rhys davids thomas william oldenberg hermann tr vinaya texts part i 444p

7/29/2019 Rhys Davids Thomas William Oldenberg Hermann Tr Vinaya Texts Part I 444p

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T H E

SACRED BOOKS OF TH E EA ST


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H o t t b o n

H E N R Y F R O W D E

O X F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S W A R E H O U S E

7 P A T E R N O S T E R R O W


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T H E

SA CRED BO O KS O F T H E EA ST

T R A N S L A T E D

B Y V A RI O U S O RI EN T A L SC H O L A RS

A N D E D I T E D B Y

F . M A X M U L L E R

V O L . X I I I

W r n - i i

A T T H E C L A R E N D O N P R E S S

1 8 8 1


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V I N A Y A T E X T S

T R A N S L A T E D F R O M T H E P A L I

B Y

T . W . R H Y S D A V I D S

A N D

H E R M A N N O L D E N B E R G

P A R T I

T H E P A T I M O K K H A

THE MAHAVAGGA, IIV

A T T H E C L A R E N D O N P R E S S

1 8 8 1


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C O N T E N T S .

P A G E

I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e V i n a y a T e x t s fr o m t h e P a l i . i x

T h e P a t i m o k k h a ................................................................................................... i

N i d d n a ..................................................... iT h e Paraika Ru les . . . . . . . 3

T h e Sawzgbadisesa Rules . . . . . . 7

T h e A ni yat a R u l e s ............................................ . 1 6

T h e N issaggiya Pa&t t iya Rules . . . . 18

The Pd&t t iya Rules ............................................................ 32

The Pa/ idesan iya R u l e s ................................................... 56

The Sekh iya R u l e s ..................................................... - 5 9

T h e Adhikaraa-sam atha Ru les . . . . 68

T h e M a h a v a g g a .................................................................................................7 1

First Khandhaka (The Admission to the Order ofB h i k k h u s ) ..................................................................... 73

Second Khandhaka (The Uposatha Ceremony, andthe P a t i m o k k h a ) ................................................. 23^

Th ir d Khandh aka (Residence dur ing the Rain y Season) 298

Four th Khandh aka (T he Pavarar a Ceremony) . . 325

Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets adopted for the

Tr anslat ions o f the Sacred Books o f the East . . 357


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I N T R O D U C T I O N

T O T H E

VINAYA TEXTS FROM THE PALI.

I n th e p resen t M SS. t h e V in aya Pizak a is d i v id ed in t o

t h e f o l l o w i n g b o o k s :

a ' i ^ya j cal led co l l ec t i vely t h e Su t t a-v ib h an ga.

3. M a h & v a g g a, \ ca.l l ed. C0l leCt i vel y th e K h and.hak:a.S.4. A u l l a v a g g a , )

5 . P a r i v a r a - p a V /< :a .

T h ese books con st i t u t e th at p ar t o f t h e sacred l i t era tu re o f

t he Bud dh ist s w h ich con ta ins th e regu lat i ons fo r t he ou t

w ar d l i fe o f t h e m em b er s o f t h e B u d d h i st Sa 7 g h a n ear l y

t he o ldest , and p r ob ab l y th e m ost i n f l uen t ial , o f al l F r a

te rn i t ies o f monks .

I t i s im possib le to f ram e any nar row er def in i t i on o f t h e

V i n aya t h an th is, since t h e g radu al change o f c i rcum st an ces

in th e F ra t e rn i t y resu l t ed in a g radu al change also in th e

V in aya i t sel f . T o g i ve an y m ore de tai l ed accoun t o f w h at

t he V i n aya is, i t w i l l be n ecessary to t race w h at can be a tp resen t ascer t ain ed o f i t s h is t o r y ; to sh ow t h at i s, so fa r

as i t i s ye t possib l e to do so th e causes w h i ch led to th e

estab l ishm en t o f th e o ldest Ru les an d Cerem on ies o f th e

Order , and to fo l low s tep by s tep the accre t ions o f new

l i t e ra ry w ork aroun d th is o lder nu cleus.

For th is purpose we p ropose to cons ider f i r s t the Ru les

o f t h e w o r k cal l ed t h e P & t i m o k k h a ; fo r t h e l at er t ex t spr esup pose i t s ex ist en ce. I t is one o f t h e o ld est , i f no t


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X VI N AYA TEXTS FROM TH E PALI .

i n s e r t e d i n i t s e n t i r e t y i n to t h e f i r st p ar t o f t h e

V i n ay a , t h e V i b h a n g a 1.

T h e P at i m o k k h a t h e m ean i n g o f t h e n am e w i l l b e d i s

c u ssed l a t e r o n seem s t o h av e o w e d i t s ex i st e n c e t o t h e

an c i en t I n d i a n c u st o m o f h o l d i n g sac r ed t w o p er i o d s i n

each m o n t h , t h e t i m es o f t h e F u l l M o o n an d o f t h e N ew

M o o n .

T h e V ed i c c er em o n ies o f t h e D a r j a p 6 r ? ^ a m i s a sac r i

f i ce, an d o f t h e feast o r sacr ed d a y ( U p a v a s a t h a ) co n

n e ct ed w i t h i t , ar e k n o w n t o h av e b e en v e r y o l d , an d t h e

c u st o m o f c el eb r at i n g t h ese d a y s w o u l d n a t u r a l l y b e h a n d e d

o n f r om t h e B r a h m an s t o t h e d i f f er en t Sa m a r a s, an d b e

m o d i f i ed an d si m p l i f i ed ( t h o u g h , as i t s eem s, so m et i m es

i n c r e a s e d i n n u m b e r ) b y t h e m , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e i r

c r eed s an d t h ei r v i ew s o f r el i gi o u s d u t y . A c c o r d i n g t oB u d d h i st t r a d i t i o n 2 an d w e see n o su f f i ci en t r easo n f o r

d o u b t i n g t h e co r r ec t n e ss o f t h e ac co u n t t h e m o n k s o f

o t h er , t h at i s, o f n on -Bu d d h i st i c sec t s, used t o m eet t oge th e r

a t t h e m i d d l e an d a t t h e cl o se o f e v er y h al f - m o n t h , an d

w er e ac cu st o m ed t h e n t o p r o c l ai m t h ei r n ew t eac h i n g i n

p u b l i c. A t su ch t i m es t h e p eo p l e w o u l d cr o w d t o g e t h e r ;a n d t h e d i f f e r e n t s e c t s f o u n d a n o p p o r t u n i t y o f i n c r e a s i n g

t h e i r n u m b e r s a n d t h e i r i n f l u e n c e .

T h e B u d d h i s t s a l s o a d o p t e d t h e c u s t o m o f t h e s e p e r i o d

i c al m eet i n g s, b u t co n f i n ed t h em sel v es t o m eet i n g t w i c e in

each m o n t h 3. A n d t h e p ec u l i a r i t y w h i c h g av e t o t h ese

m eet i n gs am o n g t h e Bu d d h i st s t h e i r d i st i n g u i sh i n g ch a

r a ct e r seem s t o h av e b e en b o r r o w ed b y t h e m n ei t h er f r o mt h e B r a h m an s n o r f r o m o t h er d i ssen t e r s, b u t t o h av e b een

an o r i g i n al i n v en t i o n o f t h e B u d d h i st s t h em sel v es. T h e

B r et h r e n an d Si st e r s m ad e u se o f t h e se h al f - m o n t h l y g a t h e r

i n gs t o con fess t o t h e assem b led O rd er t h e si n s an d f au l t s

w h i c h each o f t h em h a d c o m m i t t ed ; an d t o t a k e u p o n h i m

se l f , o r he r se l f , t he penance wh i ch t he t r ansg resso r hadt h e r eb y i n c u r r ed . I t w o u l d b e u n n ec essar y t o d w el l h er e


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INTRODUCTION. x i

refer th e reader to t he second boo k o f th e M ah avagga,

whe re he w i l l f i nd t hem fu l l y se t ou t .

I t was fo r use a t such pen i ten t ia l ga ther ings tha t the

t ex t , now kn ow n as th e P&t im okk ha, w as com posed . A l i st

was d rawn u p w hich o f course i t w ou ld be necessary f rom

t im e to t im e to com p lete, and rec t i f y o f t hose o ff ences

w h ich ough t to be con fessed an d aton ed f o r ; th i s l i s t w as

r ead o u t i n t h e h al f - m o n t h l y m eet i n gs o f t h e O r d e r ; an d

the Bre thren and Sis ters who were present were asked i fthey were innocent o f each one o f the o f fences there in

ment ioned .

The use o f such a l i s t mus t have a l ready begun in ve ry

ear l y t im es. T r ad i t ion even ascr ibes t h e f i r st l ay in g dow n

o f each clause to th e Bud d h a h im sel f . T h is t rad i t i on i s o f

cour se ve r y far f rom be in g con c lu siv e ; bu t ne i th er shou ld

we ho ld i t imposs ib le t ha t t he Pa t imokkha , e i t he r i n i t spresent shape, or at least in i ts most essent ial parts, can

reach back to the Budd l ia \s own t ime , o r to tha t o f h is

personal disciples.

I t i s no doub t na tu ra l , th rough the in f luence o f the h is

t o r y o f ear l y Chr ist i an i t y , o r pe rh aps o f t h e schoo l o f

Socra tes , to imag ine tha t ea r l y Buddh ism was fa r removed

f rom a l l f i x ed an d abso lu t e fo rm s, ei t her o f c reed or o fl i t u r gy ; an d to rep resen t t h e in te rcourse o f Go t am a and

h i s d isc ip les as pu re ly an d sim p ly an in te rchange o f

sp i r i tua l ed i f ica t ion , where the sp i r i t was a l l in a l l , and the

let t er w as no t h in g. Bu t i t shou ld be r em em bered t h at

Go t am a con t i nued t o l i ve f o r m an y years, alm ost f o r twp

generat ions, a f te r he had formula ted the essent ia l po in ts o f

h i s syst em , and a f ter he had foun ded t h e bro th erh ood o f

h i s O rder . A n d at t h at t im e t h e st r eam o f scho last i c and

lega l id eas w hich em anated f rom th e ear l i er Brahm an ism

was f lowing in fu l l fo rce through the re l ig ious c i rc les o f

In d ia . A r ich p h raseo lo gy o f sacred an d ecc lesiast ical

expr ession s, an arm ou ry o f tech n ical te rm s in ph i losop h y

and in t h eo lo gy (st i l l p reserved in the Brahm aw as an d U pan i -sh ads) , had been d evelo p ed an d m ad e r eady for th e use o f

th e Bud dh ist s an d Gainas and oth er re form in g schoo ls


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x i i V I N AYA TEXTS FROM TH E PALI .

b l em s, an d l o n g - co n t i n u e d c u st o m h ad el ab o r a t ed a m u l t i

f ar i o u s syst em o f ecc lesiast i cal ob servances, w h i ch t h e n ew ly

r i sen sec t s, o r t h o d o x o r h er e t i c al , c o u l d g r a p p l e w i t h , o rcou ld ad op t . I t seem s to us t h a t G o t am a s d i sc ip l es, f r om

t h e v e r y b eg i n n i n g , w er e m u c h m o r e t h an a f r ee an d u n -

f o r m al u n i o n o f m en h e ld t o g et h er m er e l y t h r o u g h t h ei r

co m m o n r ev er en c e f o r t h ei r M ast e r , an d t h r o u g h a co m m o n

sp i r i t u al ai m . T h e y f o r m ed r at h er , an d f r o m t h e f i r st , an

o r g a n i s e d B r o t h e r h o o d .

