rfid based ttcs full report

RFID BASED TOLL TAX COLLECTION SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

Harshal Dhorajiya: 1216BEEC30020

Parth Babreeya : 21316SBEEC30001

Marmkumar Patel : 21316SBEEC30019

In fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERINGin

Electronics & Communication Department

LDRP Institute of Technology and Research, Gandhinagar

Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, GandhinagarOctober, 2015

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LDRP INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH

GANDHINAGAR

Electronics & Communication Engineering Department

CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that the Project Work entitled “RFID BASED TOLL TAX

COLLECTION SYSTEM” has been carried out by Harshal

Dhorajiya(1216BEEC30020) under my guidance in fulfilment of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication Department (7th

Semester) of Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya University, Gandhinagar during the

academic year 2015-16.

Mr. Prakash Vidwan Prof. J.V. Dave

Internal Guide Head of the Department

LDRP ITR LDRP ITR

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GANDHINAGAR



COLLECTION SYSTEM” has been carried out by Parth

Babreeya(21316SBEEC30001) under my guidance in fulfilment of the degree of






LDRP ITR LDRP ITR

3


GANDHINAGAR



COLLECTION SYSTEM” has been carried out by Marmkumar

Patel(21316SBEEC30019) under my guidance in fulfilment of the degree of






LDRP ITR LDRP ITR

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Behind every achievement there lies an unfathomable sea of gratitude to those who activated it,

without whom it would never ever come into existence. To them, lay the words of gratitude

imprinted within.

A report is all-encompassing as this is never the work of one or two people laboring in quiet

solitude. It is the product of many hands, and countless hours from many people. Our thanks go to

all those who helped me in this Project.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Head of the EC Department Prof. J.V. Dave

and all faculty members who helped me throughout my studies.

And my deepest and sincere thanks go to my guide Mr. Prakash Vidwan for his extensive

guidance, encouragement, immense help and cooperation throughout.

Harshal Dhorajiya(1216BEEC30020)

Parth Babreeya(21316SBEEC30001)

Marmkumar Patel(21316SBEEC30019)

BE(E.C.)

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ABSTRACT

The RFID tag is used as a unique identity for account of a particular user. In

beginning, the user is prompted to scan his tag or ID. The serial code of the tag is

identified by the reader module and is sent to ATmega16 for comparison with stored

data. If the identity (serial number of the tag, i.e., 12 byte data) is matched with the

one already stored in the system, the toll amount is deducted from his account and

user gets to drive through the plaza.

On the contrary, if the tag is not identified, a message (‘Wrong ID’) is

displayed on the LCD screen. The system also shows ‘Error’ if the tags do not match

during verification. If balance in user’s account is low, then a message is displayed

on LCD screen (‘Wrong ID Please Pay in Cash’) and the user needs to get

recharged the RFID card afterwards.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Description Page No.

Table 2.1 Categories of AVR 14Table 2.2 Difference Between Microcontrollers 16Table 2.3 RISC v/s CISC Comparison 17Table 2.4 Active v/s Passive Tags 27Table 2.5 RFID Readers v/s IR Sensors 27Table 2.6 RFID v/s Barcode Readers 28Table 3.1 ATmega16 Pin Configuration 36Table 3.2 LCD Pin Description 38Table 3.3 7805 Pin Description 40

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Description Page No.Figure 2.1 Block diagram of AVR 13Figure 2.2 Architecture of AVR 15Figure 2.3 RFID Working 23Figure 2.4 Block Diagram of RFID Reader 24Figure 3.1 Block Diagram of Project 31Figure 3.2 Data Flow Chart 31Figure 3.3 Block Diagram of AVR for ATmega16 33Figure 3.4 Pin Diagram of ATmega16 34Figure 3.5 LCD Pin Diagram 37Figure 3.6 DC Motor 39Figure 3.7 Motor Structure 39Figure 3.8 Pin Diagram of 7805 40Figure 3.9 Pin Diagram of L293 IC 42Figure 3.10 Schematic of L293 IC 43Figure 3.11 Circuit Diagram of the project 44Figure 3.12 Switch Symbols Pin Diagram 45

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Table of Contents

Chapter No. Title Page No.

Acknowledgement 5Abstract 6List Of Tables 7List Of Figures 8

Chapter 1 Introduction 111.1 Definition 111.2 Brief overview 1.2.1 Scope & Objective 1.2.2 Purpose 1.2.3 Problem Summary

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1.3 History 1.3.1 AVR 1.3.2 RFID

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Chapter 2 Speculative Analysis 132.1 AVR Microcontroller 2.1.1 Types of Microcontrollers 2.1.2 RISC & CISC 2.1.3 Serial Communication USART

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2.2 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification & Detection) 2.2.1 What is RFID 2.2.2 Working 2.2.3 RFID Readers 2.2.3.1 Block Diagram 2.2.3.2 Detailed Description 2.2.4 RFID Tags 2.2.4.1 Types of RFID Tags 2.2.5 Differences 2.2.5.1 Active & Passive Tags 2.2.5.2 RFID Readers & IR Sensors 2.2.5.3 RFID Readers & Barcode Readers

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Chapter 3 Evolution Of Project 293.1 Block Diagram Of the Project 3.1.1 Description

