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NATIONALAGRICULTURALRESEARCHORGANISATION

RICE CULTIVATION HANDBOOK

NERICA PROMOTION PROJECT,NATIONAL CROPS RESOURCESRESEARCH INSTITUTE (NaCRRI)P.O.BOX 7084, Kampala, UgandaPhone: 041-573016E-mail: NaCRRI-JICA2@live.jp

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Table of Contents

1. Rice- Rice in the world -5- Rice Varieties in the world -5- Rice Cultivation in Uganda -5- Botanical Name of Rice -5- Classification of Seed -6- Seed Dormancy -6- Germination -6- Seeding Emergence -6- Rice Growing Stage -7- Germination Test -7- Seed Selection at Planting -7- Seed Production -8

2. Upland Rice Cultivation- Upland Rice Varieties -9- What is NERICA? -9- Characteristics of NERICA -10- Rainfall and Fields -11- Upalnd NERICA at Slope(at Harvest) -12- Water Harvest Technology -13- Upland Rice Planting in the Paddy Fields -14- Soil pH for Rice -14- Planting Methods -15- Planting Spacing and Seed Rate -16- Sowing Depth -16- Intercropping with other crops -18- refilling of Missing Hills -18- Fertilization -19- Weed Control in Upland Rice Field -19- Ratoon Crop -20

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3. Lowland Rice Cultivation- Transplanting of Rice -21- Land Preparation -21- Seed Preparation -22- Seedbed Preparation and Seedling Management -22- How to Transplant -24- Plant Spacing -25- Refilling of Missing Hills -26- Fertilization(Amount and Timing) -26

4. Harvest and Post Harvest- Harvesting -27- Threshing -27- Winnowing and Drying -28- Rice Milling -29

5. Soil Management- Fertilizer -30- Use of Organic material/Manure -32

6. Plant Protection- Weed Management -33- Herbicide -34- Insect Pest of Rice -35- Diseases of Rice -38

Appendix-1: Cost Benefit Analysis for one acre of Upland Rice Cultivation -43Appendix-2: Cost Benefit Analysis for one acre of Lowland Rice Cultivation-44Appendix-3: Uganda Suitability Map for NERICA Cultivation -45Appendix-4: Rainfall Patterns in Uganda -46

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RICERice in the world

The rice planted area in the world is 157,000,000 haIts production in the worild is about 650,000,000 tonnes.

Half the world population eats it as staple food.

Rice varieties in the world.There are 76,000 rice varieties in the International Rice Germplasm Center atInternational Rice Research Institute (IRRI).

Rice cultivation in Uganda (2008 estimated)Rice cultivation area: 110,000 ha

Rainfed lowland : 65,000 haIrrigated lowland : 5,000 haUpland : 40,000 ha

Production (Paddy) ：170,000 t(Milled rice) : 102,000 t

Rice importation：60,000 tRice consumption ：162,000 tPar capita consumption (kg / year)：7.75 kgRice price :2,000 Ush / kg = $ 1.1

Botanical name of riceOryza sativa L. (Asia rice),Oryza glaberrima Steud. (Africa rice)

Oryza sativa L. Indica K-85, Supa, IR-64, etcJaponica Koshihikari, Nihonbare, etcJavanica NARIC-2,Moroberekan, etc.

(= tropical japonica)Oryza glaberrima Steud.

Oryza rufipogon Griff.Oryza nivara Sharma et ShastryOryza longistaminata A. Chev et Roehr. Wild rice

about 20 wild rice in the world.

Oryza sativa L. has 3 types namely indica, japonica and tropical japonica.- 6 -

Classification of SeedBreeder seed: Kept by breeder or breeding institute.Foundation seed: Multiplied from breeder seeds at research station etc.Registered seed: Seed produced by a seed center / company.Certified seed: Seed growen in seed grower's field.

Seed DormancyDormancy can prevent germination of grains onthe panicle when panicles are submerged.Dormancy period: 0 ～ 8 weeksBreaking dormancy: heat 50 ℃ for 4-5 days.(Do not close up the container of seeds)

Practical method: dry on the concrete floor for2-3 days

GerminationWhen the tip of coleoptile emerges from seed.Imbibition stage → Activation stage → Post germination growth stage0 - 18 hours 18 - 72 hours 72 hours → (at 20 ℃)

When moisture content of seed is 30-40 % germination commences.Lower than 8 ℃ and more than 45 ℃ no germination

Seedling EmergenceTip of the seedling emerges from the soil.

Temperature・Optimum temperature for seedling emergence is 25 - 30 ℃.・Higher than 40 ℃ seedlings die.・Lower than 10 ℃ seedlings can not grow.

OxygenGrowth of seedlings need 5-6 ppm oxygen.Lack of oxygen: Root growth is poor andcoleoptile shows abnormal elongation.

left: under enough O2right: under lack of O2

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Rice Growth Stage

Vegetative growth: Germination → Panicle initiation 60 daysReproductive growth: Panicle initiation → Heading 30 days

Heading → Maturity 30 days(milky → dough → yellow ripe → maturity)

Germination TestBefore sowing, a germination test should be done to ensure 80% germination.The following procedure should be used;If the germination percentage is lower than 80%, then use a higher seed rate.

① ② ③

Count 100 seeds Soak seeds for 24 hours Wrap in wet paper

⑥ ⑤ ④

Count the number of seeds 2 days after incubation Incubate for 2 days

Seed Selection at PlantingIt is difficult to determine seed viability withthe naked eye. It is advisable to carry outseed selection using the floatation method.Separate sunken seeds (filled grain) with highpotential to germinate from those that float (emptygrain) that are unable to germinate.

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Seed ProductionSince rice is self-pollinated plant, rice seed can be produced by yourself.

Rice seed can be produced by the farmers1 kg of seed → plant 200 ㎡50 kg of seed can be harvested

Genetic purity of rice varieties can be maintained by removing the off-typesdetected in the fieldSome characteristics for identifying off-types

Stem Colour Time to maturity

Apiculus Colour without awn with awn

Purification through removal of off-types ensures uniformity in growth andstability of yields of rice.

