revista natura ciclo 09-2012

7/31/2019 Revista Natura Ciclo 09-2012

1/98

Fnhrcxcknb ~

kynhchl{ zcrc

mc i{xcknb

`{ i{zirchc

him cl

BCXY_C XLHLHNC WI_CBL

MN@C ^ @CBHC_NBC

_IWN[XC

knkml ?:3?


2/98

Bcxyrc Xlhlhnc Wircbl


3/98

Ybc mbic kl`zmixc

hi zrlhykxl{

zcrc im ocl

~ kynhchl{ him

kyirzl"[ib{cknb

hi gri{kyrc zcrc

mc i{xcknb `{

i{zirchc him cl"

Hi{kyori mc zli{c

ib xy ryx nbc"

Byiwc GrcecbkncMn`c ~ @cbhcrnbc


4/98

Cyhnl Mnba c{nxnl uio

Klbxibnhlivxrc

Kirrcr Wnhil

Ey E_ y_ o

[NEBNGNKCHL HI ML[ KLBL[

Bcxyrc xcònb xi lgriki mc

wir{nb Hnenxcm zcrc xcomix{#

i nbwnxc`l{ c hi{kcrkcecr mcczmnkcknb ib zzmi xlri lxnmntcbhl im khnel S_ hicdl"

S_ KLHI - Zcrc hi{kngrcr i{xi khnel biki{nxc{ xibir kimymcrl xcomix klb k`crc ~ im czmnkcxnwl mikxlr nb{xcmchl"

imwi c mcnmnlxikchlbhi {i

ibkibxrcbxlhc{ mc{ihnknlbi{"

i{mntcflrntlbxcmìbxi

zlr im {krlmm

zcrc bc biwc`cbirc hibcwiecr"

o{kc kczxml{zlr zcmcrc{

bwnc im mnbahi mc _iwn{xccxrc zlri-`cnm

i{mntc

flrntlbxcmìbxizcrc bcwiecribxri mc{ zenbc

Zcrc fckir tll`nb ,lx xlkcrznhcìbxi? wiki{ mczcbxcmmc l hi{mntcml{ hihl{"

lkc mc zcbxcmmc3 wit zcrc mmc`cr

mc crrc hibcwiecknb"

?


5/98

Iri{ Klb{ymxlr,c,?:3?- L ONIB FC[XC CELXC_ IVN[XIBKNC[" ML[ Z_IKNL[ HI I[XI

@CXI_NCM [LB [LMC@IBXI [YEI_IBKNC[ SYI MI[ LG_IKI@L[ C KLB[YMXL_C[ KLB[YMXL_I[ HI BCXY_C- SYNIBI[ [LB CO[LMYXC@IBXI MNO_I[ HI _IWIBHI_

ML[ Z_LHYKXL[ KLB ML[ Z_IKNL[ SYI @[ MI[ KLBWIBECB" [N X BL I[X[ [CXN[GIKFL KLB ML[ Z_LHYKXL[ HI BCXY_C- ZYIHI[ KC@ONC_ML[ L ZIHN_

IM _II@OLM[L" KLL_HNBCKNB @C_C HIM @C_ [CMNBC[ KC_LMNBC @LL_I" Z_LHYKKNB NBHI[NEB"_I[ZLB[COMI MLYN[I HLBCHIM- ML_IBC KC__C[KL"KLBKIZXL K_ICXNWLX_NZ IHNXL_C,@YKFBNA Z_LÎKXL E_GNKL ONTY HI[NEB X_CHYKKNB KIBX_L MCXNBL HI MBEYC[ &KMM. "N@Z_I[NBLGG[IX [CBXNCEL"

ML[ KLML_I[ HI ML[ Z_LHYKXL[ ZYIHIB WC_NC_ IB MC N@Z_I[NB" Bcxyrc Kl{`xnkl{ ["C" i{ mc xnxymcr hi kycmsynir hirikfl hi zrlznihch nbximikxycm ~ hicyxlr {lori im klbxibnhl hi i{xc _iwn{xc ~ {i ri{irwc xlhl{ {y{ hirikfl{" Bchc hi ml nbkmynhl l klbxibnhl csy- xcmi{ kl`l `cxirncm zrlxienhl zlr hirikfl{ hi cyxlr-`crkc{- mlel{ ~ hi`{ nblr`cknb {lori mc kycm rikcnec yb hirikfl hi zrlznihch nbximikxycm- nbkmy~ibhl zirl bl mn`nxchl c xivxl{- lxlercc{- nmy{xrcknlbi{ ~ mc xlxcmnhchhi ml{ klbxibnhl{ hi mc _iwn{xc- zlhr {ir rizrlhyknhl- cmxirchl- `lhngkchl kl`l ybc lorc hirnwchc- rihn{xrnoynhl- xrcb{`nxnhl l y{chl zcrc gbi{ klìrkncmi{- ibxlhl l ib zcrxi- ib kycmsynir lr`c l nhnl`c l zlr kycmsynir ìhnl- imikxrbnkl l ìkbnkl- nbkmy~ibhl lxlklznchl- ercocknb l zlr kycmsynir lxrl ìhnl xnm zcrceycrhcr nbglr`cknb l rikyzircrmc- {nb cyxlrntcknb zriwnc- ivzri{c ~ zlr i{krnxl hi Bcxyrc Kl{`xnkl{ ["C" Kycmsynir y{l bl czrlznchl him klbxibnhl hi i{xc _iwn{xc i{xzrlfnonhl ~c syi zyihi wnlmcr mc mien{mcknb czmnkcomi ib mc `cxirnc ~ {ir hibybknchl cbxi mc{ cyxlrnhchi{ klrri{zlbhnibxi{"

EC_CBXC BCXY_C4 [BCK [I_WNKNL BCXY_C HI CXIBKNB CM KLB[Y@NHL_ XIM"4 :36:: 6>: >?>8 UUU"BCXY_C"KL@"@VKL_ZL_CXNWL BCXY_C @VNKL ID_KNXL BCKNLBCM 95>- LGNKNBC @ITCBNBIK- KLM" E_CBCHC- @VNKL H"G"- K"Z" 339?:"

Zrlerc`c{- zrl~ikxl{ i nhic{ nb{znrchlrc{syi zrl`yiwib im onib i{xcr onib hi byi{xrc {lknihch"

6

Blwihchi{ ib mc _iwn{xc4Zrl`lknlbi{ c ml mcrel hi ml{ kczxyml{"BHNKI

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58

CMKLFLM WIEIXCM L_EBNKLMc `c~lr zcrxi hi byi{xrc{ klmlbnc{ ~ hi{lhlrcbxi{ ib {zrc~ klbxnibib cmklflm wieixcm lrebnkl ib {yr`ymc" Zlr i{l- ml{ zrlhykxl{ kcy{cb ibl{ n`zckxl ib mc bcxyrcmitc"

BL _ICMNTC@L[ Z_YIOC[ IB CBN@CMI[

Hi{hi im cl ?::7- irrchnkc`l{ kl`zmixcìbxi mc{ zryioc{ ib cbn`cmi{" Zcrc imml- ricmntc`l{ ybc ercbnbwir{nb ib xikblmlec ~ kczcknxcknb nbxirbc syi ecrcbxntc mc {ieyrnhch biki{crnc ib byi{xrl{ zrlhykxl{"

Z_LHYKXL[ KLB _IZYI[XL[

Gyn`l{ ybc{ hi mc{ zrnìrc{ i`zri{c{ hi kl{`xnkl{ hi C`rnkc Mcxnbc syi mcbt rizyi{xl{ ib {y{zrlhykxl{- ib 3>6;" I{xl{ klb{yìb ìbl{ `cxirnc zrn`c syi ml{ ibwc{i{ blr`cmi{"


7/98

MCBTC@NIBXL#

BCXY_C C@ C@C[[L

Byiwl{ zrlhykxl{ C` C`c{{lKLB HI[KYIBXL

I[ZIKNCM#

Hi4( 8>9"::

;>>"::

C`C`c{{lklmlbnc`c{kymnbc59 `m$MCBTC@NIBXL#&;85;3.

firocm}{ib{ycm} kihrl

MCB

Hi4( 8

;

C`CklmlbncMCBTC&;85;3.

firocm}{i

MCBTC@NIBXL#

Hi4( 39:"::

3:9"::

C`C`c{{ldcobib ocrrckcdcklb?ybnhchi{hi3::ekchcybcMCBTC@NIBXL#

&??8;?.Zrlzlrknlbcybc himnknl{c{ib{cknbhiri{kyrchyrcbxi~ hi{zy{himocl-klbziryì{ycwi-ckinxi{i{ibkncmi{~ ìbxlm"Zcrcy{lhncrnl"

BC

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ZC_C HI[ZI_XC_ I@LKNLBI[

Ml{ ziryì{ zrlwlkcb {ib{cknlbi{ ~ riwnwib {ibxn`nibxl{"I{ im crxi hi zrlhyknri{x`yml{ syi bl{ mmiwcb c ml syi ricmìbxi {l`l{ ~ bl{ riklbikxcb klb byi{xrci{ibknc" Bcxyrc kric `crkc{ klb klbkizxl{ syi eibircb nhibxngkcknb ~ bl{ c~yhcb civzri{cr i`lknlbi{ zrlybhc{"Bchc {i kl`zcrc klb im i{xnml Bcxyrchi kricr zirgyì{"

C`lr ib `lwn nibxl

C` i{ ybc mbic nb{znrchcib im c`lr syi kymxnwc`l{xlhl{ ml{ hc{ klb ei{xl{syi kcyxnwcb ~ {ihykib"

[y{ rcecbknc{ ~ xivxyrc{i{xn`ymcb im klbxckxl~ mc nbxn`nhch-klmlkcbhlim c`lr ib `lwn`nibxl"

Lxcwnl~ Grcbknbi-dybxl{fcki?cl{

c`lr ib lwn`nibxl

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

9;

BCXY_CZ_L@LKNLBI[

; "Ml{ zriknl{ hi ml{zrlhykxl{ ib zrl`lknb i{xbhi{xckchl{ ib yb xc`cl `c~lr~ ib klmlr rldl"

3"Mc{ grcbdc{ rldc{ cflrcnhibxngkcb mc{ zenbc{ ib mc{ syi

fc~ zrl`lknb"

?"Gmikfc{ ~ rikychrl{ rldl{nbhnkcrb kymi{ {lb ml{ zrlhykxl{ib zrl`lknb"

8" klbl{ ib rldl mmc`crbxy cxibknb zcrc xlhl ml syixibec zriknl i{zikncm- zrlhykxlklb hi{kyibxl l cmeb riecml"

[neyi mc{ nbhnkcknlbi{ib rldl ~ czrlwikfc

ybc riwn{xcrizmixchi lzlrxybnhchi{#

Y@I_C

Y@I_C

@LKNLBI[


I[ZIKNCM#

Ml{zrlhykxl{ibzrl`lknbi{xcrbhibxrlhikchc

kczxyml"

Klblki`{hibxrlhimbhnki~czrlwikfc#

CFL_CZLH_[IBKLBX_C_MC[Z_L@LKNLBI[

ZL_XLHC

MC

_IWN[XC#

klrcm383

&;;:;;. olkc38:&;;:;5.

rl{c38:&;;:;7.

MCBTC@NIBXLIHNKNB MN@NXCHC

klrcm38:&;;:;8.

rl{c383 &;;:;9.