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3.1.2 Data Flow Diagram 3.2 Components Used 3.2.1 ATMega16 Microcontroller 3.2.1.1 Architecture 3.2.1.2 Pin Diagram 3.2.1.3 Pin Description 3.2.2 LCD 3.2.3 DC Motor 3.2.4 7805 Voltage Regulator 3.2.5 RFID Reader 3.2.6 RFID Tags 3.2.7 L293 IC 3.2.7.1 Pin Diagram of L293 3.2.7.2 Description of L293

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3.3 Schematic Diagram 44

Chapter 4 Software Specification 464.1 Proteus Simulator 464.2 Simulation of Project 4.2.1 LCD Interfacing with ATmega16 4.2.2 DC Motor Interfacing with ATmega16

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Conclusion 51References 52

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Definition

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. This project focuses on an electronic toll collection (ETC) system using Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The RFID system uses tags, through which information embedded on the tags are read by RFID readers. The proposed system eliminates the need for motorists and toll authorities to manually perform ticket payments and toll fee collections, respectively.

1.2 Brief Overview

1.2.1 Scope & Objective

A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be identified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal to the tag and read its response.

Here Basic idea is to develop the automatic challan system that can check for signal break by any vehicle. The RFID Reader reads the information like vehicles no. and automatically send a report to the owner of vehicles and simultaneously an information is given on the site itself through LCD.

1.2.2 Purpose

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. The technology requires some extent of cooperation of an RFID reader and an RFID tag. An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.

Purpose of Radio frequency Identification and Detection system is to facilitate data transmission through the portable device known as tag that is read with the help of RFID reader; and process it as per the needs of an application. Information transmitted with the help of tag offers location or identification along with other specifics of product tagged – purchase date, colour, and price. Typical RFID tag includes microchip with radio antenna, mounted on substrate.

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The RFID tags are configured to respond and receive signals from an RFID transceiver. This allows tags to be read from a distance, unlike other forms of authentication technology. The RFID system has gained wide acceptance in businesses, and is gradually replacing the barcode system.

1.2.3 Problem Summary

Makes traveling more convenient, reduces travel times especially during festive seasons when traffic tends to be heavier than normal. Saves fuel and thus increases fuel economy. Reduces auto emissions. Reduces wait time at toll booths. Increase highway capacity. Processes 250 – 300% more vehicles per lane, reducing delays and traffic congestion. Easy mounting, easy to operate (user friendly).

1.3 History

1.3.1 AVR

AVR was developed in the year 1996 by Atmel Corporation. The architecture of AVR was developed by Alif Egil, Bogen Vegard, Wollan RISC microcontroller, also known as Advanced Virtual RISC. The AT90S8515 was the first microcontroller which was based on AVR architecture. However the first microcontroller to hit the commercial market was AT90S1200 in the year 1997.

1.3.2 RFID

The early 20th century saw the beginning of modern radio communication. The convergence of radar with the ability to broadcast radio led to the idea for Radio Frequency Identification. Even though one of the first papers exploring RFID was written in 1948, it would take the development of other technologies before RFID could become practical. One of the first commercial was Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) as a way to curtail theft. The possibility of using RFID as a tracking device led many companies to build systems for this purpose. The desire by highway transportation authorities to see traffic move quicker through toll booths saw the invention of electronic toll collection systems and the need to limited access to certain areas also drove the development of RFID. Radio Frequency identification (RFID) is a contactless form of automatic identification and data capture. RFID first appeared in tracking and access applications during the 1980s.

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Chapter 2: Speculative Analysis

2.1 AVR Microcontroller

Microcontroller: Microcontroller can be termed as a single on chip computer which includes number of peripherals like RAM, EEPROM, Timers etc., required to perform some predefined task.

Fig 2.1 Block Diagram of AVR

The computer on one hand is designed to perform all the general purpose tasks on a single machine like you can use a computer to run a software to perform calculations or you can use a computer to store some multimedia file or to access internet through the browser, whereas the microcontrollers are meant to perform only the specific tasks, for e.g., switching the AC off automatically when room temperature drops to a certain defined limit and again turning it ON when temperature rises above the defined limit.

There are number of popular families of microcontrollers which are used in different applications as per their capability and feasibility to perform the desired task, most common of these are 8051, AVR and PIC microcontrollers. In this article we will introduce you with AVR family of microcontrollers.

The CPU takes values from two input registers INPUT-1 and INPUT-2, performs the logical operation and stores the value into the OUTPUT register. All this happens in 1 execution cycle.

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Some of the features of Atmega16 are:

16KB of Flash memory1KB of SRAM512 Bytes of EEPROMAvailable in 40-Pin DIP8-Channel 10-bit ADCTwo 8-bit Timers/CountersOne 16-bit Timer/Counter4 PWM ChannelsIn System Programmer (ISP)Serial USARTSPI InterfaceDigital to Analog Comparator.

AVR microcontrollers are available in three categories:

Tiny AVR : Less memory, small size, suitable only for simpler applications.Mega AVR : These are the most popular ones having good amount of memory (upto 256 KB), higher number of inbuilt peripherals and suitable for moderate to complex applications.Xmega AVR : Used commercially for complex applications, which require large program memory and high speed.

