revision russian tsars alexander ii and iii, nicholas ii
TRANSCRIPT
Why, in spite of his efforts to reform Russian institutions, was Alexander II assassinated?
How far is it true to say that Russia was transformed into a modern country between 1855 and 1900?
Compare and contrast the causes of the 1905 and February/March 1917 revolutions in Russia.
What factors led to the increase of opposition to the ruling Romanov dynasty in Russia between 1855 and 1905?
Ethnic diversityReligious diversityRussian economyAutocracy: the royal familyRussian Society
Barge Pullers on the
Volga, Ilya Repin
Nicholas I: ‘I am bequeathing you
[Alexander II] much worry and distress.’
Crimean War
Slavophiles vs. Westernizers
The debate: Why had
serfdom existed for so
long? How and Why
should it be ended?
The Terms of
emancipation
Was emancipation a
success?
Influence of ‘new’ literature.
Narodniks
Revolutionary Methods: Assassination
(attempt on Trepov, 1878)
Prison population increased
Political Trials
Main Reforms
Why was there opposition?
Ideas of Alexander III: influence of
Pobedonostsev, Ignatiev
Circumstances surrounding the death of
Alexander II
Russification
UNDOING REFORMS THE 1891 FAMINE
Centralised Police
Land Captains
Increased
censorship
Universities lose
control of teaching
“We ourselves will
not eat but we shall
export.”
Vyshnegradskii
Long term causes
Medium term causes
Short term causes
Bloody Sunday
The October Manifesto
The Fundamental Laws
Social Democrats 1898 Social
Revolutionaries
1901
Kadets 1905 Octobrists 1905
Bolsheviks 1903 Mensheviks
1903
(Trudoviks) a.k.a.
Constitutional
Democrats
Key People Lenin Martov,
Plekhanov
(Trotsky)
Chernov Milyukov Guchkov,
Rodzianko
Main
Beliefs
-Marxist
-Professional
revolutionaries
- centralized
leadership
-Marxist
-broad based
party, anyone
can join
-trade unions
should
improve
workers
conditions
- democratic
party
-Peasant
revolution
-land
redistribution
-rural socialism
based on the mir
-constitutional
monarchy,
tsar’s power
restricted by
elected
representatives
-equality and
rights for all
-free education
-end of
censorship
-loyalty to Tsar
-preservation of
the Russian
Empire
-a strong regime
working with the
peoples
representatives
-support of the
October
Manifesto
Impact of War: Crimean, Russo-Japanese,
World War I
Opposition: Narodniks, Peoples’ Will, SRs,
SDs
Middle Class Aspiration: Kadets,
Octobrists, growth of bourgeoisie
Modernisation: Reforms, urbanisation,
transport
Russian Prestige: Leader of the Slavs
Personalities of the tsars
Foreign Policy – from Europe to Asia and
back again….