Eml{{zirmchlGZ[ 397`mHi4( 36:"::

38>"::

@crnc Imn{c [cmwcd-?>-y{c oc{imsynhcoineikmcrl-klrrikxlrnmy`nbchlrkmcrl-zlmwl kl`zckxl kmcrl-ryolrkl`zckxl orlbki-{lòrc{ lblhlrchc 3-{cm`b 3 ~`crrb 3-himnbichlrmsynhl bierl-`{kcrczcrc zi{xcc{ bierc ~eml{{ zirmchlGZ[39 klmlrklrcm 383"

BCXY_CYBC

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Z_IKNLI[ZIKNCM#ib ml{ byiwl{eml{{ zirmchl{

ornmmcbxi

Eml{{ zirmchl GZ[ 39 7 m

Hi4 ( 36:"::

38>"::

?:)hihi

{kyibxl

Klblki mc riwn{xc Bcxyrc Hnenxcm"Nberi{c c uuu"bcxyrc"kl`"`v

Klblki mc wir{nb hi mc _iwn{xc Bcxyrczcrc nZch ~ nZflbi# Ckkihic Czzmi [xlri ~ ocdc mc czmnkcknb"

Ibkyibxrc mc{ blwihchi{ hi Bcxyrcib mc{ rihi{ {lkncmi{4

S_ Klhi Ckkihi c byi{xrl {nxnl uio hi{hixy kimymcr" Zcrc y{cr i{xi khnel biki{nxc{ ybkimymcr klb k`crc ~ mc czmnkcknb hi S_ klhinb{xcmchc" Czybxc mc k`crc fcknc im khnel ~czrlwikfc xlhl im klbxibnhl hn{zlbnomi"

FC^ @[ IB NBXI_BIX

rc

BIX

ckiolla"kl`,bcxyrc

~lyxyoi"kl`,bcxyrc`v

Jbcxyrc\ìvnkl


8/98

7

Kycbhl wc`l{ c kl`zrcr

cmel- ml ìdlr i{ xibir {ni`zri

c cmeynib syi bl{ ivzmnsyi

ml{ oibigknl{ him zrlhykxl4

{n i{ im nhicm zcrc byi{xrc znim

l zcrc byi{xrl kcoimml ~ {n wc

c lrikir mc ziry`cknb ~ mc

zrlxikknb syi oy{kc`l{"

Cb ìdlr i{ xibir c cmeynib

syi klbltkc byi{xrl{ ey{xl{

~ bl{ zri{ibxi {ni`zri

zrlhykxl{ syi wc~cb

klb bl{lxrl{"

I{l i{ ml syi fckib ml{

Klb{ymxlri{ Bcxyrc4 lrikib

ybc cxibknb zir{lbcmntchc-

zri{ibxcbhl zrlhykxl{

nbblwchlri{- fikfl{hi `cbirc {y{xibxcomi- ~

hn{xrnoy~ibhl im onibi{xcr"

Klb{ymxlri{&c{.Bcxyrc-`ymxnzmnkchlri{him onibi{xcr onib"

Zcìmc @cfcwc{cmc

bcxyrc


9/98

Byi{xrc rimcknb

Mc rimcknb klb byi{xrl{ klb{ymxlri{i{ `y~ kirkcbc ~ mmibc hi nbxirkc`onl{klb{xrykxnwl{" Klbxc`l{ klb kcbcmi{ hikl`ybnkcknb ivkmy{nwl{- ibxribc`nibxl{-kyr{l{ ~ ibkyibxrl{- krichl{ zcrchi{zidcr hyhc{- hcr c klblkir xlhl{ ml{mcbtc`nibxl{- zrl`lknlbi{ ~ xibhibknc{-~ ml `{ n`zlrxcbxi4 eibircr rimcknlbi{"

Chi`{ hi riklblkir {y hi{i`zil-wcmlrc`l{ {lorixlhl im xni`zl hirimcknb syi xnibib klb Bcxyrc"

[n syniri{ lr`cr zcrxi hi i{xc rimcknb~ {ir Klb{ymxlr,c Bcxyrc- l klblki{c cmeynib syi i{x nbxiri{chl ib i{xii{xnml hi wnhc- oc{xc klb ckkihir cuuu"bcxyrc"kl`" v

~ fckir kmnka ib [ir Klb{ymxlrc"

Onibi{xcrkl`l i{xnml hi wnhc

[coc{ syi fl~ ib hc- kchc wit`{ zir{lbc{ imneib {ir klb{ymxlrc{kl`l ybc `cbirc hi loxibirnberi{l{ ~ kl`l i{xnml hi wnhc5.

Zymzc fnhrcxcbxizcrc mc{ `cbl{ 59 e( 3;9"::&?3:6:.Fnhrcxc- zrlxiei ~zirgy`c mc{ cbl{"

Zymzc kri`l{c fnhrcxcbxizcrc im kyirzl ?:: m

( ?9:"::&?78>?.MXN@L KNKML HI WIBXC[#

( ?::"::&?78>;.

Ymxrcfnhrcxcknb fc{xc zlr

?8 flrc{klb xivxyrc hi cbxikc-

hib{c ~ kri`l{c"

Gryxl lrnenbcrnl hi mc kyibkc him rlC`ctlbc{- zirl gyi ib Ocfc syi ibklbxr{y `{ gyirxi ivzri{nb ~ kymxyrc"@y~ wcmlrntchl zlr ml{ zyioml{ cbxneyl{-{y{ {i`nmmc{ eycrhcb ybc `cbxikc zriknl{c-klb zrlznihchi{ syi lgrikib zrlxikknbi fnhrcxcknb nbxib{c"

Klmlbnc gri{klr 39: m$

&36:;7.hymki } himnkchl } kckcl

Hi4 ( ?69"::

3>>"::

;:)

hi hi{kyibxlib im gri{klr

hi kckcl

MXN@LKNKML HI

WIBXC#

BCXY_CIAL[

BCXY_CIAL[

BCXY_CZ_L@LKNLBI[


12/98

Cklbhnknlbchlr ;:: `m( 339":: &?78:6.

( >?"::&?78:5.Zcrc kcoimml ivxrc{ikl"

[fc`zll ;9: `m( 339"::&?7865.

MXN@L KNKML HI WIBXC[#( >?"::&?7835.Zcrc kcoimml ivxrc{ikl"

Ocl hi kri`ccklbhnknlbchlrc ?:: m( 3>9"::&?6:;6.

( 397"::&?6:;5.

Kri`c zcrc zinbcr 39: m( 3;9"::&?6:;7.

Gmynhl hi `c{cdi`y{kymcr3:: e

( ?9:"::&3?85>.

Zcrc im cmnwnl hi mc rnenhit~ hi mc{ xib{nlbi{ him kyirzl"

Ckinxi hi `c{cdizcrc im kyirzl 3:: `m( 38:":: &3:766.

Dcob ib ocrrczyrl wieixcmkcdc klb ; ybnhchi{

kri`l{c{ hi 3:: e kchc ybc"

( 38:"::&??3?9.

mc i wc `ctbnkc- im cbhnrloc-{ie im hnkfl zlz mcr- i{ { myh crc hcr~ wib ir" Hi {y{ {i`nmmc{ {i fck y ckinxi syi kyrc xlhl{ ml{ `cmi{" ionhlc { nbby`ircomi{ y nmn c { ~ k -im cbhnrloc i{ ybc rcb c ne hi ml{fconxcbxi{ hi mc {imw "

MXN@LKNKML HI

WIBXC#

3:

BCXY_CIAL[


13/98

Dcob msynhlzcrc mc{`cbl{ ?9: m

( 37:"::&765;.

( 3?6"::&7658.

Zymzc kri`l{cfnhrcxcbxi klrzlrcm ?:: e

( 399"::&?7:?>.Fnhrcxcknb nbxib{c"Klb cmxc kri`l{nhch ~klbglrx zcrc mc znim"

Ckinxi xrng{nkl ?:: m

( ??:"::&33659.

( 357"::&33657.Hidc mc znim zirgy`chc ~ {ihl{c"

Klb ckinxi{ wieixcmi{~ ibwc{i hi ZIX"


( ??:"::&33655.

( 357"::&33656.Hidc mc znim zirgy`chc ~ {ihl{c"

Klb ckinxi{ wieixcmi{ ~ ibwc{i hi ZIX"

Mc{ rcki{ hi i{xc zcm`irc lrnenbcrnchim C`ctlbc{ {lb yxnmntchc{ zcrc mcgcornkcknb hi ri`ihnl{ ~- hi mczymzc hi {y gryxl- {i fckib hymki{-

dcmic{ ~ ckinxi{" _nkl ib knhl{erc{l{- {y ckinxi fnhrcxc ~ zrlxieimc znim"

rizyi{xl 33

BCXY_CIAL[


14/98

[fc`zll ;9: m( 339"::&?7837.

( >?"::&?7839.Zcrc kcoimml blr`cm"Ml hidc {ycwi ~ {ihl{l"

Cklbhnknlbchlr ;:: m( 339"::&?78:7.( >?"::&?78:9.Zcrc kcoimml blr`cm"

Xrchnknlbcm`ibxi klblknhl zlr {ywcmlr cmn`ibxnknl ~ zlr {y{ zrlznihchi{kcm`cbxi{- i{xi ryxl hi ercbhnwir{nhch i{ yb xi{lrl hi oibigknl{"Im ckinxi hi `crcky~ klbxnibi knhl{erc{l{ syi xnibib ckknb i`lmnibxi ~hidcb mc znim {ycwi"

rizyi{xl

Klmlbnc gri{klr`crcky~ rlvl 39: `m $

IHNKNB MN@NXCHC#

( ?69"::&;:997.

ryxcm }l{chl } crcky~ lrchl

IHNKNB MN@NXCHC

@C_CKY^_LVL

Fnhrcxcbxi hi{lhlrcbxiklrzlrcm `crcky~ rlvl 3:: mIHNKNB MN@NXCHC#

( >:"::&;:999.Fnhrcxc im kyirzl klb ybcxivxyrc himnkchc ~ riri{kcbxi"

3?

BCXY_CIAL[


15/98

Dcob msynhl ivglmncbxizcrc im kyirzl ?:: m

( 3?9"::&6385.Ivglmnc {ycwi`ibxi mc znim rixnrcbhln`zyritc{ ~ kmymc{ yirxc{"

Zymzc fnhrcxcbxizcrc znirbc{ ~ zni{ 3:: e

( 389"::&?:>9>.Fnhrcxc mc{ ric{ { ri{ikc{"Grcecbknc gri{kc"


( ??:"::&3365>.

( 357"::&3366:.

Hidc mc znim zirgy`chc ~ {ihl{c"Klb ckinxi{ wieixcmi{~ ib ibwc{i hi ZIX riknkmchl"

Klmlbnc gri{klr 39: m $

( ?69"::&38587.gryxcm } {ycwi } crcky~ Dcob ib ocrrc zyrl wieixcm

kcdc klb ; ybnhchi{ kri`l{c{ hi 3:: e kchc ybc"

( 38:"::&???73.Imcolrchl klb ckinxi 3::) wieixcm"

Bkxcr fnhrcxcbxizcrc im kyirzl 8:: m

( ??:"::&?7:;3.

( 3>9"::&?7:;:.

Bkxcr fnhrcxcbxizcrc mc{ `cbl{ 59 e

( 3;9"::&?795?.Fnhrcxc mc{ cbl{ klb

xivxyrc mneirc ~ rigri{kcbxi"Hi rznhc co{lrknb"

3;

BCXY_CIAL[


16/98

Klmlbnc gri{klr 39: `m$

( ?69"::&36638.hymki } {ycwi } kyzycy

Zymzc kri`l{c fnhrcxcbxizcrc mc{ `cbl{ 59 e

( 3;9"::&?795;.Xivxyrc mneirc`ibxi kri`l{c-

zrlxiei ~ ziry`c mc{ `cbl{"

Gryxl xrchn nlbcm c`ctbnkl-im kyzycy xnibi yb crl`c hymki~ ri{kl" H {y {corl{c zymzc{i loxnibi himnknl{l{ hymki{"[y `cbxikc i{ yb kimibxifnhrcxcbxi- syi c~yhc c rikyzircrmc fy`ihch hi mc znim {ikc"


( ?69":: &?8993.glrcm } riri{kcbxi } fldc{ hi znxcbec


( ??:"::&?899?.

( 357"::&?899:.

ZNXCBEC

Z_IXC

38

BCXY_CIAL[


17/98

ZNXCBECMc znxcbec i{ im {òlml hi mc xrlznkcmnhchorc{nmic" [y{ gryxl{ bckib ib coybhcbknc-eibircmìbxi rldl{ l cbcrcbdchl{"Ibxri i{l{ gryxl{- {i ibkyibxrc ybc glr`coc{xcbxi rcrc- hi klmlr l{kyrl ~ {colrmneircìbxi hymki4 mc znxcbec zrixc"


( ?69":: &38585.gryxcm } wnorcbxi } fldc{ hi znxcbec


( ??:"::&33663.

( 357"::&3366?.Hidc mc znim zirgy`chc ~ {ihl{c"

Klb ckinxi{ wieixcmi{~ ibwc{i hi ZIX"

Dcob msynhlzcrc mc{ `cbl{ ?9: m

( 37:"::&7659.( 3?6"::&7665.

Xnibi zrlznihchi{{ycwntcbxi{ ~ rigri{kcbxi{"

Dcob ib ocrrczyrl wieixcmkcdc klb ; ybnhchi{ kri`l{c{

hi 3:: e kchc ybc"

( 38:"::&??3?6.

