683

" XBD=167 XHG=113 YBD=189 YHG=151>yet " XBD=252 XHG=178 YBD=188 YHG=158>very " XBD=427 XHG=266 YBD=188 YHG=149>generally " XBD=645 XHG=436 YBD=189 YHG=151>entertained, " XBD=715 XHG=656 YBD=183 YHG=153>has " XBD=797 XHG=724 YBD=190 YHG=153>only " XBD=886 XHG=806 YBD=184 YHG=153>been" XBD=257 XHG=117 YBD=228 YHG=192>effected, " XBD=298 XHG=273 YBD=222 YHG=194>it " XBD=339 XHG=313 YBD=222 YHG=194>is " XBD=431 XHG=349 YBD=228 YHG=192>said, " XBD=484 XHG=445 YBD=229 YHG=192>by " XBD=550 XHG=497 YBD=221 YHG=192>the " XBD=646 XHG=565 YBD=222 YHG=196>most " XBD=777 XHG=655 YBD=223 YHG=194>careful " XBD=887 XHG=791 YBD=231 YHG=195>adop-" XBD=179 XHG=116 YBD=262 YHG=234>tion " XBD=229 XHG=195 YBD=262 YHG=233>of " XBD=283 XHG=240 YBD=262 YHG=232>all " XBD=349 XHG=298 YBD=262 YHG=233>the " XBD=451 XHG=366 YBD=270 YHG=237>parts " XBD=502 XHG=466 YBD=262 YHG=233>of " XBD=533 XHG=514 YBD=262 YHG=242>a " XBD=666 XHG=547 YBD=270 YHG=237>system " XBD=725 XHG=689 YBD=263 YHG=235>of " XBD=887 XHG=743 YBD=263 YHG=238>constant" XBD=406 XHG=117 YBD=312 YHG=274>superintendence, " XBD=456 XHG=421 YBD=303 YHG=273>of " XBD=728 XHG=469 YBD=311 YHG=274>well-preserved " XBD=885 XHG=753 YBD=304 YHG=274>classifi-" XBD=231 XHG=120 YBD=352 YHG=317>cation, " XBD=315 XHG=256 YBD=344 YHG=315>and " XBD=366 XHG=331 YBD=344 YHG=316>of " XBD=519 XHG=384 YBD=343 YHG=315>humane " XBD=595 XHG=534 YBD=343 YHG=315>and " XBD=757 XHG=612 YBD=344 YHG=315>effective " XBD=888 XHG=774 YBD=351 YHG=316>practi-" XBD=166 XHG=119 YBD=385 YHG=356>cal " XBD=405 XHG=182 YBD=392 YHG=359>management. " XBD=532 XHG=446 YBD=392 YHG=355>Very " XBD=689 XHG=556 YBD=392 YHG=355>happily " XBD=756 XHG=708 YBD=383 YHG=355>for " XBD=823 XHG=770 YBD=383 YHG=355>the " XBD=889 XHG=844 YBD=383 YHG=356>in-" XBD=216 XHG=121 YBD=427 YHG=400>mates " XBD=265 XHG=231 YBD=425 YHG=397>of " XBD=328 XHG=277 YBD=425 YHG=397>the " XBD=476 XHG=344 YBD=425 YHG=397>Lincoln " XBD=639 XHG=490 YBD=433 YHG=397>Asylum, " XBD=705 XHG=653 YBD=424 YHG=396>the " XBD=890 XHG=721 YBD=432 YHG=395>managing" XBD=217 XHG=123 YBD=467 YHG=437>board " XBD=343 XHG=243 YBD=466 YHG=446>seems " XBD=432 XHG=358 YBD=466 YHG=446>ever " XBD=489 XHG=458 YBD=465 YHG=440>to " XBD=594 XHG=514 YBD=465 YHG=436>have " XBD=708 XHG=616 YBD=465 YHG=436>acted " XBD=887 XHG=732 YBD=471 YHG=436>cordially" XBD=199 XHG=122 YBD=507 YHG=478>with " XBD=269 XHG=218 YBD=505 YHG=477>the " XBD=428 XHG=292 YBD=506 YHG=477>medical " XBD=586 XHG=448 YBD=512 YHG=476>officers; " XBD=792 XHG=610 YBD=513 YHG=476>regulating " XBD=890 XHG=812 YBD=504 YHG=485>even" XBD=172 XHG=122 YBD=547 YHG=518>the " XBD=335 XHG=193 YBD=554 YHG=517>building " XBD=410 XHG=350 YBD=546 YHG=517>and " XBD=645 XHG=426 YBD=554 YHG=519>arrangement " XBD=743 XHG=665 YBD=546 YHG=516>with " XBD=787 XHG=768 YBD=545 YHG=525>a " XBD=890 XHG=807 YBD=544 YHG=516>view" XBD=153 XHG=122 YBD=588 YHG=562>to " XBD=304 XHG=167 YBD=587 YHG=559>curative " XBD=552 XHG=319 YBD=595 YHG=558>effects, rather " XBD=641 XHG=565 YBD=587 YHG=558>than " XBD=683 XHG=652 YBD=587 YHG=560>to " XBD=780 XHG=698 YBD=586 YHG=566>mere " XBD=892 XHG=793 YBD=585 YHG=556>short-" XBD=245 XHG=124 YBD=635 YHG=598>sighted " XBD=426 XHG=264 YBD=635 YHG=607>economy. " XBD=571 XHG=469 YBD=636 YHG=598>Thus, " XBD=720 XHG=595 YBD=627 YHG=598>besides " XBD=825 XHG=736 YBD=626 YHG=597>other " XBD=892 XHG=838 YBD=626 YHG=597>ad-" XBD=281 XHG=125 YBD=675 YHG=643>vantages, " XBD=310 XHG=292 YBD=667 YHG=648>a " XBD=549 XHG=324 YBD=668 YHG=639>classification " XBD=621 XHG=563 YBD=667 YHG=639>has " XBD=764 XHG=635 YBD=667 YHG=639>become " XBD=892 XHG=780 YBD=673 YHG=638>practi-" XBD=223 XHG=126 YBD=715 YHG=680>cable, " XBD=340 XHG=237 YBD=708 YHG=679>which " XBD=497 XHG=356 YBD=708 YHG=687>answers " XBD=564 XHG=512 YBD=707 YHG=678>the " XBD=735 XHG=579 YBD=715 YHG=687>purposes " XBD=792 XHG=756 YBD=707 YHG=678>of " XBD=894 XHG=810 YBD=707 YHG=687>com-" XBD=195 XHG=125 YBD=757 YHG=720>fort, " XBD=479 XHG=208 YBD=756 YHG=722>encouragement, " XBD=607 XHG=492 YBD=757 YHG=719>safety, " XBD=682 XHG=622 YBD=748 YHG=719>and " XBD=806 XHG=698 YBD=748 YHG=718>cure.&dquo;" XBD=199 XHG=163 YBD=812 YHG=783>In " XBD=233 XHG=216 YBD=811 YHG=792>a " XBD=341 XHG=250 YBD=812 YHG=782>letter " XBD=460 XHG=355 YBD=812 YHG=783>which " XBD=542 XHG=481 YBD=812 YHG=784>Mr. " XBD=707 XHG=558 YBD=813 YHG=783>Hadwen " XBD=894 XHG=722 YBD=819 YHG=784>published" XBD=155 XHG=126 YBD=852 YHG=824>in " XBD=247 XHG=169 YBD=860 YHG=832>your " XBD=404 XHG=259 YBD=861 YHG=823>Journal, " XBD=573 XHG=424 YBD=862 YHG=824>Sept. 12, " XBD=679 XHG=589 YBD=862 YHG=827>1840, " XBD=755 XHG=703 YBD=853 YHG=824>the " XBD=896 XHG=771 YBD=855 YHG=824>follow-" XBD=177 XHG=126 YBD=901 YHG=865>ing " XBD=384 XHG=188 YBD=893 YHG=864>observation appears:-

&dquo; " XBD=281 XHG=201 YBD=948 YHG=919>That " XBD=384 XHG=307 YBD=948 YHG=918>from " XBD=470 XHG=407 YBD=949 YHG=919>last " XBD=613 XHG=497 YBD=950 YHG=920>March " XBD=672 XHG=639 YBD=950 YHG=924>to " XBD=748 XHG=696 YBD=951 YHG=922>the " XBD=898 XHG=771 YBD=958 YHG=924>present" XBD=210 XHG=129 YBD=995 YHG=961>time, " XBD=250 XHG=232 YBD=989 YHG=969>a " XBD=371 XHG=264 YBD=997 YHG=961>period " XBD=424 XHG=388 YBD=990 YHG=961>of " XBD=507 XHG=435 YBD=997 YHG=960>only " XBD=573 XHG=522 YBD=991 YHG=962>six " XBD=737 XHG=602 YBD=998 YHG=963>months, " XBD=899 XHG=751 YBD=992 YHG=964>restraint" XBD=183 XHG=130 YBD=1031 YHG=1001>has " XBD=272 XHG=196 YBD=1030 YHG=1002>been " XBD=397 XHG=285 YBD=1030 YHG=1001>almost " XBD=446 XHG=412 YBD=1031 YHG=1002>of " XBD=544 XHG=458 YBD=1037 YHG=1001>daily " XBD=754 XHG=558 YBD=1038 YHG=1010>recurrence, " XBD=826 XHG=765 YBD=1030 YHG=1003>and " XBD=899 XHG=841 YBD=1034 YHG=1003>has" XBD=290 XHG=131 YBD=1071 YHG=1041>amounted " XBD=346 XHG=315 YBD=1069 YHG=1044>to " XBD=423 XHG=370 YBD=1071 YHG=1042>the " XBD=691 XHG=450 YBD=1079 YHG=1042>extraordinary " XBD=846 XHG=714 YBD=1072 YHG=1044>number " XBD=902 XHG=868 YBD=1073 YHG=1044>of" XBD=204 XHG=132 YBD=1113 YHG=1085>1275 " XBD=348 XHG=221 YBD=1111 YHG=1081>hours.&dquo;