The following table compares the above mentioned AVR series of microcontrollers:

Series Name Pins Flash Memory Special FeatureTiny AVR 6-32 0.5-8 KB Small in sizeMega AVR 28-100 4-256 KB Extended peripheralsXmega AVR 44-100 16-384 KB DMA, Event System

included

Table 2.1 Categories of AVR

Importance of AVR

What’s special about AVR?They are fast. AVR microcontroller executes most of the instructions in single execution cycle. AVRs are about 4 times faster than PICs, they consume less power and can be operated in different power saving modes.

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Architecture of AVR

The AVR microcontrollers are based on the advanced RISC architecture and consist of 32x8-bit general purpose working registers. Within one single clock cycle, AVR can take inputs from two general purpose registers and put them to ALU for carrying out the requested operation, and transfer back the result to an arbitrary register. The ALU can perform arithmetic as well as logical operations over the inputs from the register or between the register and a constant. Single register operations like taking a complement can also be executed in ALU. We can see that AVR does not have any register like accumulator as in 8051 family of microcontrollers; the operations can be performed between any of the registers and can be stored in either of them.

AVR follows Harvard Architecture format in which the processor is equipped with separate memories and buses for Program and the Data information. Here while an instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory.

Fig 2.2 Architecture of AVR

Since AVR can perform single cycle execution, it means that AVR can execute 1 million instructions per second if cycle frequency is 1MHz. The higher is the operating frequency of the controller, the higher will be its processing speed. We need to optimize the power consumption with processing speed and hence need to select the operating frequency accordingly

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2.1.1 Types of microcontrollers

8051 PIC AVRSPEED Slow Moderate FastMEMORY Small Large LargeArchitechture CISC RISC RICSADC Not Present Inbuilt InbuiltTimers Inbuilt Inbuilt InbuiltPWM Channels Not Present Inbuilt Inbuilt

Table 2.2 Difference between Microcontrollers

Instruction Set: It is a group of instructions that can be given to the computer. These instructions direct the computer in terms of data manipulation. A typical instruction consists of two parts, Opcode and Operand. Opcode or operational code is the instruction applied. It can be loading data, storing data etc. Operand is the memory register or data upon which Instruction is applied.

Addressing Modes: Addressing modes are the manner in the data is accessed. Depending Upon the type of instruction applied, addressing modes are of various types such as direct mode where straight data is accessed or indirect mode where the location of the data is accessed. Processors having identical ISA may be very different in organization. Processors with identical ISA and nearly identical organization are still not nearly identical. CPU performance is given by the fundamental law:

Thus, CPU performance is dependent upon Instruction Count, CPI (Cycles per instruction) and Clock cycle time. And all three are affected by the instruction set architecture.

2.1.2 RISC & CISC

There are two prevalent instruction set architectures:

Complex Instruction Set Architecture (CISC): The CISC approach attempts to minimize the number of instructions per program, sacrificing the number of cycles per instruction.

Reduced Instruction Set Architecture (RISC): RISC does the opposite, reducing the cycles per instruction at the cost of the number of instructions per program.

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PIPELINING-UNIQUE FEATURE OF RISC

Typically, after the execution of one instruction is over, execution of next instruction starts. But, processors which support pipelining, the instruction execution time is divided in several stages (machine cycles). As soon as processing of one stage is finished, the machine proceeds with executing the second stage. However, when the stage becomes free it is used to execute the same operation that belongs to the next instruction. The operation of the instructions is performed in a pipeline fashion, similar to the assembly line in the factory process. An example of five pipeline stage is shown below:

By overlapping the execution of several instructions in a pipeline fashion, RISC achieves its inherent execution parallelism which is responsible for the performance advantage over the Complex Instruction Set Architectures (CISC).

CISC RISCEmphasis on hardware Emphasis on softwareIncludes multi-clock complex instructions Single-clock, reduced instruction onlyMemory-to-memory:“LOAD” and “STORE” incorporated inInstructions

Register-to-register:“LOAD” and “STORE” are independentinstructions

Small code sizes, high cycles per second Low cycles per second, large code SizesTransistors used for storing complexInstructions

Spends more transistors on memory registers

Table 2.3 RISC V/S CISC – Comparison

2.1.3 Serial Communication USART

USART Registers

Atmega16 USART has following features:

Different Baud Rates.Variable data size with options ranging from 5bits to 9bits.One or two stop bits.Hardware generated parity check.

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USART can be configured to operate in synchronous mode.Three separate interrupts for RX Complete, TX complete and TX data register empty.To use the USART of Atmega16, certain registers need to be configured.

UCSR: USART control and status register. It’s is basically divided into three parts UCSRA,UCSRB and UCSRC. These registers are basically used to configure the USART.UBRR: USART Baud Rate Registers. Basically use to set the baud rate of USARTUDR: USART data register.

1.) UCSRA: (USART Control and Status Register A)

Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0RXC TXC UDRE FE DOR PE U2X MPCM0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

RXC (USART Receive Complete): RXC flag is set to 1 if unread data exists in receive buffer, and set to 0 if receive buffer is empty.

TXC (USART Transmit complete): TXC flag is set to 1 when data is completely transmitted to Transmit shift register and no data is present in the buffer register UDR.

UDRE (USART Data Register Empty): This flag is set to logic 1 when the transmit buffer is empty, indicating it is ready to receive new data. UDRE bit is cleared by writing to the UDR register.

2.) UCSRB: (USART Control and Status Register B)

Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0RXCIE TXCIE UDRIE RXEN TXEN UCSZ2 RXB8 TXB80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

RXCIE: RX Complete Interrupt EnableWhen 1 -> RX complete interrupt is enabled.When 0 -> RX complete interrupt is disabled.