[fc`zll ;9: m

( 339"::&?783>.( >?"::&?7836.Zcrc kcoimml erc{l"

Hidc im kcoimml mnwncbl"

Cklbhnknlbchlr ;:: m

( 339"::&?783:.MXN@L KNKML

HI WIBXC[#( >?"::&?78:>.Zcrc kcoimml erc{l"Hidc im kcoimml mnwncbl"

MXN@LKNKML HI

WIBXC#

rizyi{xl 39

BCXY_CIAL[


18/98

MXN@L KNKMLHI WIBXC[#

37

BCXY_CIAL[

Zrnzrnlkc &;863.glrcm } {ib{ycm } zrnzrnlkc

Oriy orcbkl &;86?.hymki } crkcbxi } oriy orcbkl

Ceyc hi ocl ;7: m $( ;59"::

Kczn`-mn`l &3>8:7.kxrnkl } ibwlmwibxi } kczn`mn`l

Lrnenbcrnc him C`ctlbc{-klb zisyic{ glri{ ~ rcki{

ivxnkcìbxi ziry`chc{" _i{nbc omcbkc ~ ornmmcbxisyi orlxc him kibxrl himl{ rolmi{ ~ ziry`c mc{imwc c`ctbnkc"

Ibwlmwibxi ~ himnkchc- {yblòri ib { ~c i{ yb crl`c"

Zirgyì hi Orc{nmzrnzrnlkc ;: m $MXN@L KNKML HI WIBXC[#

( >>:":: &;86>.glrcm } {ib{ycm } zrnzrnlkc

OCL[ HI C_L@CHn{ryxc hi yb ocl ziry`chl- syi corctc xykyirzl klb crl`c{ ri{kl{ ~ c`chirchl{" [nibxiib mc znim rcecbknc{ krichc{ c zcrxnr hi ml{ ckinxi{i{ibkncmi{ yxnmntchl{ ib ml{ xrchnknlbcmi{ ocl{crl`xnkl{ hi Orc{nm"


19/98

Dcolbi{ivglmncbxi{ {yrxnhl{MXN@L KNKML HI WIBXC[#&?>3::.Ib mc{ wir{nlbi{4 oyrnx- `crcky~-

cbhnrloc ~ znxcbec

Dcolbi{rigri{kcbxi{ {yrxnhl{&?>:>>.Ib mc{ wir{nlbi{4 `cxi wirhi-

oyrnx- `crcky~ ~ znxcbec

Dcolbi{kri`l{l{ {yrxnhl{&?>:>6.Ib mc{ wir{nlbi{4 kckcl- kyzycy-

kc{xcc ~ cbhnrloc

Xlhc mc hnwir{nhchorc{nmic zcrc xy ocl

Dcolbi{ ib ocrrczyrl wieixcm {yrxnhl{kcdc klb 8 ybnhchi{ hi

3:: e kchc ybl

( 3>9"::

DCOLBI[


BCXY_CIAL[

35


20/98

Zrlzlrknlbc ybc{ib{cknb rigri{kcbxihyrcbxi ~ hi{zy{ himocl

Fnhrcxcbxi hi ocl klbibdyceyi mn`c ~ `cbhcrnbc ;:: mIHNKNB MN@NXCHC#

&;?9?9.Fnhrcxcknb nbìhncxc i nbxib{c"

Dcob msynhl zcrcim kyirzl mn`c ~`cbhcrnbc ;:: mIHNKNB MN@NXCHC#

&;?9?6.I{zy`c hib{c ~ kri`l{c"

XLHLHNC WI_CBL

Bcxyrc Xlhlhnc Wircbl xrci mc {ycwnhch ~ mc cmierc hi mc i{xcknb ib zrlhykxl{syi zrlzlrknlbcb {ib{cknb rigri{kcbxi ~ zl{iib grcecbknc {ycwi hi mn`c ~ cbhcrnbc-klb gr`ymc{ syi fnhrcxcb ~ riwnelrntcb mc znim"

YB HC [NI@Z_I I[ZIKNCM

Ml{ zisyil{ kynhchl{ hncrnl{ {lb ybc ivzirnibknc hi onibi{xcr" Kchc `lìbxli{ bnkl" Kchc {ib{cknb i{ i{zikncm" Bcxyrc Xlhlhnc i{ ybc mbic hi kynhchl{ zcrcim kyirzl- syi klbwnwi klbxnel hncrncìbxi" _ihi{kyori ml{ zisyil{ zmckiri{ib kchc `lìbxl hi xy hc- xlhl{ ml{ hc{" Bcxyrc Xlhlhnc" Hi{kyori im zmckir

hi mc ryxnbc"

B

CXY_CXLH

LHNC

Hi4 ( 38:"::

33?":: Hi4 ( 3?:"::>7"::


21/98

Zrlxikknb

~ klbglrx

zlr fc{xc

?8flrc{

Gr`ymc csyc-rznhc co{lrknb

i fnhrcxcknb

MCBTC@NIBXL#IHNKNB MN@NXCHC

Fnhrcxcbxi klrzlrcm mn`c~ cbhcrnbc ;:: mIHNKNB MN@NXCHC#

&;?9?7.Fnhrcxcknb zlr fc{xc ?8 flrc{"

Glr`c ybc zimkymc zrlxikxlrc

syi c~yhc c rikyzircr mc znim"

Dcob ib ocrrc zyrlwieixcm mn`c ~`cbhcrnbc Kcdc klb9 ybnhchi{ hi mc `n{`c

grcecbknc hi >: e kchc ybc

IHNKNB MN@NXCHC#

&;?9?5.[ycwnhch zcrc mc znim

hyrcbxi ~ hi{zy{ him ocl"

Hi4 ( 3;:"::

3:8"::

Hi{lhlrcbxicbxnxrcb{znrcbxi

mn`c ~ `cbhcrnbc 5: mIHNKNB MN@NXCHC#&;?9?8.

Hi4 ( 59"::

7:"::

?:)hi hi{kyibxlib mc byiwc mbicxlhlhnc wircbl

Hi4 ( 359"::

38:"::

3>

BCXY_CXLHLHNC

BCXY_CZ_L@LKNL

BI[


22/98

FNH_CXCBXI[ KL_ZL_CMI[

Fnhrcxcbxi klrzlrcm 8:: m

( 359"::

( 38:"::Fnhrcxcknb zlr ?8 flrc{"

mn`b znim {ikc

&?>;36.Grcecbknc rigri{kcbxi ~ mneirc"

cmelhb znim {ikc&??>;9. &?9>3:.

Grcecbknc {ycwi ~klbglrxcomi"

rl`irl ~ {cmwncznim blr`cm

&?:9>6. &?9>39.Grcecbknc rigri{kcbxi

~ mneirc"

hyrctblznim ivxrc {ikc

&37?65. &?9>3;.

Byxri mc znim hi cbircrizcrchlrc" Grcecbknc

rigri{kcbxi"

?:

BCXY_CXLHLHNC


23/98

`nim ~ kiricmi{znim ivxrc {ikc

&37?6:. &?9>3?.Byxri mc znim hi cbirc

rizcrchlrc" Grcecbknc

klbglrxcomi"

gryxc{ rldc{ znim {ikc

&37?68. &?9>33.Byxri xy znim hi glr`c nbxib{nwc"Grcecbknc rigri{kcbxi"

`ckchc`nc znim {ikc

&37?56. &?9>38.Byxri mc znim hi cbirc

nbxib{nwc" Grcecbknc klbglrxcomi"

lrsyhic

znim ivxrc {ikc

&;38:?. &;38?9.

rizyi{xl

Hi{kyori ml{ rizyi{xl{hi fnhrcxcbxi{ klrzlrcmi{

?3

BCXY_CXLHLHNC


24/98

FNH_CXCBXI[ ZC_C @CBL[ ZNI[

Kri`c fnhrcxcbxizcrc mc{ `cbl{ 9: mFnhrcxc hidcbhl ybc {ycwi zimkymc

{lori mc znim syi zrlzlrknlbc wnxcmnhch

~ {ycwnhch {nb hidcrmc erc{l{c"

Kri`c fnhrcxcbxizcrc ml{ zni{ 9: mByxri ml{ zni{- zrnbknzcm`ibxi

ib mc{ ric{ ri{ikc{~ klb kcmml{- xivxyrc mneirc ~

hi rznhc co{lrknb"

cmelhbznim {ikc `cbl{

&?869>.

Grcecbknc {ycwi~ klbglrxcomi"

cmelhbznim {ikc zni{

&?8696.Grcecbknc {ycwi

~ klbglrxcomi"

`ckchc`ncznim {ikc `cbl{

&37?>:. Grcecbkncklbglrxcomi"

`ckchc`nc

znim {ikc zni{

&3769?.Grcecbknc klbglrxcomi"

;:) HIHI[KYIBXL

ib fnhrcxcbxi{ zcrc`cbl{ ~ zni{

Hi4 ( 5:"::

8>"::

Hi4 ( 5:"::

8>"::

??

BCXY_CXLHLHNC


25/98

Dcob msynhl ivglmncbxi

zcrc im kyirzl fniroc

knhrirc ;:: m

( 3?:"::&?9;:3.Zrl`yiwi mn`znitc

~ ivglmncknb {ycwi"

Dcob ib ocrrc`c{cdichlr

zyrl wieixcmfniroc knhrirckcdc klb ? ybnhchi{

hi >: e kchc ybc

( 59"::&?:;;3.

Fnhrcxcbxi klrzlrcm

fniroc knhrirc 8:: m

( 359"::&?9?78.[y xivxyrc mnwncbc ~ ynhc

fnhrcxc zlr ?8 flrc{-

glr`cbhl ybc zimkymc

zrlxikxlrc"

Kri`c fnhrcxcbxizcrc mc{ `cbl{

kynhchl nbxib{nwlfniroc knhrirc 9: m

( 5:"::&?:?5>.

KYNHCHL[ ZC_C IM Y[L BLKXY_BL

Bchc `idlr syi mmiecr c kc{c- hi{zy{ hi mc{ kcrrirc{ ~ cenxcknb him hc- rimcdcr im kyirzl

~ zrizcrcrml zcrc ybc xrcbsynmc blkfi hi hi{kcb{l- `l`ibxl ib syi mc znim i{x `{ rikizxnwc

cm xrcxc nibxl" Bcxyrc Xlhlhnc Xlhcblkfi i{ ybc mbic hi zrlhykxl{ zcrc im kyirzl

i{zikncm ibxi hi{crrlmmchc zcrc im y{l blkxyrbl"

?;

BCXY_CXLHLHNC

Kri`c fnhrcxcbxi zcrcml{ zni{ kynhchl nbxib{nwlfniroc knhrirc 9: m( 5:"::&?:?56.

fnhrcxcknb

?8 flrc{

BCXY_CZ_L@LKNL

BI[


26/98

Klb ckinxi 3::)

wieixcm syi hidc

mc znim {ycwi"

mn`b&37;:7.

Grcecbknc rigri{kcbxi"

cmelhb&??>;5.Grcecbknc {ycwi ~klbglrxcomi"

`ckchc`nc

&37;:;.Grcecbknc klbglrxcomi"

DCOLBI[ IB OC__C

`nim ~ kiricmi{ivglmncbxiMXN@L KNKMLHI WIBXC[#

&37;:6.Ibrnsyiknhl klbzrlxibc{ hi mc `nim"Ivglmnc {ycwi`ibximc znim"

lrsyhic ivglmncbxi&;38?8.Grcecbknc cxirknlzimchc

rigri{kcbxi" [ib{cknbhi {ycwnhch ~ klbglrx ibmc znim hyrcbxi ~ hi{zy{him ocl"

Dcob ib ocrrcivglmncbxi zyrl wieixcmKcdc klb ? ybnhchi{ hi >: e kchc ybc"

( 59"::

Dcob ib ocrrc zyrl wieixcmKcdc klb 9 ybnhchi{ hi >: e kchc ybc"

( 3;:"::

gryxc{ rldc{&37;:?.Grcecbknc rigri{kcbxi"

Ml{ dcolbi{ Bcxyrc Xlhlhnc

xrcb{glr`cb im ocl ib ybc

ivzirnibknc nbkriomi" Imml{ zirgy`cb~ kynhcb hi mc znim klb im klbglrx hi

ybc i{zy`c {ycwi ~ kri`l{c"

?8

BCXY_CXLHLHNC



27/98


28/98

?7

BCXY_CXLHLHNC

BCXY_CXLHLHNC

XLHLHNC NBWNI_BL

Kri`c fnhrcxcbxi zcrc ric{ri{ikc{kiritc ~ cwimmcbc 59 m( 33:":: &?86?3.Fnhrcxcknb nbxib{nwc

fc{xc zlr ;: flrc{"

Klbxnibi ckinxi{ wieixcmi{"

IHNKNBMN@NXCHCFC[XC CELXC_

IVN[XIBKNC[

Fnhrcxcbxi

hi ocl klbibdyceyi ;:: m

( 38:"::

FNH_CXCBXI[ HI OCL

Xy{ grcecbknc{ zrigirnhc{ zcrc y{cr ib im ocl"

hyrctbl - znim {ikc

&?>736.Grcecbknc rigri{kcbxi"

gryxc{ rldc{ - znim {ikc

&?>735.Grcecbknc rigri{kcbxi"

cmelhb - znim {ikc

&?69>:.Grcecbknc klbglrxcomi"


29/98

crrlt&758?.


rl`irl ~ {cmwnc&?796;.

