review for the unit 10 test the industrial revolution age of imperialism
TRANSCRIPT
REVIEW FOR THE
UNIT 10 TESTThe Industrial Revolution
Age of Imperialism
INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each
question in the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question
REVIEW FOR THE
UNIT 10 TEST
As a result of new methods in farming (such as crop rotation), more food was made and
Europe’s population increased
WHAT IS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
“The Industrial Revolution” refers to the time period when there was a huge increase of machine-made
goods, which replaced work done by hand
The Industrial Revolution led to (1) lower costs of producing goods, (2) mass production of goods,
increased profits, (3) movement of people to cities, and (4) more people working low-skilled factory jobs
Workplace safety decreased for workers: factories were often dirty, dangerous, and
unhealthy; hours were long and pay was low
The population boom created a demand for clothing, but traditional methods of textile making were slow
As a result, the textile industry became the
first to be industrialized
The Industrial Revolution began in
England for a variety of reasons
(1) England had large deposits of natural resources, such as
iron and coal (2) England had
harbors and rivers to help power factories and move goods by
water
(3) England also had a government that encouraged invention and invested money in business
INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS FURTHEROTHER NATIONS FOLLOW BRITAIN’S
EXAMPLE AND INDUSTRIALIZEU.S.A.
FRANCE
GERMANY
JAPAN
INDUSTRIALISM + NATIONALISM = A FUTURE WAR BETWEEN THESE NATIONS
Eli Whitney’s invention of
the cotton gin stimulated a demand for
cotton textiles
In 1765, James Watt invented the first steam engine
Steam engines produced more power and allowed factories to be built in cities near workers
The textile industry and the rise of the factory system led to the growth of other industries
Factories led to a demand for faster
transportation
Roads and canals (artificial waterways)
were built in England; Robert
Fulton’s steamboat increased the speed
of water travel
Henry Bessemer invented a cheap
process for making steel
(which is stronger than iron)
STEEL-MAKING PROCESS
What is a MONOPOLY?
A situation where ONE company owns all of a
type of product or service; there is NO competition
Industrialization led to people moving out of the rural areas and moving to cities; this “urbanization” caused
massive growth of cities in industrial countries
Adam Smith explained capitalism: businesses
operated in a free market
economy based on competition,
profits, and supply and
demand
Capitalists like Adam Smith believe governments should have “laissez-faire”
(hands off) principles and avoid heavy taxes, regulations, or interference in business
Socialists have a view different from
capitalists: they argued that the
government should be involved with the
economy by enacting laws and regulations
Socialists strive for equality in society and
ending poverty by redistributing wealth
from rich capitalists to the poor workers
Karl Marx introduced a
radical form of socialism called
communism
With communism, there would be no
more private property and the
people would own all means of productions
Like socialists, communists want equality in society,
but want to get it in a different way: Marx which predicted a war between the
“haves” and “have nots”, where the
workers would rise up and overthrow the
privileged class
IMPERIALISM is the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country. The stronger country dominates weaker countries politically, economically, and socially. The reason: the stronger country gains power with the money it makes from using the weaker country.
Forms of Imperialism
COLONY: Europeans seize a territory with their army and rule it directly by sending governors to the colony
PROTECTORATE: Local government exists, but Europeans make all real decisions in order to protect their trade (controlling
them like a puppet)
SPHERE OF INFLUENCE: Nations gain exclusive trading rights in a territory, dominate all trade and business, but
allow the local government to make other decisions
The Industrial Revolution led to a huge demand for raw materials so countries
could make more factory-produced goodsThe Industrial Revolution
caused a huge demand for new overseas markets to sell their finished goods
Having numerous colonies in Africa and Asia helped fuel the Industrial Revolution
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
ECONOMIC
Economic motives included (1) the desire to make money, (2) to expand and control foreign trade, (3) to create new markets for products, and (4) to acquire raw materials and cheap labor
POLITICAL
Political motives were based on (1) a nation’s desire to gain power, (2) to compete with other European countries, (3) to expand territory, (4) to exercise military force, and (5) to gain prestige by winning colonies, which boosts national pride
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
SOCIAL DARWINISM: The Roots of European Racism
Social Darwinism is a social theory
which states that the level a person rises to in society
and wealth is determined by their genetic background
To Europeans, this justified their imperialism in Asia and Africa: they felt stronger people
had the right to rule weaker people
Based on the ideas behind “White Man’s Burden”, Europeans believed that they had the right and
duty to bring the results of their progress to other “inferior” and “uncivilized” countries
What sparked European interest in Africa?
