researchmethodology_week03
TRANSCRIPT
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29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 1
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
(Business Research Methods)
Week 3
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Decision-Making
Decision-Making is the process of resolving aproblem or choosing amongst alternative
opportunities
What is the problem or opportunity?
How much Information is available?
What Information is needed?
Decision-MakingSituation
CompleteCertainty
AbsoluteAmbiguity
Value of Research
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Certainty, Uncertainty, Ambiguity
Certainty Decision-maker has all the requisiteinformation concerning the business problem (oropportunity). Research may be unnecessary. Completecertainty about the future is rare in practice
Uncertainty General nature of the business problem isclear but information about alternative courses of actionis incomplete as are the events which may occur.Research may be a potentially valuable tool here
Ambiguity Nature of the problem to be solved isunclear. Objectives are vague and alternatives difficult todefine. Research may be a useful excercise
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Types of Research
Exploratory Research:
undertaken with the aim of clarifying ambiguous problems
general problems usually known but not sufficiently
understood the purpose is to get more information, not to uncover
specific courses of action (subsequent research)
Determining a specific course of action to follow is not a
purpose of exploratory research!
Example: Child-Care support programme for employees
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Types of Research
Descriptive Research:
undertaken with the aim of determining the characteristicsof a population or phenomenon
Previous knowledge of problem exists High degree of precision or accuracy required
Examples:
Who are the main consumers of organic foods?
How many students read the prescribed course literature?
Where do most holiday-makers travelling overseas go?
When do petrol stations tend to raise their prices?
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Types of Research
Causal Research:
undertaken with the aim of identifying cause and effectrelationships amongst variables
are normally preceeded by exploratory and descriptiveresearch studies
Often difficult to determine because of the influence ofother variables (concommitant Variation and the presence
of other hidden variables)
Example: Higher ice-cream consumption causes more
people to drown (indicative of a causal relationship (?))
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Stages in the Research Process
DefineProblem
Planning aResearch Design
Planning
a Sample
Gatheringthe Data
Processing and
Analysing the Data
Conclusionsand Report
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Forward and Backward Linkages
Forward Linkage The earlier stages of a researchproject determine the design at a later stage
Example: The goal of the research project will determine
the selection of the sample and the way data is collected
Backward Linkage The later stages of a researchproject determine how its earlier stages are conducted
Example: The company executives require certainspecific information which the researcher anticipates andfor which he or she plans the data collection andanalysis steps accordingly
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Flowcharting the Research Process (1)
Problem Discovery
Secondary (historical) dataPilot Study
Experience SurveyCase Study
Problem Definition(Statement of research objectives)
Selection ofexploratory
research technique
Selection ofbasic research
method
Survey (Interview, Questionnaire)Experiment (Laboratory, Field)
Secondary Data StudyObservation
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29 August 2005 MBA III (Research Methodology) Course Instructor: Dr. Aurangzeb Z. Khan 10
Flowcharting the Research Process (2)
Survey (Interview, Questionnaire)Experiment (Laboratory, Field)
Secondary Data StudyObservation
Sample Design
ProbabilitySampling
Non-ProbabilitySampling
Collection of Data (Fieldwork)
Editing and Coding Data
Data Processing and Analysis
Interpretation of Findings
Report
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Ethical Interfaces in Business Research
Subjects Rights
Researchers Obligation
Researchers Rights
Clients Obligation
Researchers Obligation
Clients Rights
Researchers Rights
Subjects Obligation
ResearchSubject
ResearcherResearchSponsor
Subjects Rights & Clients Obligation
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Ethical Behavior Considerations:
Research Subjects Truthfulness in giving information to the researcher if a
research subject or respondent gives his or her consentto participate in a research study
Sustained cooperativeness with the researcherthroughout the course of the research study
Adhere to responsibility if informed consent is given tothe researcher
State any constraints or limitations in advance
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Ethical Behavior Considerations:Researchers
No deception, be forthright and do not conceal the truepurpose of the research
Maintain objectivity, courtesy and high professionalstandards through scientific process
No falsification, alteration or misrepresentation of datafor political or other purposes
Protect the confidentiality of the research subjects andresearch sponsors
No faulty conclusions
No inclusion or use of information or ideas contained incompeting research proposals
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Ethical Behavior Considerations:
Research Sponsors No request for submission of competitive bids by
researchers if selection of the researcher has alreadybeen made
Avoid manipulation and influencing of the researcherwith a view to discrediting individuals or organizations
The conclusions drawn from research work should beconsistent with the data and not influenced by other
undesirable conditions or motives
Observe the confidentiality of the research subjects andresearcher
Avoid Advocacy Research
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The Menace of Plagiarism
Please read the CIIT Academic HonestyPolicycompiled by Mr. Laeeq-ur-RehmanKhan which is distributed in this class as a
separate sheet
ZERO TOLERANCE (and ZERO MARKS)for cheating and plagiarism at COMSATS
Institute of Information Technology!