" XBD=365 XHG=169 YBD=1173 YHG=1136>Consequent " XBD=463 XHG=378 YBD=1174 YHG=1146>upon " XBD=530 XHG=478 YBD=1166 YHG=1137>the " XBD=644 XHG=544 YBD=1167 YHG=1138>above " XBD=836 XHG=667 YBD=1167 YHG=1141>statement " XBD=898 XHG=857 YBD=1175 YHG=1139>by" XBD=192 XHG=132 YBD=1207 YHG=1177>Mr. " XBD=360 XHG=205 YBD=1212 YHG=1177>Hadwen, " XBD=427 XHG=374 YBD=1207 YHG=1178>the " XBD=608 XHG=443 YBD=1215 YHG=1178>following " XBD=773 XHG=624 YBD=1207 YHG=1183>sentence " XBD=900 XHG=788 YBD=1207 YHG=1188>occurs" XBD=162 XHG=132 YBD=1247 YHG=1218>in " XBD=228 XHG=179 YBD=1247 YHG=1218>the " XBD=370 XHG=249 YBD=1247 YHG=1218>British " XBD=445 XHG=384 YBD=1247 YHG=1218>and " XBD=596 XHG=461 YBD=1255 YHG=1219>Foreign " XBD=757 XHG=611 YBD=1248 YHG=1219>Medical " XBD=900 XHG=768 YBD=1248 YHG=1219>Review" XBD=179 XHG=133 YBD=1288 YHG=1258>for " XBD=342 XHG=190 YBD=1296 YHG=1258>January, 1841, " XBD=502 XHG=470 YBD=1295 YHG=1268>p. 116:-