B u t i f w e l o o k u p on t h e S a k y a p u t t i y a S a m a s a s

f o r t h at i s t h e n am e w h i c h t h e p e o p l e i n t h e ear l i e st t i m es

g av e t o t h e c o m m u n i t y as f ro m t h e f i r st an o r g an i sed

b o d y , i t i s h i g h l y p r o b a b l e t h at t h e ear l i e st f o r m u l ar i es,

b o t h o f t h ei r c r eed s an d o f t h ei r l i t u r g i e s, ar o se in a t i m e, i f

n o t d u r i n g t h e l i fe o f G o t a m a, y e t at m o st n o t l o n g af t er

h i s d e cease. N o w am o n g t h e o l d est ex p r e ssi o n s o f b e l i e fw e m ay w i t h c er t ai n t y r an k t h e fo u r sen t en c es k n o w n as

t h e F o u r N o b l e T r u t h s an d t h e su m m ar y o f t h e so - cal l ed

N o b l e E i g h t f o l d P at h : an d t h e o l d e st l i t u r g i cal f o r m u l ar i es

p r eser v e d t o u s ar e, w i t h o u t a n y d o u b t , t h e P a t i m o k k h a

an d t h e v ar i o u s K am m av a ^ as. I t i s t r u e t h at t h ese l i t u r

g i c al fo r m u l ar i e s, b e i n g so m u c h m o r e e x t e n si v e , m a yp o ssi b l y h av e b een m o d i f i ed o r a d d ed t o b e f o r e t h e y

r eac h ed t h e f or m i n w h i ch w e n o w p o ssess t h e m ; b u t t h er e

i s n o t t h e sl i g h t est t r ac e o f a n y o t h er l i t u r g i es h a v i n g ev er

b een i n u se i n t h e B u d d h i st f r a t e r n i t y .

I t i s o f co u r se i m p o ssi b l e t o a t t em p t t o d r a w a l i n e

b et w een t h e p ar t w h i c h G o t a m a h i m sel f m a y h a v e h ad i nt h e set t l em en t o f t h e l i st o f o f f en c es c o n t a i n e d i n t h e P a t i

m o k k h a , an d t h e p a r t t h at m ay h av e b een t ak en b y h i s

d i sc i p l es. N o r i n d e ed , c o n si d er i n g t h e l i m i t ed c h a r a c t e r o f

o u r k n o w l ed g e, i s t h at a p o i n t o f m u ch i m p o r t a n c e. B u t i t

s h o u l d p e r h a p s b e n o t i c e d i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n t h a t B u d d h i s t

t r ad i t i o n d o e s asc r i b e t o o n e am o n g G o t a m a s d i sc i p l e s t oU p a l i an esp eci al co n n ect i o n w i t h t h e V i n ay a . T h i s t r a


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INTRODUCTION. x i i i

T h u s i n t h e / 'f u l l avagga (V I , 13 ,1) w e fi nd t h e passage

A t t h at t i m e t h e B l essed O n e p r o cl ai m ed t h e V i n a y a i n

m an y a w ay t o t h e B h i k k h u s , ex al t ed t h e V i n ay a, ex al t ed

t h e l earn in g o f t h e V in aya, exa l t ed again and again t h e

v en er ab le U p & li . T h en t h ou gh t t h e B h i k k h u s , T h e

B lessed On e hath p roc laim ed th e V in aya i n m an y a w ay ,

h a t h ex al t ed t h e V i n ay a, h at h ex al t ed t h e l e ar n i n g o f t h e

V inaya , ha th exa l t ed aga in and aga in t he vene rab le Upa l i .

Come now le t us l ea rn t he V inaya f r om the vene rab leU p a l i . A n d so m an y B h i k k h u s, o ld an d m i d d l e- aged

and youn g , l earn t t h e V in aya f r om th e ven erab le U p a l i .1

A n d agai n in a Su t t a o f t he A n g u t t a r a N i k a y a 1,

whe re t hose Bh i kkhus a re enumera ted who , i n any pa r

t i cu la r respec t , a re the f i r s t and fo remost in the Bro ther

hood , U p a l i i s m ent ioned as the f i r st am on g t h e custod i ans

o f t h e V i n ay a ( t h e V i n a y a - d h a r & ) . A n d fu r th er , as i swe l l known^ i t i s Upa l i who , acco rd ing t o t he t r ad i t i on ,

p lays, at th e F i r st Counc i l , t h e sam e par t o f p r opoun der

w i t h r egar d t o t h e V i n ay a T e x t s w h i ch Ananda does wi thr eg ar d t o t h e D h am m a T e x t s 2. T h er e m ay w el l b e so m e

t ru th i n t h i s ve r y anc ien t t r ad i t i on t ha t Upa l i was spec ia l l y

co n v er san t w i t h t h e R u l es o f t h e O r d e r ; b u t i t w o u l d b e

hazardous on that account to ascr ibe to Up&l i a share , noto n l y i n t h e h a n d i n g d o w n o f ex i st i n g Ru l es, b u t i n t h e

co m p o si t i o n o f t h e Pat i m o k k h a i t se l f 3.

A s r egard s t h e o r d e r i n w h i ch t he var i ous o ff ences are

ar r an ged in th e Pat im ok k h a, th e p r in c ipa l d iv i sion cd r -

r esponds t o t h e d i v i si on o f t he O rd er i n to B reth ren andSi st e r s: th er e i s a B h i k k h u - p & t i m o k k h a an d a B h i k -

k h u n t - p a t i m o k k h a . I n each o f t h ese t w o ch i ef d iv i si on s

t h e o f fen ces are d iv i d ed in to var iou s c lasses, begin n in g w i t h

th e h eav iest w i t h t h ose, t h at i s, t h at r esu l t i n t he exc lu

1 P h a y r e M S. , v o l . i . f o l . k a u . ! j sT u l l a v ag ga X I I .

s I n t h e Cey lon Ch ron i c l e rs (D ip avam sa , TJharcavaras 4 and 5) U p a l i even

b ec om es t h e f i r st i n a ser i es o f V i n a y a p & m o k k h a , o r C h i e fs o f t h e V i n a y a

b u t n o su c h o f fi ce is k n o w n t o t h e o l d er t r a d i t i o n ; an d h a d i t ex i st e d i t w o u l d


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x i v VI N AYA TEXTS FROM TH E PALI .

si o n o f t h e o f f en d e r f r o m t h e O r d er . I n si d e eac h c l ass t h e

sequ en ce o f t h e c l au ses f o l l o w s no i n va r i ab l e r u le . So m e

t i m es o f f en ces o f a r e lat ed ch a ract e r a re p laced t oge t h e r i ng r o u p s1, b u t so m et i m es t h o se w h i c h w o u l d n a t u r a l l y co m e

t o g et h er ar e f o u n d sc at t er e d i n q u i t e d i f f er en t p a r t s o f t h e

sam e c l a ss2. I t i s p e r h ap s w o r t h y o f n o t i c e t h at t h er e

som et im es seem s, as i n t h e tw o cases f i r st m en t i on ed i n t he

las t no te , t o be an e f f o r t t o a r r ange t he o f f ences i n g roups

( v a g g a ) t en : an d i n t h r ee c ases w e f in d r e gu l a t i o n s f o r

m u l at ed w i t h t h e u t m o st b r e v i t y ( t h e of fen c es b e i n g m er e l y

ex p r e ssed b y a l o c at i v e c ase d ep en d en t u p o n p a i t t i y a ? )

a t t h e co m m en c em en t o f su c h a v a g g a . I t seem s t o u s, a t

l e ast i n t h e p r esen t st at e o f o u r k n o w l ed g e , q u i t e i m p o ssi b l e

t o d r aw a n y c on c l u si o n s f r o m su c h p ec u l i a r i t i e s as t o t h e

c om p a r at i v e ag e o f a n y d i f fer en t p a r t s o f t h e P at i m o k k h a.

T h e i r r e gu l ar i t i es i n ar r a n g em en t m a y v e r y w el l b e d u e t ow an t o f l i t e r a r y d e ar n e ss i n t h e c o m p i l e r s o f t h e p r esen t

F o r m o f C o n f essi o n , an d i t w o u l d b e h a z ar d o u s t o a t t e m p t

t o t r ac e i n i t a n y h i st o r i c al ar g u m en t .

T h e v ar i o u s p o i n t s i n r eg ar d t o t h e P at i m o k k h a d e al t

w i t h i n t h e f o r e go i n g p ar a g r ap h s d o n o t o f t h em sel v es

sh o w t h at i t w as at al l o l d er t h an t h e r est o f t h e V i n a y aP i / a k a ; an d i n d eed t h e w o r k , as a sep ar a t e w o r k , i s n o t

c o n si d e r ed am o n g B u d d h i st s t o b e l o n g t o t h e P i i 'a k as at

a l l , an d i s t h er ef o r e n o t i n c lu d ed i n t h e l i st o f w o r k s o f

w h i c h t h e P i / ak as co n si st . B u t e v e r y si n g l e R u l e o r C l a u se

i n t h e P at i m o k k h a is i n f ac t f o u n d w o r d f o r w o r d i n t h e

Su t t a - v i b h an g a, t h e q u o t at i o n s b e i n g so c o m p l e t e t h at t h e

P at i m o k k h a m i gh t b e en t i r e l y p u t t o g et h er ag ai n b y p i ec in gt o g et h er ex t r a ct s f r om t h e V i n a y a P i t ak a . A n d i t i s n o t

p o ssi b l e t h at t h e P i t i m o k k h a o r i g i n at ed m er e l y b y su ch a

p r o cess o f d o v e t a i l i n g ; f o r t h e q u o t at i o n s i n t h e V i n a y a

P i f e k a , t h o u g h n o t a c t u a l l y c a l l e d q u o t a t i o n s , b e a r t h e u n

m i st a k ab l e st am p o f b ei n g t ak en f r om so m e p r e- ex i st i n g

w o r k . T h e cau se w h i c h l ed t o t h e P at i m o k k h a, an d t h e

F i t l t i t t h d t f B t h t d Si t


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INTRODUCTION. XV

U pasarn pada-k am m ava/ a. be ing sep arat e ly pr eserved at

a l l , is th e sam e as t h e cause w h ich led to t h ei r exclu sio n

f r om th e l i st s o f t he P i / aka t ex t s th e f act , t h at i s, o fthe i r be ing l i t u rg ica l compos i t ions .

W e t u r n n o w t o t h e co n si d er at i o n o f t h e q u est i o n h o w a

ser i es o f f u r t he r l i t e ra r y p rodu ct i on s we re g radu a l l y d e

veloped ou t of , o r add ed t o t h e Pat im ok k h a l .