Missionaries like Dr. David Livingstone were the first to
explore the interior of Africa; what they discovered caused
great interest in Africa from
European rulers
The race for African colonies
was so fierce that Europeans became afraid
wars would break out
In 1884, 14 European nations met at the
Congress of Berlin to “set the rules” for colonizing in Africa
The main agreement: any nation could claim land in
Africa by notifying the other nations and showing
it could control the areaNo African nations were invited to attend
The most dominant imperial power in
Africa was Great
Britain
In 1882, Britain seized control of the Suez Canal from a French
company so they have a shorter
passage to their colonies in Africa
and Asia
The most important empire-builder in
Africa was the British businessman,
Cecil Rhodes
Many citizens in England dreamed of
Rhodes creating a British colony that
stretched from from “Capetown to Cairo”
POLITICAL MAP OF AFRICA ETHNIC/TRIBAL MAP OF AFRICA
The artificial boundaries created by Europeans caused problems: they split up tribes and
combined tribes that did not get along; today, Africa is plagued with warfare and genocide,
partly brought on by these unnatural boundaries
Britain had so many colonies that it was said that the “sun never set on the British Empire”
Among all of Britain’s colonies, the most valuable was India (which they called “The Jewel in the
Crown of the British Empire”)
India had this nickname because it produced so many
profitable cash-crops (such as tea, cotton, coffee, and opium)
“Cash crops” are non-food products like tea
and cotton
The East India Company made huge profits creating plantations in India to harvest tea, coffee, cotton, and opium
The British emphasis on cash-
crop plantations led to food shortages
and famine in India (seven million Indians
died due to starvation in 1876)
To make sure they made money, the British pushed Indian farmers
to grow cash crops
The British were desperate to find a product that the Chinese would buy so they could
gain access to Chinese trade…
The product: opium was refined in India and smuggled into
China; opium addiction helped the
British gain access to Chinese trade
The Sepoy MutinyIn 1857, Sepoys refused to use new
ammunition cartridges greased with pork/beef fat
The tops of the new type of cartridges needed to be bitten off before they could be loaded into
the new guns The sepoys were either Muslim or
Hindu; the cow is sacred to Hindus and pork is forbidden to Muslims
The anger over their religions being offended led to the Sepoys
and then all of India rebelling against the British
The British Army intervened, defeated the Sepoys, and Britain took COMPLETE CONTROL of India, not
just control of its economy
The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point in Indian history because it led to the British takeover of India
British Queen Victoria assumed the title of “Empress of India”
India was not the only European colony in Southeast Asia
The Dutch profited from rubber, tin, oil resources and
cash-crop plantations
The French also profited
from rice plantations as well as cash-crops (coffee,
tea, spices)
NEXT, REVIEW SOME MATERIAL FROM THE PREVIOUS UNITS TO
REFRESH YOUR MEMORIES
This map shows the locations of the River Valley Civilizations (Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus River
Valley, and Ancient China)
European Christians
fought Muslim armies in a total of nine different Crusades in an effort to take
back Jerusalem (the Holy Land)
Martin Luther publicly posted the 95 Theses (his
complaints about the Catholic Church); this began the Protestant Reformation
Czar Peter the Great of Russia was an absolute monarch who
wanted to modernize and “Westernize” Russia to catch
up with Western Europe
The members of the Third Estate,
the French commoners,
hated having no say in the
government and having to pay all
the taxes
This cartoon shows the poor Third Estate carrying the burden of the First and
Second Estates
To improve the French economy, he introduced a fair tax system and created
a Bank of France to regulate the money supply
European leaders met in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna to restore a balance of
power in Europe after Napoleon’s fall