" XBD=244 XHG=171 YBD=1344 YHG=1315>&dquo;At " XBD=421 XHG=278 YBD=1352 YHG=1315>Lincoln, " XBD=593 XHG=454 YBD=1344 YHG=1315>without " XBD=688 XHG=627 YBD=1352 YHG=1324>any " XBD=902 XHG=716 YBD=1344 YHG=1315>reasonable" XBD=290 XHG=134 YBD=1392 YHG=1359>cause yet " XBD=564 XHG=312 YBD=1385 YHG=1356>communicated " XBD=618 XHG=585 YBD=1384 YHG=1359>to " XBD=693 XHG=640 YBD=1385 YHG=1357>the " XBD=838 XHG=715 YBD=1393 YHG=1356>public, " XBD=904 XHG=857 YBD=1385 YHG=1364>re-" XBD=257 XHG=136 YBD=1427 YHG=1397>straints " XBD=325 XHG=273 YBD=1426 YHG=1406>are " XBD=419 XHG=350 YBD=1425 YHG=1397>said " XBD=473 XHG=441 YBD=1426 YHG=1401>to " XBD=572 XHG=492 YBD=1426 YHG=1397>have " XBD=668 XHG=588 YBD=1425 YHG=1397>been " XBD=840 XHG=692 YBD=1425 YHG=1397>resumed " XBD=903 XHG=863 YBD=1433 YHG=1397>by" XBD=190 XHG=136 YBD=1466 YHG=1447>one " XBD=258 XHG=212 YBD=1466 YHG=1440>set " XBD=306 XHG=273 YBD=1466 YHG=1437>of " XBD=461 XHG=328 YBD=1475 YHG=1436>officers, " XBD=562 XHG=480 YBD=1466 YHG=1436>after " XBD=602 XHG=583 YBD=1466 YHG=1446>a " XBD=692 XHG=616 YBD=1475 YHG=1438>long " XBD=904 XHG=708 YBD=1466 YHG=1436>discontinu-" XBD=209 XHG=136 YBD=1507 YHG=1486>ance " XBD=264 XHG=224 YBD=1515 YHG=1478>by " XBD=415 XHG=278 YBD=1507 YHG=1477>others.&dquo;" XBD=210 XHG=173 YBD=1562 YHG=1533>In " XBD=404 XHG=243 YBD=1563 YHG=1534>whatever " XBD=520 XHG=437 YBD=1571 YHG=1532>light " XBD=618 XHG=554 YBD=1562 YHG=1532>Mr. " XBD=799 XHG=650 YBD=1561 YHG=1530>Hadwen " XBD=920 XHG=834 YBD=1568 YHG=1535>may" XBD=213 XHG=137 YBD=1603 YHG=1573>have " XBD=378 XHG=234 YBD=1603 YHG=1573>intended " XBD=459 XHG=408 YBD=1602 YHG=1573>his " XBD=642 XHG=486 YBD=1602 YHG=1573>assertion " XBD=764 XHG=663 YBD=1601 YHG=1572>above " XBD=905 XHG=787 YBD=1609 YHG=1573>quoted" XBD=169 XHG=138 YBD=1643 YHG=1618>to " XBD=239 XHG=203 YBD=1643 YHG=1615>be " XBD=479 XHG=272 YBD=1650 YHG=1614>understood, " XBD=540 XHG=513 YBD=1642 YHG=1615>it " XBD=602 XHG=574 YBD=1642 YHG=1614>is " XBD=722 XHG=635 YBD=1642 YHG=1613>clear " XBD=825 XHG=754 YBD=1641 YHG=1613>that " XBD=906 XHG=854 YBD=1641 YHG=1613>the" XBD=236 XHG=138 YBD=1683 YHG=1654>editor " XBD=290 XHG=255 YBD=1683 YHG=1655>of the &dquo; " XBD=552 XHG=432 YBD=1682 YHG=1654>British " XBD=646 XHG=583 YBD=1682 YHG=1653>and " XBD=811 XHG=677 YBD=1689 YHG=1653>Foreign " XBD=907 XHG=837 YBD=1681 YHG=1652>Me-" XBD=221 XHG=140 YBD=1723 YHG=1695>dical " XBD=406 XHG=252 YBD=1724 YHG=1694>Review&dquo; " XBD=499 XHG=442 YBD=1723 YHG=1694>has " XBD=657 XHG=531 YBD=1723 YHG=1693>viewed " XBD=717 XHG=692 YBD=1722 YHG=1694>it " XBD=786 XHG=750 YBD=1722 YHG=1702>as " XBD=907 XHG=819 YBD=1722 YHG=1692>exhi-" XBD=236 XHG=139 YBD=1771 YHG=1735>biting " XBD=321 XHG=270 YBD=1764 YHG=1736>the " XBD=467 XHG=350 YBD=1772 YHG=1738>system " XBD=531 XHG=496 YBD=1763 YHG=1734>of " XBD=788 XHG=563 YBD=1763 YHG=1735>non-restraint " XBD=908 XHG=814 YBD=1763 YHG=1734>aban-" XBD=238 XHG=141 YBD=1804 YHG=1777>doned " XBD=294 XHG=263 YBD=1804 YHG=1776>in " XBD=364 XHG=322 YBD=1805 YHG=1778>its " XBD=592 XHG=390 YBD=1812 YHG=1774>birth-place. " XBD=718 XHG=634 YBD=1803 YHG=1774>Such " XBD=764 XHG=745 YBD=1803 YHG=1783>a " XBD=863 XHG=788 YBD=1812 YHG=1775>fact, " XBD=911 XHG=884 YBD=1803 YHG=1775>if" XBD=218 XHG=141 YBD=1851 YHG=1819>true, " XBD=347 XHG=244 YBD=1844 YHG=1816>would " XBD=438 XHG=368 YBD=1844 YHG=1820>cast " XBD=480 XHG=461 YBD=1844 YHG=1825>a " XBD=602 XHG=504 YBD=1844 YHG=1815>shade " XBD=694 XHG=618 YBD=1843 YHG=1824>over " XBD=768 XHG=716 YBD=1843 YHG=1814>the " XBD=909 XHG=789 YBD=1844 YHG=1815>laurels" XBD=240 XHG=141 YBD=1884 YHG=1856>which " XBD=319 XHG=257 YBD=1884 YHG=1856>this " XBD=513 XHG=334 YBD=1884 YHG=1856>institution " XBD=584 XHG=528 YBD=1883 YHG=1855>has " XBD=678 XHG=596 YBD=1889 YHG=1864>won, " XBD=730 XHG=690 YBD=1891 YHG=1855>by " XBD=844 XHG=748 YBD=1891 YHG=1855>being " XBD=909 XHG=858 YBD=1883 YHG=1855>the" XBD=204 XHG=141 YBD=1924 YHG=1896>first " XBD=257 XHG=227 YBD=1924 YHG=1899>to " XBD=381 XHG=280 YBD=1925 YHG=1896>strike " XBD=424 XHG=405 YBD=1925 YHG=1905>a " XBD=644 XHG=448 YBD=1924 YHG=1895>death-blow " XBD=703 XHG=670 YBD=1924 YHG=1898>at " XBD=775 XHG=724 YBD=1923 YHG=1895>the " XBD=910 XHG=797 YBD=1924 YHG=1895>felon’s" XBD=229 XHG=141 YBD=1964 YHG=1936>chain " XBD=302 XHG=244 YBD=1964 YHG=1937>and " XBD=480 XHG=320 YBD=1973 YHG=1936>handcuff, " XBD=545 XHG=493 YBD=1964 YHG=1931>the " XBD=844 XHG=556 YBD=1971 YHG=1936>strait-waistcoat, " XBD=910 XHG=858 YBD=1964 YHG=1935>the" XBD=394 XHG=143 YBD=2012 YHG=1976>coercion-chair, " XBD=479 XHG=409 YBD=2012 YHG=1977>&c., " XBD=533 XHG=503 YBD=2004 YHG=1976>in " XBD=602 XHG=551 YBD=2004 YHG=1977>the " XBD=785 XHG=618 YBD=2004 YHG=1978>treatment " XBD=841 XHG=806 YBD=2003 YHG=1975>of " XBD=911 XHG=859 YBD=2004 YHG=1975>the" XBD=266 XHG=143 YBD=2051 YHG=2014>insane; " XBD=344 XHG=289 YBD=2044 YHG=2017>but " XBD=445 XHG=359 YBD=2044 YHG=2017>what " XBD=495 XHG=468 YBD=2044 YHG=2017>is " XBD=568 XHG=519 YBD=2045 YHG=2015>far " XBD=666 XHG=581 YBD=2044 YHG=2025>more " XBD=872 XHG=688 YBD=2052 YHG=2016>important, " XBD=913 XHG=887 YBD=2044 YHG=2016>it" XBD=248 XHG=143 YBD=2084 YHG=2056>would " XBD=351 XHG=271 YBD=2084 YHG=2056>have " XBD=427 XHG=375 YBD=2084 YHG=2056>the " XBD=579 XHG=450 YBD=2084 YHG=2057>baneful " XBD=697 XHG=604 YBD=2084 YHG=2056>effect " XBD=750 XHG=718 YBD=2085 YHG=2057>of " XBD=913 XHG=772 YBD=2093 YHG=2056>injuring" XBD=193 XHG=143 YBD=2124 YHG=2095>the " XBD=305 XHG=218 YBD=2132 YHG=2101>great " XBD=414 XHG=318 YBD=2125 YHG=2105>cause " XBD=464 XHG=429 YBD=2124 YHG=2096>of " XBD=657 XHG=480 YBD=2134 YHG=2097>humanity, " XBD=717 XHG=676 YBD=2133 YHG=2097>by " XBD=914 XHG=732 YBD=2134 YHG=2096>furnishing" XBD=160 XHG=143 YBD=2163 YHG=2144>a " XBD=373 XHG=183 YBD=2172 YHG=2136>triumphant " XBD=564 XHG=400 YBD=2172 YHG=2140>argument " XBD=618 XHG=586 YBD=2165 YHG=2141>to " XBD=681 XHG=640 YBD=2165 YHG=2138>its " XBD=914 XHG=706 YBD=2174 YHG=2137>antagonists." XBD=297 XHG=144 YBD=2212 YHG=2175>Happily, " XBD=362 XHG=310 YBD=2205 YHG=2176>the " XBD=475 XHG=388 YBD=2205 YHG=2177>truth " XBD=565 XHG=496 YBD=2206 YHG=2177>will " XBD=684 XHG=578 YBD=2214 YHG=2177>dispel " XBD=773 XHG=699 YBD=2207 YHG=2177>both " XBD=846 XHG=795 YBD=2206 YHG=2178>the " XBD=916 XHG=862 YBD=2206 YHG=2179>de-" XBD=244 XHG=144 YBD=2244 YHG=2215>lusion " XBD=328 XHG=268 YBD=2244 YHG=2217>and " XBD=405 XHG=354 YBD=2245 YHG=2216>the " XBD=550 XHG=420 YBD=2253 YHG=2217>danger. " XBD=640 XHG=591 YBD=2246 YHG=2217>Of " XBD=703 XHG=652 YBD=2246 YHG=2217>the " XBD=798 XHG=720 YBD=2247 YHG=2220>1275 " XBD=915 XHG=819 YBD=2247 YHG=2218>hours" XBD=245 XHG=146 YBD=2284 YHG=2257>stated " XBD=301 XHG=261 YBD=2293 YHG=2257>by " XBD=378 XHG=316 YBD=2285 YHG=2257>Mr. " XBD=539 XHG=390 YBD=2285 YHG=2256>Hadwen " XBD=587 XHG=555 YBD=2285 YHG=2260>to " XBD=684 XHG=603 YBD=2286 YHG=2258>have " XBD=781 XHG=702 YBD=2287 YHG=2259>been 11 " XBD=917 XHG=824 YBD=2295 YHG=2262>spent" XBD=242 XHG=144 YBD=2324 YHG=2296>under " XBD=447 XHG=268 YBD=2333 YHG=2296>restraint,&dquo; " XBD=609 XHG=461 YBD=2332 YHG=2297>eighteen " XBD=696 XHG=635 YBD=2326 YHG=2298>and " XBD=918 XHG=723 YBD=2335 YHG=2298>three-q uar-" XBD=206 XHG=144 YBD=2364 YHG=2337>ters " XBD=290 XHG=220 YBD=2371 YHG=2336>only " XBD=464 XHG=305 YBD=2365 YHG=2337>consisted " XBD=515 XHG=480 YBD=2365 YHG=2338>of " XBD=746 XHG=527 YBD=2367 YHG=2337>instrumental " XBD=917 XHG=758 YBD=2367 YHG=2339>restraint." XBD=191 XHG=146 YBD=2404 YHG=2376>As " XBD=220 XHG=203 YBD=2404 YHG=2385>a " XBD=341 XHG=232 YBD=2404 YHG=2379>matter " XBD=714 XHG=352 YBD=2414 YHG=2378>ofjusticetowardsthe " XBD=917 XHG=725 YBD=2413 YHG=2378>institution," XBD=161 XHG=145 YBD=2444 YHG=2415>I " XBD=240 XHG=175 YBD=2444 YHG=2416>will " XBD=329 XHG=255 YBD=2451 YHG=2416>add, " XBD=411 XHG=343 YBD=2445 YHG=2416>that " XBD=578 XHG=432 YBD=2453 YHG=2417>eighteen " XBD=661 XHG=599 YBD=2445 YHG=2416>and " XBD=920 XHG=688 YBD=2453 YHG=2416>three-quarter" XBD=239 XHG=147 YBD=2484 YHG=2455>hours " XBD=332 XHG=256 YBD=2484 YHG=2455>form " XBD=399 XHG=348 YBD=2484 YHG=2456>the " XBD=481 XHG=413 YBD=2485 YHG=2466>sum " XBD=532 XHG=498 YBD=2485 YHG=2457>of " XBD=759 XHG=541 YBD=2485 YHG=2456>instrumental " XBD=920 XHG=774 YBD=2484 YHG=2457>restraint" XBD=308 XHG=148 YBD=2532 YHG=2496>employed " XBD=355 XHG=326 YBD=2524 YHG=2496>in " XBD=421 XHG=369 YBD=2524 YHG=2496>the " XBD=717 XHG=436 YBD=2531 YHG=2497>Lincoln Asylum " XBD=846 XHG=730 YBD=2532 YHG=2496>during " XBD=919 XHG=867 YBD=2523 YHG=2496>the" XBD=218 XHG=149 YBD=2564 YHG=2535>four " XBD=299 XHG=237 YBD=2564 YHG=2536>last " XBD=448 XHG=322 YBD=2570 YHG=2544>years. - " XBD=482 XHG=466 YBD=2564 YHG=2537>I have " XBD=661 XHG=608 YBD=2563 YHG=2537>the " XBD=808 XHG=686 YBD=2563 YHG=2535>honour " XBD=859 XHG=826 YBD=2564 YHG=2539>to " XBD=920 XHG=874 YBD=2563 YHG=2544>re-" XBD=240 XHG=149 YBD=2613 YHG=2576>main, " XBD=316 XHG=255 YBD=2614 YHG=2576>Sir, " XBD=410 XHG=330 YBD=2611 YHG=2584>your " XBD=575 XHG=426 YBD=2604 YHG=2576>obedient " XBD=728 XHG=589 YBD=2612 YHG=2578>servant," XBD=573 XHG=419 YBD=2665 YHG=2636>RICHARD " XBD=713 XHG=588 YBD=2665 YHG=2637>SUTTON " XBD=881 XHG=727 YBD=2672 YHG=2636>HARVEY,

" XBD=319 XHG=288 YBD=2728 YHG=2699>A " XBD=499 XHG=335 YBD=2727 YHG=2696>Governor " XBD=550 XHG=514 YBD=2727 YHG=2698>of " XBD=614 XHG=562 YBD=2727 YHG=2698>the " XBD=767 XHG=627 YBD=2727 YHG=2697>Lincoln " XBD=920 XHG=785 YBD=2733 YHG=2697>Asylum

" XBD=332 XHG=188 YBD=2807 YHG=2771>Lincoln, " XBD=426 XHG=351 YBD=2799 YHG=2767>Jan. 19, 1841.