W ho ever r eads t h rough t h e M ahavagga w i l l at once be

st r u ck b y on e sec t i on o f i t w h i ch d i f f er s com p l ete l y bo th i n

con ten ts an d in fo rm f rom th e rest o f th e w ork . T h is i s th e

sec t i on i n t he Second Book , Chap te r I I I , pa rag raphs 4 -8 .

T h is passage i s p r eceded b y th e op en in g wor ds o f the

Pd t im ok k h a ; an d in the passage i t se l f th ose w ord s are

separa te ly pa raph rased o r exp la in ed . Bu t th e exp l an at ion

does no t app ear t o be pu t i n t o t he m ou th o f t he Bud dh a ; i t

bears ra ther , w i thou t any h is to r i ca l o r conversa t iona l fo rm,

the im personal shape o f a sim p le com m en ta r y : and i t on l y

d i f fers f rom th e l ate r com m en ta r ies b y pecu l iar so lem n

di f fuseness and rhetor ica l tau to logy.

I f w e w ere to con sider th e M ah avagga on ly , th e sud den

and unexp la ined appearance in th is connect ion , and in th is

connect ion on ly , o f an iso la ted p assage o f th is k i n d, w ou ldhave to rem ain an inso lu b le puzz le. Bu t wh en w e look

fu r the r in to the o ther pa r ts o f the V inaya P i /aka , an answer

im m ed i ate l y suggest s i t sel f . I n t h e po r t i on o f t h at P i t ak a

wh ich i s be t te r ca l led the Su t ta -v ibhanga , bu t i s d iv ided in

t he M SS. in to tw o d iv i sions, un der th e som ew h at m islead i n g

t i t l es o f Para^ ik a an d Pa/ H t t i ya, w e f ind , at r egu la r l y recur

r i n g in t ervals, p assages of an ex act l y sim i l ar character , an dwi thou t any doub t o f the same o r ig in , as the i so la ted

p assage in t h e M ah avagga.

The Su t t a - v i bhanga i s occup ied w i t h l ay ing down and

exp la in ing a l l t he Ru les wh i ch a re con ta ined i n t he Pa t i

m o k k h a. N o w , i m m ed i a t el y af t er t h e t e x t o f each o f t h ese

Ru les, th ere i s found a w ord fo r wor d com m en ta ry upon

1 W i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a gr a p h s sh o u l d b e co m p ar ed H . O l d en b e r g i n t h e

I n t r o d u c t i o n t o h i s ed i t i o n o f t h e P a l i t e xt o f t h e V i n a y a v o l i p p x v i an d


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x v i VI N AYA TEXT S FROM TH E PALI .

t h em p r ec i sel y as a w o r d f o r w o r d c o m m en t a r y f o l l o w s,

i n t h e p assag e ab o v e c i t ed i n t h e M ah av a g ga , u p o n t h e

q u o t ed w o r d s o f t h e I n t r o d u c t o r y F o r m u l ar o f t h e P a t i m o k k h a ser v i ce. H e r e t h en l i es t h e ex p l a n a t i o n . T h i s

I n t r o d u c t o r y F o r m u l a r is t h e o n l y p a ssag e co n t a in e d i n t h e

P at i m o k k h a w h i ch i s n o t f ou n d al so i n t h e Su t t a - v i b h an g a.

A n d w i t h t h e ex p l a n a t i o n o f t h e c u r i o u sl y iso l at e d p assag e

i n t h e M a h a v a g g a w e h av e al so a n e w f ac t o f v e r y g r eat i m

p o r t an c e. N o t o n l y d o es t h e V i n a y a P i / a k a co n t ai n , w o r d

f o r w o rd , t h e w h o le o f t h e P at i m o k k h a, b u t i t c o n t a i n s

a l so , a n d a g a i n w o r d f o r w o r d , t h e w h o l e o f an

a n c i e n t C o m m e n t a r y o n t h e P d t i m o k k h a .

T h i s c o m m en t a r y n o l o n g er e x i st s as a sep a r a t e w o r k ,

an d i t w o u l d i n d eed b e st r an g e i f i t d i d . I t w as n o t r e

q u i r ed i n t h e si m p l e l i t u r g i c al ser v i c es o f O r d i n at i o n an d

C o n f essi o n i n u se i n t h e O r d e r : an d i f a n y o n e w i sh e d t or ef er t o i t , i n o r d e r t o r ef r esh h i s m em o r y as t o t h e e x

p l a n at i o n o f a n y p assag e in t h e P at i m o k k h a, h e h a d o n l y

t o r e p e a t , o r t o g e t r e p e a t e d o v e r t o h i m , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

p a ssag e f r om t h e Su t t a- v i b h an g a. T h e r e h e w o u l d f in d t h e

O l d C o m m en t a r y ( as w e sh al l h er eaf t er c al l i t ) w o r d f or

w o r d , t o g et h er w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n a l co m m en t ar y b y w h i ch

i t h ad b e en su p p l e m en t e d i n l a t e r t i m es.

A q u est i o n m ay t h en p o ssi b l y o ccu r t o t h e r ead e r w h e t h e r

w e can b e r e al l y su r e t h at t h e O l d C o m m en t a r y h as b een

p r e s e r v e d c o m p l e t e , o r w h e t h e r w h a t w e h a v e i s a f r a g

m en t o n l y . W e t h i n k t h er e can b e b u t l i t t l e d o u b t as t o

t h e r i gh t an sw er . T h e Pat i m o k k h a, w h i ch t h e O l d C o m

m en t a r y d e al s w i t h w o r d b y w o r d , h a s b een sep ar a t e l yp r eser v ed t o u s, an d w e k n o w t h at n o o n e p h r a se o f i t

r em ai n s u n co m m en t e d u p o n . A n d f u r t h e r i t i s c l ear f r om

sev er a l p assag es t h at t h e w o r d s o f t h e o l d co m m en t a t o r

w er e c o n si d e r ed so sac r ed o r au t h o r i t at i v e t h at t h e y h a v e

b e en k e p t i n t a c t e ven i n c ases w h er e t h e y a r e i n c o n t r a

d ict io n t o t h e l at er p ar t s o f t h e V i n a y a P i / a k a I t sh ou ldh o w ev er b e n o t ed t h at t h i s O l d C o m m en t a r y i s p h i l o l o g i cal


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INTRODUCTION. x v i i

and exeget i ca l th roughou t , con ta in in g no t h in g o f a le

gen d ary or qu asi -h ist or i cal na tur e. I t i s ju st p ossib l e to

suggest th at i t m ay h ave o r ig in al l y con t ained no t on ly such

an exp l an at i on o f th e m ean i n g o f each Ru le , bu t an accoun t

a lso o f th e occasion on wh ich th e Ru le w as la id d own .

But i t i s d i f f i cu l t to see why greater sacredness shou ld

h ave been at t ached t o one pa r t o f t h e wo rk t h an t o

an o t h e r ; o r t o ex p l a i n h o w i t w as t h at , i f an y p ar t w as

changed, the contradictory passages above referred to wereno t also al t ered . Ev er y p ro bab i l i t y th erefo re po in t s to th e

conc lusion th at w e have th e com pl ete w ork st i l l before us,

and no t f ragments o f i t on ly .

I t seem s to us to h ave been p r ec ise ly t he absen ce o f an y

such h i sto r i cal accoun t i n t h e o lde r Com m en ta r y w h i ch

p robab l y l ed t o t he f o rma t i on o f wha t was p rac t i ca l l yt h e new ed i t i on o f t he Pat im ok k h a w h i ch now l i es befo re

us i n t h e fi r st pa r t o f t h e V in aya P i / aka .

I n t h e ear l i est book s o f t he Su t t a P i / ak a, wh i ch con tains

the s ta temen t o f Buddh i s t be l i e f , we f i ndjus t as i n t he

Gospe ls and in t he Socr a t i c d i alogues th at th at b e l ie f i s

no t sta ted d i rect l y . T h e book s p ro fess to give, no t sim p l y

t h e b el i ef i t sel f, b u t t h e b el i ef a s t h e B u d d h a u t t e r e d i t ,w i t h an accoun t o f t h e t im e wh en , and t he p lace at w h i ch ,

h e u t te red i t . T h e Bu d d h a s new m eth od o f salvat i on , h is

new doct r in e o f w h at salva t io n was, d id no t p resen t i t se l f

to th e consciousness o f th e ear l y Bu d dh ist com m un i ty as

an id ea, a doct r i ne, st and in g alone, and m erely on i t s own

m er i t s. I n t h ei r m inds i t w as i nd i sso lu b l y bound up w i t h t h e

m em ory o f t h e r evered and st r i k i n g pe rson al i t y o f h im wh oh ad p roc laim ed i t . So in th e Su t t a P i / ak a th e ac to r and

speake r i s alm ost t h roughou t t h e Bud dh a h im se l f : ( occa

sion al l y , bu t ve r y seldom , one o f h is d iscip les.) In t r od uc

t i on s often i ndeed sho r t and t en d in g i n l a ter t im es t o

d i sapp ear give a fu l l accoun t o f wh ere, an d wh en , he

sp o k e ; w h at w as th e occasion w h ich led to h i s u t te r in g

th at p ar t i cu lar sp eech ; and t o wh om he u t t e red i t . Bu t ,

th roughou t the pr inc ipa l th ing is what the Buddha sa id


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x v i i i VI N AYA TEXTS FROM TH E PALI .

l i t er at u r e o f t h e B u d d h i st D h am m a m u ch o f w h i ch w as

n o d o u b t i n ex i st e n c e at a v e r y e ar l y d a t e sh o u l d h av e

r eact ed u p o n t h e l i t er at u r e o f t h e Bu d d h i st V i n a y a. T h em em b er s o f t h e O r d e r w er e n o l o n g er c o n t en t ed t o l ear n ,

an d t o u n d e r st an d t h e m ean i n g o f, t h e v ar i o u s R u l e s o f t h e

P at i m o k k h a. A d e si r e sp r a n g u p t o h a v e, f o r eac h o n e o f

t h e m al so , a k i n d o f h i st o r i c al b asi s ; t o k n o w t h e st o r y o f

h o w t h e B u d d h a h i m sel f cam e t o l a y d o w n t h e R u l e t o h i s

d i sc i p l es. A n d i t w as o n l y t h e B r o t h er w h o w as p r o p er l y

ac q u a i n t e d w i t h al l t h i s w h o w as ac co u n t e d a r e al D o c t o r

o f t h e L a w .

So i t i s sai d i n t h e A 'u l l av ag g a ( I X , 5 , 1) : I f a B r o t h er ,

U p al i , h a s n o t r ecei v ed g l a d l y b o t h t h e P at i m o k k h as in

t h ei r f u l l ex t e n t , h a s n o t w el l d i v i d ed t h em , w el l est a b l i sh ed

t h em , w el l i n v est i g a t ed t h em , b o t h su t t a b y su t t a, an d i n

ev er y d e t a i l ; i f w h en ask e d , W h e r e w as t h i s sp o k en b y t h eB l essed O n e ? h e f ai l t o so l v e t h e q u est i o n : t h en t h er e

w i l l b e so m e w h o w i l l sa y t o h i m , B u t t h en , l et t h e

v en er ab l e o n e st i l l d e vo t e h i m sel f t o l ear n i n g t h e V i n a y a !

t h u s w i l l t h e y sa y 1.