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UPLAND RICE CULTIVATION

Upland Rice VarietiesNARO/NaCRRI has released 5 Upland Rice Varieties being grown by farmers.They are more superior to the previous variety Abilony (IRAT 112).

NARIC 1 (ITA 257): Maturity 115 - 120 days Yield 3.5- 4 t / ha

NARIC 2 (ITA 325): Maturity 115 - 120 days Yield 3 - 3.5 t / ha

NERICA 4 (NARIC 3): Maturity 110 - 120 days Yield 4 - 5 t / haThis variety is also known as SUPARICA 2

NERICA 1: Maturity 105- 115 days. Yield 3-4 t / ha with aroma.

NERICA 10: Maturity 100 - 105 days Yield 3-4 t / ha Grain with long awn

NERICA 1 NERICA 4 NERICA 10Note: However, yields of upland rice depend largely on the rainfall pattern and

good agronomic practices like weeding and fertilization.

What is NERICA NERICA = NEw RICe for AfricaNERICA is the product of interspecific hybridization between the cultivated ricespecies of Africa and Asia.It was developed by scientists from WARDA (Dr. Monty Jones) in the early1990s.

Asian Rice (WAB-56-104)♀ X African Rice (CG-14) ♂

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Characteristic of NERICA:・Early maturity: 90-100 days

・Drought tolerance

・Resistance to rice blast disease

NERICA-4 has panicles, K-85 not yet heading・Secondary branches on panicles

→ many grains (300 grains / panicle)

Big paniclesNERICA-4 317 grains

・Resistance to Rice Yellow Mottle Virus

With RYMV symptom No RYMV symptom18 days after inoculation

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Rainfall and FieldsYou have to check rainfall pattern in your area. (Please see appendix)Upland rice grow well where 5 days total rainfall is more than 20 mm fromsowing to 15 days before harvesting (about 90 days).Field location should preferably be in the low lying areas since these areas havemore water available to sustain rice to maturity.It is advisable to make bands around the field to avoid rain water from runningoff.

Rainfall at NaCRRI, Namulonge(See Appendix 4 for other areas)

Water Application Trial at NaCRRI107 Days after sowing

15 mm / 5 days 25 mm / 5 daysNo panicle With many panicles

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Effect of Water Application on Yield of NERICA-4

Upland NERICA at a slope (at harvest)

0.5 t / ha

3 t / ha

5 t / ha

4.5 m

Water Table

30 m

Rice planted where water table is less than 70 cm shows good performance andhigher yield.Water table is easily known where you dig the hole.

Water application and Yield

0 48

1547

39034682

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

10mm

/5da

ys

15mm

/5da

ys

20mm

/5da

ys

25mm

/5da

ys

30mm

/5da

ys

Water application

Yield (kg / ha)

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Water Harvest TechnologyTerracing in slope

At terrace: no missing hillAt no terrace: many missing hillsThese missing hills are due to seeds were washed away by heavy rain.

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Upland Rice Planting in the Paddy Fields.

Upland NERICA perform well under paddy condition (with standing water).

Soil pH for RiceRice does not perform well with soil whichhas pH 7.5 or above.

Most of soil in Uganda has no problem except few area.

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Planting MethodsThere are 3 methods of planting upland rice namely; Drill, Dibble, Broadcast.Drilling and Dibbling allow straight row planting that ensures optimum plantpopulation and use of a hoe for weeding. Straight row planting can be achievedby using a planting rope or using line markers.

Drill Dibble

Framer's practice (drill) Sow 50-60 seeds for 1m

A forked-rake for rice drill-planting A wooden rake for drill planting

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Plant Spacing and Seeding Rate

Method Plant spacing hills /㎡ seed / hill Seeding rate / ha Seeding rate /acre

Drill 30 cm x 1.8 cm 185 1 seed / hill 50 kg 20 kgDibble 30 cm x 12.5 cm 26.7 7 seeds / hill 50 kg 20 kg

Germination and Emergence of Upland Rice

3 days after sowingGerminated

4 days after sowing

It takes 5 days to emerge from the soil surface. 5 days after sowingEmerged!

Sowing Depth

It is recommended that upland rice be planted at a depth of between 3 - 4 cm.Planting at a depth of more than 5 cm has been observed to result in lowgermination, delayed emergence, delayed maturity and thus low yields.

2 weeks after sowing 4 weeks after sowing

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Emergence % at different sowing depth

Maturity is delayed where sowed deeper.

Rice develop secondary roots due to lack ofoxygen, therefore growth is delayed.

71.4%

60.3%52.4%

34.9%27.0%

1.6%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

1cm 2cm 3cm 4cm 5cm 6cm

Ger

min

atio

n

Sowing Depth

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Intercropping with Other Crops

Upland rice can be intercropped with maize, soybeans, banana and coffee.

with maize with soybean

with coffee with banana

Refilling of Missing Hills

Missing hills lead to low yield. It is therefore advisable that you set a smallnursery bed beside the mother garden to raise seedlings for purposes of refillinggaps. Gap filling should be done 15-20 days after sowing and it’s important towater the seedlings after transplanting.

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FertilizationRice should not be continuously grown on the same fields, it should be rotatedwith other crops to conserve soil fertility.Composted organic material such as rice straw and animal manure can be addedto the soil to supplement soil fertility.

Fertilizer rates and regimes55-23-0 NPK kg / ha *DAG (Days After Germination)

Fertilizer 15-20 DAG 55-65 DAGDAP(18-46-0) 50 kg / ha (20 kg / acre) 0Urea(46-0-0) 50 kg / ha (20 kg / acre) 50 kg / ha (20 kg / acre)

Weed Control in Upland Rice FieldsWeeding must be done at least twice (2 times) at 3 and 6 weeks aftergermination either by hand or hoe.

Weeds should be removed before they produce seeds.