" XBD=1057 XHG=922 YBD=248 YHG=211>Organic " XBD=1272 XHG=1091 YBD=248 YHG=211>Chemistry, " XBD=1334 XHG=1300 YBD=239 YHG=210>in " XBD=1400 XHG=1358 YBD=239 YHG=210>its Applications " XBD=1701 XHG=1671 YBD=239 YHG=213>toAgriculture " XBD=1244 XHG=1183 YBD=280 YHG=253>and " XBD=1467 XHG=1270 YBD=289 YHG=250>Physiology. " XBD=1557 XHG=1509 YBD=287 YHG=251>By " XBD=1702 XHG=1580 YBD=280 YHG=250>JUSTUS

" XBD=1087 XHG=960 YBD=327 YHG=291>LIEBIG, " XBD=1166 XHG=1104 YBD=320 YHG=292>Ph. " XBD=1234 XHG=1178 YBD=328 YHG=292>D., " XBD=1415 XHG=1248 YBD=320 YHG=291>Professor " XBD=1466 XHG=1430 YBD=320 YHG=290>of " XBD=1657 XHG=1478 YBD=327 YHG=290>Chemistry " XBD=1704 XHG=1669 YBD=320 YHG=293>at LiEBiG, Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry at" XBD=1109 XHG=961 YBD=361 YHG=330>Giessen. " XBD=1213 XHG=1142 YBD=361 YHG=335>8vo. " XBD=1336 XHG=1246 YBD=361 YHG=334>1840.

" XBD=959 XHG=920 YBD=415 YHG=385>IN " XBD=1028 XHG=976 YBD=415 YHG=386>the " XBD=1130 XHG=1042 YBD=423 YHG=389>great " XBD=1268 XHG=1144 YBD=424 YHG=387>portion " XBD=1320 XHG=1283 YBD=415 YHG=386>of " XBD=1381 XHG=1328 YBD=415 YHG=386>the " XBD=1486 XHG=1396 YBD=415 YHG=386>work " XBD=1544 XHG=1506 YBD=415 YHG=385>of " XBD=1607 XHG=1555 YBD=415 YHG=386>the " XBD=1702 XHG=1622 YBD=417 YHG=386>Ger-" XBD=991 XHG=922 YBD=464 YHG=444>man " XBD=1178 XHG=1008 YBD=472 YHG=435>professor, " XBD=1245 XHG=1193 YBD=464 YHG=435>the " XBD=1387 XHG=1261 YBD=473 YHG=435>subject " XBD=1525 XHG=1401 YBD=464 YHG=434>treated " XBD=1585 XHG=1546 YBD=464 YHG=434>of " XBD=1630 XHG=1601 YBD=464 YHG=435>is " XBD=1703 XHG=1650 YBD=464 YHG=434>the" XBD=1053 XHG=922 YBD=511 YHG=484>nurture " XBD=1113 XHG=1077 YBD=511 YHG=483>of " XBD=1257 XHG=1138 YBD=520 YHG=483>plants, " XBD=1346 XHG=1284 YBD=512 YHG=484>and " XBD=1414 XHG=1361 YBD=512 YHG=483>the " XBD=1543 XHG=1429 YBD=513 YHG=492>source " XBD=1601 XHG=1565 YBD=512 YHG=482>of " XBD=1703 XHG=1619 YBD=512 YHG=482>their" XBD=1150 XHG=922 YBD=561 YHG=530>nourishment. " XBD=1270 XHG=1202 YBD=561 YHG=530>The " XBD=1434 XHG=1294 YBD=561 YHG=531>division " XBD=1493 XHG=1460 YBD=560 YHG=535>to " XBD=1631 XHG=1522 YBD=561 YHG=530>which " XBD=1704 XHG=1653 YBD=561 YHG=539>we" XBD=994 XHG=922 YBD=607 YHG=587>now " XBD=1079 XHG=1007 YBD=607 YHG=581>turn " XBD=1149 XHG=1091 YBD=608 YHG=588>our " XBD=1314 XHG=1160 YBD=608 YHG=579>attention " XBD=1356 XHG=1327 YBD=609 YHG=580>is " XBD=1513 XHG=1371 YBD=608 YHG=579>directed " XBD=1557 XHG=1524 YBD=608 YHG=581>to " XBD=1626 XHG=1572 YBD=608 YHG=578>the " XBD=1707 XHG=1640 YBD=608 YHG=578>dis-