I t i s ev i d e n t f r om t h i s p assag e t h at , at t h e t i m e w h e n i t

w as w r i t t e n , su c h a t r ad i t i o n r e g ar d i n g eac h R u l e w as i n

e x i st e n c e ; an d t h at t h e k n o w l ed g e o f t h e se t r ad i t i o n s w as

h el d i n h i g h e st e em . I t i s t h er e fo r e a r e aso n ab l e c o n

j ec t u r e t h at st ep s w er e t ak en t o am al g am at e t h ese t r ad i

t i o n s w i t h t h e T e x t an d t h e O l d C o m m en t ar y i n a co m p l et e

w o r k , w h i ch sh o u l d al so co n t a in w h at w e m a y c al l N o t e s

o n t h e R u l e s t h at i s, d eci si o n s o n p o i n t s o f L a w i n v o l v ed ,

t h o u g h n o t ex p r e sse d i n so m an y w o r d s, i n t h e R u l e s ;d i scuss ions on wha t cases we re r ea l l y i nc luded and wha t

w er e n ot , i n p ar t i c u l a r r e g u l a t i o n s; en u m er at i o n o f ex c e p

t i ons t o t he Ru les ; and so on .

W h et h er t h i s co n j ec t u r e b e r i g h t o r n o t , i t i s p r ec i sel y

su ch a w o r k t h at w e h a v e n o w b ef o r e u s i n t h at p ar t o f t h e

V i n a y a Pi / ak a cal led t h e S u t t a - v i b h a n g a , an d d i v i d ed

1 N o i c U p a l i b h i k k h u n o u b h a yan i P a t i m o k k h a n i v i t t h ar en a sv ag at a n i h o n t i


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INTRODUCTION. x i x

i n th e p resen t M SS. , as above p o in t ed ou t , i n to tw o books

cal led respec t i ve ly af te r th e class o f Ru les w i th w h ich t h ey

b e gi n P ar a ^ i k a an d P a^ i t t i y a. A n d i t i s p o ssi b l e t h r o u g h ou t , w i th ou t th e possib i l i t y o f m istake, t o d i st in gu ish betw een

t h e th ree por t ion s o f w h ich th e p resen t w ork i s bu i l t up .

The h is tor ica l bas is comes f i rs t , lead ing up to the ext rac t

f r om th e Pat im ok k h a, w h i ch i s alw ays p laced i n t h e

B u d d h a's o w n m o u t h ; t h en co m e s t h e O l d Co m m en t ar y ,

w i th i t s ve rba l exp lana t i on s ; an d th en , f i n al l y , t h e N o t es

g iv in g t h e excep t ion s to, an d t he ex tension s o f , th e Ru le

i n t h e P a t i m o k k h a .

The f o rego ing pa rag raphs show the way i n wh i ch t he

Su t ta - v i bh an ga g rew up on t h e basi s o f t h e Pat im okk h a.

T h e f ol l o w i n g b o o k s t h e K h an d h ak as g i v e a d et ai l ed an d

conn ected accoun t o f t h e ad m ission in to t h e Saw zgha ; of

t h e cer em o n y o f t h e U p o s at h a ; o f t h e an n u a l l y r ec u r r i n g

observan ces con n ected w i t h th e beg inn in g an d th e end o f

th e ra in y season ; o f t h e p r i n c ipal d i sc ip l in ary p r oceed in gs;

and o f misce l laneous deta i ls regard ing the medic ine, food,

dw el l i n g -p laces, and d a i l y l i f e o f th e m em bers o f the O rder

(Bh ik k h u s) . A s in t he Su t t a-v ib h anga, so here also , th e

outward form is ar ranged in such a way that in the case o f

every regu la t ion a h ist o r y w as g iven o f th e occasion upon

w hi ch th e Bu d d h a w as supp osed to h ave m ade i t . T h ese

h ist or i es again lead up, in m ost cases, to a l i t u rg ica l fo rm u

la ry by wh ich the regu la t ion was to be ca r r ied ou t .

W h i le , how ever , i n th e case o f t he Su t t a -v ibh an ga th e

l i tu rgy on which i t has been founded has been preserved in

a separate shape, the formular ies in the Khandhakas havenot as yet , except in some instances, been found in exist ence apa r t f r om th e K h an dh ak as. T h e p r i n c ipal excep t i on

i s t h e U p a sa m p a d a - k a m m a v ^ a (T h e W o r d s o f t h e

A c t o f O rd inat i on ) , wh i ch r ecu rs i n i t s en t i r e t y i n t h e F i r st

K h and h aka o f th e M ahavagga ( I , 76 , 3 to I , 78 , 5) . I t i s

imposs ib le there fore as yet to t race the h is tory o f the gra

dua l f o rma t i on o f t he Khandhakas as we th ink i t a l r eadyposs ib le to do in the case o f the Sut ta-v ibhanga.


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XX VI N AYA TEX TS FROM TH E PALI .

h i st o r i es ar e t h e l at e st p a r t . B u t w h i l e so m e o f t h e f o r m u

l a r i es an d r eg u l at i o n s t o w h i c h t h e y l ead u p m ay w el l b e v e r y

o l d , o t h er s ar e p r o b a b l y ad d i t i o n s t o , o r m o d i f i c at i o n s o f,t h o se o l d e r o n e s; an d i t i s d i f f i cu l t t o a t t em p t t o sh o w ,

e v e n w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e e x c e p t i o n s a b o v e m e n t i o n e d , w h i c h

ar e t h e o l d e r an d w h i ch ar e t h e l at e r . T h e m i sf o r t u n e t h at

t h ese f o r m s ar e n o t a l l n o w sep a r a t e l y e x t a n t 1 i s p r o b a b l y

si m p l y d u e t o t h e f ac t t h at t h e f o r m u l a r i es se p a r a t e l y p r e

ser v ed ( i n c l u d i n g t h e P at i m o k k h a) ar e t h e o n l y o n es w h i c h

c o n t i n u e d t o b e u sed i n a c t u al ser v i c es am o n g t h e m em

b er s o f t h e O r d er .

Su c h b e i n g t h e n at u r e an d c o n t en t s, an d su ch ' so f ar

as i t c an b e t r a c ed b e i n g t h e o r i gi n o f t h e Su t t a- v i b h an g a

an d o f t h e K h a n d h a k a s r e sp e ct i v el y , i t f o l l o w s t h at i n a l l

p r o b a b i l i t y t h e y w e r e c o m p o s e d , o r p u t i n t o t h e i r p r e s e n t

sh a p e, at ab o u t t h e sam e p e r i o d i n t h e d ev el o p m en t o fe ar l y B u d d h i sm i t i s ev en p o ssi b l e t h at b o t h w o r k s ar o se

i n i m m ed i a t e co n n ect i o n .

T h e k i n d o f n ar r a t i v e set t i n g w i t h w h i ch , i n b o t h c ases,

t h e o l d er m at e r i al h as b e en su r r o u n d e d i s a l i k e i n b o t h .

H er e an d t h er e i n b o t h w o r k s ar e i n c lu d ed r e al f r ag m en t s

o f an c i en t l eg en d o r t r a d i t i o n as, f o r i n st a n ce, t h e ac co u n to f t h e ev en t s f ro m t h e a t t a i n m en t o f B u d d h a h o o d d o w n t o

t h e co n ver si on o f Sar i p u t t a an d M o g g a l l i n a ( M ah av ag g a I ,

1- 2 4 ) , t h e st o r y o f D ev a d a t t a ( i T u l l a v ag g a V I I ) , t h e st o r y

o f t h e c on v er si o n an d t h e si n o f Su d i n n a ( V i b h an g a, F i r st

P ar a g'i k a) . B u t t h e g r e at e r n u m b e r o f t h ese n ar r at i v e s ar e

o f t h e m o st m eag r e d escr i p t i o n , an d h a v e al t o g e t h er t h e

ap p ear a n c e o f b e i n g m er e i n v en t i o n s.

T h e r e i s l i t t l e d o u b t t h at t h i s i s w h at t h ey , i n f act ,

w er e. A c t u a l r em em b r an c e o f t h e B u d d h a, an d o f h i s

t ime , cou ld have su f f i ced on l y i n t he r a res t i ns tances t o

g i v e a c o r r ec t h i st o r i c al b a si s f o r t h e R u l e s o r C er e m o n i es,

w h i c h h a d t o b e ex p l a i n ed . W e f in d a p r e ci sel y si m i l ar

1 M r . D i c k so n h a s g i v en u s an ex cel l en t t e x t o f t h e U p a sa m p a d a - k a m m av & a;

an d i t w e r e m u c h t o b e w i sh e d t h at t h e r e st o f t h e m sh o u l d a l so b e p u b l i sh e d .


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INTRODUCTION. x x i

sta t e o f th in gs lead in g, in th e In t r odu c t ion s to th e Ca t ak a

Sto r ies, to w h at were un qu est i on ab ly in ven t io n s: an d i t

mus t be acknowledged tha t the comp i le rs have no t taken

the s l igh tes t t roub le to concea l the ev iden t l y unsubs tan t ia l

charac ter o f m ost o f th ese sum m ary in t r oduc t ion s. Bu t i t

does no t fo l low th at t h ey w ere in ven ted at th e t im e w hen

the Su t t a - v i bhanga and t he Khandhakas we re comp i l ed .

T h e y m ay p o ssi b l y h a v e f or m ed p ar t o f t h e t r ad i t i o n al

exp lana to ry teach ing o f the schoo ls .

A s t o t h e t i m e w h en t h e Su t t a- v i b h an g a an d t h e

K h and h akas w ere com p i led , w e have im por tan t ev iden ce

in the i r s i l ence regard ing the we l l - known Ten Po in ts .

T h e l ong-con t i n ued st r u gg le on t h at quest i on as im

p o r t a n t f or t h e h i st o r y o f B u d d h i sm as t h e A r i an co n t r o

v er sy f o r t h at o f C h r i st i an i t y ag i t at e d t h e w h o l e Bu d d h i stw or ld to i t s ve r y cen t r e ; and t h e at t em pt ed set t lem en t o f

i t , a t t h e Coun ci l o f Ves&M, led to a m ost ser i ou s schism in

t h e Bud dh ist Church . N ow t h e ten expression s in w h ich

t h e qu est i on w as sum m ar i sed or cat a lo gu ed1 are (as w as

p o i n t e d o u t i n t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e P & l i T e x t o f t h e

M ahavagga) consp icuous b y t h ei r absen ce f rom th e

V ibh an ga, and f r om a l l , excep t t he l ast , o f t h e K h an d h ak as2. T h e fi r st m en t ion o f m ost o f th em , and th e f i r st

use o f an y one o f th em as a d ist in c t i ve w ar -c ry , i s found in

th ose last books, w h i ch a re ev id en t l y an app end ix to th e

rest o f t h e K h an d h ak as, and o f an en t i re ly d i f feren t natu r e

f rom the ear l ie r ones; fo r they conta in a regu lar h is tor ies ]

accoun t o f the tw o Coun c i ls, t h at o f R ag 'agaha, and t h at o f

V e si h 3.

