resistance to change
DESCRIPTION
change and its consequencesTRANSCRIPT
Learning Objectives (part 1 of 2)
Identify forces within individuals and
organizations that cause resistance to
change.
Recognize strategies that can increase
motivation to change.
Learning Objectives (part 2 of 2)
Diagnose forces driving and resisting
organization change.
Experience reactions to a change situation.
Toys Are Mattel (part 1 of 2)
The toy industry is going through radical
change.
Mattel has history of nearly falling apart every
decade since the 1970s.
Toys Are Mattel (part 2 of 2)
CEO Eckert moving Mattel to redefine core
business.
• Better control inventory
• Streamline manufacturing
• Develop more toys in-house.
Expand overseas as toys mature in the U.S.
Change and Reinvent (part 1 of 2)
Many organizations being forced to radically
change.
Organizations face major challenge in
managing change.
Change and Reinvent (part 2 of 2)
Organizations need capacity to adapt quickly.
People are focus of most serious challenges.
Large scale changes often incur significant
problems and challenges.
Changes on Personal Level
Set patterns of behavior.
Defined relationships with others.
Work procedures, and job skills.
Changes on Organizational Level
Policies.
Procedures.
Organization structures.
Manufacturing processes.
Work flows.
Life Cycle of Resistance to Change (part 1 of 5)
The response to change tends to move through
a life cycle of 5 phases:
Phase 1.
Only few people who see need for
change.
Resistance appears massive.
Life Cycle of Resistance to Change (part 2 of 5)
Phase 2.
Forces for and against change become
identifiable.
Change more thoroughly understood.
Novelty of change tends to disappear.
Life Cycle of Resistance to Change (part 3 of 5)
Phase 3.
Direct conflict and showdown between
forces.
This phase probably means life or death
to change.
Life Cycle of Resistance to Change (part 4 of 5)
Phase 4.
Remaining resistance seen as stubborn.
Possibility that resisters will mobilize
support to shift balance of power.
Life Cycle of Resistance to Change (part 5 of 5)
Phase 5.
Resisters to change are as few and as
alienated as were advocates in first
phase.
Major Factors AffectingSuccess of Change
Advocates of
change
Degree of change
Time frame
Impact on culture
Evaluation of
change.
Advocates of Change
Person leading change program is often most
important force for change.
Internal or external OD practitioners may be
brought in to assist.
Degree of Change
Is change minor or major?
The greater the degree of change, the more
difficult it is to implement.
Time Frame
Greater chance of success if change is gradual
and in longer time frame.
Some organizations only chance for survival
depends on radical change introduced swiftly.
Impact on Culture
The greater the impact on existing culture,
the greater the resistance and difficulty to
implement change.
Evaluation on Culture
Standards of performance developed to
measure change and impact on
organization.
A Change Model (part 1 of 5)
Two major considerations in organizational
change are:
Degree of change.
Impact on organization’s culture.
A Change Model (part 2 of 5)
Quadrant 1
Minor change, minor impact on culture.
Resistance will be at lowest level and success
will be most probable.
A Change Model (part 3 of 5)
Quadrant 2
Minor change, major impact on culture.
Some resistance can be expected.
A Change Model (part 4 of 5)
Quadrant 3
Major change, minor impact on culture.
Some resistance is likely.
Good management can probably overcome it.
A Change Model (part 5 of 5)
Quadrant 4
Major change, major impact on culture.
The greatest resistance can be predicted.
The probability of success is low.
Driving Forces Toward Acceptance of Change
Driving forces are anything that increases
organization to implement proposed change.
Driving forces include:
• Dissatisfaction with present situation.
• External pressures toward change.
Momentum Toward Change
Once change underway, certain forces tend to
push change along.
Those involved probably become committed.
When money is committed to start a change,
organization likely will want to continue.
Change in one part of organization may set off
chain reaction in other parts.
Motivation by Management
Manager or advocate of change becomes
motivating force.
Top management’s encouragement can
motivate change.
Our Changing World:Globalization of World’s
Business?(part 1 of 3)
Globalization has occurred for hundreds of
years but recently experienced exponential
growth.
Our Changing World (part 2 of 3)
Reasons for Increase Include:
• Improvements in communications and
transportation.
• More efficient global banking systems.
• Surpluses in capital in US, Japan, Europe.
• Worldwide lowering of trade barriers.
Our Changing World (part 3 of 3)
Statistics of globalization include:
• By 2000 number of MNCs above 63,000.
• 1,000 largest MNCs account for 80% of
world’s industrial production.
• MNCs are based all over world:
US 37%. Japan 21%. Europe 25%.
Also based in developing countries.
Restraining Forces Blocking Implementation of Change
(part 1 of 2)
Uncertainty regarding change.
Fear of unknown.
Disruption of routine.
Loss of benefits.
Restraining Forces Blocking Implementation of Change
(part 2 of 2)
Threat to security.
Threat to position power.
Redistribution of power.
Disturb existing social networks.
Conformity to norms and culture.
Driving Forces and Restraining Forces Act in Tandem
Effective change programs increase driving
forces and decrease restraining forces.
Force-field analysis model (see Ch 5) is useful
way to view driving and restraining forces.
Strategies to Lessen Resistance(part 1 of 2)
Education and communication.
Create a vision.
Participation and involvement of members.
Facilitation and support.
Negotiation and agreement.
Strategies to Lessen Resistance(part 2 of 2)
Leadership.
Reward systems.
Explicit and implicit coercion.
Climate conducive to communications.
Power strategies.
OD In Practice: How Dupont Shortened Its Stove-pipes (part 1 of 3)
Industrial Polymers Division (IPD) shows how
DuPont can change.
Products “out-dated.”
Problems included low morale and low
productivity.
Top and middle management understood need
to improve.
OD in Practice (part 2 of 3)
Only major change would improve division.
Forces for change included:
People aware of average performance.
They had desire to turn things around.
Widely held belief that survival of division and
personnel hung in balance.
OD in Practice (part 3 of 3)
Vision statement was developed by employees.
Plans made to implement team efforts and self-
management.
No customary “stove-pipe” hierarchy of
supervisors and no formal departments.
Keywords and Concepts
Driving forces - increases client system to
implement proposed change.
Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) -
grant stock or stock options to broad section
of employees.
Gain sharing - reward system that recognizes
value of specific group.
Knowledge-based pay - reward system based
on the knowledge or skills a worker has.
Open-book management - employees see
company’s financial records to analyze
problems for themselves.