" XBD=1052 XHG=923 YBD=655 YHG=626>cussion " XBD=1112 XHG=1076 YBD=655 YHG=626>of " XBD=1185 XHG=1132 YBD=655 YHG=627>the " XBD=1456 XHG=1206 YBD=663 YHG=627>decomposition " XBD=1511 XHG=1477 YBD=656 YHG=626>of " XBD=1701 XHG=1529 YBD=663 YHG=626>organised" XBD=1049 XHG=926 YBD=711 YHG=675>bodies, " XBD=1133 XHG=1072 YBD=703 YHG=674>and " XBD=1212 XHG=1159 YBD=703 YHG=674>the " XBD=1352 XHG=1230 YBD=703 YHG=675>several " XBD=1474 XHG=1366 YBD=703 YHG=675>modes " XBD=1529 XHG=1497 YBD=702 YHG=674>in " XBD=1658 XHG=1552 YBD=703 YHG=674>which " XBD=1709 XHG=1681 YBD=704 YHG=675>it" XBD=1017 XHG=925 YBD=752 YHG=722>takes " XBD=1134 XHG=1031 YBD=759 YHG=723>place, " XBD=1178 XHG=1147 YBD=751 YHG=722>in " XBD=1291 XHG=1201 YBD=752 YHG=723>order " XBD=1345 XHG=1313 YBD=751 YHG=725>to " XBD=1460 XHG=1360 YBD=752 YHG=723>afford " XBD=1637 XHG=1476 YBD=760 YHG=722>provision " XBD=1709 XHG=1658 YBD=752 YHG=722>for" XBD=945 XHG=926 YBD=800 YHG=781>a " XBD=1030 XHG=960 YBD=800 YHG=781>new " XBD=1107 XHG=1045 YBD=800 YHG=772>and " XBD=1265 XHG=1123 YBD=807 YHG=774>stronger " XBD=1352 XHG=1280 YBD=800 YHG=780>race " XBD=1402 XHG=1366 YBD=800 YHG=772>of " XBD=1546 XHG=1415 YBD=809 YHG=772>beings ; " XBD=1621 XHG=1568 YBD=799 YHG=771>the " XBD=1708 XHG=1635 YBD=799 YHG=779>new" XBD=1110 XHG=928 YBD=856 YHG=820>generation " XBD=1219 XHG=1125 YBD=856 YHG=819>being " XBD=1338 XHG=1234 YBD=849 YHG=820>raised " XBD=1394 XHG=1354 YBD=848 YHG=829>on " XBD=1469 XHG=1416 YBD=849 YHG=820>the " XBD=1578 XHG=1484 YBD=849 YHG=820>ashes " XBD=1635 XHG=1600 YBD=848 YHG=819>of " XBD=1708 XHG=1653 YBD=849 YHG=819>the" XBD=993 XHG=928 YBD=897 YHG=867>old. " XBD=1215 XHG=1034 YBD=904 YHG=867>Organised " XBD=1366 XHG=1244 YBD=902 YHG=867>bodies, " XBD=1483 XHG=1390 YBD=896 YHG=867>when " XBD=1651 XHG=1499 YBD=904 YHG=867>deprived " XBD=1713 XHG=1674 YBD=896 YHG=866>of" XBD=1067 XHG=929 YBD=952 YHG=915>vitality, " XBD=1290 XHG=1082 YBD=952 YHG=915>decompose ; " XBD=1382 XHG=1312 YBD=944 YHG=914>that " XBD=1433 XHG=1394 YBD=952 YHG=914>is, " XBD=1498 XHG=1444 YBD=943 YHG=915>the " XBD=1709 XHG=1512 YBD=944 YHG=914>mechanism" XBD=971 XHG=930 YBD=999 YHG=963>by " XBD=1104 XHG=996 YBD=992 YHG=963>which " XBD=1177 XHG=1124 YBD=992 YHG=963>the " XBD=1301 XHG=1203 YBD=992 YHG=965>waste " XBD=1359 XHG=1323 YBD=992 YHG=962>of " XBD=1465 XHG=1382 YBD=991 YHG=962>their " XBD=1658 XHG=1486 YBD=992 YHG=962>substance " XBD=1710 XHG=1680 YBD=991 YHG=962>is" XBD=1081 XHG=931 YBD=1048 YHG=1012>supplied " XBD=1192 XHG=1098 YBD=1047 YHG=1012>being " XBD=1274 XHG=1206 YBD=1039 YHG=1011>null " XBD=1357 XHG=1295 YBD=1039 YHG=1010>and " XBD=1468 XHG=1382 YBD=1048 YHG=1010>void, " XBD=1537 XHG=1484 YBD=1039 YHG=1010>the " XBD=1712 XHG=1552 YBD=1039 YHG=1009>chemical" XBD=1077 XHG=930 YBD=1089 YHG=1060>atfinities " XBD=1134 XHG=1099 YBD=1088 YHG=1060>of " XBD=1208 XHG=1155 YBD=1088 YHG=1059>the " XBD=1419 XHG=1232 YBD=1096 YHG=1061>component " XBD=1533 XHG=1445 YBD=1096 YHG=1063>parts " XBD=1657 XHG=1568 YBD=1096 YHG=1059>yield " XBD=1713 XHG=1676 YBD=1088 YHG=1060>to" XBD=983 XHG=931 YBD=1136 YHG=1108>the " XBD=1170 XHG=998 YBD=1136 YHG=1107>influences " XBD=1221 XHG=1185 YBD=1136 YHG=1107>of " XBD=1284 XHG=1232 YBD=1136 YHG=1107>the " XBD=1511 XHG=1298 YBD=1144 YHG=1107>atmosphere, &c., which" XBD=992 XHG=931 YBD=1184 YHG=1155>had " XBD=1092 XHG=1016 YBD=1184 YHG=1156>been " XBD=1296 XHG=1115 YBD=1192 YHG=1156>previously " XBD=1361 XHG=1326 YBD=1184 YHG=1155>of " XBD=1558 XHG=1381 YBD=1192 YHG=1155>secondary " XBD=1713 XHG=1583 YBD=1193 YHG=1156>import," XBD=994 XHG=932 YBD=1232 YHG=1203>and " XBD=1090 XHG=1019 YBD=1240 YHG=1203>give " XBD=1178 XHG=1116 YBD=1232 YHG=1203>rise " XBD=1232 XHG=1200 YBD=1232 YHG=1207>to " XBD=1320 XHG=1250 YBD=1232 YHG=1212>new " XBD=1550 XHG=1343 YBD=1240 YHG=1203>compounds, " XBD=1657 XHG=1565 YBD=1241 YHG=1212>many " XBD=1716 XHG=1679 YBD=1233 YHG=1202>of" XBD=1016 XHG=933 YBD=1280 YHG=1251>them " XBD=1078 XHG=1043 YBD=1279 YHG=1250>of " XBD=1123 XHG=1104 YBD=1280 YHG=1260>a " XBD=1237 XHG=1153 YBD=1280 YHG=1260>more " XBD=1397 XHG=1264 YBD=1279 YHG=1251>volatile " XBD=1547 XHG=1422 YBD=1281 YHG=1254>nature. " XBD=1713 XHG=1597 YBD=1288 YHG=1250>Liebig" XBD=1074 XHG=934 YBD=1328 YHG=1299>ascribes " XBD=1146 XHG=1093 YBD=1327 YHG=1298>the " XBD=1411 XHG=1161 YBD=1336 YHG=1298>decomposition " XBD=1470 XHG=1433 YBD=1327 YHG=1298>of " XBD=1617 XHG=1488 YBD=1334 YHG=1299>organic " XBD=1714 XHG=1638 YBD=1328 YHG=1299>sub-" XBD=1058 XHG=935 YBD=1376 YHG=1350>stances " XBD=1105 XHG=1073 YBD=1375 YHG=1349>to " XBD=1207 XHG=1120 YBD=1376 YHG=1347>three " XBD=1361 XHG=1222 YBD=1382 YHG=1354>causes ; fermentation, " XBD=1715 XHG=1612 YBD=1384 YHG=1349>putre." XBD=1056 XHG=925 YBD=1432 YHG=1394>faction, " XBD=1132 XHG=1071 YBD=1423 YHG=1394>and " XBD=1356 XHG=1147 YBD=1431 YHG=1393>eremacausis, " XBD=1410 XHG=1376 YBD=1423 YHG=1402>or " XBD=1526 XHG=1425 YBD=1432 YHG=1394>decay. " XBD=1635 XHG=1567 YBD=1422 YHG=1393>The " XBD=1716 XHG=1650 YBD=1424 YHG=1397>two" XBD=1050 XHG=936 YBD=1471 YHG=1442>former " XBD=1131 XHG=1078 YBD=1472 YHG=1452>are " XBD=1263 XHG=1158 YBD=1472 YHG=1443>rather " XBD=1425 XHG=1287 YBD=1480 YHG=1442>popular " XBD=1529 XHG=1453 YBD=1471 YHG=1442>than " XBD=1713 XHG=1558 YBD=1472 YHG=1441>scientific" XBD=1041 XHG=937 YBD=1521 YHG=1496>terms. " XBD=1320 XHG=1094 YBD=1520 YHG=1490>Fermentation " XBD=1377 XHG=1349 YBD=1520 YHG=1490>is " XBD=1534 XHG=1402 YBD=1528 YHG=1490>applied " XBD=1605 XHG=1572 YBD=1520 YHG=1493>to " XBD=1717 XHG=1626 YBD=1520 YHG=1490>those" XBD=1208 XHG=937 YBD=1569 YHG=1539>transformations " XBD=1256 XHG=1224 YBD=1569 YHG=1540>ia " XBD=1372 XHG=1268 YBD=1570 YHG=1539>which " XBD=1524 XHG=1389 YBD=1577 YHG=1547>gaseous " XBD=1652 XHG=1540 YBD=1569 YHG=1539>bodies " XBD=1718 XHG=1664 YBD=1568 YHG=1547>are" XBD=1070 XHG=937 YBD=1617 YHG=1588>evolved " XBD=1188 XHG=1082 YBD=1616 YHG=1587>which " XBD=1255 XHG=1203 YBD=1617 YHG=1596>are " XBD=1423 XHG=1271 YBD=1616 YHG=1588>destitute " XBD=1475 XHG=1438 YBD=1616 YHG=1587>of " XBD=1599 XHG=1486 YBD=1624 YHG=1587>smell ; " XBD=1718 XHG=1621 YBD=1618 YHG=1587>while" XBD=1137 XHG=937 YBD=1674 YHG=1636>putrefaction " XBD=1334 XHG=1153 YBD=1673 YHG=1637>designates " XBD=1436 XHG=1347 YBD=1665 YHG=1636>those " XBD=1589 XHG=1450 YBD=1671 YHG=1635>changes " XBD=1719 XHG=1611 YBD=1664 YHG=1635>where" XBD=1067 XHG=939 YBD=1713 YHG=1684>volatile " XBD=1217 XHG=1093 YBD=1722 YHG=1687>matter, " XBD=1428 XHG=1245 YBD=1721 YHG=1684>possessing " XBD=1478 XHG=1458 YBD=1713 YHG=1692>a " XBD=1719 XHG=1499 YBD=1720 YHG=1682>disagreeable" XBD=1050 XHG=940 YBD=1769 YHG=1733>odour, " XBD=1101 XHG=1073 YBD=1762 YHG=1732>is " XBD=1324 XHG=1117 YBD=1769 YHG=1732>disengaged. " XBD=1426 XHG=1359 YBD=1760 YHG=1731>The " XBD=1541 XHG=1449 YBD=1760 YHG=1731>smell " XBD=1606 XHG=1566 YBD=1768 YHG=1730>is, " XBD=1720 XHG=1630 YBD=1760 YHG=1731>how-" XBD=1024 XHG=940 YBD=1817 YHG=1789>ever, " XBD=1092 XHG=1039 YBD=1809 YHG=1782>not " XBD=1125 XHG=1106 YBD=1809 YHG=1789>a " XBD=1388 XHG=1137 YBD=1816 YHG=1779>distinguishing " XBD=1563 XHG=1400 YBD=1808 YHG=1779>character " XBD=1610 XHG=1578 YBD=1808 YHG=1780>in " XBD=1643 XHG=1625 YBD=1808 YHG=1787>a " XBD=1722 XHG=1658 YBD=1808 YHG=1778>sci-" XBD=1044 XHG=940 YBD=1856 YHG=1828>entific " XBD=1150 XHG=1059 YBD=1863 YHG=1827>point " XBD=1199 XHG=1163 YBD=1855 YHG=1825>of " XBD=1318 XHG=1224 YBD=1856 YHG=1828>view. " XBD=1427 XHG=1360 YBD=1855 YHG=1827>The " XBD=1597 XHG=1441 YBD=1855 YHG=1826>chemical " XBD=1721 XHG=1613 YBD=1856 YHG=1827>differ-" XBD=1018 XHG=941 YBD=1904 YHG=1885>ence " XBD=1091 XHG=1032 YBD=1904 YHG=1876>lies " XBD=1135 XHG=1104 YBD=1904 YHG=1876>in " XBD=1288 XHG=1150 YBD=1912 YHG=1874>the fact, " XBD=1373 XHG=1303 YBD=1904 YHG=1874>that " XBD=1420 XHG=1388 YBD=1903 YHG=1875>in " XBD=1654 XHG=1434 YBD=1904 YHG=1875>fermentation " XBD=1722 XHG=1667 YBD=1903 YHG=1874>the" XBD=1063 XHG=942 YBD=1961 YHG=1912>objects " XBD=1311 XHG=1100 YBD=1959 YHG=1923>decomposed " XBD=1467 XHG=1340 YBD=1952 YHG=1923>contain " XBD=1535 XHG=1495 YBD=1952 YHG=1932>no " XBD=1724 XHG=1568 YBD=1959 YHG=1923>nitrogen," XBD=1038 XHG=943 YBD=1999 YHG=1971>while " XBD=1085 XHG=1053 YBD=1999 YHG=1970>in " XBD=1324 XHG=1111 YBD=2007 YHG=1971>putrefaction " XBD=1488 XHG=1343 YBD=2007 YHG=1971>nitrogen " XBD=1606 XHG=1502 YBD=1999 YHG=1973>enters " XBD=1663 XHG=1627 YBD=2000 YHG=1979>as " XBD=1724 XHG=1684 YBD=2000 YHG=1979>an" XBD=1039 XHG=944 YBD=2055 YHG=2021>agent " XBD=1100 XHG=1067 YBD=2046 YHG=2017>in " XBD=1180 XHG=1127 YBD=2047 YHG=2018>the " XBD=1460 XHG=1197 YBD=2054 YHG=2017>decumposition. Ei-emacausis," XBD=978 XHG=944 YBD=2095 YHG=2076>or " XBD=1104 XHG=993 YBD=2104 YHG=2066>decay, " XBD=1227 XHG=1117 YBD=2095 YHG=2065>differs " XBD=1321 XHG=1243 YBD=2095 YHG=2066>from " XBD=1560 XHG=1342 YBD=2095 YHG=2066>fermentation " XBD=1644 XHG=1581 YBD=2095 YHG=2066>and " XBD=1724 XHG=1665 YBD=2103 YHG=2075>pu." XBD=1124 XHG=945 YBD=2152 YHG=2114>trefaction, " XBD=1170 XHG=1139 YBD=2144 YHG=2115>in " XBD=1236 XHG=1183 YBD=2144 YHG=2114>the " XBD=1479 XHG=1250 YBD=2144 YHG=2115>circumstance " XBD=1561 XHG=1492 YBD=2144 YHG=2114>that " XBD=1601 XHG=1575 YBD=2144 YHG=2115>it " XBD=1728 XHG=1612 YBD=2144 YHG=2117>cannot" XBD=1021 XHG=947 YBD=2193 YHG=2163>take " XBD=1128 XHG=1036 YBD=2200 YHG=2162>place " XBD=1281 XHG=1144 YBD=2192 YHG=2163>without " XBD=1357 XHG=1303 YBD=2192 YHG=2163>the " XBD=1524 XHG=1373 YBD=2200 YHG=2171>presence " XBD=1575 XHG=1539 YBD=2191 YHG=2162>of " XBD=1651 XHG=1592 YBD=2198 YHG=2162>air, " XBD=1726 XHG=1672 YBD=2191 YHG=2161>the" XBD=1070 XHG=912 YBD=2249 YHG=2220>ogygen " XBD=1121 XHG=1086 YBD=2240 YHG=2211>of " XBD=1240 XHG=1135 YBD=2240 YHG=2211>which " XBD=1287 XHG=1259 YBD=2239 YHG=2211>is " XBD=1464 XHG=1307 YBD=2240 YHG=2211>absorbed " XBD=1522 XHG=1481 YBD=2248 YHG=2210>by " XBD=1591 XHG=1538 YBD=2240 YHG=2211>the " XBD=1729 XHG=1613 YBD=2247 YHG=2210>decay-" XBD=1001 XHG=948 YBD=2295 YHG=2259>ing " XBD=1121 XHG=1024 YBD=2296 YHG=2259>body. " XBD=1275 XHG=1162 YBD=2287 YHG=2258>Hence " XBD=1326 XHG=1299 YBD=2287 YHG=2260>it " XBD=1376 XHG=1349 YBD=2288 YHG=2260>is " XBD=1425 XHG=1404 YBD=2287 YHG=2268>a " XBD=1573 XHG=1444 YBD=2295 YHG=2267>process " XBD=1630 XHG=1594 YBD=2288 YHG=2259>of " XBD=1729 XHG=1647 YBD=2288 YHG=2258>slow" XBD=1162 XHG=912 YBD=2343 YHG=2306>combustion, " XBD=1222 XHG=1190 YBD=2334 YHG=2306>in " XBD=1358 XHG=1251 YBD=2334 YHG=2306>which " XBD=1470 XHG=1395 YBD=2334 YHG=2305>heat " XBD=1525 XHG=1496 YBD=2333 YHG=2306>is " XBD=1730 XHG=1557 YBD=2341 YHG=2305>uniformly" XBD=1096 XHG=912 YBD=2387 YHG=2354>evolved, " XBD=1178 XHG=1117 YBD=2382 YHG=2354>and " XBD=1374 XHG=1192 YBD=2389 YHG=2352>frequently " XBD=1467 XHG=1389 YBD=2380 YHG=2361>even " XBD=1574 XHG=1480 YBD=2389 YHG=2352>light.

