Rhodiola rosea by Sharlene Peterson Genesis School of Natural Health

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BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONNomenclature: Rhodiola rosea L.Common Names: Golden Root, Roseroot, and Arctic Rose Plant Family: Crassulaceae (stonecrop family)Parts used: Roots/RhizomesTaste/Energy/Smell: sweet, slightly bitter, spicy, cool, dry, astringent, aromaticHabitat: R. rosea is primarily found at higher elevations in the cold mountains and sea cliff rocks of Scandinavia, Tibet, Siberia, China, Himalayas, and North America. There are over 50 species of Rhodiola. The studies and use of the herb only apply to R. rosea L. (Linnaeus instituted plant naming in the 1700’s).

R. rosea is a perennial succulent that can grow approximately 12 to 36 inches in height and 12 inches across. The fleshy leaves are whorled toothed with an oblong shape. The small, yellow flowers are terminal and multiple. The thick root and rhizomes smell of roses when cut. As a dioecious plant, it requires both male and female plants to be grown in the same area. (picture is from strictlymedicinalseeds.com)

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DEFINING ADAPTOGENS• Herbs that are classified as adaptogens contain phytochemicals

that increase the ability of an organism to adapt to physical, emotional, biological, and environmental stressors. Adaptogens, like tonic herbs, may be used daily and are generally non-toxic.

• Adaptogens support the entire neuroendocrine system which includes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

• “Adaptogens help to modulate and regulate the use of cortisol, allowing the body to maintain a healthy stress response. They also help regulate and support the interconnected neuroendocrine and immune systems allowing the body to maintain optimal homeostasis.” (Adaptogens, Winston & Maimes, 2007)

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• Most adaptogens, through endocrine, neuroendocrine, and immune modulation, support longevity, fertility, libido, emotional balance, and an overall feeling of strength, wellness, and vitality. They have beneficial effects throughout the body.

• Modulation refers to the common term balancing. “For example, depending on whether levels of a particular hormone are low or high, an adaptogen may increase or decrease the body’s production of that hormone.” (Body into Balance, Maria Groves 2016)

• All adaptogens contain antioxidants and other phytochemicals that are beneficial for the prevention of disease, support during acute infections and chronic diseases (cancer, autoimmune conditions, etc.), and protection from toxins (chemo, radiation, environmental toxins, and internal toxins). Salidroside, an active phytochemical in Rhodiola rosea, has multiple modes of action that include: antioxidant, antiaging, and antifatigue.

DEFINING ADAPTOGENS

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“Adaptogens increase the state of non-specific resistance in stress and decrease sensitivity to stressors, which results in stress protection, and prolong the phase of resistance (stimulatory effect). Instead of exhaustion, a higher level of equilibrium (the homeostasis) is attained the heterostasis. The higher it is, the better the adaptation to stress. Thus, the stimulating and anti-fatigue effect of adaptogens has been documented in both in animals and in humans.”Panossian, Alexander, and Georg Wikman. “Effects of Adaptogens on the Central Nervous System and the Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Their Stress-Protective Activity.” Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 3,1 188-224. 19 Jan. 2010, doi:10.3390/ph3010188

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“Primary adaptogens strengthen the functioning of each systems, promote optimal response, promote recovery of function, and help regulate energy use by improving the function of neuroendocrine system and enhancing cellular energy transfer, which can make body utilize oxygen, glucose, lipids and proteins very effectively, thus providing us with a steady supply of energy.” “Another category is adaptogen companions, which may not satisfy all the traditional standards but can have beneficial effects on the HPA axis and on anabolism to support the functions of adaptogens.”Liao, Lian-Ying et al. A preliminary review of studies on adaptogens: comparison of their bioactivity in TCM with that of ginseng-like herbs used worldwide.”Chinese medicine vol. 13 57. 16 Nov. 2018, doi:10.1186/s13020-018-0214-9

Adaptogen companions act synergistically with adaptogens which enhances/improves the effects of the adaptogens. Combinations of adaptogens in one formula are also an effective and long-used health strategy.

ADAPTOGEN COMPANIONS

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Both chronic emotional stress and chronic infection(s) result in the ongoing release of cortisol and other steroidal glucocorticoids. Prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids can disrupt the interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands (HPA axis).

The HPA axis is a neuroendocrine system that regulates digestion, the immune system, energy storage and expenditure, and influences our mood and emotions. HPA axis dysfunction increases the risk of depression, anxiety, digestive and sleep problems, headaches, weight gain or loss, and heart disease. Fatigue, muscular weakness, excessive free radicals, mitochondrial dysfunction and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are also associated with HPA axis dysfunction.

