rice today special supplement for farmers' day
TRANSCRIPT
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8/9/2019 Rice Today Special supplement for Farmers' Day
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1
Selected reprinted features onmechanization in rice farming
Special supplement for Farmers’ Day organized byMyanmar’s Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation in
Napyidaw, Myanmar, 2 March 2015
www.irri.org
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8/9/2019 Rice Today Special supplement for Farmers' Day
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editor-in-chief Gene Hettel
managing editor Lanie Reyes
associate editor Alaric Francis Santiaguel
Africa editor Savitri MohapatraLatin America editor Nathan Russell
copy editor Bill Hardy
art director Juan Lazaro IV
designer and production supervisor Grant Leceta
photo editor Isagani Serrano
circulation Antonette Abigail Caballero, Lourdes Columbres, Cynthia Quin
Web masters Jerry Laviña, Lourdes Columbres
printer CGK formaprint
Rice Today is published by the International Rice Research Institute(IRRI) on behalf of the Global Rice Science Partnership (GRiSP).
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International RiceResearch Institute2015
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RiceToday Editorial Board
Bas Bouman, GRiSP
Matthew Morell, IRRIEduardo Graterol, Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice
Marco Wopereis, Africa Rice Center
Mary Jacqueline Dionora , IRRI
Osamu Koyama, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural
Erna Maria Lokollo, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and
Pradeep Kumar Sharma, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural Universi
Gonzalo Zorrilla, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA)
contents
MACHINES OF PROGRESS ....................................... 4Cambodian farmers adopted IRRI ’s postharvest
technology package, which improved the qualityof their rice grains, increased their harvest’s millingoutput, and allowed them to save on labor, time,and money
THE LITTLE MACHINE THAT COULD ....................... 8Africa shifts from back-breaking operations to almost
labor-free threshing
ECLIPSING THE SUN:FLATBED DRYERS ...............10Millions of Asian farmers struggled with poor-quality
sun-dried grain until a mechanical flat-bed dryeradaptab‹le to th‘e tr›opics was developed in th‘ePhilippines in the 1970s
HUMANS AND MACHINES.....................................12It takes sound business principles and p lanning to
introduce farm equipment in a sustainable way
LASERGUIDED DREAMS .......................................14Truong Thi Thanh Nhan doesn’t look like a typical
farmer, but she is proving to be a powerful “engine”for growth in Vietnam’s farming communities
EVEN GROUNDS .....................................................16Laser land leveling is fast changing the face of
traditional farming in South Asia
TECHNOLOGIES MEET FARMERS..........................18Hundreds of thousands of Asian farmers are adopting
a range of IRRC-facilitated technologies becauseof the many impressive economic, social, andenvironmental benefits
DRUMMING UP SUCCESS ......................................22An improved way of planting rice is increasing farmers’
incomes and strengthening communities inBangladesh
THE NOTSOSILENT REVOLUTION ......................28The widespread use of small engines for water pumps
and boat motors gave rise to profound changes inthe Mekong Delta
SMARTER, CLEANER HEAT ....................................32A new design of a rice hull furnace has not only
improved grain quality, but has also made dryingcleaner and easier
FARMERS GET THEIR GROOVE BACK ...................35Drum seeding finds its way back to Tamil Nadu as
farmers learn how to control weeds selectively andmaximize profi ts using the technology
MODERNIZING ASIAN RICE PRODUCTION .........38A comprehensive action plan to transform rice farming
into a vibrant and profitable business
THE BUBBLE THAT DRIES ......................................40A low-cost solar bubble dryer has been developed to
help farmers dry their rice efficiently
GRAIN OF TRUTH ...................................................42Circle irrigation: A new response to clim ate change
GRAIN OF TRUTH ...................................................43Successful technology adoption needs support from
both farmers and governments
On the cover:
The combine harvester, an iconic image of farmin progressive countries, is now a normal scenin Cambodia. Small combine harvesters were fiintroduced but, since Cambodia has large rice medium (2-meter cutting width) and large (3-mcutting width) combine harvesters have becom
popular among Khmer farmers. Farmers have aadopted other postharvest technologies, whicimproved rice quality and increased harvest moutput, among other benefits.