" XBD=1222 XHG=992 YBD=2429 YHG=2400>Fermentation " XBD=1298 XHG=1237 YBD=2428 YHG=2400>and Ptctrefaction.-It " XBD=1649 XHG=1621 YBD=2431 YHG=2401>is " XBD=1733 XHG=1659 YBD=2431 YHG=2409>now" XBD=1069 XHG=912 YBD=2483 YHG=2443>t known " XBD=1153 XHG=1084 YBD=2476 YHG=2447>that " XBD=1208 XHG=1169 YBD=2476 YHG=2456>an " XBD=1368 XHG=1226 YBD=2476 YHG=2447>infusion " XBD=1423 XHG=1388 YBD=2476 YHG=2447>of " XBD=1521 XHG=1435 YBD=2484 YHG=2448>malt, " XBD=1640 XHG=1535 YBD=2477 YHG=2448>which " XBD=1691 XHG=1662 YBD=2478 YHG=2448>is " XBD=1733 XHG=1712 YBD=2477 YHG=2457>a" XBD=1091 XHG=912 YBD=2525 YHG=2496>solution " XBD=1138 XHG=1103 YBD=2524 YHG=2494>of " XBD=1247 XHG=1150 YBD=2531 YHG=2504>sugar " XBD=1295 XHG=1261 YBD=2523 YHG=2494>of " XBD=1367 XHG=1314 YBD=2523 YHG=2494>the " XBD=1464 XHG=1378 YBD=2524 YHG=2504>same " XBD=1603 XHG=1479 YBD=2532 YHG=2496>species " XBD=1652 XHG=1617 YBD=2525 YHG=2504>as " XBD=1733 XHG=1663 YBD=2524 YHG=2496>that" XBD=1118 XHG=912 YBD=2571 YHG=2542>contained " XBD=1163 XHG=1132 YBD=2570 YHG=2542>in " XBD=1302 XHG=1180 YBD=2579 YHG=2551>grapes, " XBD=1457 XHG=1313 YBD=2579 YHG=2543>together " XBD=1548 XHG=1471 YBD=2571 YHG=2543>with " XBD=1733 XHG=1565 YBD=2578 YHG=2541>vegetable" XBD=1077 XHG=953 YBD=2625 YHG=2592>matter, " XBD=1125 XHG=1098 YBD=2617 YHG=2589>is " XBD=1273 XHG=1141 YBD=2625 YHG=2589>capable " XBD=1326 XHG=1289 YBD=2617 YHG=2589>of " XBD=1523 XHG=1337 YBD=2626 YHG=2589>fermenting " XBD=1580 XHG=1545 YBD=2618 YHG=2590>of " XBD=1639 XHG=1598 YBD=2617 YHG=2590>its " XBD=1735 XHG=1659 YBD=2617 YHG=2597>own" XBD=1080 XHG=953 YBD=2665 YHG=2636>accord. " XBD=1188 XHG=1122 YBD=2664 YHG=2636>The " XBD=1370 XHG=1213 YBD=2672 YHG=2636>principal " XBD=1592 XHG=1397 YBD=2672 YHG=2636>phenomena " XBD=1656 XHG=1619 YBD=2663 YHG=2635>of " XBD=1735 XHG=1674 YBD=2664 YHG=2635>fer-" XBD=1125 XHG=912 YBD=2724 YHG=2684>3mentation " XBD=1188 XHG=1137 YBD=2712 YHG=2693>are " XBD=1254 XHG=1202 YBD=2712 YHG=2684>the " XBD=1526 XHG=1267 YBD=2720 YHG=2683>disengagement " XBD=1576 XHG=1540 YBD=2710 YHG=2681>of " XBD=1735 XHG=1586 YBD=2711 YHG=2682>carbonic" XBD=1026 XHG=955 YBD=2758 YHG=2730>acid " XBD=1111 XHG=1042 YBD=2766 YHG=2739>gas, " XBD=1204 XHG=1125 YBD=2759 YHG=2730>with " XBD=1272 XHG=1220 YBD=2760 YHG=2730>the " XBD=1469 XHG=1299 YBD=2759 YHG=2730>formation " XBD=1529 XHG=1493 YBD=2757 YHG=2728>of " XBD=1567 XHG=1549 YBD=2757 YHG=2737>a " XBD=1671 XHG=1583 YBD=2758 YHG=2737>scum " XBD=1736 XHG=1695 YBD=2758 YHG=2738>on" XBD=1009 XHG=957 YBD=2806 YHG=2776>the " XBD=1148 XHG=1024 YBD=2807 YHG=2777>surface " XBD=1198 XHG=1162 YBD=2807 YHG=2777>of " XBD=1273 XHG=1220 YBD=2807 YHG=2777>the " XBD=1400 XHG=1294 YBD=2813 YHG=2776>liquid " XBD=1623 XHG=1422 YBD=2813 YHG=2775>fermenting. " XBD=1699 XHG=1663 YBD=2806 YHG=2776>If " XBD=1736 XHG=1715 YBD=2808 YHG=2784>a