1 Si n g i l o n a , d v a n g u l a , & c . ( - K u l l a v ag g a X I I , i , 10 ) .

2 T h a t i s, as w a r - c r i e s; g ' l t a r t i p a r a g ' a t a o cc u r s i n t h e sen se o f t h e p r ec io u s

m etals.8 I n t h e p r esen t d i v i s i o n o f t h e K h a n d h a k a s i n t o t w o p ar t s , c al l e d t h e L a r g e r

and Sm a l l e r D i v i s i on s (M aha- and - fi Tu I I a-vagga) , t h e re a re t en K h and h akas i n

t h e f i r st D i v i si o n , an d t e n , a p a r t f r o m t h i s ap p e n d i x , i n t h e sec on d D i v i si o n .

W i t h o u t t h e ap p en d e d t w o l a st K h a n d h a k a s t h e so - c al l ed sm a ll er D i v i si o n i s

r e a l l y c o n si d e r a b l y s m a l l er t h a n t h e l a r g e r D i v i s i o n ; an d t h e r e i s t h er e fo r e a

g o o d r easo n f o r t h e n am e, w h i c h w a s g i v en t o i t . W i t h t h e t w o l a st K h a n


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x x i i VI N AYA TEXTS FROM TH E PALI .

B u t t h e T e n P o i n t s i n d i sp u t e w er e al l m at t er s o f ec cl esi

ast i c al l a w , t h e y al l r e l at e d t o o b ser v a n c es o f t h e b r o t h er

h o o d , t h e y w er e i n f ac t q u e st i o n s as t o w h et h er o r n o t t h ea n c i e n t R u l e s s h o u l d b e r e l a x e d o r n o t i n t h e s e t e n r e

sp e ct s. I s i t p o ssi b l e t h a t i n a c o l l ec t i o n o f w o r k s l i k e t h e

V i b h a n g a an d t h e K h an d h ak a s, w h i ch seek t o set f or t h ,

d o w n t o t h e m i n u t e s t d e t a i l , a n d e v e n w i t h h a i r - s p l i t t i n g

d i f f u s e n e s s , a l l t h a t h a s a n y r e l a t i o n t o t h e d a i l y l i f e o f t h e

B r et h r en , an d t h e r eg u l at i o n s o f t h e B u d d h i st O r d er i s i tp o ssi b l e t h a t i n su c h a c o l l ec t i o n , i f, w h en i t w as c o m p i l e d ,

t h e st r u g g l e on t h e T e n P o i n t s h ad a l r e ad y b u r st i n t o f l am e,

th ere sh ou l d b e no r e feren ce at al l , even i n i n te rp o la t i on s,

t o a n y o n e o f t h e se t en d i sp u t e s ? T h a t t h e d i f f er e n c e o f

o p i n i o n o n t h e T e n P o i n t s r e m a i n s a l t o g e t h e r u n n o t i c e d i n

t h o se p a r t s o f t h e c o l l ec t i o n w h e r e, i n t h e n at u r a l o r d er o f

t h i n g s, i t w o u l d b e o b v i o u sl y r e f er r ed t o , an d t h a t i t i s o n l ym en t i o n ed i n an ap p en d i x w h e r e t h e C o u n c i l h e l d o n i t s

accoun t i s desc r i b ed , sho w s c lear l y , i n ou r op in ion , t h at t h e

V i b h an g a an d t h e K h an d h ak a s ( sav e t h e t w o l ast ) ar e

o l d er t h an t h e C o u n c i l o f V e sa l i an d , o f co u r se, a f o r

t i o r i t h at t h e P at i m o k k h a an d t h e K am m av a^ as ar e

so too.T h e Co u n ci l o f V es& l i i s sai d in t h e X l l t h K h an d h ak a

o f t h e K u l l a v a g g a t o h a v e t a k e n p l a c e a h u n d r e d y e a r s

af t e r t h e B u d d h a s d e at h . T h i s i s n o d o u b t a r o u n d

n u m b e r ; an d t h e e x a c t y e a r o f t h e d a t e o f t h e B u d d h as

d e at h is o p e n t o q u est i o n . I f i t b e p l a c ed , ac c o r d i n g t o

t h e C e y l o n ch r o n i c l es, at e x a c t l y 2 18 y e ar s b e fo r e A so k a s

c o r o n a t i o n , i t w i l l f a l l i n o r a b o u t 4 8 3 B . C .B u t t h e ex p r e ssi o n 2 18 y e a r s can i n n o c ase b e r e

g ar d ed as an a b s o l u t e l y r e l i a b l e st a t e m e n t o f ac t u al f ac t ,

an d t h e d a t e o f 4 8 3 B . C . m u st t h er e f o r e b e t ak en su b j e ct t o

a m ar g i n al al l o w an c e o f so m e d ec ad e s. A n d i t ap p e ar s t o

one o f us , fo r va r ious reasons wh ich he has e lsewhere s ta ted

a t l e n g t h , t h a t t h e b a l a n c e o f p r o b a b i l i t y l e a d s t o t h e c o n c l u si o n t h at t h e d at e o f t h e B u d d h a's Par i n i b b an a m u st b e


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INTRODUCTION. x x i i i

brou gh t dow n t o th e per iod f rom 420-4 00 B. C.1 W e do no t

en ter up on t h at quest ion here, as t h e deta i ls are in t r icate,

and the resul t uncer ta in ; and i t is suf f ic ient for our present

pu rp ose to be ab le t o f i x th e Coun c i l o f Ves&H , even a f ter

mak ing a l lowance fo r a l l poss ib i l i t i es , a t w i th in th i r t y years

of 350 B.C.W e w ou ld on l y po in t ou t t h at t h ere i s r eal l y no ground

fo r d iscon t en t w i th a resu l t w h ich can be fi xed , af t er al l ,

w i th in a few decades. Fo r w h at d i f feren ce does th at m ak ein th is case? I f w e h ad to d ea l w i t h Grecian h ist or y , such

a resu l t m igh t w el l be deem ed un sat i sfac to r y . T h ere are

di f ferences, both personal and pol i t ica l , between Greece in

480, in 440, an d in 400 di f fe ren ces w el l k n ow n to us. Bu t

whe ther we f i x the da te o f an even t in Ind ia in 480 , o r in

440, w h at does i t , a t p resen t , m at t er ? W h o w ould be bo ld

enough to say t h at th e m ent ion o f In d ia in 480 B.C. cal l sup to h is m ind a cond i t ion o f th ings d i f fe ren t f rom tha t

su ggest ed b y the m ent ion o f In d ia in 440 B.C., o r even in

400 B.C.? W e need n ot th ere fore t ak e too m uch to hear t

t h e un cer t ain t y o f t h i s ch r ono log i cal r esu l t ; t h ough w e

m ay reg ret t h at ou r com fo r t i s d rawn f r om no bet t er

sou rce t han ou r wan t o f know ledge .

T h e V i b h an g a an d t h e T w e n t y K h an d h ak as w er e at t h a tt ime (c i r ca 350 B.C. ) a l ready he ld in such h igh repu te tha t

no one ven t u r ed t o al t e r t h em ; a san c t i t y o f t h i s k i n d i s

not acqu i red w i t h out t h e lapse o f a consid erab le t im e : and

w e th in k i t i s n o t go in g too fa r to say , F i r st l y , th at these

books must have been in existence, as we now have the^n,

wi th in th i r ty years, ear l ier or la ter , o f , a t least , 360 or 370

B.C . ; Second l y , t h at t h e O ld Com m en t ar y t h ey h ave p re served m ust be con sid erab ly , p erh aps f i f t y years, o l der ;

an d T h i r d l y , t h at t h e K am m av a^ as an d t h e Pat i m o k k h a

must be o lde r s t i l l .

T h e reader w i l l no t i ce th at in th e fo rego in g d iscussion no

m ent ion has been m ade o f th e F i f t h Book in th e p resen t

1 See th e d i sse r ta t i on on th i s sub jec t i n Rh ys D av id ss A n c ien t Co i ns and


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x x i v VI N AYA TEXT S FROM TH E PALI .

d i v i si on o f t h e V i n a y a P i fo k a t h e P a r i v a r a - p * 7za . The

r easo n i s t h at t h i s w o r k , an ab s t r a ct o f t h e o t h er p ar t s o f t h e

V i n a y a, i s i n f ac t a v e r y m u ch l a t er c om p i l at i o n , an d p r o b a b l y t h e w o r k o f a C ey l o n ese T h er a . I n so m e st a n z as,

w h i c h ar e f o u n d a t t h e en d o f t h e Par i v ar a- p & j V f e, i t i s

st a t e d t o h av e b een c o m p o sed b y 1t h e h i g h l y w i se, l ear n ed ,

an d sk i l f u l D i p a , af t er h e h ad i n q u i r ed h er e an d t h er e

i n t o t h e m e t h o d s ( l i t e r a l l y , t h e w a y ) f o l l o w e d b y f o r m e r

t each er s1.1

W e h av e ev er y h o p e t h at t h e fo r eg o in g ar g u m en t w i l l

c om m en d i t se l f t o o u r f el l o w w o r k er s as b e in g , i n t h e m ai n ,

w el l f ou n d ed . W e n o w p r o p o se t o t est i t b y ap p l y i n g i t

i n e x p l a n a t i o n o f sev e r al d i f f i c u l t t e r m s an d p h r a ses f o u n d

i n t h e V i n a y a Pi & i k a , w h i c h seem t o h a v e b een h i t h er t o

i n c o r r e ct l y i n t er p r et ed .I t h as b een p o i n t ed o u t t h at , i n t h e P at i m o k k h a, t h e

o f fences a re a r r an ged in cer t ain c lasses, ca l led , w i t h re fer

en c e t o t h e h ei n o u sn ess o f t h e a ct co m m i t t e d , P a r a ^ - i k a ,

S a ; g h a d i s e s a , P a ^ i t t i y a , P a ^ i d e s a n i y a , an d S e -

k h i y a . I n o t h er p ar t s o f t h e V i n ay a, o t h e r o f f en c es ar e

cal l ed T h u l l a M a y a an d D u k k a / a . O n t h is n om en

c l at u r e t h e R e v . S. C o l e s h as f ou n d e d a t r en c h a n t a t t a c k

u p o n B u d d h i st m o r a l i t y . H e sa y s :

1Besid e t h e Pa r a j i k as t h ere are l esse r f au l t s, t h e n at u r e

o f w h i ch i s d et erm in ed b y var i ou s causes, as w i l l su bse

q u e n t l y a p p ear . T h e se ar e San g h ad i sesa, T h u l l a c c a y a,

an d D u k k a^ a f au l t s, an d c an al l b e e a si l y r em ed i e d , t h e

t w o l a t t e r e sp e c i a l l y ; as, af t e r a f au l t o f t h i s k i n d h as b eenc o m m i t t ed , t h e cu l p r i t h a s o n l y t o co n f ess t o h i s U p a j -

j h & y a ( o r d ai n i n g p r i est ) w i t h o u t m u ch d el ay , an d i s t h en

e x em p t e d f r o m al l ev i l co n seq u e n c es ; b u t t h e Sa n g h a

d i sesa b ei n g m o r e ser i o u s ( ab o u t h a l f a P ar ^ j i k a ) , a c ou r se

o f p en an c e h as t o b e su b m i t t ed t o , an d c on f essi o n w i t h o u t

d el a y m ad e t o t w en t y - f i v e su p er i o r B h i k k h u s. T h e n at u r e