Effect of Weeding Frequency on Yield of NERICA-4

Effect of Weeding on Rice Yield

938

1892

2463

4486

5275

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Noweeding

Weedingonce

Weedingtwice

Weeding 3times

Weed free

Yield kg / ha

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No weeding 2 times weeding Weed free

Farmers weeding practice Striga (paracitic weed)

Ratoon CropAfter harvest, rice plant produce new shoot and panicle.About 1 - 2 t / ha can be harvested within 60 days after harvest.Height of harvested rice plant (stubble) should be 15-25 cm.

→

First Crop (120 days) Ratoon crop (50-60 days)

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LOWLAND RICE CULTIVATION

Transplanting of RiceAdvantage of transplanting method:・Reduce weed problems.・Planted seedlings are about 3 weeks old by the time weed seeds germinate.・Rotary weeder can be used if transplanted in straight rows.・ Reduce lodging problem

Disadvantage of transplanting method:・Seedbed preparation and transplanting cost/labour are needed.

Land preparationA well-prepared field has the following advantages:・Controls weeds and recycles nutrients through the decomposition of rice

stubble and weeds which are incorporated into the soil.・Provide a soft soil mass for transplanting.・Makes a hard soil layer which reduces the percolation of water, so,

minimizing the loss of fertilizer through leaching.

For good land preparation, follow these steps:・First, repair bund to impound water in the fields.・After repairing the bund, irrigate the fields 3 - 5 days before tilling.・Irrigate the field and cut the bund to increase planting area.・Bund should be narrow and small to avoid making nest of rats.・Irrigate the field again after tilling. This hasten the decomposition of organic

materials that were incorporated with soil.・Keep the field flooded to minimize the loss of nitrogen.・One week after 1st tilling, puddle the fields. Puddling minimizes the loss of

water and increases nutrient retention and availability.・Drain standing water in the field, apply basal fertilizer before final tilling to

incorporate it with the soil. This minimizes the loss of nitrogen into the air.・Basal fertilizer application: DAP 25 kg / acre + Urea 25 kg / acre・Level the field.

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Seed Preparation① Floating empty grainsIt is difficult to determine seed viability withthe naked eye. It is advisable to carry outseed selection using the floatation method.

Separate sunken seeds (filled grain) withhigh potential to germinate from those thatfloat(empty grain)that are unable to germinate.

② Soak seeds for 24 hours in clean water.

③ Incubate the seeds for 30-36 hours by placingin a sack filled to half its capacity.Warm temperature is needed to increase theenzymatic activities inside the seed.Incubation keeps the seeds warm, increasesgrowth of the embryo, and results in uniformgermination.But where temperature is too high, germinationrate decreases and the embryo may be killed.

Seedbed Preparation and Seedling Management (Wet Seedbed)① Prepare seedbed plots of 1 m wide and any convenient length 1 day

before sowing.A plot area of about 100-150 ㎡ is needed to sow 15 kg of seeds for oneacre.

② Collect mud around the seedbed area and raise it to about 5 cm aboveoriginal field level. Provide a 40 ～ 50 cm space between beds.

1 m 40 cm

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③ Level and smooth the seedbed surface.

④ Sow evenly about 100 gof seeds / ㎡.Do not cover the soil aftersowing.

⑤ Once seeds have sprouted, about3-4 cm high, irrigate and keep shallow water level.

⑥ Increase water depth gradually as seedlings grow taller.(Do not allow seedbed surface to dry)

⑦ When more than half of the leaves are damaged, apply insecticide.

Damage of Leaf miner (Apply Furadan 5G: 2 g / ㎡)

⑧ 16 days after sowing, seedlings are ready to transplant.When we uproot seedlings, keeping deep water in the seedbed makes iteasier to remove the mud from the seedling root.

⑨ Seedlings should be transplanted before 25 days after sowing.Transplanting of old seedlings cause low yield.

✓

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Yield are decreased by 28 kg / acre if transplanting is delayed by one day.

How to transplantIf seedlings are tall, you may cut tip of the seedlings.This makes handling and transplanting easier.

Transplanting methodRandom transplanting Straight row transplanting

Yie ld o f K- 8 5 var ie ty u n de r di f f e rn t se e dl i n g age ( 2 0 0 5 tr i al )

5922

5078

4781

4000 3985

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

3weeks 4weeks 5weeks 6weeks 7weeks

Seed l i n g a g e

Y ie ld / h a ( kg )

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Straight row transplanting has an optimum plant population and facilitates theapplication of fertilizer, agricultural chemicals, and use of rotary weeder forweeding.

Straight row plantingUsing guide rope.

Transplanting can be done with standing water in the field.It takes more time, many persons are needed for efficient transplanting.

Using line marker

Drain the field one day before using line marker.If soil is too soft, line marker can not make good straight linesGenerally take less time compere to using guide rope.

Plant Spacing25 cm x 25 cm (16 hills / ㎡), 25 cm x 20 cm (20 hills / ㎡) and30 cm x 15 cm (22.2 hills / ㎡) can be recommended.

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Number of Seedling / Hill

Plant 3 - 4 seedling / hill

Planting Depth

Planting depth: 3 - 4 cm

Deep transplanting: rooting delay, less tillering, less panicle, less yield

Do not transplant deep!

Refilling of Missing HillsMissing hills lead to low yield. It is therefore advisable that you place extraseedling at the corner of the field to be used for replanting.Replant missing hills 10 days after transplanting.

Fertilization (amount and timing)Basal: Apply 25 kg of DAP(18-46-0) and 25 kg of Urea (46-0-0) before

final harrowing.

Top dressing: Apply 25 kg of urea at panicle initiation stage(65-70 days after sowing).

When you apply top dressing, irrigate thefield and keep 2 - 3 cm standing water.If there is no water in the field, fertilizerapplication become useless.After fertilizer application, keep water in thefield for one week to avoid fertilizer runoff.

Panicle initiation stage

4 cm

9 cm

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HARVESTING AND POST HARVEST

HarvestingThe stem of the rice is cut close to the ground by serrated sickles. This methodof harvesting is much faster than harvesting by panicle using a knife. Harvestingshould be done when 80-85% of the grains are straw coloured and the grains inthe lower part of the panicle are in the hard dough stage.