Grcecbknc mneirc ~ rigri{kcbxi"

x wirhi&758:.


`ckchc`nc&?7969.

Grcecbknc riklbglrxcbxi"

HI[LHL_CBXI[ _LMM-LB

Hi{lhlrcbxicbxnxrcb{znrcbxirlmm-lb 5: `m

mikfi hi cmelhb

&7588.Grcecbknc

riklbglrxcbxi"

{nb zirgy`i&5>79.

Hi4 ( 59"::

9>"::

?5

BCXY_CXLHLHNC

BCXY_CXLHLHNC

CZ_LWIKFC#Zriknl i{zikncm

ib hi{lhlrcbxi{rlmm-lb

BCXY_CZ_L@LKNL

BI[


30/98

BC

XY_CI_WC

HLKI

Dcob kri`l{lzcrc mc{ `cbl{ ?9: `m

( 37:":: &?7883.( 3?6"::&?6359.

Mn`znc mc znim ~ hidc ybc himnkchckczc zrlxikxlrc"

Dcob zyrl wieixcm kri`l{lkcdc klb ; dcolbi{ hi >: e kchc ybl"

( 38:":: &?7;68.

C~yhc c rikyzircr mc kczc hi zrlxikknbhi mc znim yb 59) `{ rznhl"

Fikfl c zcrxnr hi kcc hi ctkcr-

gyibxi riblwcomi wieixcm- i{ yb`cxirncm nbblwchlr- syi rihyki

mc{ i`n{nlbi{ hi ec{i{ kcy{cbxi{

him kcmibxc`nibxl emlocm"

_IZYI[XL FIKFLHI ZM[XNKL WI_HI

^L [L^ZM[XNKLWI_HI

rizyi{xl

@[ [YCWNHCH- KYNHCHL ^ Z_LXIKKNB ZC_C XY ZNIM

Gr`ymc{ {ycwi{ zcrc syi wnwc{ ybc cerchcomi {ib{cknb hi onibi{xcr ~ klbglrx ibim hc c hc" Xivxyrc{ cerchcomi{ ~ zF bcxyrcm zcrc kynhcr hi mc znimklb mc grcecbkncnbklbgybhnomi hi Bcxyrc Irwc Hlki" Zcrc hi{zirxcr ml{ {ibxnhl{~ riwnxcmntcr xy{ ibirec{"

DCOLBI[


31/98

BCXY_C

I_WC

HLKI

Hi{lhlrcbxicbxnxrcb{znrcbxirlmm-lb 59 m

( 6:":: &?7;6>.Zrlxikknb zlr ?8 flrc{"

Hi{lhlrcbxi

cbxnxrcb{znrcbxi

ib kri`c 6: e

( 6:":: &?7;>:.Zrlxikknb zlr ?8 flrc{"

grcecbknc

lrnenbcm

bcxyrc

?>

HI[LHL_CBXI[

Klb zrkxnklczmnkchlr


32/98

Cbc Uin{{- ;;

$Ivkizxl mc{ klmlbnc{"

Eim zcrc im kynhchl

hi znirbc{ ~ zni{ ?:: e( ??:"::&37;67.

I`ym{nb cyvnmncrib mc zriwibknbhi i{xrc{ ?:: m( ?39"::&37;65.

mil wieixcm zcrciòcrctchc{ ?:: `m

( ?79"::&?::68.Iwnxc mc ri{isyihch hi mcznim hyrcbxi im iòcrctl"Ibdycecr hi{zy{ him y{l"

Fnhrcxc zlr ?8 flrc{"

$

rc`m

8.i mctl"{l"

rc{"

Hyrcbxi im iòcrctl- mc `c` ~c kl`nibtc

c kymxnwcr ybc rimcknb hi c`lr ~ kcrnl klb

{y oio- syi {irwnr hi oc{i zcrc xlhc{ mc{gyxyrc{ ivzirnibknc{ c`lrl{c{ ib mc wnhc him

bnl" Kycbxl { gyirxi i{ i{i wbkyml- idlr

{i rimcknlbcr im oio klb{nel `n{`l ~ klb

im `ybhl syi ml rlhic"

Bcxyrc @c` ~ Oio lgriki ybc mbic

kl`zmixc hi zrlhykxl{ {ycwi{ ~ {ieyrl{-

imcolrchl{ klb ckinxi hi zc{{nglrc$

~ hi{crrlmmchl{ zcrc ml{ `lìbxl{ higlrxcmikn`nibxl him wbkyml ibxri imml{"

WBKYML @C@ OIO

Yb oio ckcrnknchl- `c{cdichl ~ corctchl- zlr mc `nrchc- mc wlt- im zirgyì hi {y`c`- {i hi{crrlmmc {ieyrl- {cmyhcomi ~ `{ gimnt" Ib ml{ `lìbxl{ hi kynhchl- cmckcrnkncr ~ `c{cdicr cm oio- mc `c` glrxcmiki im wbkyml syi xnibi klb m ~ klb mc wnhc"Bcxyrc @c` ~ Oio" Im c`lr ybhcìbxcm"

BCX

Y_C@C@

ÔIO

KYNHCHL[ ZC_C I@OC_CTCHC[HI[KYO_NIBHL IM WBKYML


33/98

@crnc Myntc @lrcn{ ~ {y `c`Bcxc{fc Gimntcrhl"

[fc`zll ?:: m( >9"::&78;9.

( 57"::&7759.Mn`znc {nb nrrnxcr imkyirl kcoimmyhl"

Cklbhnknlbchlr {ycwi 39: m

( >9"::&7753.( 57"::&775?.

C~yhc c hi{ibrihcr im kcoimml"

Hc ornmml ~ {ycwnhch"Dcob wieixcm? ybnhchi{ hi 3:: e kchc ybc

( 3::"::&>>73.Mn`znc ~ {ycwntc mc znimhim oio"

Xcmkl ib kri`c

zrlxikxlr 9: e( 3:9"::&78;7.Iwnxc mc nrrnxcknb ib

ml{ zmnieyi{ hi mc znim"

Dcob wieixcmklb dcolbirc 3:: e

( 76"::&>>9>.Mn`znc klb {ycwnhch"

Mlknb fnhrcxcbxizrlxikxlrc 39: mMXN@L KNKMLHI WIBXC[#

( 3?9"::&78?5.Kynhc mc znim him oiohi{zy{ him ocl"

Ceyc hi klmlbnc{nb cmklflm 3:: m

( ?::"::&7835.kxrnkl } himnkchl } mcwcbhc

BCXY_C@C

@^

OIO

EYC HI ONIBWIBNHCI{ yb `cxirncm nbglr`cxnwl {loriim C`lr Gybhc`ibxcm" Nbkmy~iim `xlhl hi `c{cdi [fc`ocmc-syi c~yhc c glrxcmikir im wbkymlibxri `c`- zcz ~ oio"

mil wieixcm zcrcfnenibi ~ `c{cdi 3:: `m( 38:"::&78;3.Zir`nxi hcr yb `c{cdi rimcdcbxicm oio" Wnibi klb mc Eychi Onibwibnhc"

;3

KYNHCHL[ ZC_C IM OIOGL_XCMIKNIBHL IM WBKYML

rizyi

{xl


;3


34/98

Oi` ol`klmlbnc bnl{ 3:: `m(3>9":: &336;?.[nb wmwymc"firocm } klbglrxcomi } rlìrl

Oi` ol`klmlbnc bnc{ 3:: `m

( 3>9":: &336;3.[nb wmwymc"

gryxcm } wnorcbxi } cbtcbc

Xnb nb nb {fc`zllkcoimml rntchl ?9: `m

( >9":: &?5;67.

( 57":: &?68:>.Mn`znc klb {ycwnhch

im kcoimml lbhymchl-lxlrebhlmi ornmml"

Xnb nb nb cklbhnknlbchlrkcoimml rntchl ?9: `m( >9":: &?6833.

( 57":: &?683:.Mn`znc klb {ycwnhch im kcoimmllbhymchl- lxlrebhlmi ornmml"

MC[ KLMLBNC[

BL KLBXNIBIB

CMKLFLM"

kcoimml

rntchl

I[XN@YMCBHL IM HI[KYO_N@NIBXL HIM @YBHL

Bcxyr- syi ib xyz syniri hiknr c`nel hi mc bcxyrcmitc- fcomc cml{ bnl{ {lorimc n`zlrxcbknc him kynhchl him ìhnl cònibxi ~ him ceyc" [y{ zrlhykxl{ {lb{ycwi{ ~ {ieyrl{- {y{ ibwc{i{- xivxyrc{- klmlri{- crl`c{ ~ blòri{ {lb ybwirhchirl i{x`yml cm hi{kyorn`nibxl him `ybhl" Ml{ bnl{ czribhib dyecbhl

c kynhcr hi { ~ hi mc bcxyrcmitc"I{ wczxwyzx- rcznhit# I{ yb hl{ xri{#Xkfnoy`- hnwir{nb ib im `ybhl#

BCXY_CB

CXY_


35/98

[zmcka#{fc`zll kcoimml mn{l ?9: `m( >9":: &?5;65.

( 57":: &?5;6;.Gcknmnxc im hi{ibrihchl-zrlzlrknlbc ornmml ~ {ycwnhch"

[zmcka# cklbhnknlbchlrkcoimml mn{l ?9: `m( >9":: &?5;69.

( 57":: &?5;6?.Gcknmnxc im hi{ibrihchl-zrlzlrknlbc ornmml~ {ycwnhch"

Wczx wyzx [fc`zll~ cklbhnknlbchlr? ib 3 ?9: `m

( 3:9":: &?5;68.

( 68":: &?5;63.Mn`znc ~ cklbhnknlbc"

kcoimmlmn{l

xlhl xnzlhi kcoimml

bl ri{ikcmc znim

;;

BCXY_CBCX

Y_

[zmi{fdcob msynhl ?:: `m

( 39:":: &33686.I{zy`c kri`l{csyi mn`znc mc znim him bnlklb {ycwnhch"

6flrc{ hi

fnhrcxcknb

Olmlmdcob ib ocrrc

; ybnhchi{ hi >: e kchc ybc"

( 3;3":: &?>>;;.Zl{ii oc{i wieixcm"

Bl ri{ikc mc znim"

Mirl-mirlmlknb fnhrcxcbxi 3?9 `m( 3?:":: &3369:.Hi rznhc co{lrknb- lgriki {ycwnhch"

rizyi{xl


36/98

MC _IMCKNB ISYNMNO_CHC [CMYHCOMI KLB IM [LM

Ybc mbic kl`zmixc syi lgriki zrlxikknb klbxrc ml{ rc~l{ YWC ~ YWO ~ klòcximl{ rchnkcmi{ mnori{ ~ im glxlibwidikn`nibxl" [nb grcecbknc- {y{ zrlhykxl{ xrcib gr`ymc{hi xivxyrc mnwncbc- bl erc{l{c ~ hi rznhc co{lrknb- chi`{ hi ecrcbxntcr zrlxikknbnbìhncxc" Fnhrcxcb ~ zrlxieib mc znim zcrc xrcb{glr`cr mc ivzl{nknb cm {lm ib yb

`lìbxl hi zmckir ~ hnwir{nb- Bcxyrc Glxlisynmornl- {ml ml ìdlr him {lm"

Mlknb zrlxikxlrc

{zrc~ 3?: m

( ?39":: &?>5?8.