1 P u b b aar i yaT n ag ga?i * a p u M t v a * a t ah i m t ah i m


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INTRODUCTION. X X V

and extent o f these penances are not def ined in the f i rs t

boo k o f th e V in aya P i taka , bu t in o thers, to w h ich referencewi l l be made when these books a re b rough t under con

sidera t ion . Suf f ice i t to say, t h at t h ey can p ossib ly h ave no

de ter r in g ef fect on c r im e, bu t ra th er fo rm loop-h o les th rou gh

wh ich m ost enorm ous an d d isgust i n g m isdeeds m ay be

com m i t t ed , and yet t h e perpe t rato r m ay rem ain no t on l y

as a Buddh i s t , bu t as a Bh i kkhuV

M r . Co les t h en app l i es t h i s argum en t t o show th at m an yo ff en ces ag ai n st m o r al i t y , b ei n g o n l y cal l ed D u k k a / a an d

n ot P a r a ^ i k a , m u st h a ve b een l o ok ed u p on v er y len i en t l y ,

n o t o n l y b y t h e Bu d d h i st s, b u t b y G o t am a h i m se l f ; an d

th at t herefo re h i s system o f m ora l i t y w as no t o f t he l o f t y

k in d i t h as usua l l y been sup posed to be, bu t w as, in fac t ,

a m ere c loak an d en cour agem en t to w ick edn ess and

c r im e!I f M r . Co les h ad looked at th e P i / ak a h e w as d iscussin g

f rom a h isto r i cal , i nstead o f f rom a con t r oversial , po in t o f

v iew , he w ould scarce ly h ave ad vanced th is argum ent . T h e

use o f the te rm Dukka /a does no t a r i se f rom, nor i s i t

ev id en ce o f , a w eak n ess in m ora l feel in g ; bu t m ere ly o f

a d i f feren ce in poin t o f t im e. I t occurs on ly in w h at we

h ave ven tu red abo ve to cal l t he N o t es : th at i s to say , inth e l atest po r t i on o f t he P i f ak a. W hen t he au t ho r or

aut h ors o f th e f ina l recension o f th e V in aya had t o speak o f

an o ffence no t act u a l l y m ent ioned , th ough im p l ied , in th e

t ex t b efo re t hem , t h ey d id no t p resum e to cal l i t b y an y o f

th e n am es app l ied in th e Pat im ok k h a i t se l f to th e c lassi f i

cat ion o f of fences. T h ey no m ore dared to ad d to th e

n um ber o f P&rag- ikas, fo r in stance, t han a c lergym an w oul d

now ven tu re ser io usly to p r opose an add i t ion to t h e T en

Com m and m en ts. T h ey m ade use o f tw o t echn i cal t erm s

( b ot h en t i r el y n ew on es) , n am el y, T h u l l a ^ a y a an d D u k -

ka/a ( l i te ra l ly , Ser ious Transgress ion and Bad-deed) , us ing

the fo rmer more spar ing ly , and fo r g raver m isdemeanours .

N o argum en t based on p assages w here th e w ord D u k k a / aoccurs can therefore have any force as to the teaching

f G t h i l f d th Bh i k kh h d id th


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x x v i VI N AYA TEXT S FROM T H E PALI .

w o r d , w er e r est r ai n ed f r o m u si n g t h e o l d er t er m Pr a - i k a

b y a f e e l i n g o f r e v e r e n c e t o w a r d s t h e i r s a c r e d b o o k s a

f eel i n g su r e l y d eser v i n g , n o t o f cen su r e, b u t o f sy m p a t h y .

A g a i n , t h er e ar e cer t a i n t e r m s a p p l i e d t o v ar i o u s p a r t s o f

t h e V i n a y a i t se l f o n w h i c h t h e ab o v e h i st o r i c al a n a l y si s

m ay t h r o w so m e l i gh t . W h en A so k a, i n t h e E d i c t o f

B h ab r a, ad d r essed t o t h e B u d d h i st O r d e r , ex h o r t ed t h em

t o t ak e as t h ei r au t h o r i t y , am o n g o t h er w o r k s, t h e V i n a y a -S a m u k a s e , o r A b s t r a c t o f t h e V i n a ya , h e m ay f ai r l y b e

su p p o sed t o h av e r ef er r e d t o t h e P at i m o k k h a , w h i c h t h at

ep i t h et w o u l d v e r y a p p r o p r i a t e l y d e sc r i b e. I f i t b e ask ed

w h y h e d i d n o t t h en c al l i t t h e P at i m o k k h a, t h e e x

p l a n at i o n m ay b e ei t h er t h at t h at w o r d i s m o r e esp ec i al l y

a t er m f o r t h e ac t t o b e p er f o r m ed , t h an f o r t h e l i t u r g y

w h i c h sh o w s t h e w a y t o p er f o r m i t ( t h o u g h i t w as al so

u n d o u b t e d l y u sed as a n a m e o f t h e l i t u r g y ) , o r e l se t h a t

t h e w o r k w as k n o w n u n d er b o t h d esi gn a t i o n s.

W e w o u l d j u st ad d , i n p assi n g , t h at , i n t h e p a ssa ge i n

q uest ion , t h e r ead i n g s a m u k a s e ( s a m u t k a r s h a ) , i n st ead

o f t h e f o r m er l y ac cep t e d s a m & k a s e , i s q u i t e c l ear in

G en er al Cu n n i n g h am s l i t h o g r a p h 1 ; an d t h e g en e r al l yaccep t ed v i ew t h at t h e E d i c t w as ad d r essed t o a c o u n c i l ,

an d i s t h er ef o r e an au t h o r i t at i v e c o n f i r m at i o n o f t h e C e y l o n

t r a d i t i o n s r e gar d i n g t h e C o u n c i l o f P at n a, o u g h t t o b e r e

co n si d er ed . T h e E d i c t m er e l y say s : K i n g D ev an am p i y a

o f M ag ad h a sal u t es t h e S a ; ; / g h a ( t h at i s, t h e O r d er , o r

t h e C o m m u n i t y , o f B h i k k h u s) 2. W i t h o u t d esi r i n g t o t h r o w

a n y d o u b t u p on t h e r e a l i t y o f t h e C o u n ci l o f P at n a, w e ar e

d r i v en t o t h e c o n c l u si o n t h a t su c h a n e x p r e ssi o n as t h e

Sa ; g h a co u l d n o t h av e b e en m ean t t o d e sc r i b e a f o r m al

1 C o r p u s I n sc r i p t i o n u m I n d i c a r u m , p i . x v .

3 B u r n o u f t r a n sl at e d a l a ssem b l e e d u M a g ad h a , an d W i l so n , t o t h e ve n e r

a b l e a sse m b l y o f M Sg a d h a ( see C o r p u s, & c p . 13 1) ; b u t t h e r ead i n g isc l ea r l y M a g a d h e i n t h e C o r p u s , w h i l e t h e o l d er f ac si m i l e i n t h e Jo u r n a l o f

t h B l A i t i S i t ( i 6 18 ) h d t h i i b l f M d h *


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INTRODUCTION. x x v i i

counc i l . Su r e ly , i f the Ed i c t h ad been ad dr essed to such

a counci l , t h e fac t w ou ld h ave been p la in ly in t im ated .

I t i s j u st possib le t h at V in aya -Sam u k ase m ay refer t o t h e

O l d C o m m en t ar y as w el l as t o t h e P at i m o k k h a ; b u t t h i s

is not probab le , fo r there is no reason to be l ieve that in

A so k a s t i m e t h e O l d C o m m en t ar y an y l o n g er ex i st e d

ap ar t f r o m i t s set t i n g i n t h e V i b h an g a. A n d V i n a y a-

Sam u k ase cann ot for t h e reason s abo ve st ated m ean , as

has been supposed, the Par ivAra-pa^a.

A s r eg ar d s t h e m ean i n g o f t h e w o r d P at i m o k k h a w e

h a v e t h e ex p l an at i o n o f t h e O l d C o m m en t at o r i n t h at

sin gle p assage of h i s w ork foun d, as abo ve poin t ed out ,

in th e K h an d h ak as1. H e th ere descr ibes i t as t he o r ig in ,t h e f r on t ( m u k h a ) , t h e c h i ef o f t h e go o d D h a m m as w h er e

th e word D h am m a m eans qu al i t i es, an d w here th e ev iden t

i n ference i s t h at t h e com m en ta to r2 de r i ved Pat i m ok k h a

f r om m u k h a . B u t , on t h e o t h er h an d , t h e t r ad i t i o n o f t h e

N or t he rn Buddh i st s, i n wh ose San sk r i t w o rk s t h e w o rd i s

r ep l aced b y P r a t i m o k s h a , p oi n t s t o a d er i vat i on fr om t h e

r oot m u k.

I t seems scarce ly open to doubt tha t we must , in ac

cordance wi th th is las t in terpre ta t ion , connect the word

w i t h m u k , an d n o t w i t h m u k h a . P r at i m u k h a m ean s i n

Sanskr i t over again st , stan d i n g close in f ron t . H ow is i t

poss ib le to der i ve f rom tha t any mean ing appropr ia te b s a

t i t l e fo r th e l i t u rgy o f con fession cal led Pat im ok k h a ? On

th e oth er hand , t he der i vat i on f r om m u i s st r a i gh t f o rw ard

an d si m p l e. P r a t i - m u ^ ( at m an ep .) m ean s t o f r ee o n e

sel f , to get r id o f ; an d i t i s pr ecisely th rou gh th e reci t at ion o f

th is fo rmular , and the answer ing o f the quest ions conta ined

in i t , t h at th e conscience o f th e m em ber o f the Bro th erh ood

1 P at i m o k k h a n t i t d i m et am m u k h ar a e t a m pamu kh aw z etam kusal&naw*d h am m & n am , t en a v u M a t i p a t i m o k k h a n t i . M a h a v a g g a I I , 3, 4 .

2 W e u se t h e p h r a se O l d C o m m en t at o r f o r c o n v en i e n ce o n l y T h e c o m


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w as s e t f r e e f r o m t h e sen se o f t h e o f f en c e h e h a d i n c u r r e d 1.

P a t i m o k k h a o r P r a t i m o k s h a m ean s t h er efo r e D i s

b u r d e n i n g , G e t t i n g f r e e . T h e l en g t h en i n g o f t h e f i r stv o w e l i n t h e P al i w o r d i s n o t w i t h o u t an al o g i es w h i c h h a v e

b een al r e a d y ad d u c ed b y C h i l d er s. I t i s c er t a i n t h at t h e

w o r d i s o l d er t h an t h e p r e sen t sh a p e o f t h e F o r m u l a r y n o w

so c a l l e d ; f o r i t i s u sed sev er a l t i m es i n t h e F o r m u l a r y

i t sel f , as w el l as in m an y o f t h e o l d e st Su t t a s.