HPA-AXIS

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Excessive stress may result from a single strong stimulating event or by the accumulation of repeated stress. Adrenal fatigue is the term used to describe inadequate hormone production by the adrenals. Hormones like cortisol are necessary for homeostasis/health. Cortisol is a steroid hormone (glucocorticoid) that is made in the adrenal glands and then released into the blood. The blood transports cortisol to almost every cell in the body. Cortisol is involved in many cell activities which include:

- Controlling the body’s blood sugar levels - Anti-inflammatory actions, memory formation - Controlling salt and water balance, regulating blood pressure…

As an adaptogen, Rhodiola helps the adrenal glands respond more effectively to stress hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, etc.). It also supports adrenal function by allowing cells to access more energy (enhance the entry of glucose into cells and stimulate the liver to convert glycogen to glucose) and by preventing free-radical damage (oxidative damage). Adaptogens are used to minimize stress reactions and provide protection against the long-term effects of stress.

ADRENAL FATIGUE

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Good stress is positive stress, it is what we feel when we feel excited. Examples of positive stress: attending an event or going on a date, riding on a rollercoaster, accepting a fun challenge, working on a project that you enjoy, writing down your goals, and exercising.

During positive stress our pulse increases and our hormones may surge a bit but, there are no feelings of threat or fear. Positive stress keeps us feeling happy, healthy, alive, and excited about life. Without “stress” we would feel bored, lack vitality, and feel generally ill.

When an event is perceived as a threat we respond to it differently than if it is seen as a challenge. Threats elicit a stronger stress response and create greater levels of anxiety while challenges range from enjoyable to exciting. Threats induce fear while challenges are opportunities to prove to ourselves how much we are capable of accomplishing.

Good stress can become “bad” chronic stress if it is experienced in excess (adrenaline junkies).

STRESS IS GOOD!

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Acute stress is known as “bad stress” but it is limited and comes from quick surprises that need a response. Acute stress is known as the “fight or flight” response. It triggers a surge of neurotransmitters from the nervous system and stress hormones from the endocrine system (especially the adrenals).

Have you experienced your car sliding instead of stopping at an icy intersection? The hypothalamus, located at the base of your brain, sets off an alarm system in body that alerts the adrenal glands of the danger. The adrenals release adrenaline which increases your heart rate, blood pressure, and energy rich molecules. The adrenals also release the primary stress hormone, cortisol. Cortisol increases blood glucose levels and enhances the brain’s ability to use glucose. It also slows the functions that are nonessential (digestion, immune system, reproductive system, etc.) during the emergency or perceived threat. Once the danger has passed your hormone levels of adrenaline and cortisol drop, your heart rate and blood pressure return to normal, and other systems resume their normal functions.

ACUTE STRESS

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Chronic stress is a state of disharmony that occurs when we repeatedly face stressors that take a heavy toll and interfere with our quality of life. A stressful job (not perceived as just a challenge), ongoing financial worries, an unhappy home life, feeling as though you are under constant judgement and walking on eggshells can bring chronic stress. This is what we normally refer to as “bad” stress. Children are not immune to chronic stress! Being rushed, bullied, feeling anxious about fitting in with a group, divorce/custody arrangements, or disharmony in the home are some examples.

Because our bodies are not designed for chronic stress it often leads to system-wide dysfunction and illness. Chronic stress can lead to both anxiety and depressive states. A chronic infection produces almost the same hormone reaction as chronic stress so it is sometimes difficult to determine if stress caused the illness or the illness produced the stress hormone imbalances.

During an acute systemic infection (physical stress) our appetite is reduced and energy-rich molecules are released to supply the demands of the immune system. Energy-rich molecules include glucose, free fatty acids, amino acids, calcium, phosphorus, and other substances. As a metabolic organ, it is the liver that produces, stores and releases many of the required energy-rich molecules. If an acute infection becomes a chronic disease, the energy release continues and may result in insulin resistance, low androgen levels, low vitamin levels, increased cortisol levels, and increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Adaptogens benefit those with chronic disease, including Lyme disease, autoimmune disorders, and cancer.

CHRONIC STRESS

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SYMPTOMS OF CHRONIC STRESSChronic stress is associated with many symptoms. Seemingly opposite symptoms may occur depending upon a person’s lifestyle, health challenges, emotional support, and duration of the stress.

• Fatigue and/or depressive feelings• Anxiousness and/or restlessness• Metabolic issues: elevated sugar levels and cortisol, increased abdominal fat,

Type II diabetes, etc. • Decreased detoxification (food allergies, chemical sensitivities, heightened

seasonal allergies)• Constipation and/or diarrhea, gas and bloating, irritable bowels• Decreased immune function• Bruise easily, wounds heal slowly• Increased inflammation and muscle and joint pain• High blood pressure, triglycerides, and/or high cholesterol• Premature aging, free-radical damage (oxidative damage)

Notice how the symptoms induced by chronic stress are the same symptoms that are targeted/modified/balanced by true adaptogens?

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Rhodiola rosea is a cool stimulating adaptogen. Because it is a cooling adaptogen it is less likely to cause overstimulation when compared to Korean ginseng. Stimulating does not imply that it is like caffeine! While Rhodiola is not the best adaptogen for those with severe anxiety it does not cause anxiety. The increased energy it supplies does mean that it should be taken in the morning and early afternoon for those with sensitivities or when not used in a formula containing synergetic companion herbs with calming properties. While it may seem counter-intuitive, one of the benefits of Rhodiola is that it helps regulate sleep and improve the quality of sleep.