RICHARD SUTTON HARVEY,A Governor of the Lincoln Asylum

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small portion of this fermenting fluid be it ferments like a solution of sugar. Butintroduced into another portion of wort, fer- when the temperature is raised to 100°,mentation is much more speedily produced gases possessing a disagreeable odour arethan in the portion from which it was taken, given off, and no alcohol can be detected;When we inquire into the nature of this ammouia,lactic acid, and manna, and gum, re-action, we find that it is due to the decom- sembling gum arabic, remain. These three

position of sugar. To appreciate the greater latter products weigh more than the sugarfacility of the decomposition of organic sub- contained in the juice, even without calcu-stances in comparison with inorganic bodies, lating the weight of the gaseous products ;we have only to bear in mind that inorganic they must, therefore, have been formed bybodies consist of a small number of atoms, the interchange of the elements of the sugarwhile organic bodies consist of a pile of with those of the foreign substances alsomany atoms. Sulphate of potash, for exam- present; yeast, therefore, would appear tople, an inorganic substance, consists of six produce fermentation in consequence of itsatoms, while sugar contains thirty-two atoms; being in a state of decomposition itself:that is, each ultimate particle of sulphate of thence we might suspect that all other mat-potash consists of one particle of sulphur, ters in a similar condition would excite afour of oxygen, and one of potassium. Su- like action ; and experiment proves the truthgar, again, in each ultimate particle, con- of this presumption. Muscle, urine, isin-tains twelve particles of carbon, ten of hy- glass, osmazome, albumen, cheese, gliadine,drogen, and ten of oxygen. We should there- gluten, legumin, and blood, when putrefy-fore expect, à priori, that the organic would ing, excite fermentation, or putrefaction inbe more unstable than the inorganic com- a solution of sugar. Thus we can explainpound ; accordingly sugar is resolved into the circumstance that when urine putrefiesalcohol and carbonic acid. But the change no urea can be detected in it, as it has beendoes not stop here, for alcohol readily is converted into carbonic acid and ammonia.converted into vinegar; and carbonic acid Eremacausis, or Decay.—The substances

may be deprived of an atom of oxygen, and which undergo this action are divisible intobe changed into oxide of carbon. Such is two classes : the first comprises those bodiesthe theory of fermentation. Putrefaction is which unite with the oxygen of the air,the result of the action of the affinities of without evolving carbonic acid ; and the se-the constituents of a body containing nitro- cond such as emit carbonic acid by absorbinggen, after being withdrawn from the organ- oxygen. When colourless orcin is exposedism. The facility with which bodies con- with ammonia to the action of oxygen gas,taining nitrogen decompose, is well exempli- beautiful red-coloured orcin is produced.fied in the cases of fulminating silver and Again, when humus is exposed to the air, itmercury, iodide of nitrogen, &c. absorbs oxygen, and gives out carbonic acid;The only example illustrative of putrefac. and Saussure has shown that moist woody

tion which has been carefully studied, is the fibre evolved one volume of carbonic acid

decomposition of cyanogen, by Pelonze and for every volume of oxygen absorbed. If

Richardson. A solution of cyanogen in we boil fresh meat in a vessel, and thenwater becomes turbid after a short time, and carefully close it from the air, we may pre-deposits a blackish matter, which is a com- serve it for years; but if the smallest portionbination of ammonia with another body, be in a state of decay, the action will beproduced by the simple union of cyanogen speedily propagated by contact to the healthywith water. A second transformation is ef- portion. Liebig considers this an instance offected by the cyanogen being shared with true contagion.the elements of water; cyanic acid is thus Of Poisons, Contagions, and Miasms.—Weformed, and hydrocyanic acid. Oxalic acid now come to the applications made by theis also produced, and likewise ammonia, author, of the discussions in the precedingformic acid, and urea. From two elements, part of his work to the remarkable changestherefore, carbon and nitrogen with water, produced in the human body by chemicaleight new substances are formed. We have agency. According to Liebig, the power toan illustration of putrefaction in the fermen- effect transformations does not belong to thetation of vegetable juices. When the juice vital principle ; but each transformation isof beetroot or parsnips is mixed with yeast, owing to a disturbance in the attraction of

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the elements of a compound; and is, conse-quently, a purely chemical process. There isno doubt he admits that this process

takes place in a different mode from that ofthe ordinary decomposition of salts, oxides,or sulphurets; but is it, he asks, the fault

of chemistry, that physiology has hitherto taken no notice of this new form of chemicalaction ? He argues that, as we are able in

our laboratories to produce formic acid,oxalic acid, urea, and allantoin, all products,as the term goes, of the vital principle, it is

obvious that this mysterious principle has

many relations in common with chemical

forces ; and that the latter can, indeed, re-

place it; he therefore concludes that the ex-pression, vital principle, must, in the meantime, be considered as of equal value withthe terms specific or dynamic in medicine.

Everything is specific which we are too ig-norant to explain, and dynamic is the expla-nation of all that we do not understand.

In entering upon the subject of poisons&c., Liebig considers first the action of in-organic poisons. These he shows in accord-ance with the researches of Dr. R. D. Thom-

son, which have appeared in this Journal,relative to the therapeutic action of inorganicmedicines to act primarily by their chemicalagency. In his remarks upon the action ofthe mineral acids, he has fallen into an error,as has been shown by Dr. Thomson’s paperupon the action of sulphuric acid on thecornea of the eye, LANCET, Oct. 31, 1840:—"The action (says Liebig) of sulphuric,

muriatic, and oxalic acids, hydrate of potash,and all those substances which produce thedirect destruction of the organs with whichthey come in contact, may be compared toa piece of iron, which can cause death byinflicting an injury on particular organs,either when heated to redness, or when inthe form of a sharp knife. Such substancesare not poisons, in the limited sense of theword, for their injurious action dependsmerely upon their condition."

Now, in the paper already alluded to, ithas been proved that sulphuric acid, in its

primary action, destroys a portion of organ-ism, by forming a chemical compound withthe matter with which it comes in contact,and in a manner totally distinct from a hotiron. The death of the organism is pro-duced in a mode exactly analogous to that

in which corrosion is produced by nitrate ofsilver, acetate of lead, &c. But when a hot

iron is applied to a muscle or membrane;

the organic matter, instead of being disor-ganised gradually, and deposited in a solidform, is at once volatilised.

Liebig shows that neutral salts act by ab-sorbing water from organs, and renderingthe solution in which they exist more dilute.Fresh meat, over which salt has been

sprinkled, is found after 24 hours to be

swimming in brine, although not a drop ofwater has been added. The water has been

yielded by the muscular fibre, and havingdissolved the salt in immediate contact with

it, and thereby lost the power of penetratinganimal substances, it has on this account

separated from the meat. Saline purgativesact by absorbing water from the tissues withwhich they come in contact. The composi-tion of the salts has nothing to do with their

purgative action. It is quite the same whe-ther the base be potash, soda, or, in manycases, magnesia; and whether the acids bephosphoric,sulphuric, nitric,or hydrochloric.We think we can see the mysterious vitalistshake his head and ridicule this statement.

These, however, are eternal facts. It remainsfor him to show that it is not the only elementin the action of purgatives. Experimentalone can substantiate hissurmises—his vitaland dynamic hypotheses. We by no means

deny that there is an action besides the che-mical necessary for the operation of purga-tive salts: on the contrary, we firmly believethat there is such an action. But we ask of

the vitalist to determine by experiment whatthat action is, and how it co-operates with the

, chemical influences. The relations of saltsto water throws much light upon their actionwith organic matter. Purgative salts absorbwater, and do not combine with the tissues.On the contrary, metallic oxides are extracted

from the water, and combine with the animals matter. Corrosive sublimate and arsenic

poison by corroding, that is, combining withthe tissues. The proof that they have com-bined is evidenced by their preserving theparts with which they come in contact fromputrefying. The compounds of arsenic,whichhave not the property of entering into com-bination with the tissues of the organism, are

without influence on life, even in large doses.Alkarsin, discovered by Bunsen, is an ex-

ample of this; and the new compound, de-scribed by Dr. Schafhaeutl, at the British! Association at Glasgow. This is developedin immense quantities at the smelting-worksin South Wales, where abundance of arsenic

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exists in the atmosphere, and is breathed bythe workmen, but in such a state that no de-teriorating influence is produced. The sameobservation applies to the compound formedwhen wax candles, containing arsenic, areburned. Our readers will remember that,some years ago, protracted discussions wereengaged in, and lecturers were employedto prove that death could be produced by thesnuff of a candle. But a careful attention tothe facts of the case, as elicited by an ac-

quaintance with organic chemistry, and itsapplications to medicine, will satisfactorilyshow that the fears created on that occasionwere futile, and probably originated withsome monopolising speculator.During putrefaction, it is well known that

certain substances are produced which arecapable of producing serious diseases: thus,in the dissecting-room, wounds produced bythe dissecting knife give rise to a peculiarform of inflammation, and affection of theglandular system. The cause of this musthave been generated after death, for the livingbody possessed no such power; it must,therefore, have been the result of putrefac-tion, which Liebig has shown to be a varietyof fermentation. Several hundred cases areon record of death from eating bad sausages.In Wurtemberg these cases are very frequent.When not properly prepared, these sausagesundergoa peculiar kind of putrefaction,whichbegin at the centre of the sausage; they be-come paler in colour, and they are found tocontain free lactic acid, or lactate of ammonia;products which are always formed duringthe putrefaction of animal and vegetativematters. Boiling water and alcohol destroythe poisonous principle. Colin has shownthat muscle, urine, cheese, cerebral sub-

stance, and other matters in a state of putre-faction when placed in contact with sugar,cause it to putrefy or ferment. The instanceof dissection wounds proves that a substance

is produced from the putrefying blood whichis capable of communicating the same actionto sound blood, exactly in a manner analo-gous to the influence exercised by putrefyinggluten upon a solution of sugar. Poisons of

the same nature are generated by the systemin particular diseases. In small-pox, plague,and syphilis, a minute portion of organicmatter is introduced upon the abraded sur-

face of the body of a healthy individual;speedily fever sets in ; an eruption appearsover the whole body, and poison is produced

at various points similar to that which wasintroduced into the system in such an impon-derable form. Hence the parallel betweenfermentation and eruptive diseases of the kindwhich we have mentioned. Another analogyis found between the virus of diseases and

putrefaction, viz., that the same causes ren-der both inert. The temperature at whichwater boils, contact with alcohol, acids,salts of mercury, &c., completely destroytheir action. It is obvious, from the contem-plation of the phenomena which occur whenthe matter of small-pox is mixed with the

blood, that a change or transformation takesplace in that fluid, which is not arrested untilall the particles which are capable of changehave undergone the metamorphoses. This isprecisely characteristic of fermentation andputrefaction—the action commenced is com-municated to the neighbouring particles bycontact. These changes are so analogous,and therefore so chemical, that none but aperson unaccustomed to view such trans-

formations will ascribe them to a vital

action. This principle is only known to usthrough the peculiar instruments or organswhich are its movers. But whatever kindof action a substance presents, if it is not

revealed by any visible form—if we cannot

perceive any organ from which the impulseof the movement, or of the transformation,proceeds, we are certain that it does not live;its action is then purely chemical, and is

more or less modified by heat, &c. It is thusthat the vital force modifies the effect of che-mical action. All those substances whichwe term food, and all the bodies formed fromthem, are chemical combinations, in whichthe vital force has no other resistance toovercome in producing the elements of theorgans,than the chemical forces which main-tain them in union.

