responsible government - weebly
TRANSCRIPT
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RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT
REBELLION OF 1837
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The Problem with Canada
• Following the war of 1812 citizens in Canada began to discover a problem!
• The Problem = the Constitutional Act of 1791
• Act gave the power of ruling to the elite minority
• The rest of the world was demanding rights for the majority (aka majority rule)
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How was CND Ruled?
Upper and Lower Canada was ruled by oligarchy.
• Oligarchy –
• a small ruling class
• Mostly English-speaking & members of the Anglican Church
• Used their power for large industrial projects (canals)
• Benefit of their own economic enterprises
• Canadian oligarchy:
• Upper – Family Compact
• Lower – Château Clique
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The Elite Dominate
• Oligarchy gave only the Anglican Church large amounts of land called Clergy Reserves that would finance the church.
• The oligarchy made up the appointed men in the Executive Council
• They would override and block laws passed by the elected assembly
• Propose taxes and manage government operations.
• This made the average citizen ANGRY because their voices were being ignored and tensions grew on both sides.
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Reformers
• Reformers – people who wanted responsible government.
• Responsible government – a government who is held accountable to its citizens
• The reformers used newspapers as their primary tool for spreading their message of injustice and change.
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The Reformers CONT.
• Upper Canada leader – William Lyon Mackenzie and his paper “The Colonial Advocate”
• Lower Canada leader – Louis-Joseph Papineau and his paper “Le Canadien”
• Reform movements in both Upper and Lower Canada were focused on increasing the political and economic rights of the population. LC had an additional element….
• economic and political rights
• but also cultural security for the French speaking majority of Lower Canada
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REBELLION
• The tension between Oligarchy and Reformers grew.
• The elected assembly of Canada passed two bills demanding the appointed council to respect the elected assembly.
• Upper Canada – The Seventh Report on Grievances
• Lower Canada – The Ninety-Two Resolutions
• These bills would be IGNORED!
• Reformers would have to take a more DRASTIC approach!
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1837 Rebellions
• In 1837 armed rebellion breaks out in Lower Canada and Upper Canada
• Would last less than a month.
• Reformers marched and fought government forces in Montreal and Toronto but would be quickly defeated
• Results: 20 Rebels hanged and Mackenzie and Papineau sought safety in the Untied States
Government starts paying attention!
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Lord Durham’s Report
• England is worried about losing control of Canada
• They send Lord Durham to Canada to develop solutions for preventing further rebellion.
• He discovers two causes of rebellion:
1) The oligarchy in Upper Canada- “petty, corrupt, insolent…clique” not responsible to the ppl.
2) Divisions between French and English in Lower Canada
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Durham’s Solutions
• Durham had two solutions:
• 1) A Government that would respond to the needs of the people. Aka - Responsible Government for the colonies rather than Representative Government
• 2) For the colonies to unite as one. (by doing this assimilating the French into the larger English colony eliminating Upper and Lower Canada)
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Act of Union 1841
• Made Upper (Canada West) & Lower (Canada East) Canada into one colony - Province of Canada
• Colony has one governor
• One Elected Assembly
• One language in legislature
• Canada East & Canada West Canada would have equal representation (42 members each)
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Act of Union 1841CONT.
• Result of the Act of Union:
• French politicians grouped together to prevent assimilation and often acted as a voting block when voting on policies originating in Western Canada.
• Politicians learnt how to work together by forming coalition
• Coalition – is formed when two or more political parties agree to work together for a common purpose.
• 1840--shifting policies in Britain- such as Free Trade- meaning that it no longer gave preferential trade arrangements to its colonies….thus causing a loosening of economic control…..
• 1848- Nova Scotia was the first colony to gain Responsible Government