TXCIE: TX Complete Interrupt EnableWhen 1 -> TX complete interrupt is enabled.When 0 -> TX complete interrupt is disabled.

UDRIE: USART Data Register Empty Interrupt EnableWhen 1 -> UDRE flag interrupt is enabled.When 0 -> UDRE flag interrupt is disabled.

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RXEN: Receiver Enabled,

When 1 -> USART Receiver is enabled.When 0 -> USART Receiver is disabled.

TXEN: Transmitter Enabled,When 1 -> USART Transmitter is enabled.When 0 -> USART Transmitter is disabled.

3.) UCSRC (USART Control & Status Registers C)

Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0URSEL UMSEL UPM1 UPM0 USBS UCSZ1 UCSZ0 UCPOL0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Parity Bits 00 - Parity Mode Disabled 01 - Reserved

10 - Even Parity 11 - Odd Parity

URSEL: USART Register select. This bit must be set due to sharing of I/O location byUBRRH and UCSRC.

UMSEL: USART Mode SelectWhen 1 -> Synchronous OperationWhen 0 -> Asynchronous Operation

UPM[0:1]: USART Parity Mode, Parity mode selection bits.

USBS: USART Stop Select Bit,When 0 -> 1 Stop BitWhen 1 -> 2 Stop Bits

UCSZ[0:1]: The UCSZ[1:0] bits combined with the UCSZ2 bit in UCSRB sets size of data frame i.e., the number of data bits. The table shows the bit combinations with respective character size.

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4.) UDR: (USART Data Register)

Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0UDR(Read) RXB7 RXB6 RXB5 RXB4 RXB3 RXB2 RXB1 RXB0UDR(Write) TXB7 TXB6 TXB5 TXB4 TXB3 TXB2 TXB1 TXB0

The USART Data receive and data transmit buffer registers share the same address referred as USART UDR register, when data is written to the register it is written in transmit data buffer register (TXB). Received data is read from the Receive data buffer register (RXB).

5.) UBRRH & UBRRL (USART Baud Rate Registers)

Bit 15 Bit 14 Bit 13 Bit 12 Bit 11 Bit 10 Bit 9 Bit 8UBRRH URSEL RXB6 RXB5 RXB4 UBRR11 UBRR10 UBRR9 UBRR8UBRRL UBRR7 UBRR6 UBRR5 UBRR4 UBRR3 UBRR2 UBRR1 UBRR0

The UBRRH register shares the same I/O address with the UCSRC register.The differentiation is done on the basis of value of URSEL bit.When URSEL=0; write operation is done on UBRRH register.When URSEL=1; write operation is done on UCSRC register.

The UBRRH and UBRRL register together stores the 12-bit value of baud rate, UBRRH contains the 4 most significant bits and UBRRL contains the other 8 least significant bits. Baud rates of the transmitting and receiving bodies must match for successful communication.

UBRR register value is calculated by the following formula:

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The HyperTerminal software is used to send data to microcontroller via COM port.

2.2 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification & Detection)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. The technology requires some extent of cooperation of an RFID reader and an RFID tag. An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.

Frequency hopping is a technique used to keep two or more RFID readers from interfering with each other while reading RFID tags in the same area.

For example, UHF RFID readers in the United States are said to operate at 915 MHz They actually operate between 902 and 928 MHz, jumping randomly (or in a predetermined sequence) to frequencies in between 902 and 928 MHz.

The chances of interference (of two readers attempting to interrogate the same tag) are small if the band of the reader is wide enough.

When product data is placed on an RFID tag, a special piece of data called an error correcting code is created based on the product data using a known algorithm. The algorithm (or rule) used to create the correcting code is called the error correcting protocol. When the tag is activated and read, the reader pulls out the product data as well as the ECC.

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The reader uses the error correcting protocol on the product data, and compares the result to the ECC. If they match, the reader knows that the data has been read correctly. Similar methods are used in most data transfer systems to ensure the correctness of each data packet as it moves from one part of the system to another. A reader that performs this check automatically is said to be in error correcting mode.

2.2.1 What is RFID?

RFID is a tracking technology used to identify and authenticate tags that are applied to any product, individual or animal. Radio frequency Identification and Detection is a general term used for technologies that make use of radio waves in order to identify objects and people.

A basic RFID system consists of three components:a) An antenna or coilb) A transceiver (with decoder)c) A transponder (RF tag)

Electronically programmed with unique information. There are many different types of RFID systems out in the market. They are categorized according to there frequency ranges.

Some of the most commonly used RFID kits are as follows:1) Low-frequency (30 KHz to 500 KHz)2) Mid-Frequency (900 KHz to 1500MHz)3) High Frequency (2.4 GHz to 2.5GHz)

These frequency ranges mostly tell the RF ranges of the tags from low frequency tag ranging from 3m to 5m, mid-frequency ranging from 5m to 17m and high frequency ranging from 5ft to 90ft. The cost of the system is based according to there ranges with low-frequency system ranging from a few hundred dollars to a high-frequency system ranging somewhere near 5000 dollars.

2.2.2 Working

Basic RFID consists of an antenna, transceiver and transponder. To understand the working of a typical RFID system, check the following animation. Antenna emits the radio signals to activate tag and to read as well as write information to it. Reader emits the radio waves, ranging from one to 100 inches, on the basis of used radio frequency and power output. While passing through electronic magnetic zone, RFID tag detects activation signals of readers.

