resonant vibrations in heat repeats: the tune for the mitotic dance?
DESCRIPTION
Resonant vibrations in HEAT repeats: the tune for the mitotic dance?. Nigel Dyer UK. Professor Herbert Frohlich. A single polarised macromolecule, e.g. a protein. Preferential excitement of large amplitude low frequency modes. Multiple polarised proteins. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Resonant vibrations in HEAT repeats:
the tune for the mitotic dance?
Nigel DyerUK
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Professor Herbert Frohlich
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A single polarised macromolecule, e.g. a protein
• Preferential excitement of large amplitude low frequency modes
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Multiple polarised proteins
• Coherent vibrational mode through dipole-dipole interaction
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HEAT repeat structure – Importin beta• A ladder of helix-turn-helix motifs • Outer ‘A’ helixes and inner ‘B’ helixes surround a central
importin beta alpha helix (blue)
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Proteins containing HEAT repeats
Condensin: Compacts Chromosomes Importin: Transports cargo into the cell nucleusTOGp (XMAP215 etc): Associated with the ends of
microtubules as they grow towards the chromosomes during mitosis.
Others…Delangins: Locates the cohesin complex within
chromosomes Huntington:
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The Condensin Family
Prokaryotic Condensin
ATP binding at SMC heads
Eukaryotic Condensin
Proteins containing HEAT repeats
Structured Maintainance of Chromosomes (SMC) proteins
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Effect of disabling Condensin I and II
(Ono, Losada et al. 2003) •e: Control
•f: Condensin I disabled: Puffy and bent•g: Condensin II disabled: Straighter but curly
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Group of coherently vibrating proteins with misalignment
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Interaction brings proteins into alignment
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Mitotic chromosome: Condensins disabled• Condensin I (Green) aligned along chromosome axis
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Condensin I
• Aligning of Condensin I straightens Chromosome arms
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Condensin II • Condensin II (Blue) orthogonal to main axis• Not aligned with each other because main axis is twisted
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Condensin II
• Aligning force from condensin II removes twist from chromosome arms
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Condensin I and II
• Both act to draw together and align chromosome arms
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•Condensin I defines long axis of Chromosome•Condensin II defines perpendicular axis/plane through both Chromosome arms
Condensin I and II axis definition
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Effect of depleted Condensin I on metaphase plate
(From Ono, Fang et al. 2004)
• Control, with well defined metaphase plate
• Depleted Condensin 1
Poorly defined metaphase plates
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Condensin 1
• Axis extends to span multiple chromosomes
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Effect of depleted Condensin II on metaphase plate
(From Ono, Fang et al. 2004)
•Control, with centrosomes (arrowed) symmetrically placed on either side of the metaphase plate (dotted line)
• Depleted Condensin II• Centrosomes poorly positioned in relation to metaphase plate
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Condensin II
centrosomes
• creates a plane that sets the location of centrosomes
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HEAT repeat structure – Importin beta
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HEAT repeat structure
• The original ‘cork and bead’ model
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• Rings of 5 inner (yellow) helixes around an elongated core• One helix (green) spans two rings
HEAT repeat structure – A more compact form?
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End on view of Importin alpha/beta complex, with no side
chains on the IBB domain of importin alpha
View along the length of Importin alpha/beta complex
HEAT repeat structure
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HEAT repeat vibrating in cellular matrix• Inner core and outer sheath oscillate 180° out of phase • No movement of centre of mass • Vibrations spread as evanescent wave into the surrounding substrate
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HEAT repeat resonant energy transfer• Energy coupled from excited structure (on right) to adjacent structure (on left)• Both structures finish in coherent synchronous oscillation
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HEAT repeat alignment• HEAT repeats oscillating but slightly misaligned• Non-linear interaction of evanescent waves generates forces that bring HEAT repeats into alignment.
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The Condensin Family
Prokaryotic Condensin
ATP binding at SMC heads
Eukaryotic Condensin
Proteins containing HEAT repeats
Structured Maintainance of Chromosomes (SMC) proteins
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SMC proteins/Prokaryotic Condensin • Thermally induced breathing modes in long coiled coil legs• Pulls DNA together during contraction phase of oscillation
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SMC head binding with ATP• ATP binds heads together in Prokaryotic condensin at Walker A/B
domains• Walker A/B domains in ABC transporter proteins associated with
mysoin like power stroke
Walker A/B domain and binding ATP
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The Condensin Family
Prokaryotic Condensin
ATP binding at SMC heads
Eukaryotic Condensin
Proteins containing HEAT repeats
Structured Maintainance of Chromosomes (SMC) proteins
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HEAT repeats in TOGp/XMAP 215• TOGp is associated with the growing ends of the microtubules as they extend towards the chromosomes in the metaphase plate
TOGp (red)
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HEAT repeats in Importin beta• Importin beta attaches to cargos and transfers them into the nucleus
Importin beta (green) Cell nucleus
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The Nuclear pore complex• Core of complex filled with nucleoporin proteins, a mix of multiple FG repeats and hydrophilic linkers• Pore blocked by water gell created by nucleoporin proteins?
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Passage of Importin through the Nuclear pore complex
• Gel/water transition triggered by Importin vibrations
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Central formers for HEAT repeats
• Importin beta: Importin alpha
• Condensin: Histone H3 tails (Jager, Rauch et al. 2005)
• TOGp/XMAP215 Tubulin tails
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Orthogonal condensin axes and orthogonal centrioles
centrosomes
Centriole pair
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Thanks to:
Vermont Photonics Warwick University Lila Gierasch, Gerry Pollack, Mae-wan Ho and countless
others who I have visited and emailed The creaters of Blender
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Biophoton emission from dividing fish egg cells
• ‘Cascades’ of biophoton spikes.