Some of the main constituents of Rhodiola include: • Rosavin, Rosarin, Rosin• Salidroside (previously known as rholioloside)• Flavonoids (catechins, quercetin, proanthocyanidins)• Geraniol and other essential oils, tannins, and more

Standardized products should contain at least 3% rosavins and about 1% salidroside as this is close to the natural composition within the roots.

Dosage as a single herb: Tincture (1:5): 30 - 90 drops, one-two times per dayStandardized product: 75-100 mg, one-two times per day

*Always start at the lower dose and increase to find the best individual dosage for your client.

RHODIOLA

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FORMULA FOR WHOLE BODY SUPPORT, ENERGY ENHANCEMENT & RECOVERY

(The use of separate herbal formulas to support specific organ systems, cleansing herbs, etc. may be used)

Rhodiola rosea: is used to help combat fatigue, psychological stress, and depression, restore energy. improve over-all vitality and longevity, increase mental performance and the ability to concentrate, modulate and support the neuroendocrine system (HPA-axis and more), increase cellular energy, protect and restore nervous system and brain, enhance physical performance, improve resistance to high-altitude sickness, help recovery from head trauma, strengthen immune, and protect cells from chemical and radiation damage. It is stimulating but not anxiety producing - in spite of the energy increasing effect it helps improve sleep quality. Some of the adaptogenic properties of Rhodiola have been attributed to its ability to influence the levels of the neurotransmitters, serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for their degradation.

Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): is a balancing adaptogen that is able to calm the mind, greatly reduce inflammation, lower blood pressure, and increase the activity of the immune system (especially the natural killer cells that help you fight infections and kill cancer cells), it enhances thyroid function and increases blood concentrations of both T3 and T4, relieves anxiety, and is helpful with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It supports and balances the neuroendocrine, central nervous, and cardiopulmonary systems, and increases energy in those experiencing adrenal fatigue. It also has an antitumor, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory actions. Withania is in the nightshade family. NOT SUITABLE FOR HYPER-THYROID OR NIGHTSHADE ALLERGIES REPLACE WITHANIA WITH LEMON BALM (Melissa officinalis) IF YOU HAVE HYPER-THYROID. REPLACE WITHANIA WITH HOLY BASIL (Ocimum sanctum) IF ALLERGIC TO THE NIGHTSHADE FAMILY

Eleutherococcus senticosus: is an adaptogen that supports adrenal function, enhances immune function by increasing T-helper and natural killer cells, reduces the duration of respiratory infections, stabilizes blood sugar levels, improves insomnia, physical endurance (exercise), fatigue, concentration, and memory issues. Eleuthero improves stamina in exhausted patients and vitality in cancer patients. Eleuthero contains phytochemicals that are antioxidant, anti-cancer, radioprotectant (protects against radiation), anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective.

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CONTINUED…. FORMULA FOR WHOLE BODY SUPPORT, ENERGY ENHANCEMENT & RECOVERY

Formula (Equal Parts): For long-term use and higher doses so…prepare either a 4 oz. bottle or 8 oz. bottle depending on your client. If using a 4 oz. bottle use 30 ml of each herb = 120 ml = 4 ozDosage: 60- 90 drops one-two times per day, preferably in the morning and/or early afternoon.

Rhodiola rosea Withania somnifera (contraindicated for hyperthyroid and nightshade allergies - see previous page)Eleutherococcus senticosus Avena sativa OR Schisandra chinensis

Avena sativa (milky oats) are the oat tops harvested when they are in their milky stage. They are unique in that they both calm and energize. Milky oats help rejuvenate those who are overworked, experiencing mental exhaustion, panic, feeling over-whelmed, have trouble sleeping (turning off brain), and chronically fatigued. Milky oats support strong nerves, more focused thinking, balanced hormones, and healthy sexuality. Avena sativa would be considered a adaptogen companion.

Schisandra chinensis is a balancing, tonic-like adaptogen that supports liver detoxification, has anti-inflammation, anti-tumor and anticancer properties, and stimulates digestion. It is highly astringent and should be taken with food (like almost all herbs and supplements). Use caution if a person has an ulcer or acid reflux. In Chinese medicine, Schisandra is highly regarded and used to increase energy and prolong life which may be due to the antioxidant and immune tonic properties. It has a dual effect on the nervous system: it enhances reflexes and mental activity but is also calming and helps relieve anxiety and stress-induced asthma.

NOTE: Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a calming and cooling nervine that tones and restores the nervous system. It is indicated for those who tend toward anxiety and nervousness. Some research suggests that Lemon balm may help with hyperthyroidism. While it has been used successfully within a complete protocol for hyperthyroidism, do not rely on Lemon balm as the “magic bullet”.

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Thank You!

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