Powered by its internal battery or by the reader signals, the tag sends radio waves back to the reader. Reader receives these waves and identifies the frequency to generate a unique ID. Reader then decodes data encoded in integrated circuit of tags and transmits it to the computers for use.

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Get in-depth about RFID tag and its working through exclusive images at the Insight about RFID tags.

Fig 2.3 Far field Technique of RFID working

In the far field technique, the tag captures EM waves transmitted from the dipole antenna which is attached to the reader. The small dipole antenna receives this energy in the form of alternating potential difference that appears across the arms of the dipole. After the rectification it is linked to the capacitor which results in accumulation of energy in order to supply power to the tags.

2.2.3 RFID Readers

The RFID reader is designed for fast and easy system integration without losing performance,functionality or security. The RFID reader consists of a real time processor, operating system,virtual portable memory, and transmitter/receiver unit in one small self-contained module thatis easily installed in the ceiling or in any other convenient location.

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2.2.3.1 Block Diagram

Fig 2.4 Block Diagram of RFID Reader

2.2.3.2 Detailed Description

HF TagsA wide range of HF Tags are available. Physical form factor and processing requirements of the HF Tag are the primary factors that help decide which tag to use. In addition, the amount, type and security level of the information which needs to be stored on the card determine the appropriate tag. TI provides HF Tags, suitable for paper and plastic lamination. Memory sizes up to 2kBit with different security levels are available.

RFID Reader/Writer (Transceiver)The RFID Transceiver represents the core of the RFID reader. Besides the interface to the reader’s antenna, a parallel or serial communication can be used between the Processor and the Transceiver

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unit. Various programming options make the TI's RFID Transceiver suitable for a wide range of proximity (communication distance to Transceiver - Tag: <10cm) and vicinity (communication distance to Transceiver - Tag: >50cm) RFID applications. ISO15693, IOS14443-A bit rates ranging from 106kbps to 848kbps, ISO18000-3 and Tag-it RFID communication protocols are supported. Included with the on chip data coding/encoding is the automatic generation of SOF (Start of Frame), EOF (End of Frame), CRC and/or parity bits. The transceiver unit supports data communication levels to the MCU/I/O Interface ranging from 1.8V to 5.5V while also providing a data synchronous clock.

Processor

For both, the Fixed and Mobile RFID Reader, the power consumption of the Processor is an important care about. The broad product portfolio of the Ultra low power MSP430 family makes it an ideal processor choice for this application. Their high level of system integration also simplifies the design and reduces system cost.

2.2.4 RFID Tags


RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery assisted passive. An active tag has an on-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery assisted passive (BAP) has a small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of a RFID reader. A passive tag is cheaper and smaller because it has no battery.

Tags may either be read-only, having a factory-assigned serial number that is used as a key into a database, or may be read/write, where object-specific data can be written into the tag by the system user. Field programmable tags may be write-once, read-multiple; "blank" tags may be written with an electronic product code by the user.

The tag's information is stored electronically in a non-volatile memory. The RFID tag includes a small RF transmitter and receiver. An RFID reader transmits an encoded radio signal to nterrogate the tag. The tag receives the message and responds with its identification information. This may be only a unique tag serial number, or may be product-related information such as a stock number, lot or batch number, production date, or other specific information. RFID tags contain at least two parts: an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, collecting DC power from the incident reader signal, and other specialized functions; and an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.

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2.2.4.1 Types of RFID Tags

Passive RFID Tags

The passive RFID tags do not have any power source and hence they have indistinct operational life span. The power needed for functioning is taken from the reader when the tag comes in the vicinity of the reader. They are available in a variety of sizes ranging from sizes which can fit into adhesive label. The passive RFID is basically made up of three parts: Antenna which is responsible for capturing energy and transferring the tag ID, Semiconductor chip appended to the antenna and an encapsulation which maintains the tag integrity. The encapsulation protects the antenna and chip from harsh environmental conditions. These encapsulations can be made up of small glass vial or from a laminar plastic substrate with adhesive on one side so that it can be easily attached to the goods.

Active RFID Tags

The active RFID tags have their own source of power. They can transmit stronger signals over long distances and can operate in rugged environment for many years. Because of the on-board source of power they are larger in size and expensive. Then too Active RFID and Real-Time Location solutions (RTLS) are saving millions of dollars for enterprises around the world. The low power active tags usually look like a deck of playing cards.

The tags consist of an antenna and IC's. The reader in their range communicates with the tags in accordance with the protocol (standard/ proprietary) that they follow. The readers can collect information from multiple tags at the same time. The readers then pass this information on to the servers through Serial ports (e.g. RS-232), USB, Ethernet or wireless means. The servers have software running on them which uses the information sent by the readers to carry out tasks such as locating the tag.

The recent Active RFID tags use 2.4 GHz as their operating frequency because this frequency range is available worldwide. Although these tags require transmitting power, the time duration of transmitting radio signal is very short. So most of the time, they remain quiescent. Because of this steady state mode, they control the battery life of the tag. The normal lifespan of the battery is approximately one year.

There is no need for the RFID reader to transmit a large amount of power as the active RFID tag has an onboard powers source. The advanced Active tags can also form ad hoc peer networks with each other.

