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Questions

1. What are variables?

2. What are the characteristics of

variables?

3. Can studies be conducted

without variables?

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Type of Variables

• Dependent

• Independent

• Extraneous

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Dependent Variables

• Also refers to outcome of the study • Measurable by researcher • Changed according to intervention or situation • Example

- Spelling test score - Aptitude score - Number of question answered in one minute

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Independent Variables

It may be a form of intervention, example:

intervention to reduce mental patients’

stress

Can be controlled/changed by the researcher

Example: Type of intervention – sweet pills vs.

original drug

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Extraneous Variables

• Unexpected factors that affect the dependent

and independent variables

• To overcome: made them constant – same for

each group

• Build them into the design

• Example:

- Both experimental and control group receive

extra tuition, television programme

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Example

The effect of temperature on students’ achievement in Mathematic test

1) Dependent variable: ???

2) Independent variable: ???

3) Extraneous variable: ???

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1) Mathematical test

2) Classroom temperature

3) Type of food consumed

4) The clothing material

5) Position in the classroom

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Exercise:

Identify the: 1) Dependent; 2) Independent; and 3) Extraneous variables for the following examples:

a) Effect of questioning on students’

science concept mastery

b) Effect of teaching experience on children’s intellectual development

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c) Correraltion of goal orientation

with the use of self-regulated

learning strategies

d) Emotional intelligence for male

and female students

e) ‘Safe school’ policy: Exploration in

a zone within Kuala Lumpur

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Research Process

1. Identification of problem

2. Forming of hypotheses

3. Determine the method and

instruments of the study

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5. Report on the findings

4. Data collection and

interpretation

Question: What constitute a research

proposal?

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General Guidelines in

proposal writing (Quantitative)

Title page - Title page - Content - List of table - List of figure - Bibliography - Appendix

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Chapter 1: Introduction

- Background

- Rationale of the study

- Statement of problem

- Research objective

- Research question

- Research Hypothesis (if any)

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- Significance of the study

- Limitation of the study

- Definition Operational

- Summary

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Chapter 2: Review of

Literature

- Introduction

- Related theories

- Review of past studies

- Conceptual framework

- Summary

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Chapter 3: Methodology

- Introduction

- Research design

- Population of the study

- Sample of the study

- Sampling

- Instrument of the study

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- Validity and Reliability

- Pilot study

- Data analysis

- Summary

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Guidelines for writing

research proposal (Qualitative)

Title Page

- Title page

- Content

- List of table

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- List of figure

- Bibliography

- Appendix

Chapter 1: Introduction

- Background / Research context

- Review of literature

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- The researcher’s interest

towards focus of the study

- Purpose of the study

- Research question

- Significance of the Study

- Limitation of the study

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Chapter 2: Methodology

- Introduction

- Research design

- Researcher’s role as instrument

- Population / Sampling

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- Data collection procedure

- Method

- Pilot study

- Ethics of research

- Interpretation and data analysis

- Data verification method

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Chapter 3: Case / Issues

- Introduction

- Display the case or issues with

different writing approach

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Chapter 4: Conclusion

- Discuss the findings with the case or

issues in research

- Discuss implication of findings

- Recommendation for future study

Bibliography

Appendix

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Get the group assignment title

and individual assignment title