“Are machines the answer?
While humans and
animals can expend a
certain amount of energy
for a given time period,
machines never get tired,
and they can get the
job done faster without
sacrificing the quality of
work.”
Joseph Rickman
IRRI senior scientist and expert in
mechanization and production systems
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ambodian farmers adopted IRRI’s postharvest technology package, which improved the quality of their
ce grains, increased their harvest’s milling output, and allowed them to save on labor, time, and money
Machines ofprogress
by Lanie Reyes and Trina Leah Mendoza
A sea of newly harvested rice
extends to the horizon in
Battambang Province—the rice
bowl of Cambodia. It was only
e third week of February, just the
ginning of the harvesting sea son for
any Asian countries, but it seemed
e harvest time was already over in
attambang.
As we drove farther along the
y and dusty roads of the province, a
mbine harvester suddenly appeared
the horizon. It cut through the rice
alks almost as effortlessly as mowing
backyard lawn with an operator sitting
top of a lawn mower. This is a stark
ntrast to the traditional backbreaking
d tedious harvesting process, in whichrmers bend to gather and slash stalks
ing razor-sharp sickles. Some collect
d tie the stalks while others thresh, by
ting the rice plant on a piece of wood.
hen the farmers winnow the paddy and
the trash blow away from it.
Farmers’ chats to let their minds
ft away from the scorching sun and
e harrowing labor have been replaced
the whirring sound of the machine
aking its way through the rice elds.
The combine harvester, an iconic
image of farming in progressive
countries, is becoming the usual scene
in Cambodia—a hint that labor shortage
during harvest time is becoming a
serious problem for Cambodian farmers.
A dynamo of changeWhen Martin Gummert, an agricultural
engineer at the International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI), visited
Cambodia for the rst time in 2001,
it reminded him of Vietnam in the
1990s, when the mechanization of the
country’s agriculture was in its infancy.
Its postharvest technology was at a very
low stage. The milling industry was
mismatched and outdated, and therewas limited storage capacity. “Though
there was a lot of poverty, I could sense
the excitement of people trying to leave
the past behind, grab every opportunity,
move on, and develop,” recalled Engr.
Gummert.
Many years back, in 1988, Harry
Nesbitt and Glenn Denning, two of
IRRI’s agricultural scientists, went to
Cambodia to rebuild its rice production
and “to breathe life back into the killing
elds,” as the country was ravaged by
the Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot. (See
Towering legacies Vol. 1, No. 1 of Rice
Today.)
Since almost all traditional
knowledge on rice farming had been
lost, Drs. Nesbitt and Denning were
there to basically build a whole new
farming infrastructure and a system of
agricultural research for Cambodians to
carry on. In 2001, a newly established
Cambodian Agricultural Research
and Development Institute then took
over—part of the social context of
the dynamism, which Engr. Gummert
observed.
Wind of inspirationCambodia’s dynamic race to development
specically in rice production can
be attributed to the tenacity of the
Cambodians themselves. Their horrid
history during the Khmer Rouge, 30
years back, seems to have faded in the
background as they moved forward.
Pyseth Meas, a postharvest expert
on rice, is one of the members of the new
generation unfettered by the nation’s
challenging history. Instead, his past
has become his inspiration. He vividly
remembers growing up on a rice farm
with his father, who was a government
ofcial before Pol Pot’s regime. When
he lost his father during the war, his
mother raised him and his siblings by
selling rice. He witnessed his mother’s
hard work and difculty selling milled
rice to consumers and traders. Like an
imprint on his young mind, he was drawn
to a profession that would ease the plight
of those who depended on rice, such as
his mother. Thus, he pursued a career in
postharvest technology.
“I could see that this was where I
could contribute more to my country—
knowing that 85% of the Cambodian
farmers are rice farmers,” Dr. Meas
said. “All of my life, I’ve wanted to do
something for the Cambodian people,
especially the farmers, because we rely
on rice as our staple food and main source
of income. So, when I became involved in
a project on postharvest as a partner with
IRRI, I was more than happy.”