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2.2.5 Differences

2.2.5.1 Active v/s Passive Tags

Passive ActiveRead Range Up to 40 feet (fixed readers)

Up to 20 feet (handheldreaders)

Up to 300 feet or more

Power No power source Battery poweredTag Life Up to 10 years depending

upon the environment the tagis in

3-8 years depending upon thetag broadcast rate

Tag costs $.10-4.00 or more dependingupon the quantity, durability,and form factor

$15-50 depending uponquantity, options (motionsensor, tamper detection,temperature sensor), andform- factor

Ideal-Use For inventorying assets usinghandheld RFID readers(daily, weekly, monthly,quarterly, annually). Can alsobe used with fixed RFIDreaders to track themovement of assets as longas security is not arequirement.

For use with fixed RFIDreaders to perform real-timeasset monitoring at chokepointsor within zones. Canprovide a better layer ofsecurity than passive RFID.

Readers Typically higher cost Typically lower cost

Table no. 2.4 Passive v/s Active tags

2.2.5.2 RFID Readers v/s IR Sensors

IR Sensors RF ReadersIR sensors detect infrared light and transform it into an electric current.

RF sensors operate on electromagnetic waves propagated by antennas.

IR sensors don’t pass through opaque or solid obstacles.

RF sensors can detect vehicle identification at toll roads, as well as breaking glass and even fluid flow levels.

IR sensors have to be in the line of sight. RF sensors need not to be in the line of sight.

Table no. 2.5 RFID readers v/s IR sensors

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2.2.5.3 RFID v/s Barcodes Readers

RFID BarcodesLine of Sight Not required (in most cases) RequiredRead range Passive UHF RFID:

-Up to 40 feet (fixed readers)-Up to 20 feet (handheldreaders)Active RFID:-Up to 100’s of feet or more

Several inches up to severalFeet

Read Rate 10’s, 100’s or 1000’s simultaneously

Only one at a time

Identification Can uniquely identify eachitem/asset tagged.

Most barcodes only identifythe type of item (UPC Code)but not uniquely.

Read/Write Many RFID tags are Read/Write

Read only

Technology RF (Radio Frequency) Optical (Laser)Interference Like the TSA (Transportation

Security Administration),some RFID frequencies don’t like Metal and Liquids. Theycan interfere with some RFFrequencies.

Obstructed barcodes cannotbe read (dirt coveringbarcode, torn barcode, etc.)

Automation Most “fixed” readers don’trequire human involvement tocollect data (automated)

Most barcode scannersrequire a human to operate(labour intensive)

Table no.2.6 RFID v/s Barcode Readers

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Chapter 3: Evolution of Project

3.1 Block Diagram of the Project

Fig.3.1 Block diagram of Project

3.1.1 Description

The “RFID based Toll Collection System” basically consists of following main blocks

1. RFID card: RFID cards have diverse range of functions, while provides convenience, as the cards must simply be waived or tapped in front of a reader rather than swiped. These cards are used for applications as access control in security systems, time and attendance, network login security, biometric verification, cashless payment, and even event management.

2. RFID reader: An RFID reader is a device that is used to interrogate an RFID tag. The reader has an inbuilt antenna that emits radio waves; the tag responds by sends back its data.

3. Micro controller: Micro controller senses the signal given from switches and decides the mode of operation i.e. recharge mode or toll collection mode. It fetches data from memory location and sends it to output devices like display, motor driver and buzzer. At the same time it can accept data

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from Keypad for recharging options and from IR receiver to sense that vehicle has passed from toll collection booth.

4. Liquid crystal Display: It consists of Liquid Crystal display (LCD).The display is various messages like valid card, invalid card, access allowed, manual access etc. We are going to use 16x2 alphanumeric displays.

5. Motor Driver: Microcontroller output is 5 volts and DC motor requires 12 volts supply. Motor driver IC is used to convert 5v to 12v, which is required to drive the motor.

6. DC Motor: DC Motor is used to open the Gate barrier. This will be done when user has successfully performed the RFID swap operation with sufficient balance.

7. Buzzer: Buzzer will be turned on when invalid card is shown at the RFID reader.

8. Switch: If some user doesn’t have the RFID card and he doesn’t want to purchase the card then he can pay the cash to the government authority persons at the toll plaza. Authority person will then press the manual switch to open the Gate.

9. Keypad: Keypad is provided for the recharge option. Authority person can recharge the RFID cards using this keypad.

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3.1.2 Data flow Diagram

Fig 3.2 Data flow Chart

3.2 Components Used

3.2.1 ATMega16 Microcontroller

ATmega16 is an 8-bit high performance microcontroller of Atmel’s Mega AVR family with low power consumption. Atmega16 is based on enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing architecture with 131 powerful instructions. Most of the instructions execute in one machine cycle. Atmega16 can work on a maximum frequency of 16MHz.

ATmega16 has 16 KB programmable flash memory, static RAM of 1 KB and EEPROM of 512 Bytes. The endurance cycle of flash memory and EEPROM is 10,000 and 100,000, respectively.

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ATmega16 is a 40 pin microcontroller. There are 32 I/O (input/output) lines which are divided into four 8-bit ports designated as PORTA, PORTB, PORTC and PORTD.

