canadian realities. International Indigenous Policy Journal, 1(1). available from http://www.iipj.org/

Maaka, R., & fleras, a. (2009, fall). Mainstreaming indigeneity by indigenizing policymaking: towards an indigenous grounded analysis framework as policy paradigm. Indigenous Policy Journal. available from http://ipjournal.wordpress.com/2009/12/16/mainstreaming-indigeneity-by-indigenizing-policymaking-towards-an-indigenous-grounded-analysis-framework-as-policy-paradigm/

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