Harvesting by sickles Harvesting panicles by knife

ThreshingThreshing can be done by beating with sticks against a log or using thresher.However, threshing by beating increases the chances of broken grains at milling.

Beating with sticks After beating, many paddy are remained

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Two types of thresher are are available in Kampala.

Manual thresher Engine driven thresher

Winnowing and Drying

Before drying, winnow empty grainsand straw away.

Open air drying under the hot sun heatis widely practiced in the tropics.

Preferably drying should be done ona tarpaulin or a clean drying floorfree of stones.

The rice should be 4 - 5 cm thick and needs to be turned over 30-60 minutes toallow equal exposure to the sun heat. Its important to monitor moisturereductions, less than 3% reductions are recommended per day.Rapid drying lead to broken rice when milling. DRY SLOWLY!

Keep 4-5 cm thickness for sun dry Rapid drying cause broken rice

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Rice Milling

New Type Old Type

Big stones should be removed before milling Destoner

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SOIL MANAGEMENTFertilizerFertilizers (inorganic or organic) contain nutrients needed by the rice plant.The soil sometimes does not provide sufficient nutrients needed by the riceplant, hence, the need to apply fertilizer.There are several nutrients needed by the rice plant but nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)are needed in large amounts.These nutrients must therefore be constantly replenished to sustain the growthof rice plant.

Symptoms due to deficiency of elements in the soilN:Early growth retarded.Tillering reduced.Leaf color: yellow-green from lower to upper leaves.Flowering and ripening accelerated.P:Early growth retarded.Tillering reduced.Leaf color: dark green, mixed with red, purple.K:Early growth retarded.Leaf color: yellowing interveinal zone from top to lower.Leaf color: dark green.Brown spots (helminthosporium).

Symptoms due to excess of elements in soilFe:Leaf color: purple-brown discoloration.Small brown spots from tip to basal part oflower leavesAl:Roots do not elongate.Leaf color: interveinal zone becomes orange,white, necrosis.Salts: Iron toxicity (NERICA-1)Early growth retarded.Poor tillering.Leaf color: white of leaf tip and other parts.

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Kind of fertilizerNitrogen (N): Urea 46-0-0, Ammonium sulphate 21-0-0Phosphorus (P): Superphosphate 0-18-0, Triple superphosphate 0-46-0Potassium (K): Potassium chloride (muriate of potash) 0-0-60

Potassium sulphate 0-0-53N,P fertilizer : 16-20-0(AP) , 18-46-0(DAP)N,K fertilizer : 13-0-46 (Potassium nitrate)N,P,K fertilizer : 17-17-17

Urea (46-0-0) TSP (0-46-0) MOP (0-0-60)

DAP (18-46-0) NPK (25-5-5) NPK(17-17-17)

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Use of Organic Material / Manure

AvailabilitySlow release of nutrients (poor ratio)Too bulky to handleExpensive, if purchased (transportation)

Chemical Composition of Animal Manure

Type of animal C/N Ration Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K)

Cattle 19 1.50 1.00 0.94

Sheep 29 2.02 1.75 1.94

Horse 24 1.59 1.65 0.65

Pig 13 2.81 1.61 1.52

Chicken - 4.00 1.98 2.32

Duck - 2.15 1.13 1.15

Human※ 8 7.24 1.72 2.41

Source: Gachene, Charles K.K. and Gathiru Kimaru, 1999.

Note:

※Though human manure is treated and used in some Asian countries, it is not recommended for use in Africa because of the inadequacy of safe handling and therefore the obvious danger of spreading human disease.

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PLANT PROTECTION

Weed ManagementWeeds reduce rice yields by competing with the rice plants for soil nutrients,moisture, and sunlight.

Fertilizer application may not increase yield in weedy fields because weedsabsorb nutrients more effectively than the rice plants.

Weeds are also harmful because they may be alternate hosts for insects anddiseases of rice, and provide shelter for rats.

Weed control measure that you can use are the preventive, mechanical, cultural,and chemical method.

・The preventive method includes use of good seeds (without weed seeds),control of weeds before flowering and keep bund and canals free of weeds.

・The mechanical method involves hand weeding and use of rotary weeder.

Using hoe Rotary weeder

・The cultural method involves good land preparation, closer crop spacing,flooding. Most weed seeds or rhizome can not germinate or grow without airunder the surface of puddled soil.

・Chemical control involves the use of appropriate herbicides.A herbicide is a chemical used to kill or prevent the growth of weeds.

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Kind of herbicide

Contact herbicides: kill only the parts that are sprayed.Normally applied to leaves and stems.

Propanil (selective), Paraquat (non selective)

Systemic herbicides: herbicide move within the plant to kill portions that werenot sprayed.Applied to leaves and stems or to the soil.

Butachlor and 2,4-D (selective), Glyphosate (non selective)

Herbicide injury (Phytotoxicity)Improper herbicide use.Applying too much herbicide or high rate.Applying herbicide at the wrong time.

Upland rice Lowland Riceherbicide injury

Herbicide label information should be followed at all time to prevent damage tothe rice.

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Insect Pests of Rice

Stalked-eyed flies (Diopsis thoracica)

The larvae bore and feed on

plant tissue inside the rice

stem causing dead heart.

Larva Damage Adult

African Rice Gall Midge (Oreolia oryzivora)

The African rice gall midge is a insect pest

of lowland rice.

The larvae attack the growing point of the

apical bud at a node and cause the leaf sheath

tissues to form a tube-like structure called a

'silver shoot gall' or 'onion shoot'.

Rice fields planted early are less damaged than

those planted late.

There are some resistant varieties.

(WARDA)

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Caseworm (Paraponynx stagnalis Zelle)The larva may eat the leaf tissue. The insectattacks from seedling to tillering stage.Larvae make their cases from leaf.The damage is not uniform because the larvaefloating in their cases are carried to one side ofthe field by wind or water currents.Draining the field for 4-6 days killlarvae.

Stem borers (Pyralidae)The larvae bore through the stem and eat upthe plant tissue resulting in a condition calleddead heart and / or white head.