T h e O l d C om m en t a t o r m ak es t h e Pat i m o k k h a t h e

h ead o f t h e g o o d D h am m a s. T h e r e i s a cu r i o u s p a ssa g e

i n t h e P at i m o k k h a w h e r e t h e D h am m as ar e sai d t o b e

i n c l u d e d i n t h e S u t t a s :

I f a B h i k k h u at t h e h al f -m o n t h l y r ec i t at i o n o f t h e Pa t i

m o k k h a sh o u l d say , N o w f or t h e f i r st t i m e d o I n o t ice

t h at t h i s D h am m a, as o n e h a n d ed d o w n i n t h e Su t t a s,em b r aced i n t h e Su t t a s, g et s r ec i t ed e v er y h a l f - m o n t h !

t h en & c . 2

I t i s p l ai n h e r e t h at n ei t h er D h am m a n o r Su t t a i s u sed

i n t h e sen se t o w h i c h w e ar e ac cu st o m ed f r o m t h e l a t e r

b o o k s. T h e D h am m as r ec i t ed h al f - m o n t h l y ar e t h o se co n

t a i n ed i n t h e sc h em e o f o f fen c es g i v en i n t h e P at i m o k k h a,and t he Su t t as mus t t he re fo re mean the sepa ra te c l auses o f

t h at Fo r m u l a r y .

T h e fac t i s t h at t h e u se o f t h e w o r d Su t t a i s b y n o

m ean s c o n f i n ed i n t h e o l d est P d l i t o t h e t e x t s o f w h at w as

af t e r w ar d s t h e Su t t a P i f o k a , n o r i s i t e x c l u si v e l y u sed

ei t h er i n ear l i er o r l a t e r t i m es 3 i n o p p o si t i o n t o V i n a y a .

T h u s w e fi n d i t u sed ag ai n , as w e t h i n k , o f t h e R u l e s o f t h e

P a t i m o k k h a ; an d i n c o n t r ast , as i n t h e r u l e ab o v e q u o t e d ,

t o D h am m a, i n A f u l l a v ag g a I V , 14 , 22, 2 3 :

T h i s B h i k k h u , o f su c h an d su c h a n a m e, i s a p r eac h e r

1 C o m p a r e M a h a v a g g a I I , 3, 3.

2 Y o p an a b h i k k h u a n v ad d h am asam P a t i m o k k h e u d d i ssam an e ev am v a d e y y a ;

i d a n ev a k h o a h a m ^ an a m i , a yam p i k i r a d h a m m o s u t t a gat o su t t a p ar i y a-p a n n o a n v ad d h a m asa m u d d esar a ag aW A at l t i , t a n e . . . ( t h e 7 3 r d P a & t t i y a ,

t d i K l l I I I 3 4 2 )


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INTRODUCTION. x x i x

o f t h e D h a m m a ; b u t t h e S u t t a s h av e n ot b een h an d ed

d ow n t o h im , n or t he S u t t a - V i b h a n g a .

T h is Bh ik k h u , o f such and such a nam e, is a pr eacher

o f t h e D h a m m a , an d t h e Su t t a s h av e b een h an d ed d ow n

t o h i m , b u t n o t t h e S u t t a - V i b h a n g a V

So aga in in the constant ly repeated phrase above re fe r red to

I f th e tw o Pat im ok k h as are (or are not , as th e conn ect ion

r eq u i r es) t h o r o u g h l y k n o w n t o a B h i k k h u i n t h ei r en t i r et yw i th al l t h ei r d i v i sions an d exp lana t io n s, i f he h ave (o r

h ave no t ) t h o rou gh l y m astered t h em Su t t a b y Su t t a, and

D et ai l b y D e t a i l ; t h en & c .2

t h e w ord Su t t a ev i d en t l y r efer s t o t h e cl au ses o f t h e

t w o P a t i m o k k h a s; an d w e fi n d al so i n t h e i m m ed i at e

c o n t ex t t h e m en t i o n o f D h am m a or o f V i n ay a, o r o f b ot h .

I t i s no dou bt t r ue t h at in on e passage o f th e M ahsi -p ar i n i b b & n a Su t t a ( I V , 8 - n = p p . 39 , 4 0) , Su t t a i s o p p o sed

to V inaya i n much t he same way as Su t t a P i / aka was

af te rw ard s opposed to V in aya P i fek a ; ye t th e con t r ast

between these two ideas is usua l ly expressed by the appo

si t i on o f D h am m a to V i n ay a3, an d th e passage in th e

M ah d-par in ibb an a Su t t a stands, so far as w e ye t kn ow,

qu i t e alon e. I n d eed in t he o ld est t r ad i t ion th e d iscoursesor conversat ions now cal led Sut tas seem not to have been

cal l ed b y t hat nam e, bu t are r efer r ed t o as Su t t a n t a s .

So in th e M aM vagga I I I , 5, 9, 13 m ent ion i s m ade o f

devou t m en, o r o f devou t w om en, wh o m ay h ave been

accustom ed to rec i te som e w el l - kn ow n Su t t an t a4 ; ^and

in t h e n ex t K h an d h ak a ( I V , 15 , 4) w e f i nd Su t t an t a,

D h am m a, an d V i n a y a al l o ccu r r i n g in on e c o n t e x t : I t m ay happen , B reth ren , t h at i n som e d i st r i ct on t h e

d ay o f Pavarawa th e n igh t m ay have becom e fa r spen t

1 Su t ta ra t assa agataw i na Su t tav i bh angaw i . On t he l a t t e r t e rm see be low .

2 U b h a y an i n u k h o P at i m o k k h a n i v i t t h a r en a s v ag at a n i su v i b h at t a n i su p p a -

v a t t f n i su v i n i i M i t a n i su t t a t o an u v y an g 'a n aso ( M a h a v a g g a I , 36 , 14 ; I , 37 , 14 ;

i sT u l l av agg a I V , 14 , 19 ; I X , 5, 1) . A n u v y a n ^ a n a m a y p e r h a p s r e f er h e r e t o

t h e O l d C om m en t a r y .3 C o m p a r e H . O l d en b e r g s I n t r o d u c t i o n t o h i s ed i t i o n o f t h e M a h a v a gg a ,

7 d f l l i


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XXX VI N AYA TEX TS FROM TH E PALI .

w h i l e t h e B r et h r en ar e i n co n f u si o n so m e r ec i t i n g t h e

D h am m a, t h o se v er sed i n t h e Su t t a n t as i n t o n i n g so m e Su t

t an t a t o g et h er , t h e c u st o d i an s o f t h e V i n a y a d i sc u ssi n g t h eV i n a y a, an d t h e p r e ac h er s o f t h e D h am m a d i sc ou r si n g

ab o u t t h e D h am m a.

T h e w h o l e o f t h ese e x p r e ssi o n s r ec u r i n T T u l l a v ag ga I V ,

4 , 4 ; an d ar e f o u n d ag ai n , w i t h o t h er s o f a si m i l a r c h a r ac t er ,

i n i s f u l l a v a g g a V I , 6, 2. T h i s l ast p a ssa g e i s i n t h e I n t r o

du c t i on t o a f ab le wh i ch o f cou rse r ecu rs, as a Ca t ak a , i n t h eC a t a k a co l lect i o n , an d w i t h an i n t r o d u c t i o n i n al m o st t h e

sam e w o r d s. W e sh o u l d t h er ef o r e e x p e c t t o f in d t h er e al so

t h e ep i t h et s u t t a n t i k a v er sed in t h e Su t t a n t a s) , i f t h at

ex p r e ssi o n h ad r em ai n e d i n u se as l a t e as t h e f i f t h c en t u r y

A . D . ; b u t i t i s o m i t t ed , t h e Su t t a n t i k a s h a v i n g b een t h en

l o n g s i n c e r e p l a c e d b y t h o s e e n t r u s t e d , n o t w i t h t h e w h o l e ,

b u t w i t h sp e ci al p o r t i o n s o n l y , o f t h e D h am m a l i t er at u r e.T h e w o r d Su t t an t a w as h o w ev er st i l l i n c om m o n u se at t h e

t i m e w h en t h e p r e su m ab l y l a t er b o o k s n o w c o n t a in e d in

t h e P i / ak as w er e c om p o sed ; f o r i t o cc u r s i n t h e A n g u t t a r a

N i k a y a 1, an d i n a c o n st a n t l y r ec u r r i n g v e r se i n t h e B u d d h a-

v a/ sa i n w h i c h i t i s o p p o sed t o V i n a y a 2, an d t h e w o r d i s

st i l l u sed i n t h e M S S. as t h e t i t l e o f t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n tS u t t a s .

I n t h e passage qu o t ed abov e f r om t h e -STu l l avagga I V , 14 ,

22, 23 t h er e i s a t er m S u t t a - v i b h a n g a u sed as t h e n am e

o f s o m e p a r t o f t h e V i n a y a l i t e r a t u r e a p p a r e n t l y d i s t i n c t

1 T h e A n g u t t a r a N i k a y a , P a i U a k a N i p a t a ( P h a y r e M S. v o l . i i . f o l . g a h) :

Y e t e Su t t an t a T a t h a g at a ssa b h a v i t a g ar n b h i r a g am b h i r a t t h a l o k u t t a r a su m -

m a t a p ad s ar a y u t t a t e su b h ai w T a m a n esu n a su s si ssa n t i n o so t a m o d a h i ssa n t i n a

af i i l aK t t a m u p at t M p e ssan t i n a a t e d h am m e u g ga h e t ab b a m p ar i y ap u w i t ab b a m

m a i i n i s sa n t i ; y e p a n a t e su t t a n t a k a t h i t a k a v e y y a i i t t a k k h a r a i i t t a b y ai i g 'a n a

b a h i r a k a sa v ak a b h a si t a t esu b h aj m a m an e su su ssi ssan t i s o t am o d a h i s sa n t i ; & c .

I b i d . f o l . : Y e t e b h i k k h f t b a h u ssu t a a g at a g a m a d h a m m ad h a r a v i n a y ad h ar a

m a t i k a d h ar a t e n a sa k k a M a m su t t a n t am p a r am v a fe n t i , t e sa m a & i a yen a k h m -

n a m u l a k o su t t a n t o h o t i ap ar i sar ar c o.O n t h e fo r m c o m p a r e t h e S an sk r i t d W sh ^ an t a, vW t t a n t a, an d si d d h an t a,

1 S t t t V i i i S t t h d


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INTRODUCTION. x x x i

f ro m t h e Su t t a s o f t h e P at i m o k k h a. T h e Su t t a s h a ve

been handed down to h im, bu t no t the Su t tav ibhanga . T h e word recurs on ly in one o th er passage \ and t h at i s

i n t h e ap p en d ed K h an d h ak as o f t h e / f u l l a v a g g a, i n t h e

accoun t o f t h e Coun c i l o f V esa l i 2. Seven passages are

th ere quo ted f r om th e Pat im ok k h a i n condem nat i on o f

seven ou t o f the Ten Po in ts ra ised by the here t i cs ; and in

answ er to th e qu est i on , W h ere w as i t condem ned ? an d

before the passages are quoted, the place where the passagewas u t tered is ment ioned, and condemnat ion is s ta ted to be

i n th e Su t t av ibh anga . T h u s

R e v at a say s, I s i t r i g h t , L o r d , t o d r i n k ^ a l o g i ?