Gmynhl zrlxikxlr

{zrc~ 3?: m

( ?59":: &?>5?9.

Mlknb zrlxikxlrc

{zrc~ 3?: m

( ?9:"::&?>5??.

BCXY_C

GLXLISYNMO_NL


37/98

K@L IMIEN_ IM GCKXL_ HI Z_LXIKKNB @[ CHIKYCHL

_iklìbhchl zcrc zir{lbc{ syi ckl{xyòrcb ivzlbir{icm {lm ~ kc{n {ni`zri {i ibrldikib"

Nbhnkchl zcrc zir{lbc{ syi {yimib ivzlbir{i cm {lm~ c wiki{ {i ibrldikib"

_iklìbhchl zcrc zir{lbc{ syi kc{n bybkc {i ivzlbibcm {lm ~ {ni`zri {i ibrldikib"

Mlknb zrlxikxlrc 3?: m

Lgriki fnhrcxcknb zrlmlbechc~ ri{n{xi im ceyc ~ im {yhlrzlr fc{xc ; flrc{" Klbxnibi KCL-syi c~yhc c klòcxnrim glxlibwidikn`nibxl"

( 35:":: &?>53>. ( ?;:":: &?>535.

Fnhrcxcbxi klrzlrcmzl{x {lm 3?: m

( 389"::&?>533.Lgriki fnhrcxcknb rigri{kcbxizlr fc{xc 3? flrc{ ~ cmnwncmc {ib{cknb hi crhlr kcy{chczlr im {lm" Klòcxi imglxlibwidikn nibxl"

BCXY_CGLXLISYNMO_NL

;9


38/98

Mlknb zrlxikxlrcgckncm 9: m

Xivxyrc bl erc{l{c syi fnhrcxczlr fc{xc 6 flrc{ ~ ri{n{xiim ceyc ~ im {yhlr zlr fc{xc; flrc{" Klbxnibi imc{xnblm!_~ KCL- syi c~yhcb c klòcxnrim glxlibwidikn`nibxl"

(36:"::&?9>6?. ( ?3:":: &?9>63.

Zrlxikxlr mconcmfnhrcxcbxi ymxrc 9 e

( 3::":: &?9>58.Zriwnbi mc ri{isyihchhi ml{ mconl{"

Mlknb zrlxikxlrcnbgcbxnm 3?: m

( ?;9"::&?>538._i{n{xi im ceyc ~ im

{yhlr zlr fc{xc 7 flrc{"

Xivxyrc{ `{ mnwncbc{- ìbl{ erc{l{c{ ~ gknmi{ hi czmnkcr"

Byiwc{ gr`ymc{- klb `c~lr zrlxikknb ~ ìdlr xivxyrc"

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;7


39/98

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40/98

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41/98

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42/98

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43/98

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44/98

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45/98

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99"::


46/98

Mlknb c{xrnbeibxirieymchlrc39: m

znim `nvxc c erc{c

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znim `nvxc c erc{c

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hi erc{c ib mc znim"

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znim erc{c

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LMCOCHN


47/98

89

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xlhl{ ml{ xnzl{ hi znim

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_i`yiwi kmymc{ `yirxc{"_ibyiwc mc xivxyrc ~ czcrnibknc

hi mc znim- hidbhlmc {ycwi-my`nbl{c ~ ybnlrì"

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lbmnbi hi xy znim ~ klblki {

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znim blr`cm c {ikc

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48/98

I[ZIKGNKL[

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49/98

ibwc{i hi wnhrnl

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50/98

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51/98

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52/98

rizyi{xl

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53/98

Klbxrlm hi mc erc{c ~ rihykknb him ornmml"

@idlrc mc grìtc ~ imc{xnknhch hi mc znim"

KF_LBL[ ZFC_@CX_CXC@NIBXL NBXIB[NWLZC_C ZNIMI[ E_C[C[

CBXN[ICMI[

Z_LXI

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WC

GLXL

I[XCOMI 6fr

{"

[yirl nbxib{nwlhi{lo{xrykxlr

hi zlrl{ blkfi ;: e

znim erc{c

( 8>9"::&??655. @nbn`ntc ~hi{lo{xry~i ml{ zlrl{"

9) Imc{xnblm!_" 3) knhl {cmnkmnkl"

Fnhrcxcknb"

Gmynhl nbxib{nwl cbxnornmmlhc GZ[ 39 ;: e

znim erc{c

( 8>9"::&??656.Klbxrlmc im bnwim hi erc{c

~ rihyki im ornmml- ìdlrcmc grìtc ~ imc{xnknhchhi mc znim"

BCXY_C KF_LBL[ KYI_ZLMC XIKBLMLEC HI BCXY_C KF_LBL[ ZC_C XLHL IM KYI_ZL

Z_LXI

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WC

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r{

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Onl-rieibirchlrckri`c zcrc `cbl{

GZ[ 39 9: e( ?39":: &376;6.

Klbxnibi ckxnwl{syi zriwnibib

im ibwidikn`nibxl-

mc ri{isyihch ~ mc ckknbhi ml{ `nkrlhcl{-hiwlmwnbhlmi grìtc~ imc{xnknhch c mc znim

hi mc{ cbl{"

Onl-ivlmncbxi kri`chi mn`znitc 39: m( 3>9":: &375>?._i`yiwi kmymc{ `yirxc{i n`zyritc{ hi mc {yzirgknihi mc znim ~ mc zrizcrc zcrcim xrcxc`nibxl kl{`xnkl"Zcrc ybc znim {ycwi

~ klb wnxcmnhch"

Onl-rihykxlreim msynhl klrzlrcm 3:: m

( 87:":: &373?5.( ;5:"::&376;9.

_ihyki im c{zikxl hi mc znimhi bcrcbdc ~ ìhnhc{-zrl`yiwi `{ grìtc~ imc{xnknhch"

BCXY_CKF_LBL[

BCXY_CKF_LBL[

93


54/98

MCBTC@NIBXL#

BCXY_C C@ C@C[[L

Hi4 ( 8>9"::

;>>"::

C` C`c{{lklmlbnc c{kymnbc 59 m$MCBTC@NIBXL#

&;85;3.firocm } {ib{ycm } kihrl

MC

Hi4 ( 8

C` CklmlbncMCBTC

&;85;3.firocm } {

BC

XY_CZI_GY

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ZC_C HI[ZI_XC_ I@LKNLBI[

Ml{ ziryì{ zrlwlkcb {ib{cknlbi{ ~ riwnwib {ibxn`nibxl{" I{ im crxi hi zrlhyknri{x`yml{ syi bl{ mmiwcb c ml syi ricmìbxi {l`l{ ~ bl{ riklbikxcb klb byi{xrci{ibknc" Bcxyrc kric `crkc{ klb klbkizxl{ syi eibircb nhibxngkcknb ~ bl{ c~yhcb civzri{cr i`lknlbi{ zrlybhc{" Bchc {i kl`zcrc klb im i{xnml Bcxyrc

hi kricr zirgyì{"

C`lr ib `lwn`nibxl

C` i{ ybc mbic nb{znrchcib im c`lr syi kymxnwc`l{xlhl{ ml{ hc{ klb ei{xl{

syi kcyxnwcb ~ {ihykib"[y{ rcecbknc{ ~ xivxyrc{i{xn`ymcb im klbxckxl~ mc nbxn`nhch- klmlkcbhlim c`lr ib `lwn`nibxl"


55/98


I[ZIKNCM#

MCBTC@NIBXL#

Hi4 ( 39:"::

3:9"::

C` C`c{{ldcob ib ocrrckcdc klb ? ybnhchi{ hi 3:: e kchc ybc

MCBTC@NIBXL#&??8;?.Zrlzlrknlbc ybc himnknl{c {ib{cknbhi gri{kyrc hyrcbxi ~ hi{zy{ himocl- klb zirgy`i {ycwi- ckinxi{i{ibkncmi{ ~ `ibxlm" Zcrc y{l hncrnl"

Lxcwnl ~ Grcbknbi- dybxl{ fcki ? cl{

c`lr ib `lwn`nibxl

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

9;

BCXY_CZ_L@LK

NLBI[


56/98

BCXY_C C@ KFC@IEL

C` Kfc`ielckinxi zcrc `c{cdi{ 3:: m( ??:":: &??8?>.Zcrc yb c{cdi rimcdcbxi"Zrlwlkc ybc {ib{cknb cerchcomi~ ibwlmwibxi" Zcrc {ir y{chlzlr ml{ hl{"

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

98


57/98

C` Kfc`iel

klmlbnc gi`ibnbc 59 m$

( 8>9":: &;85;?.c`chirchl } {ib{ycm } zn`nibxc

Hi{kori `{ {lori im mcbtc`nibxl

hi mc byiwc mbic C` ib4

uuu"bcxyrcc`l"kl "`v

Kcrlm ~ Oibdc- dybxl{ fcki 3: cl{"

c`lr ib `lwn`nibxl

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

99


58/98

BCXY_C FY@L_

Klmlbnc 59 m$

( 899"::

Fy`lr 3 i`ibnbc

&5>>8.ryxcm } {ib{ycm } zirc

MMIWC MC WNHCKLB @[ FY@L_#

Fy`lr 8 `c{kymnbc

&3??;7.c`chirchl }`crkcbxi } xcockl

Fy`lr 5 i`ibnbc

&?97;3.

glrcm } c{knbcbxi } mnrnl

Fy`lr 7 Zct ~ Fy`lr

`c{kymnbc

&?9?;:.

firocm } {ib{ycm } eircbnl

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

97


59/98

Fy`lr 9 giìbnbc

&?357?.gryxcm } {ib{ycm } kiritc

Fy`lr bl Cr giìbnbc

&?>;38.gryxcm } ibwlmwibxi } knryimc biercGr`ymc hl Fy`lr

`c{kymnbc

&?>;39.hymki } ibwlmwibxi } òcr

Fy`lr ; giìbnbc

&33?;7.kxrnkc } rl{chc } oirec`lxc

Fy`lr ? `c{kymnbc

&5>>9.c`chirchl } {ib{ycm } {bhcml

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

95


60/98

BCXY_C ONLE_CGNC

Klmlbnc 3:: m$

( 83:"::

Giìbnbc&3373;.

glrcm } riri{kcbxi } eircbnl @c{kymnbc &33738.c`chirchl } miwi } kihrl

Giìbnbcwlmyìb ? &36586.glrcm } himnkchl } rl{c

@c{kymnbcwlmyìb ? &33:97.

firocm } klblrxcomi } {bhcml

Hi{lhlrcbxicbxnxrcb{znrcbxirlmm-lb 59 m

( 69"::

Onlercgc iìbnbl

&3>?;;.

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

96

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C


61/98

Kc`zl{ cl {ym`c{kymnbc &?6?:7.c`chirchl } ibwlmwibxi } cxi

Kc`zl{ cl {ym

gi`ibnbc &?6?:9.glrcm } ibwlmwibxi } cxi

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Klmlbnc gi`ibnbc 39: m$

( 3>9"::

Kc`zl hi wnlmixc{&398;9.glrcm } cxrc~ibxi } dct`b

Dcoyxnkcoc &3>>6:.ryxcm } riri{kcbxi }

dcoyxnkcoc

Mcwcbhc [ib{ycm&?798>.fnirwc{ } {ib{ycm }mcwcbhc

@y{k {bhcml&3988;.hymki } klblrxcomi }{bhcml

_l{c{ rldc{&?:?33.glrcm } {ib{ycm } rl{c{

Mc wmwymc {i wibhizlr {izcrchl ~ zyihi{ir y{chc klb xlhc{mc{ wir{nlbi{hi Bcxyrc Ceyc{"

Wmwymc&zcrc olximmc

hi39: m.

( 89"::&39888.

Kc`zl{ cl {ym`c ymnbc ?6 :7

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

9>


62/98

Arn{ac Ornmml

&;;3?5.hymki } n`zckxcbxi } wcnbnmmc

Arn{ac Dicb{

&3;3?;.

hymki } nblr`cm } dct`b

Arn{ac Gri{nc

&3>;:3.

glrcm } ibwlmwibxi } ri{nc

BCXY_C A_N[AC

Klmlbnc gi`ibnbc 3:: `m$( ;89"::

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

7:


63/98

BCXY_C _NXYCMZ_IKNL

I[ZIKNCMib im Icy hi Zcry`

Bcxyrc _nxycm

Icy hi zcrgy`

gi`ibnbl 9: m$&?869;.glrcm } {ib{ycm } `cbhcrnbc

Hi4 ( ;59"::

?8>"::

xcflrrc{

(3?7"::

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

73

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

BCXY_CZ_L@LK

NLBI[


64/98

Acnca

i`ibnbl &3>??>.