Larva Adult Damage(white head)

Rice leaffolder (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)The larvae scrape the leaves and foldsthe leaf together and scrapes inside.

Damage Larva

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Stink bug and Rice bugThe bugs stay on the panicle and suck the milky juice in young paniclescausing staining of the grains hence lowering grain quality.

Stink bug Rice bug

← Damaged rice

Other Insect Pest

Rice mealybug Rice Weevil(storage insect)

Termite

Note: Usually insect damage does notnecessitate chemical control since it does notreduce yields significantly.

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Diseases of RiceRice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV)

RYMV is known only in Africa and one of the mostdamaging diseases of rice in Africa. RYMV is nowa severe problem in eastern and northern Uganda.

Symptoms:・Stunting of rice plants if infected at early stage.・Reduce tiller number.・Yellowing and mottling of leaves.・Infected plants are easily attacked by other

diseases (such as brown spot).

Transmission of RYMVRYMV is transmitted by a vector and also mechanically.

Control of RYMVThere are no practical ways (no chemicals) of curing a plant after it becomesinfected.Planting resistant varieties is the cheapest and most effective way of controllingRYMV. Tolerant varieties: NERICA 4, 6, NARIC 1, 2Eliminating sources of virus:Rogue (remove) infected rice plants from the rice field. Roguing is successfulwhen only a low percentage of plants are infected.Prevent ratoon growth, which is a main source of RYMV.Direct seeding (Not transplanting) can reduce the occurrence of RYMV.

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Rice Blast (Magnaporthe grisea) (Pyricularia oryzae)It is one of the most destructive diseases of rice.Symptoms:The fungus produces spots or lesions on leaves, nodes, and panicles and grains.The spots are elongated and pointed at each end.Damage of blast:In severe infections, yields may be reduced by 50 %.Upland rice is more severely damaged than lowland rice.Control:Planting resistant varieties is the most economical way of controlling thisdisease.Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer.There are several fungicides that effectively control blast but for economicreason, these are not used in the tropics.

leaf blast neck blast

Sheath Blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris)Sheath blight causes spots on the leaf sheath.High temperature and humidity increase theseverity.Disease cycle:Sclerotia develop on lesions and drop to the soil→ The fungus survives in sclerotia in the soil→ The sclerotia float on the water surface

during land preparation → The sclerotiagerminate and fungus penetrates the plant →The fungus grows on the plant.

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Damage of sheath blight:Many of the leaves are killed during severeinfections and yields may be reduced by20-25 %.Control:No variety has a high level of resistance tothe disease. Do not apply too muchnitrogen.

There are effective fungicides controllingthe disease, but are economically not recommendable.

Brown spot(Cochliobolus miyabeanus)The disease is common in soils that arepoorly drained or deficient in nutrients.Symptoms:The symptoms are brown spots on theleaf and grain.

Disease cycle:The disease is transmitted by the infectedseeds.Damage of brown spot:It lower grain quality and weight.

Control:The most effective way of controllingbrown spot is to grow plants in good soiland provide adequate fertilizer.Planting a resistant variety is the mostpractical way of controlling.Treating the seeds with fungicide or hotwater help control the disease.

Seedling stage

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Leaf scald (Metasphaeria albescens)Symptoms:The symptoms are lesions starting from leaftip.

Disease cycle:The fungus survive on the rice straw.The fungus penetrate lower leaves.Flooding of rice induce sever occurrenceof this disease.Damage of leaf scald:It lower the filled grain ratio and grainquality.Control:Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizer.

Sheath rot(Acrocylindrium Oryzae)Symptoms:Spots develop on the uppermost leafsheaths enclosing panicles.The young panicles remain in the leafsheath or emerge partially.Grains remain unfilled or are discoloured.Disease cycle:The disease is usually found in plantsinjured by insect or diseases,particularly stem borer and virus(RYMV).Hot humid weather favors sheath rotdevelopment.Damage of sheath rot:Little is known about crop losses caused by sheath rot.Control:Little is known about control of this disease.

- 42 -

Grain rot(Burkholderia glumae)Symptoms:Usually, after heading, spikelets loosegreen colour and become whitish thenfinally turn to brown.Disease cycle:Seed transmitted disease.Hot humid weather favours grain rotdevelopment.This disease is also transmitted bywind and rain from infected paniclesto near by panicles.Damage of grain rot:It lower grain quality and weight.Control:There is no resistant variety for this disease.There are several fungicides which effectivelycontrol grain rot but for economic reason, theseare not used in the tropics.

False smut(Claviceps virens)The occurrence of the disease is believed toindicate a good yield because weatherfavourable to the development of false smutalso favours good crop production.Symptoms:The fungus changes single grain of thepanicle into velvety balls, which may growto a diameter of 1 cm.Usually, only a few grains on the panicle areinfected and the rest remain normal.Damage of false smut:Usually, damage of this disease is minimal.Control:Usually, no control measures are necessary.

- 43 -

Appendix 1Cost Benefit Analysis for One Acre of Upland Rice Cultivation

(Assuming the yield is 1,500kg / acre)

Expenditure Ush

Seeds 20 kg x 1500 30,000

Fertilizer DAP(18-46-0) 25 kg x 2,000 50,000

Urea(46-0-0) 50 kg x 2,000 100,000

Sacks 15 bags x 1,000 15,000

Slashing 60,000

Digging 80,000

2nd digging 80,000

Planting 30,000

Hand weeding 50,000 x 2 100,000

Bird scaring 2,000 x 30 days 60,000

Harvesting and threshing 40,000

Transport 30,000

Milling cost (if one gains 1,000 x 100 100,000

67% of milled rice out of paddy)

Total 775,000

Income Ush

15 bags x 100 kg 1,500 kg x 67%

Milled rice 1,000 kg 1,800 x 1,005 kg 1,809,000

Income - Expenditure 1,809,000 - 775,000 1,034,000

- 44 -

Appendix 2Cost Benefit Analysis for One Acre of Lowland Rice Cultivation

(Assuming the yield is 2,000kg / acre)

