review for final use with review sheet. world war i 1914-1918
TRANSCRIPT
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Review for FinalUse with Review Sheet
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World War I1914-1918
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Causes of WWI (MAIN)● Militirism- arms races● Alliances- Entangling Alliances- one spark would cause all of
Europe to go to war● Imperialism- Race for colonies- led to friction amongst the major
powers● Nationalism- Extreme pride in country (France v Germany) or
wanting you own nation (Slavic Nations in Austria-Hungary)
● Franz Ferdinand- second in line to Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination was the spark that led to WWI
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The Western Front● Used Trenches to fight. Machine Guns are the main killer
● No Man’s Land- area between the trenches, bombed out, dead bodies
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The End of EmpiresTwo Empires are broken up following WWI:
Ottoman Empire (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Palestine…)&
Austria-Hungary (Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland)
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Treaty of Versailles (1919)● Big Four Leaders
-Clemenceau- France-George- England-Wilson- USA-Orlando- Italy
● Ended WWI● War Guilt Clause- Germany
at fault for WWI
Effects of Germany:1. Loss of Colonies & Land in
Europe2. Limited Military3. Pay Reparations4. Germans will hate treaty- start
going against it immediately5. Will destabilize Germany’s
Economy & Government
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1917-1923
The Russian Revolution
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Causes of Revolution1. Ineptitude of Czar Nicholas II2. Urban Workers (Problems of
Industrial Revolution)3. Peasants (Lack of Food & Land)4. World War I
Events1. Bloody Sunday- Czars troops
open fire on protesters demanding food
2. March Revolution- Started with protests against Czar, Czar will eventually abdicate
3. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk -Treaty between Germany and Lenin’s Russia- Russia gave up a lot of land, but could focus on the Revolution
Causes & Events
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Nicholas II● Was Czar/Tsar of Russia● Very Weak● Forced to Abdicate- step down
due to:-Russian failures in WWI-Rise of the Bolsheviks-People didn’t like his rule
Lenin● Leader of the Bolshevik
Communists● “Peace, Land, Bread” Main
Slogan of Lenin-Peace- out of WWI-Land- give land to peasants-Bread- Feed the Hungary
Nicholas & Lenin
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Between the Wars1918-1939
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India & Great DepressionIndia● British Colony● Gandhi- Indian Independence
Leader-Practiced Non-Violence:
-Hunger Strikes-Boycott British Goods-Non-Violent Marches
Great Depression (1929-1939)● Caused by Stock Market Crash
of 1929● Plunged Global Economies into
Depression● Destabilized governments- led to
many dictatorships
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● Fascism- a dictatorial, ultra-nationalistic, imperialists, anti-communist & racist type of Government. Started in Italy. Used by Nazi Germany also
● Totalitarianism- Type of government that tries to control all aspects of your life (Common in dictatorships like Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany & Stalin’s Soviet Union)
Ethiopia- Italy invades in 1930s to show its aggression.
Italy
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● Weimar Republic- German Republic following WWI. Very Weak & unstable. Hated by Germans
● Hitler’s Rise to Power-Use German hatred of Versailles- Problems in Germany- economy-Named Chancellor in 1933
● Appeasement: Giving in to an aggressor to keep the peace
-Used by Western Allies with Hitler
Germany
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1939-1945
World War II
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AxisGermanyJapanItaly (Until 1943)
AlliesUSAGreat BritainSoviet Union...many others
The Sides
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● Anti-Semitism is common in Europe
● Jews in Germany lose all rights under the Nazis
● Holocaust- use of extermination camps to murder over six million Jews
-Also called “Final Solution”
● Liberation- name given to the freeing of the concentration & extermination camps by the allies
● Crimes Against Humanity- charge leveled against the Nazis at the Nuremberg Trials following WWII. Purposely killing civilians for no military reason.
The Holocaust
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War Starts with the Invasion of Poland in 1939
End of War:Europe: Destroyed, Soviets Occupy
Eastern Europe, US Western Europe
Japan: Ends after two Atomic bombs are dropped
Emperor goes from being god-like to a “normal” constitutional monarch
Start & End of WWII
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The Cold War1945?-1989
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Cold War● Between US & USSR, “cold”
because we are not directly fighting each other- war would be too destructive due to atomic weapons
● Atomic Weapons & Arms Race- both US & USSR develop more & stronger atomic weapons
● MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)
● NATO: Alliance between US & Western European nations against Soviet Aggression
● Warsaw Pact: Formed by Soviets due to fear of invasion by the Western Allies. Used by Soviets to keep satellites under control
● Satellites: Eastern European nations occupied by Soviets in WWII. Controlled by Soviets during Cold War. Main focus area of Soviet Union during Cold War
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● Invasion of Czechoslovakia & Hungary- both by Soviets to stop satellites from leaving & to increase Soviet strength in eastern europe
● Berlin Wall- built to separate East & West Berlin. When it fell in 1989 this symbolized the end of the Cold War & the end of Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe
● Tiananmen Square- a place where Chinese students were calling for more rights in 1989. Brutally crushed by Chinese government
● Israel- Jewish nation supported by US during the Cold War
● Arab States- supported by Soviets during Cold War- against Israel
● South America- US will intervene to stop any threat of communism
● Non-Alignment- neutral. Be left alone. Receive aid from both USSR & USA. Led by India & Yugoslavia
Cold War continued
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Ethnic Conflicts
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● Decolonization starts because of the decline of the European powers after WWII
● Partition of India- India is split due to religious reasons (Hindu India & Muslim Pakistan)
-India will have many conflicts with Pakistan and China over it’s borders
● Apartheid-Used in South Africa by the Minority Whites-Used to deprive Black Africans the right to vote and other human rights-Will be ended in 1994
Decolonization after WWII
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-Genocide: Targeting a group for extermination.
We have studied Many:-Armenian Genocide-Holocaust-Pol Pot in Cambodia-Rwandan Genocide-Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia
Genocide
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● PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)
-Group started to fight for Palestinian independence from Israel- Was a terrorist group for most of its history-Many terrorist groups say they are formed to gain liberation for the Palestinians
● Terrorism- use of random violence usually against civilian targets
● Islamic Fundamentalism - A return to Islam’s roots
(Traditional Teaching)-Very Harsh-Removing all “western” ideals- Women have few rights-Used in Iran & Taliban’s Afghanistan
Middle East