Hi{lhlrcbxicbxnxrcb{znrcbxi

rlmm-lb 59 m

( 69"::

Klmlbnc 3:: m$

i`zckchc ib mcxc4 ( 85:"::i`zckchc ib kcdc4 ( 899"::

BCXY_C ACNCA

Cm `lwir im kyirzl- `cbngi{xc{ xy{i`lknlbi{ ~ hi{znirxc{ xy{ {ibxnhl{"^ c xn sy xi `yiwi.

i`zckchl ib kcdc4&??995.

Hi4 ( 85:"::

;?>"::

Hi4 ( 899"::

;36"9:

;:)hihi

{kyibxl

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

7;

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

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66/98

C`lr C`rnkcklmlbnc i{ibknczcml {cbxl 3:: m$

( 85:":: &3:;>5.`chirc } ibwlmwibxi } zcml {cbxl

I{{ibkncm icy hi zcrgy`zcrc mc `ydir 3:: m$

( 7?:":: &7:;8.kxrnkc } c{knbcbxi } `cbhcrnbc

I{{ibkncm icy hi zcrgy`zcrc im flòri 3:: `m$

( 7?:":: &7?:5.`chirc } `crkcbxi } kihrl

Nbxynknb hi bcxyrc

klmlbnc giìbnbc 9: `m$

( 8;:"::&?::65.glrcm } {ib{ycm }bcrkn{l ~ ri{nc

_iwimcr

klmlbnc giìbnbc

59 `m$

( 89:":: &3;8?.hymki } c{knbcbxi }{bhcml

78

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C


67/98

BCXY_C I[[IBKNCM IVKMY[NWL

Icy hi zcrgy` 3:: m$

( 7?:"::

Icy hi zcrgy` 9: m$

( ;59":: Zcrc mc `ydir

3:: `m&?6:?6.9: `m &;377>.hymki } rigri{kcbxi } cebmnc

Zcrc im fl`ori

3:: `m&?7?55.9: `m &;3776.

c`chirchl } ibwlmwibxi }i{ziknc{ grc{

Grcecbknc ibwlmwibxi~ l{chc- klb ckinxi{i{ibkncmi{ ivkmy{nwl{

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

BCXY_CZI_GY@I_C

79


68/98

BCXY_C

KYNHCHL[

ZC_CIMFL

@O_I

@crkimml [cbkfit- 87 cl{ klb {y fndlCrxfyr [cbkfit- 33 cl{

Klmlbnc 3:: m$

( ;69"::

[r B Kihrl&?5:69.

firocm } ibwlmwibxi } kihrl

[r B &3:95;.`chirc } n{xirnl{c } zckfymn

KLMLBNC[

Xlhl ercb flòri xnibi lxrl ercb flòrikl`l i{zidl" czribhi klb m c wir im {ibxnhlsyi zyihi fcoir ib mc{ zisyic{ kl{c{"Kycbhl xi cinxc{- kymxnwc{ yb rnxycm hi `ykfl{{nebngkchl{" Yb {òlml hi riblwcknb syi rizri{ibxcmc xrcb{lr`cknb him bnl ib flòri"Bcxyrc [r B i{ ybc mbic zcrc synib {i nb{znrcib mc{ kl{c{ syi zirhyrcb zcrc kricr ml nblmwnhcomi"

CGINXC_[II[ YB CKXL HI K_ICKNB

NB[ZN_CHL

IB MC[ KL[C[

SYI ZI_@CBIKIB

Klb crl`c km{nkl i nblmwnhcomi- [r" B lgriki ybc mbic kl`zmixc klb zrlhykxl{syi kcm`cb mc znim ~ c~yhcb c hn{`nbynr mc nrrnxcknb cm cginxcr{i" Xlhl flòri irikizrlhykxl{ i{zikncmìbxi krichl{ zcrc m" Xlhl flòri ìriki Bcxyrc"

ML @IDL_ HI BCXY_C ZC_C IM FL@O_I


69/98

BCXY_CKYNHCHL[ZC_C

IMFL@O_I

Kri`c hi cginxcr

klb i{zy`c 6: e( 33:":: &?>>79.Zrlxiei hyrcbxi

im cginxchl"

I{zy`c hi cginxcr{i?:: e , ??; `m

( 369":: &?>>7;.Fnhrcxc mc znim"

Eim zcrc hi{zy{hi cginxcr{i 59 e( 3?9":: &?>>7:._igri{kc ~ rikyzirc mc znim"

Ocm` zcrc hi{zy{hi cginxcr{i 59 `m( 3?9":: &?>>73.Kcm`c i fnhrcxc mc znim"

Mlknb zcrc hi{zy{hi cginxcr{i 3:: m( ??9":: &?>>9>.

ZC_C CGINXC_[I

ZC_C HI[ZY[HI CGINXC_[I


70/98

Flì` lb&;:76:.

hymki } ibwlmwibxi } òcr

Flì` yry`&;3968.

`chirc } `n{xirnl{l } wixnwir

BCXY_C FL@I@

Grcecbknc{ zcrc syi im flòri zyihc {ibxnr- wnwnr ~ hidcr {y `crkc c ml mcrel hi {y dlrbchc"

Bcxyrc Flì`- i{xcr onib c kchc zc{l"

Bcxyrc Flì`

&;:67:.`chirc } rigri{kcbxi } dibenori

Klmlbnc 3:: m$( 8>:"::

BCXY_CKYNHCHL[ZC_C

IMFL@O_I

76


71/98

Zcrc kynhcr him fl`ori `nibxrc{ m kynhc {y wnhc"Mc mbic xrci zrlhykxl{ syi lgrikib ybc {ib{cknb hi riblwcknb zlr `ihnl hi nberihnibxi{bcxyrcmi{ ~ cmxc xikblmlec"

IGIKXL XIB[L_NB@IHNCXL4 CMNWNCIM C[ZIKXL KCB[CHLHIM _L[X_L

Fnhrcxyrolrikcrec rznhczcrc im rl{xrl 9: e( 369":: &;3?8;.

XIVXY_C YMX_CMIWI-[IKCHL _ZNHL IFNH_CXCKNB ZC_CMC ZNIM

Z_LXIKKNBFC[XC ZL_

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BCXY_CKYNHCHL[ZC_C

IMFL@O_I

Hi{lhlrcbxi cbxnxrcb{znrcbxizirgy`chl rlmmlb 59 m( >:":: &;:696.Zrlxikknb {ycwi"

Csyceim zcrc hi{zy{hi cginxcr{i 9: e( 3?:":: &;3?89.

Kri`c hi cginxcrrigri{kcbxi 59 e( 33:":: &;3?87.

7>


72/98

Cmìbhrc{ hymki{

&3>:63. &367?8.

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&?;655.

5:

@ibxc ~ rlìrl rigri{kcbxi&3>:7;. &367?7.

LX_L [IBXNHL ZC_C XY OCL

Bcxyrc [wi i{ ybc mbic hi zrlhykxl{ hi cmxc kcmnhch- klb ckinxi{ 3::) wieixcmi{syi zrlzlrknlbcb fnhrcxcknb fc{xc zlr ?8 flrc{- xlsyi cxirknlzimchl ~ zirgy`chlc mc znim" Mc rnsyitc hi {y{ xivxyrc{ ~ mc{ grcecbknc{ ivkmy{nwc{ glìbxcb im zmckir himxlsyi- mc nbxn`nhch ~ im kynhchl klb mc znim" [nbxixi i{zikncmìbxi nb{znrchc4 `{ {ib{ycm-

zrlwlkcxnwc ~ giìbnbc" Bcxyrc [wi - Hidc fcomcr c xy kyirzl"

Ckinxi klrzlrcm ?:: m

( ?3:"::B

CXY_

C[WI

Hi4 ( 376"::

33>"::


73/98

53

_l{c{ hi kfc`zcebi

&?65?8.

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Zn`nibxc rl{c&?:?38. &?998;.

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hi zm{nxkl wirhi [wi"

Fikfl{ c zcrxnr hi yb `cxirncm nbblwchlr hi

lrneib riblwcomi4 mc kcc hi ctkcr

3::) riknkmcomi{

_ihykib yb 53) mc i`n{nb hi ec{i{ syi eibircb

im kcmibxc`nibxl emlocm"

[lb ybc lzknb `{ iklb`nkc zcrc x klb

ri{zikxl c ml{ ibwc{i{ rieymcri{"

IM _IZYI[XL FCKIXLHC MC HNGI_IBKNC#

BCXY_C[WI

BCXY_CZ_L@LK

NLBI[


74/98

5?

CZL^CBHL MC IHYKCKNB ZC_C YB @VNKL @IDL_

Ybc {lknihch `{ dy{xc {i klb{xry~i zlr ìhnl hi ybc ihykcknbhi kcmnhch" Gyi klb i{xc kriibknc syi Bcxyrc kri im zrlerc`cKriir zcrc Wir" Oibigkncbhl c `nmi{ hi bnl{ ~ bnc{

zcrc c~yhcr c xrcb{lr`cr byi{xrl zc{"

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BCXY_C XYZC_XNKNZCKNB

CZL^L C MCIHYKCKNB& .K_II_ ZC_C WI_ ! 0

Olm{c hi kl`zrc{MCBTC@NIBXL#( 3::"::&;8;;6.3::) cmelhbzrimcwchl-i{xc`zchlklb {irnercgc"

Hnìb{nlbi{4;7 v ;5-9 v 3; k`Mc kcrec vn`ci{ hi 3: ae"

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( 3;:"::&;:;87.

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;? v 9> v 38 k`

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BCXY_CK_II_ZC

_CW

I_

MCBTC@NIBXL#


75/98

5;

Himcbxcm( 3?:"::&;:;??.Fikfl hi mlbixc-i{xc`zchc klb{irnercgc"Hnìb{nlbi{4M 7> v 59 k`

Xctc hi kir`nkcwirhi$( 9:"::&?;9;6.Fikfc zlr cbl{ìvnkcbc{"Hnìb{nlbi{4hnìxrl 6 k`cmxl >"6 k`

Xlrxnmmirl

( 99"::&;:;;7.

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Zcsyixi hi ? cecrrchirc{Hnìb{nlbi{4 3> v 3> k`

KCDC[

Kcrxb 3::) riknkmchl"

[LO_I[ OLM[C

Kcrxb 3::) riknkmchl"

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( 88"::&??5>6.M 37 v C 36 v Z 3: k`

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( 86"::&??5>5.M ?? v C ?8 v Z 33 k`

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BCXY_CK_II_ZC

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I_

$ Ibxri cmy`bl{- c`nmnc{- zrli{lri{ ~ kllrhnbchlri{ hi mc{ i{kyimc{ oibigknchc{ zlr im zrlerc`c Kriir zcrc Wir"

I{xn`cxnwc oc{chc ib mc zrl~ikknb hi oibigknchl{ i nbwir{nlbi{ him zrlerc`c zcrc ?:33"


76/98

Wnkxlrnc- ?5 cl{- y{c oc{iGZ[ 6 klmlr 3:- zlmwl

kl`zckxl klmlr 8:- ryolrklmlr ;- {l`orc hl klmlr 9-mznt zcrc ldl{ klmlr `crrb-`{kcrc zcrc zi{xcc{ bierc

~ mconcm klmlr 8;"

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CXY_CWNWC

58

BCXY_

CWNWC

ML[ KLML_I[ HI MC WNHC

Bcxyrc Wnwc i{ im `csynmmcdi hi mc{ `ydiri{ syi wcmlrcb {y{ xrchnknlbi{ ~ rinbwibxcb

{y{ fn{xlrnc{ klb cnri `lhirbl ~ klbxi`zlrbil" Zri{ibxc ybc c`zmnc ec`c

hi klmlri{ zcrc ivzri{cr xlhc mc cmierc ~ mc gi`nbinhch hi mc `ydir mcxnblc`irnkcbc"

Zcrc mc `ydir syi wnwi {y gi`nbinhch klb crxi"


77/98

B

CXY_CWNWC

59

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bierl&?8;>7.