Expenditure Ush

Seeds 15 kg x 1,500 22,500

Fertilizer DAP(18-46-0) 25 kg x 2,000 50,000

Urea(46-0-0) 50 kg x 2,000 100,000

Sacks 20 bags x 1,000 20,000

Slashing 60,000

Digging 80,000

Paddling and levelling 80,000

Transplanting 60,000

Hand weeding 50,000 x 2 times 100,000

Bird scaring 2,000 x 30 days 60,000

Harvesting and threshing 60,000

Transport 40,000

Milling cost (if one gains 1,300 x 100 130,000

67% of milled rice out of paddy)

Total 862.500

Income Ush

20 bags x 100 kg 2,000 kg x 67%

Milled rice 1,300 kg 1,300 kgx 1,800 2,340,000

Income - Expenditure 2,340,000 - 862,500 1,477,500

- 45 -

Appendix 3Uganda Suitability Map for NERICA Cultivation

This suitability map for growing rice is created based on the following threefactors; Annual rainfall / Elevation / Soil pH. Using the following datasets,original datasets are classified into three categories (not suitable / suitable /very suitable) and summed up to produce the above suitability map.

The original data is downloaded free from the following institutions’ websites.Annual rainfall : Africa Climate from FAO/Agrhymet

Elevation : National Geophysical Data Center /NOAA

Soil pH : International Soil Reference and Information Center (ISRIC)

The suitability condition for each factor is as follows.

Annual rainfall : Not suitable < 800, Suitable 800-1200, Very Suitable >1200

Elevation : Not suitable > 1700, Suitable 1000-1700, Very Suitable < 1000

Soil pH : Not suitable < 4.5 or > 7.0, Suitable 4.5 - 5.5, Very Suitable 5.5 -7.0

- 46 -

Appendix 4 Rainfall Patterns in Uganda

Jan

.01-

05Jan

.06-

10

Jan

.11-

15Jan

.16-

20

Jan

.21-

25Jan

.26-

30

Jan

.31-

04

Feb

.05-

09Feb

.10-

14

Feb

.15-

19Feb

.20-

24

Feb

.25-

01

Mar

.02-

06M

ar.0

7-11

Mar

.12-

16M

ar.1

7-21

Mar

.22-

26M

ar.2

7-31

Apr

.01-

05

Apr

.06-

10A

pr.1

1-15

Apr

.16-

20A

pr.2

1-25

Apr

.26-

30M

ay0

1-05

May

06-

10M

ay1

1-15

May

16-

20M

ay2

1-25

May

26-

30M

ay31-

04Jun

05-0

9Jun

10-14

Jun

15-1

9Jun

20-24

Jun

25-2

9Jun

30-04

Jul

y05-

09Jul

y10-

14Jul

y15-

19Jul

y20-

24Jul

y25-

29Jul

y30-

03A

ug.0

4-08

Aug

.09-

13A

ug.1

4-18

Aug

.19-

23A

ug.2

4-28

Aug

.29-

02Sep

.03-

07Sep

.08-

12Sep

.13-

17Sep

.18-

22Sep

.23-

27Sep

.28-

02O

ct.0

3-07

Oct

.08-

12O

ct.1

3-17

Oct

.18-

22O

ct.2

3-27

Oct.2

8-01

Nov.

02-0

6N

ov.

07-1

1N

ov.

12-1

6N

ov.

17-2

1N

ov.

22-2

6N

ov.

27-

01D

ec.0

2-06

Dec

.07-

11D

ec.1

2-16

Dec

.17-

21D

ec.2

2-26

Dec

.27-

31

0

10

20

30

40

mm

Rainfall

0

10

20

30

40

℃

Temperature

5 days Mean of Max & Mini Temperature and 5 days Rainfall(Mean of 11 years, 1993-2003 at ARUA)

Mean annual rainfall: 1374 mm

Jan.

01-0

5Ja

n.06-

10Ja

n.11

-15

Jan.

16-

20Ja

n.21

-25

Jan.

26-

30Ja

n.31

-04

Feb

.05-0

9Feb

.10-1

4Feb

.15-1

9Feb

.20-2

4Feb

.25-01

Mar

.02-0

6M

ar.0

7-11

Mar

.12-1

6M

ar.1

7-21

Mar

.22-2

6M

ar.2

7-31

Apr.01

-05

Apr.06

-10

Apr.11

-15

Apr.16

-20

Apr.21

-25

Apr.26

-30

May0

1-05

May

06-1

0M

ay1

1-15

May

16-2

0M

ay2

1-25

May

26-3

0M

ay3

1-04

Jun05

-09

Jun10

-14

Jun15

-19

Jun20

-24

Jun25

-29

Jun30

-04

July

05-0

9Ju

ly10

-14

July

15-1

9Ju

ly20

-24

July

25-2

9Ju

ly30

-03

Aug.04

-08

Aug.09

-13

Aug.14

-18

Aug.19

-23

Aug.24

-28

Aug.29

-02

Sep

.03-0

7Sep

.08-1

2Sep

.13-1

7Sep

.18-2

2Sep

.23-2

7Sep

.28-0

2O

ct.03

-07

Oct.08

-12

Oct.13

-17

Oct.18

-22

Oct.23

-27

Oct.28

-01

Nov.

02-0

6N

ov.

07-11

Nov.

12-1

6N

ov.

17-21

Nov.

22-2

6N

ov. 2

7-01

Dec.

02-0

6D

ec.

07-11

Dec.

12-1

6D

ec.

17-21

Dec.

22-2

6D

ec.

27-31

0

10

20

30

40

mm

Rainfall

0

10

20

30

40

℃

Temperature

5 days rainfall

Max Temp.

Mini Temp.

Mean of 5 days Max & Mini Temperature and 5 days Rainfall (Mean of 15 years, 1990-2004 at Namulonge)

Mean annual rainfall: 1275 mm

- 47 -

Jan

.01

-0

5J

an.0

6-

10

Jan

.11

-1

5J

an.1

6-

20

Jan

.21

-2

5J

an.2

6-

30

Jan

.31

-0

4F

eb.

05

-0

9F

eb.

10

-1

4F

eb.

