resumen biomol. org
TRANSCRIPT
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BIOMOLÉCULAS ORGÁNICAS
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GLÚCIDOS
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1. Funciones biológicas de los glúcidos
-Función energética-Función estructural y mecánica-Función informativa-Otras funciones
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LÍPIDOS
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LÍPIDOS CON ÁCIDOS GRASOS ( = lípidos saponificables)
• Triacilglicéridos.
• Fosfoglicéridos (fosfolípidos).
• Esfingolípidos.
• Ceras.
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Triacilglicéridos = Triglicéridos = triacilgliceroles = grasas = grasas neutras
COOH(CH2 )14CH3
COOH(CH2 )14CH3
COOH(CH2 )14CH3
CH2
CH
CH2
HO
HO
HO
+
+
+
+ 3 H2O
CO(CH2 )14CH3
CO(CH2 )14CH3
CO(CH2 )14CH3
CH2
CH
CH2
O
O
O
Ácido palmítico Glicerina+ Tripalmitina
Se forman por la esterificación de la glicerina con 3 moléculas de ácidos grasos.
Al perderse los grupos hidroxilo, en la esterificación, los acilglicéridos son moléculas apolares.
A temperatura ambiente pueden ser líquidos (aceites), sólidos (sebos) o semisólidos (mantecas)
También existen los-MONOACILGLICÉRIDOS-DIACILGLICÉRIDOS
-TRIACILGLICÉRIDOS SIMPLES-TRIACILGLICÉRIDOS MIXTOS
(= glicerol = propanotriol)(Ej.)
Con ác.grasos distintos
2 ác. grasos
1 solo ác. graso
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ÁCIDOS GRASOS
GR
UP
O F
OS
FA
TO
GLICERINA
CH O
O
C
CH2
CH2
OO
C
O
O
P OHOH
CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH3CH CH...
... ...
...
CH3
AMINOALCOHOL O POLIALCOHOL
FOSFOLÍPIDOS
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Lípidos de membrana: fosfolípidos y esfingolípidos
Esfingolípidos
También presentes en las membranas celulares. Muy abundantes en el tejido nervioso
Enfingolípido = Esfingosina (o uno de sus derivados) + 1 Ác. Graso + 1 Compuesto polar
(También tienen un marcado carácter anfipático)
Principales ejemplos de enfingolípidos:
fosfocolina
Abundantes en la vaina de mielina Son glicolípidos ( = glucolípidos)
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LÍPIDOS SIN ÁCIDOS GRASOS ( = lípidos insaponificables)
ESTEROIDES: Derivados del esterano
ISOPRENOIDES: Derivados del isopreno
(= ciclopentanoperhidrofenantreno)
CH2 = C – CH = CH2
CH3
ISOPRENO ( = 2 metil - 1, 3 butadieno )
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LÍPIDOS SIN ÁCIDOS GRASOS ( = lípidos insaponificables)
ESTEROIDESAlgunos ejemplos:
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LÍPIDOS SIN ÁCIDOS GRASOS ( = lípidos insaponificables)
ISOPRENOIDES: Derivados del isopreno
CH2 = C – CH = CH2
CH3
ISOPRENO ( = 2 metil - 1, 3 butadieno )
(= Terpenos)
Pueden ser lineales, cíclicos o mixtos:
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LÍPIDOS SIN ÁCIDOS GRASOS ( = lípidos insaponificables)
ISOPRENOIDES: Derivados del isoprenoSe clasifican según el número de unidades de isopreno:
MONOTERPENOS
DITERPENOS
TRITERPENOS
TETRATERPENOS (= CAROTENOIDES)
POLITERPENOS
Ej.2 isoprenos
4 isoprenos
6 isoprenos
8 isoprenos
Ej.
Ej.
Ej.
Ej.
Mentol
(componente de la clorofila)
Y vitaminas liposolubles A, E y K
Muchos isoprenos
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PROTEÍNAS
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ÁCIDOS NUCLEICOS
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