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zcrc ldl{ hi mc mbic wnwc"

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68"::

@{kcrc zcrc

zi{xcc{5 `mHi rznhl {ikchl-

bl {i klrri"

Hi4 ( 3:9"::

68"::

Mznt zcrc ldl{ 3-; e

Hi4 ( 59"::

7:"::

B

CXY_CZ_L@LKNLBI[

ZC[L 34

Czmnkc mc {l`orc hlklmlr 9- zyihi{ klmlkcr

mc zcrxi `{ l{kyrc ib mc

lrnmmc ivxirbc hi xy{ ldl{~ ib mc ybnb him zrzchl

nbgirnlr ~ {yzirnlr zcrc

hcrmi { zrlgybhnhch"

ZC[L ?4

Czmnkc im mznt crrb

klmlr ? ib mc kl`n{yrc{yzirnlr hi mc{ zi{xcc{

~ ib mc mbic hi ceyc"

ZC[L ;4

Czmnkc mc `{kcrc hi

zi{xcc{ klmlr bierl-

hioi{ c{ieyrcrxi syiim znbkim bl i{x `y~

kcrechl zcrc iwnxcr

mc glr`cknb hi ery`l{"

Wnkxlrnc- ?5 cl{


78/98

Mconcm GZ[ 6 ;-9 e

( 6:"::

Klmlri{ nbxib{l{~ cmxc kloirxyrc

klmlr 8 &?8;7>.

klmlr ; &?883>.

klmlr 9 &?8836.

klori{ ~ hlrchl{

klmlr :6 &?8837.

klmlr :5 &?8835.

rldl{

klmlr 35 &?883;.

klmlr 36 &?8;53.

klmlr 8; &?8833.

rl{c{

klmlr 33 &?8839.

klmlr 3? &?8;76.

klmlr 38 &?8838.

`crrlbi{

klmlr 3: &?8;5:.

oncm GZ[ 6 ;-9 e

33 &?8839.

`crrlbi{

OLKC

Mznt zcrc

klbxlrbl mconl{ 3-8 e

( 59"::

klmlr ? wnbl &?8;59.

klmlr 3 `crrb &?88::.

Xivxyrc kri`l{c syic~yhc c gdcr im mconcm"

3:

38

6

5

3?

35

8

9

;

3633

8;

B

CXY_CWNWC

57


79/98

Wnkxlrnc _nkairx- ?5 cl{-y{c mc oc{i GZ[ 6 klmlr

3?- zlmwl kl`zckxl oineikmcrl- ryolr klmlr ;-{l`orc hl klmlr ;-mznt zcrc ldl{ klmlr 3~ mconcm GZ[ 6 klmlr 35"

Eml{{ mconcm 5 `m

( >:"::

Gr`ymc blziecdl{c"

kibximmc

bxi

kri`l{l

B

CXY_CWNWC

55

WNWC

Mznt hlmconcm ~ ryolr ?"6 e

( >9"::

klmlr 6 &?6;98.

mconcm rldl

ryolr `crrb

klmlr 5 &?6;99.

mconcm rl{c hlrchl

ryolr rl{c

klmlr 5&?88:9.

klmlr 3&?88:>.

[ckczybxc{ hlomi

( 7:":: &;;3.Zcrc mznt hi zybxc

gbc l eryi{c"

{-

ei


80/98

56

znbkim

zcrc ldl{ 3

3;"9 k`

znbkim

zcrc ryolr

39 k`

znbkim

zcrc olkc

3;"9 k`

znbkim

zcrc

ldl{ ?

3;"? k`

Anx hi znbkimi{

( 33:":: &3:5?9.

Wnibi klbi{zidl ib mcoc{i zcrcgcknmnxcr mcczmnkcknb

klmlr 87kc{xcl ihnl

&?9775. &?8;55.

klmlr 88kc{xcl {ycwi

&?9777. &?8;56.

klmlr 8:

oineikmcrl

&?9779. &?8;5>.

_L[X_L

Xivxyrcmnwncbc ~czmnkcknbcerchcomi

B

CXY_CWNWC

B

CXY_CWNWC

klmlr ?:`crrb kmcrl

&?8;6:.

klmlr 36oinei ihnl l{kyrl

&?8;63.

klmlr 37oinei ihnl

&?8;6?.

klmlr 3?oinei rl{c

&?8;6;.

klmlr 3:

oinei kmcrl&?8;68.

Klbglrx ibmc czmnkcknb

klmlr ?{cm`b &?8;66.

klmlr;rl{c &?8;69.

klmlr8`crrb &?8;67.

_yolr ; e

( 33:"::

Zlmwl kl`zckxl 7-9 e( 36:"::

( 388"::

Oc{i GZ[ 6 ?9 m

( 33:"::


81/98

( ?9:":: ?: e&?8?6;.

@LHL HI CZMNKCKNB

3" Klb mc{ `cbl{ mn`znc{ ~

{ikc{- zri{nlbc im xyol him

zrlhykxl {lori im hlr{l

hi xy `cbl- klmlkcbhl ybczisyic kcbxnhch"

3

?" Klb mc zybxc hi ml{

hihl{- i{zcrki im zrlhykxl

ib im rl{xrl- hlbhi hi{ic{

{ycwntcr mc{ n`zirikknlbi{

`{ wn{nomi{ &zlrl{ ~ mbic{."Y{l hncrnl"

?

MC @IDL_ IVZ_I[NB HI XN @N[@C

Bcxyrc Ybc i{ ybc mbic zri`ny` ~ {lg{xnkchc hi `csynmmcdi syi hi{znirxc im zmckirzlr ml{ {ibxnhl{ ybnibhl zirlr`cbki- xikblmlec i nberihnibxi{ bcxyrcmi{ ib ybcklònbcknb bnkc" Mc ìdlr ivzri{nb hi xn `n{`c"

Klb xivxyrc hi{crrlmmchc zcrc hniribxi{ xnzl{ hi znim ~ xikblmlec cbxn{icmi{-ml{ zrlhykxl{ fnhrcxcb- zrlxieib ~ zrlzlrknlbcb yb iikxl bcxyrcm"

_L[X_L

OIBIGNKNL[

Zrizcrc i fnhrcxc mc znim @nbn`ntc mc czcrnibknc hi mbic{ hi ivzri{nb ~ zlrl{ _ihyki im ornmml ivki{nwl Zrlmlbec im iikxl him `csynmmcdiXikblmlec cbxn {icmi{

Z_I @CSYNMMCDI

xikblmlec

KF_LBL[imc{xnblm!_ i KCL

fnhrcxcknbnbìhncxc

Czrlvn`chcìbxi >: czmnkcknlbi{klb{nhircbhl y{l hncrnl"

KLBLKI MCZYOMNKNHCH HI YBC

BCXY_CY

BC

5>

BCXY_

CYBC


82/98

_L[X_L

BCXY_CY

BC

KL__IKXL_ CMXC KLOI_XY_C

kmcrl &?5?>;. ìhnl &?5?>9. kc{xcl &?5566.rl{chl &?5?>8.

OIBIGNKNL[

Kyori ldirc{ zrlgybhc{ ~ zisyic{

n`zirgikknlbi{

Klbxnibi wnxc`nbc I ~ ckknb

cbxnlvnhcbxi

kmcrl &?8?93. ìhnl &?8?9;.

KL__IKXL_ NMY@NBCHL_

OIBIGNKNL[

Kyori crryec{- mbic{ hi ivzri{nb-olm{c{ ~ ldirc{

5>) hi rihykknb hi ldirc{ &ib 38 hc{.

5>) rihykknb hi olm{c{ &ib ?6 hc{.$

Xikblmlec cbxn {icmi{" Imc{xnblm!_

xikblmlecKF_LBL[imc{xnblm!_ i KCL

xikblmlecKF_LBL[imc{xnblm!_ i KCL

$XI[X HI IGNKCKNC4 _i{ymxchl{ loxibnhl{ oc{chl{ ib mc zirkizknb

hi ìdlrc hi wlmybxcrnc{ syi yxnmntcrlb im zrlhykxl"

Mc zrnìrc wit enri mc oc{i him zrlhykxl czrlvn`chcìbxi ;: wiki{"

( 379":: 3-9 `mZcrc ybc kloirxyrc ihnc

hi n zirgikknlbi{"

( 33:":: 3: eZcrc ybc kloirxyrc cmxc

hi n`zirgikknlbi{"


83/98

63

kc{xcl &;3?>9.kmcrl &?8?8>. ìhnl &?8?86. ( ?::":: ;: `mZcrc ybc kloirxyrc ìhnc-zrlxikknb ~ xrcxc nibxl"

Gr`ymc c oc{i hi ceyc- mnori hi ckinxi{

Xivxyrc mnwncbc Ivkmy{nwc xikblmlec Bcxyrc4 Imc{xnblm ! _ klbcbxnlvnhcbxi{ syi c~yhcb c zriwibnr mc{ {icmi{ hi mc ihch

Igikxl cxirknlzimchl Kloirxyrc {ycwi ~ ckcochl bcxyrcm GZ[ 39

OC[I GMYNHC GZ[ 39

OIBIGNKNL[

xikblmlecKF_LBL[imc{xnblm!_ ~ KCL

gckxlr hizrlxikknb{lmcr

OC[I MSYNHC

OIBIGNKNL[

Gr`ymc klb ;6) hi ckxnwl{ wieixcmi{ Cmxc kloirxyrc ~ igikxl bcxyrcm Fnhrcxcknb nbìhncxc Mnori hi ckinxi- zcrc xlhl xnzl hi znim Xrcxc`nibxl cbxn{icmi{ ?8 flrc{ hi hyrcknb GZ[ 39 ~ zrlxikknb YWC

oinei kmcrl &?8?7;. oinei ihnl &?8?79. oinei kc{xcl &?8?89. `crrb kmcrl &?55:?.

xikblmlecKF_LBL[imc{xnblm!_ ~ KCL


fnhrcxcknbnbìhncxc

( ;:9":: ;: mZcrc ybc kloirxyrc cmxc-

zrlxikknb ~ xrcxc nibxl"

Czrlvn`chcìbxi>9 czmnkcknlbi{klb{nhircbhly{l hncrnl"

rizyi{xl

BCXY_CY

BC

63


84/98

_L[X_L

I{zidl him

xc`cl

hi mc xczc"

ìhnl

&?5?53. &?5?5;.

kc{xcl

&?5?5:. &?5?58.

kmcrl

&?5?5?. &?5;39.

( ?>9":: 3: e( ??3"::

ZLMWL KL@ZCKXL

OIBIGNKNL[

Ckcochl ybnlrì- rihyki im ornmmlivki{nwl

Iikxl bcxyrcm- xivxyrc ymxrcmnwncbc

Hn{n`ymc mc{ mbic{ gbc{

hi ivzri{nb

Klb kirc`nhc{ hi `crcky~-

wnxc`nbc I- zneìbxl{ xrcxchl{~ hny{lri{ zxnkl{

( ;>9":: 5-9 e

Czrlvn`chcìbxi ??5 czmnkcknlbi{

klb{nhircbhl y{l hncrnl"

OIBIGNKNL[


ìhnl , l{kyrl&?8?83.ìhnl , kmcrl&?8?8?.

Gr`ymc ~ xivxyrc hniribknchc{

Kloirxyrc miwi ~ iikxl bcxyrcm Fnhrcxcknb bcxyrcm

My`nbl{nhch ~ ybnlr`nhch hi mc znim

GZ[ 39 ~ zrlxikknb YWC

ZLMWL [YIMXL ZC_C IM _L[X_L GZ[ 39

xikblmlecKF_LBL[kirc nhc{ hi `crckyd ~ KCL

rizyi{xl

BCXY_CY

BC


85/98

6;

_YOL_ IB ZLMWL

OIBIGNKNL[

Iikxl cxirknlzimchl

~ ckcochl bcxyrcm _icmki him klmlr ib mc

zrn`ir czmnkcknb

( ;::":: ?-9 e

rl{c &?85:9. orlbki &?85:8.

_YOL_ KL@ZCKXL

OIBIGNKNL[

klrcm

&?5;:3. &?5?>5.

orlbki

&?5;::. &?5?>7.

rl{c

&?5;:?. &?5?>6.

( ;::":: 8-9 e( ?6:"::

Xivxyrc ymxrcgbc

Ckcochl bcxyrcm

6;B

CXY_CY

BC


86/98

Kirhc{ grì{ ~ zrikn{c{"

Kirhc{ zcrc hn{icr- hi{xckcr l klrrienr n zirikknlbi{" Znbkim zcrc zinbcr mc{ kidc{ ~ mc{ zi{xcc{"

KIDC[ LDL[

Kirhc{ zcrc i{y`cr ~ kricr iikxl{ {lòrichl{" I{zlbdc zcrc czmnkcr ~ i{y`cr mc{ {lòrc{"

LDL[

MCONL[

ZNBKIM ZC_C _YOL_&?8?57.