15

-1

9F

eb.

20

-2

4F

eb.

25

-0

1M

ar.0

2-

06

Mar

.07

-1

1M

ar.1

2-

16

Mar

.17

-2

1M

ar.2

2-

26

Mar

.27

-3

1A

pr.0

1-

05

Apr

.06

-1

0A

pr.1

1-

15

Apr

.16

-2

0A

pr.2

1-

25

Apr

.26

-3

0M

ay0

1-

05

May

06

-1

0M

ay1

1-

15

May

16

-2

0M

ay2

1-

25

May

26

-3

0M

ay3

1-

04

Ju

n0

5-

09

Ju

n1

0-

14

Ju

n1

5-

19

Ju

n2

0-

24

Ju

n2

5-

29

Ju

n3

0-

04

Ju

ly0

5-

09

Ju

ly1

0-

14

Ju

ly1

5-

19

Ju

ly2

0-

24

Ju

ly2

5-

29

Ju

ly3

0-

03

Au

g.0

4-

08

Au

g.0

9-

13

Au

g.1

4-

18

Au

g.1

9-

23

Au

g.2

4-

28

Au

g.2

9-

02

Se

p.0

3-

07

Se

p.0

8-

12

Se

p.1

3-

17

Se

p.1

8-

22

Se

p.2

3-

27

Se

p.2

8-

02

Oc

t.0

3-

07

Oc

t.0

8-

12

Oc

t.1

3-

17

Oc

t.1

8-

22

Oc

t.2

3-

27

Oc

t.2

8-

01

No

v.0

2-

06

No

v.0

7-

11

No

v.1

2-

16

No

v.1

7-

21

No

v.2

2-

26

No

v. 2

7-

01

De

c.0

2-

06

De

c.0

7-

11

De

c.1

2-

16

De

c.1

7-

21

De

c.2

2-

26

De

c.2

7-

31

0

10

20

30

40

mm

Rainfall

0

10

20

30

40

℃

Temperature

Rainfall

Max

Mini

5 days Mean of Max & Mini Temperature and 5 days Rainfall(Mean of 12 years, 1992-2003 at LIRA)

Mean annual rainfall: 1582 mm

Jan

.01-

05Jan

.06-

10Jan

.11-

15Jan

.16-

20Jan

.21-

25Jan

.26-

30Jan

.31-

04Feb

.05-

09Feb

.10-

14Feb

.15-

19Feb

.20-

24Feb

.25-

01M

ar.0

2-06

Mar

.07-

11M

ar.1

2-16

Mar

.17-

21M

ar.2

2-26

Mar

.27-

31Apr.01

-05

Apr.06

-10

Apr.11

-15

Apr.16

-20

Apr.21

-25

Apr.26

-30

May

01-0

5M

ay06

-10

May

11-1

5M

ay16

-20

May

21-2

5M

ay26

-30

May

31-0

4Jun

05-

09Jun

10-

14Jun

15-

19Jun

20-

24Jun

25-

29Jun

30-

04Jul

y05-

09Jul

y10-

14Jul

y15-

19Jul

y20-

24Jul

y25-

29Jul

y30-

03Aug.

04-0

8Aug.

09-1

3Aug.

14-1

8Aug.

19-2

3Aug.

24-2

8Aug.

29-0

2Sep.

03-0

7Sep.

08-1

2Sep.

13-1

7Sep.

18-2

2Sep.

23-2

7Sep.

28-0

2O

ct.0

3-07

Oct

.08-

12O

ct.1

3-17

Oct

.18-

22O

ct.2

3-27

Oct

.28-

01Nov.

02-0

6Nov.

07-1

1Nov.

12-1

6Nov.

17-2

1Nov.

22-2

6Nov.

27-

01Dec.

02-0

6Dec.

07-1

1Dec.

12-1

6Dec.

17-2

1Dec.

22-2

6Dec.

27-3

1

0

10

20

30

40

mm

Rainfall

0

10

20

30

40

℃

Temperature

Rainfall

Max

Mini

5 days Mean of Max & Mini Temperature and 5 days RainfallMean of 11 years, 1993-2003 at SOROTI

Mean annual rainfall: 1365 mm

- 48 -

Jan

.01-

05Jan

.06-

10Jan

.11-

15Jan

.16-

20Jan

.21-

25Jan

.26-

30Jan

.31-

04Feb

.05-

09Feb

.10-

14Feb

.15-

19Feb

.20-

24Feb

.25-

01M

ar.0

2-06

Mar

.07-

11M

ar.1

2-16

Mar

.17-

21M

ar.2

2-26

Mar

.27-

31Apr.01

-05

Apr.06

-10

Apr.11

-15

Apr.16

-20

Apr.21

-25

Apr.26

-30

May

01-0

5M

ay06

-10

May

11-1

5M

ay16

-20

May

21-2

5M

ay26

-30

May

31-0

4Jun

05-

09Jun

10-

14Jun

15-

19Jun

20-

24Jun

25-

29Jun

30-

04Jul

y05-

09Jul

y10-

14Jul

y15-

19Jul

y20-

24Jul

y25-

29Jul

y30-

03Aug.

04-0

8Aug.

09-1

3Aug.

14-1

8Aug.

19-2

3Aug.

24-2

8Aug.

29-0

2Sep.

03-0

7Sep.

08-1

2Sep.

13-1

7Sep.

18-2

2Sep.

23-2

7Sep.

28-0

2O

ct.0

3-07

Oct

.08-

12O

ct.1

3-17

Oct

.18-

22O

ct.2

3-27

Oct

.28-

01Nov.

02-0

6Nov.

07-1

1Nov.

12-1

6Nov.

17-2

1Nov.

22-2

6Nov.

27-

01Dec.

02-0

6Dec.

07-1

1Dec.

12-1

6Dec.

17-2

1Dec.

22-2

6Dec.