All the facts with which we are acquaint-ed, are opposed to the idea that contagiousmatter is possessed of life. These effects, itis true, have certain points of resemblanceto processes in the animal economy ; but the

cause of these actions is simply a chemicalaction, which can neutralise other chemicalactions exercised in a contrary direction.Some poisons generated in the body, losetheir power in the stomach. Examples ofthis are presented in the poisonous matter ofthe contagious fever of cattle, and that of small-pox ; the free acid in the stomach destroysthe alkaline action of the poison. The

687

poison of sausages is acid, and acts throughthe stomach.

The parallel between fermentation and the generation of disease in the blood is suffi-

ciently striking; thus yeast, putrefying meat, and rennet, in a state of decomposi-tion, when introduced into solutions of sugar,effect the transformation of the substancewithout being themselves regenerated. Inthe same manner, miasms and certain con-

tagious matters produce diseases, by com-municating the state of decomposition, ofwhich they themselves are the subject, tocertain parts of the organism without them-selves being reproduced. The disease inthis state is not contagious; but when yeastis introduced into a mixed liquid containingboth sugar and gluten, such as wort, theact of the decomposition of the sugar effectsa change in the form and nature of thegluten, which is in consequence also sub-jected to transformation. The reproduction,therefore, of the exciting cause dependsupon the presence of that substance fromwhich it was originally formed, and uponthe presence of a compound, which is capa-ble of being decomposed by contact with

the exciting body. Susceptibility to con-

tagious disease indicates the presence of abody capable of reproducing, by contact,with contagious matter, the matter itself.The susceptible cause may be produced inthe blood by the mode of living; a super-abundance of strong and otherwise whole-some food, uncleanliness, or the use of de-cayed substances. Liebig thus explains thedistinction between cove-pock and small-

pox. The action of the virus of cow-pock isanalogous to that of low yeast; it communi-

cates its own state of decomposition to amatter in the blood, and from a secondmatter is itself regenerated, but by a totallydifferent mode of decomposition; the pro-duct possesses the mild form, and all the

properties of the lymph of cow-pock. The

susceptibility of infection by the virus ofhuman small-pox must cease after vaccina-tion, for the substance to the presence ofwhich this susceptibility is owing, has beenremoved from the body by a peculiar processof decomposition, artificially excited. But thefailure of vaccination in many cases showsthat the substance may be again generatedin the same individual, so that he may againbecome liable to contagion ; and a second ora third vaccination will again remove the

peculiar substance from the system. Con-

tagious matters may readily gain access tothe blood through the lungs, where the pro-cess of eremacausis is continually purefyingthat fluid by respiration. Contagion is no-

thing more than the product of a diseaseundergoing decomposition. Miasm, again, isthe product of the decay or putrefaction ofanimal and vegetable substances. Theseviews enable us to understand how chlo-

rine, and other disinfecting bodies, destroycontagion, and prove that their operationdepends upon their chemical influences. Wehave thus endeavoured to give a brief out-line of the contents of this valuable report,which may be considered the first attemptto grapple with the realities of contagion;that mysterious class of agents which has solong constituted the opprobrium medicorum.We recommend its careful perusal to allwho are really interested in the science of

the profession—to all who are anxious to> practise medicine as men of knowledge, inopposition to empirics. We cannot conclude

without congratulating the author upon theadmirable manner in which the Englishtranslation has been executed.

On Diseases of the Hip-Joint ; with Observa-tions on Affections of the Joints in thePuerperal State. By WILLIAM COULSON,Surgeon to the Magdalen Hospital, &c.With plain and coloured Plates. SecondEdition, with Alterations and Additions.

THE former edition of Mr. Coulson’s workon the hip-joint is already well and favour-ably known to the profession. The presentvolume, however, considerably enlarged andimproved by " alterations and additions,"bids fair to become a work of very generalreference to every practitioner who may becalled upon to treat the very distressinggroup of diseases which form the subject ofthe author’s investigations. The work is

evidently written by a man of sound practi-cal information, by one who has pursuedwith ardour the numerous phenomena of thediseases in question, has carefully weighedthe opinions and researches of other authors,and has left no effort untried to produce ascomplete a volume as the state of knowledgein this department of pathology admits.To furnish our readers with the means of

forming an opinion upon the nature of thework, we will indicate the plan which theauthor has pursued in developing his sub-

688

ject. In the first chapter, " On Inflamma-tion of the Hip-joint," the symptoms arefully and ably detailed, and are succeededby separate sections on the " Morbid Ana-tomy," " Pathology," " Causes," and onthe " Treatment" of the disease.The second chapter is engaged by the con-

sideration of the " Nervous Affections of

the Hip-joint," comprising " HystericalAffections," "Sciatica," and "ParalyticAffections of the Lower Extremity." A

third chapter is devoted to the malignantdiseases of the hip-joint; viz., Carcinoma,Fungus Haematodes, and Medullary Exos-tosis. The fourth chapter includes " Con-genital Affections of the Joint," viz. " Con-genital Displacement of the Femur," and" Osseous and Muscular Malformations."

And the fifth chapter, the " Puerperal Af-fections of the Joints," describing their

" symptoms," " morbid anatomy," " patho-logy," " causes," and " treatment."

In the section on the pathology of diseaseof the hip-joint, the author discusses the

two opinions relative to the origin of thescrofulous form of this affection; the one

more generally received and having for itsauthorities Doerner, Albers, Rust, Sir Ben-jamin Brodie, &c., supposing a pre-existinginflammation in the tissue of the bone; theother, from " the appearances which I haveobserved on dissection in the earliest stageof the disease, lead me, on the contrary, toinfer that the disease commences most fre-

quently in the synovial membrane, that theround ligament is very early destroyed, andthat the disease of the cartilage and boneusually follows that of the membrane."Mr. Coulson thinks his opinion confirmed

by a case which occurred to Mr. Key, wherethe synovial membrane investing the liga-mentum teres was exceedingly vascular, andwas accompanied by an ulcerated spot uponthe cartilage covering the head of the femur;by the observations of Cruveilhier, and byseveral cases which have fallen under hisown eye in the course of an extensive prac-tice.

In determining a question of this kind bymeans of the laws which regulate the sci-ence of pathology, or, in other words, thephysiology of disease, it is exceedingly im-portant to be thoroughly conversant with theminute structure and the physiological phe-nomena of the component textures of the

system in their normal condition. Taking

such a view of the subject, it is evident thetthe osseous tissue is an organisation en-dowed with a high degree of vascularity;that the vessels of the epiphysis of a boneenjoy in the young subject a maximum ofactivity, in order to enable them to performthe threefold office, of supplying the meansof nutrition to the growing bone, of fulfillingthe functions of nutrition and growth to thecartilage, and of supplying the synovialmembrane to the extent necessary for the

secretion of the synovial fluid. Cartilage,on the other hand, and the synovial invest-ment of cartilage in its normal state, are

extra-vascular, no vessels carrying red bloodhave as yet been traced into their structure,they are nourished by the liquor sanguinis,which permeates their texture under the

influence of endosmosis. From this view of

the nature of the structures in health, theorywould seem to indicate a physiological rea-son for the origin of the lesion in the bone;the morbid condition of the bone disturbs

the nutritive functions of the cartilage, andthis suffers secondarily, while, perhaps, in-dications of visible disease in the osseous

structure are scarcely detectable. Again,the first movements of lesion of a bone

affecting equally the surrounding textures,becomes a source of irritation to those which

are well supplied with vessels. The syno-vial membrane of the ligamentum teres so

abundantly supplied with blood by one ortwo large arterial twigs, would in this casebe the first to suffer; it would become con-

gested, inflamed, as in Mr. Key’s case, butthe bone might as yet be unmarked by thetraces of disease.

This, we say, is the kind of reasoningwhich would induce us to take side with

the majority, and entertain an opinion oppo-site to that of the author. Our readers, on

perusing the work, might, on the other

hand, be induced to think with Mr. Coul-

son, and we feel quite satisfied that we can

safely recommend his volume to their criti-cisms. They will find it to be well storedwith practical information, and a valuabletext-book for reference in the diagnosisand treatment of diseases of the hip-joint.