Sabb aM m i r ep l i es, W ha t , F r i end , i s t h i s a l og i ?

R e v a t a : I s i t r i g h t , L o r d , t o d r i n k s t r o n g d r i n k w h i c h

no t be ing ferm ent ed , i s no t ye t in t ox i cat in g ?

Sabb akam t : N o , m y f r i end , i t i s no t r i gh t .R ev at a : W h ere has i t been condem ned ?

Sa b b a k a m i : A t K o sam b i i n t h e Su t t av i b h an g a.

R e v a t a : W h at d oes h e ( w h o d r i n k s" aI o gi ) co m m i t ?'

Sa b b a k a m t : H e co m m i t s t h e P a^ i t t i y a o ff en ce o f d r i n k

i ng s t r ong d r i nk and o f d r i nk ing i n tox i ca t i ng l i quo rs .

T h i s i s a quo tat i on o f t h e Pa i t t i ya Ru le , N o . 5 1; bu t

t he wo rds quo ted do no t i n f ac t condemn the d r i nk ing o ft o d d y , an d n ei t h er t h e P at i m o k k h a n o r t h e O l d C o m

m en ta ry con t ains an y referen ce to th e p lace, Ko sam bi ,

where the words are here sa id to have been u t tered.

I t i s on ly in the in t roduc t ion a f te rwards appended ( in

w ha t i s now cal l ed t h e V ib h an ga) t o t he tw o o lde r wo rk s,

t h at K osam b i i s m en t i oned ; and i n t h e app end i x f o l l ow in g

t h e Ru le 5 1 in t he V ib h an ga th ere are no excep t ion s w h ich

w o u l d i n cl u d e ^ a l o g i . B u t K o sam b i i s m en t i o n ed i n t h e

In t r od uc t o r y H i st o r y . I t i s t h erefo re m ost p rob ab le t h at

t he term Su t ta -v ib h a i iga refers to w h at i s now cal led th e

V ib h an ga ; or , i f not , at l east t o t h at b od y o f t r ad i t i on al

t e ach i n g ( i n cl u d i n g t h e P at i m o k k h a an d t h e O l d C o m

m en ta ry ) ou t o f wh ich th e p resen t V ib h anga w as com posed .1T h a t i s, o f t h e V i n a ya P i/ ak a . W e ar e n o t cer t ai n t h a t i t m ay n o t b e


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x x x i i VI N AYA TEXTS FROM TH E PALI .

I t m a y b e co n v en i e n t t o m ak e so m e r ef er en c e h e r e t o

t h e q u e st i o n w h et h er t h e l i t er a t u r e a b o v e d i sc u ssed w as

h an d ed dow n b y m em o r y o n l y, o r b y w r i t i n g . W e ar ej u st i f i ed i n ex p ec t i n g t o f i n d , in t ex t s d eal i n g in su ch m i n u t e

d e t ai l w i t h t h e d a i l y l i fe o f t h e m em b er s o f t h e B u d d h i st

O r d er , so m e d i st i n c t ev i d e n c e an d i t w i l l b e eq u a l l y d i s

t i n c t w h et h e r i t c o n si st s i n a ct u al st a t e m en t , o r i n si l e n c e

as t o w r i t i n g , an d t h e u se o f w r i t t en b o o k s. A n d t h i s

e x p e c t a t i o n i s n o t d i s a p p o i n t e d .

I n t h e f i r st p l ace, t h e re are seve ra l p assages w h i ch con

f ir m i n an i n d i sp u t a b l e m an n ef t h e e x i st e n c e o f t h e ar t o f

w r i t i n g at t h e t i m e w h en t h e V i n a y a t e x t s w er e p u t i n t o

t h e i r p r e s e n t s h a p e .

* A c er t ai n m an , w h o h a d c o m m i t t ed a t h ef t , r an aw a y,

an d g o t o rd ai n ed am o n g t h e B h i k k h u s. N o w h e w as

w r i t t en u p i n t h e k i n g s p al ac e w i t h an i n j u n c t i o n t h at h eshou ld be s l a i n whe resoeve r he shou ld be f ound1 .

B u t t h er e o cc u r r ed t o t h e p a r en t s o f U p a l i t h i s c on

si d er at i o n : I f U p a l i sh o u l d l ear n w r i t i n g 2, U p a l i m i gh t

t h u s a f t e r ou r d ecease l i ve at ease, and n o t b e t r o u b led .

A n d i n t h e V i b h an g a w e f in d an i n t er est i n g ex p l an at i o n

o f t h e T h i r d P ar a ^ i k a R u l e , w h i ch l a y s d o w n t h at w h o so

ev er w i l f u l l y k i l l s a m an , o r b r i n g s ab o u t h i s d e at h , m u st

b e e x p e l l e d f r o m t h e O r d e r .

I n t h e N o t es on t h i s R u l e t h e Su t t a - v i b h a n g a d i sc u sses

t h e c ase o f so m e o n e c au si n g t h e d eat h o f a n o t h er b y p er

su a d i n g h i m t h at su i c i d e i s g l o r i o u s, o r t h at i t r esu l t s i n

sal v at i o n . A n d i n t h i s co n n ect i o n t h e p o ssi b i l i t y i s co n

si d er e d o f t h ese r e p r e sen t a t i o n s b e i n g m ad e t o t h e p r o p o sedv i ct i m , n o t b y w o r d o f m o u t h , an d n o t b y a m essen g er , b u t

b y w r i t i n g .

H e en g r av es a w r i t i n g t o t h i s ef f ec t : W h o so d i es,

h e acqu i r es w eal t h , o r acqu i r es f am e, o r goes t o h eaven .

B y t h a t w r i t i n g h e i s g u i l t y o f a D u k k a/ a o ff en ce. T h e

o t h er sees t h e w r i t i n g , an d , d e t e r m i n i n g t o d i e, i s f i l l ed

1 A l j i a t a r o p u r i so i o r i k a m k a t v a p a l a y i t v a b h i k k h f i su p a b b a g i t o h o t i So


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INTRODUCTION. x x x i i i

w i t h p ai n f u l f eel i n g s. ( T h e w r i t er is) g u i l t y o f a T h u l -

laM aya o f fence. H e does d i e. (T h e w r i t er i s) gu i l t y o f aPar&^ika of fence1.

A n d again , w i th respect t o th e in junc t ion ad dr essed to

t h e Siste rs o f th e O rd er n o t to devo te t h em selves to w or ld ly

w isdom ( t \ r a .k k h & .v i2L - vi g g& ) , t h e V ib h an ga m ak es an

excep t i on i n f avou r o f l earn in g t o w r i t e2.

I t i s ev iden t t h erefo re t h at w r i t i n g w as i n vogue i n t he

t ime when the No tes on t he Ru les we re pu t i n to t he i rp r esen t fo rm , th at i t w as m ade use o f fo r th e pu b l i cat ion o f

o f f i cial an nou ncem ent s, and fo r t h e d r aw in g u p o f w r i t t en

co m m u n i c at i o n s i n p r i v a t e l i f e ; an d t h at w h i l e t h e k n o w

ledge o f t he ar t w as a possib l e sour ce o f l i vel ih ood , i t w as

n o t co n fi n ed t o c l er k s/ b u t w as ac q u i r ed b y o r d i n ar y

persons, an d even b y w om en.

Bu t i t i s a l ong s tep f r om the use o f w r i t i ng f o r such

pub l i c o r p r i va te no t i f i ca t i ons t o t he adop t i on o f i t f o r t he

pur pose o f record in g an ex ten sive an d sacred l i t e ra t u r e :

an d our t ex t s sh ow an d show , as i t seem s to us, in an

eq u a l l y i n d i sp u t a b l e m an n er t h at f or t h i s l at t er p u r p o se

w r i t i ng , how ever w el l k now n , had no t ye t com e i n to use.

H ad th e sacred t ex t s been w r i t ten dow n and read , book s,

manuscr ip ts , and the who le ac t i v i t y the rewi th connec ted ,

m ust h ave necessar i l y p l ayed a ve r y im po r tan t par t i n t h e

d a i l y l i fe o f t h e m em b er s o f t h e B u d d h i st O r d er . N o w t h e

tex ts o f the V inaya p lace c lea r l y enough be fo re our eyes

t h e w ho le o f th e pe rson al p ro per t y , so t o speak , o f th e

Bu d d h i st A r & m a s an d V i h a r a s . E v er y m o vab le t h i ng,

dow n to t he sm al lest and least im por tan t dom est i c u t ensi l s,i s in som e w ay o r o t h er refer red to , an d i t s use po in ted o u t ;

w h i le th e use o f o t her ar t i c les, no t u su a l l y found in th e

V ih aras, i s m en t ion ed , and cond em ned. Bu t now here do

w e f i nd t h e l east t r ace o f an y r ef er en ce t o m a n u s c r i p t s ;

1 L e k h a m M i n d at i y o ev am m a r at i so d h an am v a l ab h a t i y asam v i l ab h a t i

sag g am v a g aM A at l t i . A k k h a r a k k h a r a y a a p a t t i d u k k a i assa . L e k h a m p assi t v a

m ar i ssam i t i d u k k h a m ved a n am u p p ad e t i . A p a t t i t h u l l a i . i a y assa . M a r at i .


38/443

x x x i v V I N AYA T EX T S FROM TH E PALI .

m uch less o f ink s, o r pens, o r s ty les, o r leaves, o r o t h er

w r i t i n g m at er i al s.

A n d w e d o f i n d , on t h e co n t r ar y , p a ssag es w h i c h sh o w

t h e d i f f i cu l t i es w h i c h ar o se ev e r y t i m e t h at t h e m em o r i al

t r ad i t i o n b y w o r d o f m o u t h o f a n y o f t h e sacr ed t e x t s w as

i n t e r r u p t e d , o r t h r e a t e n e d t o b e i n t e r r u p t e d .

So , f o r i n stan ce, w e fi n d t h e case d i scussed o f no one

B h i k k h u , am o n g al l t h e B r et h r en d w el l i n g i n so m e p ar

t i c u l a r p l ace, k n o w i n g t h e P at i m o k k h a. T h e r e w as n oo t h er w a y o u t o f t h e d i f f i cu l t y , sav e t h at o f o n e o f t h e

B h i k k h u s b ei n g sen t o u t t o so m e n e i gh b o u r i n g f r at e r n i t y ,

w i t h t h e co m m i ssi o n t h er e t o l ear n t h e P at i m o k k h a b y

h e a r t , e i t h e r i n i t s f u l l e x t e n t ( t h a t i s , a s w e t a k e i t , a l l t h e

r u l es b e i n g l e ar n t i n f u l l ) o r a t l e ast i n a b st r a c t 1.

A n d ag ai n , i n a p a ssa ge a l r e ad y q u o t ed

rhys davids thomas william oldenberg hermann tr vinaya texts part i 444p

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