27-3

1

0

10

20

30

40

mm

Rainfall

0

10

20

30

40

℃

Temperature

Rainfall

Max

5 days Mean of Max Temperature and 5 days Rainfall(Mean of 12 years, 1992-2003 at TORORO

Mean annual rainfall: 1509 mm

Jan.0

1-0

5Jan

.06-1

0Ja

n.1

1-1

5Jan

.16-2

0Ja

n.2

1-2

5Jan

.26-3

0Jan

.31-0

4Fe

b.05-

09

Feb.

10-1

4Fe

b.15-

19

Feb.

20-2

4Feb.2

5-01

Mar

.02-0

6M

ar.0

7-11

Mar

.12-1

6M

ar.1

7-21

Mar

.22-2

6M

ar.2

7-31

Apr

.01-

05A

pr.0

6-10

Apr

.11-

15A

pr.1

6-20

Apr

.21-

25A

pr.2

6-30

May

01-

05

May

06-

10M

ay11-

15

May

16-

20M

ay21-

25

May

26-

30M

ay31-

04Jun05

-09

Jun10

-14

Jun15

-19

Jun20

-24

Jun25

-29

Jun30

-04

July

05-0

9July

10-1

4Ju

ly15

-19

July

20-2

4Ju

ly25

-29

July

30-0

3A

ug.0

4-0

8A

ug.0

9-13

Aug

.14-1

8A

ug.1

9-23

Aug

.24-2

8A

ug.2

9-02

Sep.

03-0

7Sep.

08-1

2Sep.

13-1

7Sep.

18-2

2Sep.

23-2

7Sep.

28-0

2O

ct.0

3-07

Oct

.08-

12

Oct

.13-

17

Oct

.18-

22

Oct

.23-

27

Oct.28-0

1N

ov.0

2-0

6N

ov.0

7-11

Nov

.12-1

6N

ov.1

7-21

Nov

.22-2

6N

ov. 2

7-01

Dec

.02-

06

Dec

.07-1

1D

ec.1

2-16

Dec

.17-2

1D

ec.2

2-26

Dec

.27-3

1

0

10

20

30

40

mm

Rainfall

0

10

20

30

40

℃

Temperature

Rainfall

Max

Mini

5 days Mean of Max & Mini Temperature and 5 days Rainfall(Mean of 12 years, 1992-2003 at MASINDI)

Mean annual rainfall: 1376 mm

- 49 -

Jan.0

1-05

Jan.0

6-10

Jan.1

1-15

Jan.1

6-20

Jan.2

1-25

Jan.2

6-30

Jan.3

1-04

Feb.

05-09

Feb.

10-14

Feb.

15-19

Feb.

20-24

Feb.

25-01

Mar.02-06

Mar.07-11

Mar.12-16

Mar.17-21

Mar.22-26

Mar.27-31

Apr.01-05

Apr.06-10

Apr.11-15

Apr.16-20

Apr.21-25

Apr.26-30

May01-05

May06-10

May11-15

May16-20

May21-25

May26-30

May31-04

Jun05-09

Jun10-14

Jun15-19

Jun20-24

Jun25-29

Jun30-04

July

05-09

July

10-14

July

15-19

July

20-24

July

25-29

July

30-03

Aug.04-08

Aug.09-13

Aug.14-18

Aug.19-23

Aug.24-28

Aug.29-02

Sep.

03-07

Sep.

08-12

Sep.

13-17

Sep.

18-22

Sep.

23-27

Sep.

28-02

Oct.03-07

Oct.08-12

Oct.13-17

Oct.18-22

Oct.23-27

Oct.28-01

Nov.0

2-06

Nov.0

7-11

Nov.1

2-16

Nov.1

7-21

Nov.2

2-26

Nov. 27-01

Dec.0

2-06

Dec.0

7-11

Dec.1

2-16

Dec.1

7-21

Dec.2

2-26

Dec.2

7-31

0

10

20

30

40

mm

Rainfall

0

10

20

30

40

℃

Temperature

Rainfall

Max

Mini

5 days Mean of Max & Mini Temperature and 5 days Rainfall(Mean of 11 years, 1993-2003 at KASESE)

Mean annual rainfall: 874 mm

Jan

.01-

05Jan

.06-

10Jan

.11-

15Jan

.16-

20Jan

.21-

25Jan

.26-

30Jan

.31-

04Feb

.05-

09Feb

.10-

14Feb

.15-

19Feb

.20-

24Feb

.25-

01M

ar.0

2-06

Mar

.07-

11M

ar.1

2-16

Mar

.17-

21M

ar.2

2-26

Mar

.27-

31Apr.01

-05

Apr.06

-10

Apr.11

-15

Apr.16

-20

Apr.21

-25

Apr.26

-30

May

01-0

5M

ay06

-10

May

11-1

5M

ay16

-20

May

21-2

5M

ay26

-30

May

31-0

4Jun

05-

09Jun

10-

14Jun

15-

19Jun

20-

24Jun

25-

29Jun

30-

04Jul

y05-

09Jul

y10-

14Jul

y15-

19Jul

y20-

24Jul

y25-

29Jul

y30-

03A

ug.

04-0

8A

ug.

09-1

3A

ug.

14-1

8A

ug.

19-2

3A

ug.

24-2

8A

ug.

29-0

2S

ep.

03-0

7S

ep.

08-1

2S

ep.

13-1

7S

ep.

18-2

2S

ep.

23-2

7S

ep.

28-0

2O

ct.0

3-07

Oct

.08-

12O

ct.1

3-17

Oct

.18-

22O

ct.2

3-27

Oct

.28-

01N

ov.

02-0

6Nov.

07-1

1N

ov.

12-1

6Nov.

17-2

1N

ov.

22-2

6Nov.

27-

01D

ec.

02-0

6D

ec.

07-1

1D

ec.

12-1

6D

ec.

17-2

1D

ec.

22-2

6D

ec.

27-3

1

0

10

20

30

40

mm

Rainfall

0

10

20

30

40

℃

Temperature

Rainfall

Maxtemp.

Minitemp

5 days Mean of Max & Mini Temperature and 5 days Rainfall(Mean of 11 years, 1993-2003 at MBARARA)

Mean annual rainfall: 1381 mm

- 50 -

March 2010

- 51 -