3.2.1.1 Architecture

We have chosen the ATmega16 as a representative of the Atmel AVR line of microcontrollers. Lessons learned with the ATmega16 may be easily adapted to all other processors in the AVR line. block diagram of the Atmel ATmega16’s architecture is provided in figure. As can be seen from he figure, the ATmega16 has external connections for power supplies (VCC, GND, AVCC, and REF), an external time base (XTAL1 and XTAL2) input pins to drive its clocks, processor reset (active low RESET), and four 8-bit ports (PA0-PA7, PC0-PC7, PB0-PB7, and PD0-PD7), which are used to interact with the external world. These ports may be used as general purpose digital nput/output (I/O) ports or they may be used for the alternate functions.

The ports are interconnected with the ATmega16’s CPU and internal subsystems via an internal bus. The ATmega16 also contains a timer subsystem, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), an interrupt subsystem, memory components, and a communication subsystem.

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Fig 3.3 Block diagram of AVR microcontroller ATmega16

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3.2.1.2 Pin Diagram

Fig 3.4 Pin Diagram of ATMega16

3.2.1.3 Pin Descriptions

VCC Digital supply voltage

GND Ground

Port A (PA7-PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated.

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The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

Port B (PB7-PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will ource current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

Port C (PC7-PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS) and PC2 (TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.

Port D (PD7-PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

RESET A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.

XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

Pin No. Pin name Description Alternate Function1 (XCK/T0) PB0 I/O PORTB, Pin 0 T0: Timer0 External Counter Input.

XCK : USART External Clock I/O2 (T1) PB1 I/O PORTB, Pin 1 T1:Timer1 External Counter Input3 (INT2/AIN0

) PB2I/O PORTB, Pin 2 AIN0: Analog Comparator Positive I/P

INT2: External Interrupt 2 Input

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4 (OC0/AIN1)PB3

I/O PORTB, Pin 3 AIN1: Analog Comparator Negative I/POC0 : Timer0 Output Compare MatchOutput

5 (SS) PB4 I/O PORTB, Pin 4 In System Programmer (ISP)Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)6 (MOSI) PB5 I/O PORTB, Pin 5

7 (MISO) PB6 I/O PORTB, Pin 68 (SCK) PB7 I/O PORTB, Pin 79 RESET Reset Pin, Active

Low Reset10 Vcc Vcc = +5V11 GND GROUND12 XTAL2 Output to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier13 XTAL1 Input to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier14 (RXD) PD0 I/O PORTD, Pin 0 USART Serial Communication

Interface15 (TXD) PD1 I/O PORTD, Pin 116 (INT0) PD2 I/O PORTD, Pin 2 External Interrupt INT017 (INT1) PD3 I/O PORTD, Pin 3 External Interrupt INT118 (OC1B)

PD4I/O PORTD, Pin 4

PWM Channel Outputs19 (OC1A)

PD5I/O PORTD, Pin 5

20 (ICP) PD6 I/O PORTD, Pin 6 Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Pin21 PD7 (OC2) I/O PORTD, Pin 7 Timer/Counter2 Output Compare

Match Output22 PC0 (SCL) I/O PORTC, Pin 0 TWI Interface23 PC1 (SDA) I/O PORTC, Pin 124 PC2 (TCK) I/O PORTC, Pin 2

JTAG Interface25 PC3 (TMS) I/O PORTC, Pin 326 PC4 (TDO) I/O PORTC, Pin 427 PC5 (TDI) I/O PORTC, Pin 528 PC6 (TOSC1) I/O PORTC, Pin 6 Timer Oscillator Pin 129 PC7 (TOSC2) I/O PORTC, Pin 7 Timer Oscillator Pin 230 AVcc Voltage Supply = Vcc for ADC31 GND GROUND32 AREF Analog Reference Pin for ADC33 PA7 (ADC7) I/O PORTA, Pin 7 ADC Channel 734 PA6 (ADC6) I/O PORTA, Pin 6 ADC Channel 635 PA5 (ADC5) I/O PORTA, Pin 5 ADC Channel 536 PA4 (ADC4) I/O PORTA, Pin 4 ADC Channel 437 PA3 (ADC3) I/O PORTA, Pin 3 ADC Channel 338 PA2 (ADC2) I/O PORTA, Pin 2 ADC Channel 239 PA1 (ADC1) I/O PORTA, Pin 1 ADC Channel 140 PA0 (ADC0) I/O PORTA, Pin 0 ADC Channel 0

Table 3.1 ATMega16 Pin configuration

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3.2.2 LCD

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of pplications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment EDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

Fig 3.5 LCD pin diagram

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Pin No Function Name1 Ground (0V) Ground2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable

resistorVEE

4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high

Register Select

5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register

Read/write

6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given

Enable

7 8-bit data pins DB08 DB19 DB210 DB311 DB412 DB513 DB614 DB715 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Table 3.2 LCD Pin Description

3.2.3 DC Motor

The specific type of motor we are addressing is the permanent magnet brushed DC motor (PMDC). These motors have two terminals. Applying a voltage across the terminals results in a proportional speed of the output shaft in steady state.

There are two pieces to the motor:1) stator and 2) rotor. The stator includes the housing, permanent magnets, and brushes. The rotor

consists of the output shaft, windings and commutator.