( ?9:"::

ANX HIZNBKIMI[$&?8?5>.

( ?5:"::

KLB[IDL[ HI KLB[I_WCKNB [ni`zri syi {ic biki{crnl- mcwc ml{ znbkimi{ klb dcob msynhl Bcxyrc ~ hdcml{ {ikcr bcxyrcmìbxi"

$ Ml{ znbkimi{ him anx bl {lbwibhnhl{ hi lr`c {izcrchc"

ZNBKIM ZC_C OC[I MSYNHC&?8?59.( ?9:"::

ZNBKIM ZC_C ZLMWL&?8?56.

( ?5:"::

Klb `{ kirhc{- cmxc {ycwnhch ~ lr`cxl ivkmy{nwl zcrc kchc czmnkcknb-ml{ znbkimi{ ecrcbxntcb ybc `c~lr xrcb{iribknc hi ml{ zrlhykxl{zcrc mc znim ~ zlxibkncmntcb im ri{ymxchl gbcm him `csynmmcdi"

CKKI[L_NL[

BCXY_CY

BC

68


87/98

Gr`ymc{ {ycwi{- i{zikncm`ibxi hi{crrlmmchc{ zcrc bl cerihnr ml{ ldl{-

klb xivxyrc{ `{ miwi{- cmxc gdcknb ~ klmlri{ nbxib{l{"

LDL[

rizyi{xl

KYC_XIXL HI [L@O_C[

OIBIGNKNL[

Klmlri{ `cxi ~ ornmmcbxi{

Kloirxyrc zxn`c

Xivxyrc gbc- {ihl{c

Mcrec hyrcknb

Wnxc`nbc I

klmlr 8 &?5;3:.

ornmmcbxi

`cxi

( 89:":: ?-9 e

klmlr ; &?5;33.

I{xykfi klb byiwczri{ibxcknb#

IHNKNB MN@NXCHC

BCXY_CY

BC

69


88/98

BCXY_CY

BC

67

hlrchl 3

&;:979.

ctym 3 &;:977.

wirhi 3 &?>677.

rl{c 3 &;:978.

wirhi ? &;:975.

[L@O_C[ CMXL O_NMML$

OIBIGNKNL[

Igikxl bcxyrcm i nmy`nbchl

[i zyihib yxnmntcr hi hl{ `cbirc{zcrc mlercr igikxl{ hngiribxi{4

Nbxib{l4 Klb znbkim f`ihl

[ycwi4 klb znbkim {ikl

$ Zcrc igikxl `{ nbxib{l czmnkcr klb znbkim f`ihl"

ornmmcbxi

( ;:9":: ?-? e


89/98

65

bierc 3 &?5;3>. wirhi 3 &?5;?9.`crrb 3 &?5;?:. zmcxc 3 &?5;?;. eribc 3 &?5;:8.

hlrchc 3 &?5;?8. rl{c 3 &?5;?3.{cm`b 3 &?5;??.

[L@O_C IB ZLMWL @LBL

OIBIGNKNL[

Kloirxyrc zxn`c

Xivxyrc gbc- {ihl{c

Mcrec hyrcknb

Wnxc`nbc I

( 36:":: 3-? e

BCXY_CY

BC

@crc Imn{c [cmwcd- ?> cl{- y{c

{l`orc cmxl ornmml wirhi 3-

himnbichlr msynhl bierl

~ `{kcrc cmcrechlrc bierc"


90/98

zml`l 3 &?8?>7.klori 3 &?8?>9. rl{c 3 &?8?67. wirhi 3 &?8?>6. zirmc 3 &?8?>5. wnlmixc 3 &?5;:9.

[L@O_C @LY[[I

OIBIGNKNL[

Igikxl {cxnbchl Cmxc kloirxyrc ~ mcrechyrcknb

Bl `crkc mc mbic hi ml{zmnieyi{ hi ml{ zrzchl{

( 3;:":: 6-9 e

BCXY_CY

BC

66( 3>9":: 6 `m

CMC_ECHL_C

bierc

&?8?>3.

Glr`c yb zimkymc fl`lebiccmrihihlr hi mc{ zi{xcc{ Igikxl {nb ery`l{

WLMY@IB

bierc

&?8?>:.

OIBIGNKNL[

[izcrc mc{ zi{xcc{ ~ hc mc {ib{cknbhi yb `c~lr wlmy`ib hi i{xc{

OIBIGNKNL[

@[KC_C[ ZC_C ZI[XCC[Znbkimi{ ivkmy{nwl{#


91/98

HIMNBICHL_ MSYNHL

OIBIGNKNL[

Cmxc hyrcknb ~ klmlri{ nbxib{l{ Zrikn{nb ib mc czmnkcknb

( 3>:":: 3-6 mbierl&?7;83.

ctym

&?7;;>.`crrb

&?7;8:.

BCXY_CY

BC

6>

MZNT _IX_CKXNM C Z_YIOC HI CEYC

HIMNBICHL_I[ ZC_C LDL[

MZNT ACDCM

OIBIGNKNL[

Xivxyrc {ycwi- zxn l hi{mnki ~ knm czmnkcknb Zybxc zcrc i{y`cr

bierl&?8?6?.

bierl

&?8;:8.

`crrb&?8?63.

ctym

&?7;8;.wirhi

&?7;88.

cgmchlr hi zybxc

`crrb&?55:;.

bierl

&?5;53.( 37:":: ?6: `e

OIBIGNKNL[

Klmlr nbxib{l hi{hi mc zrn`irc czmnkcknb Hyrcknb zrlmlbechc

MZNT MC_EC HY_CKNB

OIBIGNKNL[

Klmlr nbxib{l klb zxn`c gdcknb 6 flrc{ hi hyrcknb

( 39:":: 3-38 e

( 37:":: 3-? e


92/98

Xivxyrc mnwncbc

Czmnkcknb zrkxnkc

Klmlri{ wnwl{ klb

zybxl{ hi ornmml

GZ[ 39

EML[[ ZI_MCHL GZ[ 39

OIBIGNKNL[

Z_LHYKXL[IB

Z_L@LKNB#ib mc zenbc >9

olkc 38:&;;:;5.

rl{c 383&;;:;9.

klrcm 38:&;;:;8.

klrcm 383&;;:;;.

( 36:":: 7 mrl{c 38: &;;:;7.

Chi`{ hi klmlri{ ivkmy{nwl{ ~ xivxyrc{ syi ornbhcb

cmxc kloirxyrc- ml{ zrlhykxl{ xc`onb lgrikib ybc

gr`ymc syi ri{xcyrc i fnhrcxc ml{ mconl{"

OLKC


BCXY_CY

BC

>:


93/98

BCXY_CY

BC

>3

@crnc Imn{c [cmwcd- ?>- y{c oc{i msynhc

oinei kmcrl- klrrikxlr nmy`nbchlr

kmcrl- zlmwl kl`zckxl kmcrl- ryolr

kl`zckxl orlbki- {l`orc{ `lbl

hlrchc 3- {cm`b 3 ~ `crrb 3-himnbichlr msynhl bierl- `{kcrc

zcrc zi{xcc{ bierc ~ eml{{ zirmchl

GZ[ 39 klmlr rl{c 38:"


94/98

OLKC

xirrcklxc &?5?>:.klmlr hi olkc &?5?6>.

( 37:":: ?9: e

MZNT _IX_KXNM ZC_C MCONL[

OIBIGNKNL[

Xivxyrc {ycwi- c zryioc hi ceyc

( 36:":: 7 mrl{c 3:3 &?5393.

rldl 3:: &?539?.

bcrcbdc 3:: &?5389.

@{ ornmml ~ klmlri{

wnorcbxi{ zcrc xy{

mconl{" Klblrx ~ ornmml Fnhrcxc ~ hn{`nby~i mc{ mbic{gbc{ hi ml{ mconl{


EML[[ GZ[ 39

OIBIGNKNL[

xikblmlecKF_LBL[kirc nhc{ hi `crcky~ ~ KCL


fnhrcxcknbnb`ihncxc

zirmc 3:: &?5388.

klori 3:: &?5386.

klmlr hi olkc3:: &?539:.

klrcm 3:: &?5385.

rl{c 3:: &?5387.

BCXY_CY

BC

>?


95/98

MCONCMI[ NBXIB[L[ ZI_MCHL[

OIBIGNKNL[

Fnhrcxcknb nb`ihncxc" _i{xcyrc ml{ mconl{

klb ybc flrc hi y{l

Zriwnibi {icmi{

9>) hi ckxnwl{ wieixcmi{


xikblmlecKF_LBL[kirc nhc{ hi `crcky~ ~ KCL


fnhrcxcknbnb`ihncxc ( 36:":: ;-9 e

CXIBKNB# Im klmlr him mconcm zyihi wcrncr hi ckyirhl c mc `cbirchi czmnkcknb him zrlhykxl ~ klb im xlbl hi znim hi kchc `ydir"$ Ml{ mconcmi{ hi igikxl zirmchl {lb ihnknb mn`nxchc"

ornmmcb

xi

kri`l{l

_L[C[

rl{c 9&?5?65.

rl{c 8&?5?69.

rl{c 7&?5?68.

rl{c ;&?8??7.

rl{c ?&?7;7:.

rl{c8:&;3;7;.$

_LDL[

rldl 3

&?8??;.

rldl ?

&?7;99.

bcrcbdc 3

&?5?66.

klrcm 8:

&;3;77.$

rldl 8:

&;3;79.$

wnbl8:

&;3;78.$

WNBL

olkc ?&?8??8.

olkc ;&?7;97.

klrcm ?&?7;89.

OLKC

klrcm ;&?8???.

@C__LBI[

klori 3&?7;9>.

klori ?&?8??9.

`crrb 3&?8??3.

FNH_CXCBXI

fnhrcxcbximconcm&?5776.

>;B

CXY_CY

BC


96/98

klrcm 383&;;:;;.

olkc 38:&;;:;5.

rl{c 38:&;;:;7.


klrcm 38:&;;:;8.

rl{c 383&;;:;9.

Eml{{ zirmchl GZ[ 39 7 m

Hi4 ( 36:"::

38>"::

BCXY_CY

BC

>8

Z_IKNLI[ZIKNCM#ib ml{ byiwl{eml{{ zirmchl{

ornmmcbxi


97/98

Ml{zrlhy

kxl{ibzrl`lknbi{xc

rbhibxrlhikchc

kczxyml"

Klblki`{hibxrlhim

bhnki~czrlwikfc#

Ml{zrlhy

kxl{ibzrl`lknbi{xc

rbhibxrlhikchc

kczxyml"

Klblki`{hibxrlhim

bhnki~czrlwikfc#

CF

L_CZLH_[IBKLBX_C_MC[Z_L@

LKNLBI[

ZL_XLHC

MC

_IWN[

XC#

@crnc Imn{c [cmwcd- ?>- y{c oc{i msynhc

oinei kmcrl- klrrikxlr nmy`nbchlr

kmcrl- zlmwl kl`zckxl kmcrl- ryolr

kl`zckxl orlbki- {l`orc{ `lbl

hlrchc 3- {cm`b 3 ~ `crrb 3-himnbichlr msynhl bierl- `{kcrc

zcrc zi{xcc{ bierc ~ eml{{ zirmchl

GZ[ 39 klmlr klrcm 383"


98/98

C`c{{l- ib Orc{nm-

i{ yb corctl onib gyir xi- `ykfl{ oi{l{ ~ mc{ecbc{ hi syihcr{i dybxnxl{- ybl cm mchl him lxrl"

I{xi C`c{{l i{ ybc grcecbknc `c{kymnbc nb{znrchc

ib mc {ihykknb hi mc{ i{ziknc{- `chirc{ ~ `ocr

klb yb xlsyi him gryxl zrlfnonhl4 mc `cbtcbc"

Zcrc csyimmc{ zir{lbc{ c mc{ syi mi{ ey{xc syihcr{i

{nb cmnibxl- fckir syi im klrctb mcxc c `nm zlr

flrc ~ zlbir cm c`lr ib `lwn`nibxl klb zc{nb"

Kym i{ im ei{xlsyi zlbi xy

c`lr`lwn`nibxl

revista natura ciclo 09-2012

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