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Fig 3.6 DC Motor

Motor Physics

The forces inside a motor that cause the rotor to rotate are called Lorentz Forces. If an electron is moving through a magnetic field, it experiences a force. If we have a current passing through a wire in a magnetic field , the wire experiences a force proportional to the cross product of the current (expressed as a vector, including the direction of flow) and the magnetic field:

You can easily find the direction of this force using the Right Hand Rule. The Right Hand Rule states that if you point your right hand's index finger along the direction of current, I, and your middle finger in the direction of magnetic flux, B, the direction of force is along the thumb. See the picture below.

Fig 3.7 Motor Structure

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3.2.4 7805 Voltage Regulator

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.

Fig.3.8:Pin diagram 8051

Function Name1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input2 Ground (0V) Ground3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output

Table No.3.3: 7805 Pin Description

Advantages:

78xx series ICs do not require additional components to provide a constant, regulated source of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical and efficient uses of space. They have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in most applications.

Disadvantages:

The input voltage must always be higher than the output voltage by some minimum amount (typically 2 volts). This can make these devices unsuitable for powering some devices from certain types of power sources (for example, powering a circuit that requires 5 volts using 6-volt batteries will not work using a 7805).

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3.2.5 RFID Reader

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a contactless form of automatic identification and data capture. Dating back to World War II, RFID transponders were used to identify friendly aircraft. The RFID system consists of a reader, transponder, and antenna utilizing several frequency ranges. Radio frequency identification is used in access control, asset control, and animal identification. The advantages of RFID are the capability for multiple reads, ability to be used in almost any environment, and the accuracy. The Automatic Identification Manufacturers, International Standards Organization, and the American National Standards Institute are currently developing standards.

The RFID (Radio Frequency Identification-13.56MHz RFID system) essentially consists of an RFID Reader/Writer (Transceiver), an HF Tag and a Processor unit interfacing to various peripherals.

3.2.6 RFID Tags

Radio Frequency Identification Tags (RFID) comes in two forms, active or passive. Both types are very different from each other in many ways. We will discuss both active and passive types of RFID's in great detail in this article.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a term used to describe any identification device that can be sensed at a distance with few problems of obstruction or mis-orientation. The devices are often referred to 'RFID tags' or 'smart labels'.


RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery assisted passive. An active tag has an on-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery assisted passive (BAP) has a small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of a RFID reader. A passive tag is cheaper and smaller because it has no battery.

Tags may either be read-only, having a factory-assigned serial number that is used as a key into a database, or may be read/write, where object-specific data can be written into the tag by the system user. Field programmable tags may be write-once, read-multiple "blank" tags may be written with an electronic product code by the user.

The tag's information is stored electronically in a non-volatile memory. The RFID tag includes a small RF transmitter and receiver. An RFID reader transmits an encoded radio signal to interrogate the tag. The tag receives the message and responds with its identification information. This may be

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only a unique tag serial number, or may be product-related information such as a stock number, lot or batch number, production date, or other specific information. RFID tags contain at least two parts: an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, collecting DC power from the incident reader signal, and other specialized functions; and an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.

3.2.7 L293 IC

3.2.7.1 Pin Diagram

Fig 3.9 Pin Diagram of L293 IC

Some Features

Wide Supply Voltage Range: 4.5V to 36VSeparate Input-Logic SupplyInternal ESD ProtectionThermal ShutdownHigh-Noise-Immunity InputsOutput Current 1A per ChannelPeak Output Current 2A per ChannelOutput Clamp Diodes for Inductive Transient Suppression

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3.2.7.2 Description information

The L293 is a quadruple high-current half-H driver. The L293 is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. It is designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping motors, as well as L293 IC other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications. All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo-Darlington source. Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs are active and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or bridge) reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications. On the L293, external high-speed output clamp diodes should be used for inductive transient suppression. A VCC1 terminal, separate from VCC2, is provided for the logic inputs to minimize device power dissipation. The L293 is characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C.

Schematics of inputs and outputs (L293)

Fig 3.10 Schematic of L293 IC (Datasheet Texas Instruments)

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3.3 Schematic Diagram

Fig 3.11 Circuit Diagram of Project

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Fig 3.12 Switch symbols pin diagram

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Chapter 4: Software Specification

4.1 Proteus Simulator

Proteus is software for microprocessor simulation, schematic capture, and Printed Circuit Board (PCB) design. It is developed by Lab center Electronics.

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4.2. Simulation of Project

4.2.1 LCD Interfacing with ATmega16

Lcd and data pin both is connected to port B. And RS(Register Select), R/W & Enable is connected to port D.

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When program is execute in ATmega16 IC, We can see message on LCD.

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4.2.2 DC Motor Interfacing with ATmega16

As we can see in above figure motor is connected to l293d driver IC. and driver IC connected to Port D of Atmega16 IC.

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When program is execute in Atmega16, the motor is start rotating.

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Conclusion

RFID Technology has brought a vast difference in day-to-day life. This project for a toll tax Collection system would reduce the time and work efficiency of human beings working at the toll tax for collection of toll amount.

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References

http://www.rfidreader.info/ http://www.rfidjournal.com/faq/ http://www.ti.com/solution/rfid_reader http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification http://www.engineersgarage.com/rfid-radio-frequency-identification-and-detection http://www.ehow.com/list_7672241_differences-ir-sensors-rf-sensors.html http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=21 http://www.efy.in http://www.1000projects.com http://www.slideshare.in

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http://www.slideshare.in/

http://www.1000projects.com/

http://www.efy.in/

http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=21