In 2005, the Postproduction Work
Group (PPWG) under IRRI’s Irrigated
Rice Research Consortium, funded by
the Swiss Agency for Development and
Cooperation, pooled its resources together
with the Asian Development Bank (ADB)
and the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction
(JFPR) to fund the project Improving
Poor Farmers’ Livelihoods through
Improved Rice Postharvest Technology. Itwas designed and initially led by Joseph
Rickman, who was then the head of t he
Agricultural Engineering Unit at IRRI.
When he moved to Africa in 2006, Engr.
Gummert took the lead.
The project’s goal was to
demonstrate to some villages in
Battambang and Prey Veng provinces
that improved harvesting, drying,
storage, and milling can help farmers
increase incomes from rice harvests and
improve the quality of grain and seeds
throughout the postharvest chain.
In February 2006, farmers’ and rice
millers’ needs were assessed through
a survey. Hearing from the farmers
themselves, the project team was able
to determine that the farmers needed
dryers, especially during the rainy season,
when paddy quality was at a high risk
of deteriorating quickly, and combine
harvesters to solve the labor shortage.
The first line of defenseSince knowledge is the rst line of
defense in this case—against postharvest
losses—the project team conducted a
trainers’ training in the same year to
share their knowledge and expertise on
improved postharvest options among
the staff of the provincial agricultural
extension services and their project
counterpart in Cambodia. In the second
half of 2006 and 2007, knowledge
and skills in postharvest technologies
smoothly cascaded to the farmers, as
these trainers visited a total of eight
villages. They taught and advis
farmers regarding grain and see
quality, and safe storage option
harvesting, threshing, cleaning,
hermetic storage, and milling.
Labor shortageJust like in other countries, the
generations in rural farming are
move to the cities to nd better j
With fewer hands, it is almost n
impossible to hold together the
the farm. “Cultivating a hectare
according to Dr. Meas, “needs
100–120 person-days. And, abo
is spent on establishing the crop
another 40–45% for harvesting
Small machine, huge effectThen came the mini-combine h
also known as a mini-combine
simply combine. It fuses four o
(reaping, collecting, threshing,
cleaning) in one machine (see C
cutting costs in Cambodia, Vol
on pages 5-6 of Ripple).
Rice Today July-September 2010Rice Today July-September 2010
C H R I S Q U I N T A N A
MARTIN GUMMERT, an agricultural engineer at IRRI,advocates better postharvest management to improvethe quality of rice and reduce losses caused byspoilage and pests. T R
I N A L E A H M E N D O Z A
“THE USE of machinery is i mpeCambodia to become a rice expDr. Pyseth Meas (above left ), aexpert on rice. Cambodian farmKimyorn (above right ) said thause of a combine harvester, hethe crop on time, with less labless cost. Seum Kouy (left ), a Prey Stor Village, Prey Veng, sawith an improved granary, her protected from rain, insects, brats.
LANIEREYES(3)
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When the team brought in this small
ntraption from Vietnam, they had two
asons in mind: one, to reduce the high
rvesting cost caused by a lack of labor
d, two, to increase the quality of the
ain.
After they showed how a mini-
mbine works to farmers in both
attambang and Prey Veng provinces,
mbines in different sizes have become
big hit.
Net Kimyorn of Boeng Pring Village
Battambang said, “My elds are
eady less prone to accidents like re.”
In Cambodia, it was common for
on-to-be-harvested rice to catch re,
used by lit cigarette butts thrown in
e rice elds. Since harvest time falls
ring the summer season, rice elds are
lnerable to res. Mr. Kimyorn recalled
re in his community in 1993 when 98
ctares of rice elds were turned into
hes because a drunken man cooked rice
ar the elds. Lucky for Mr. Kimyorn,
s rice elds were spared.
“Moreover, we can harvest the crop
time, with less labor, and at less cost,”
r. Kimyorn said. “And, we do not relythe climate anymore. Before, it took
most a month to harvest a crop. Now, it
kes only a few days. Less likely for rain
come while we are harvesting.”
To manually harvest a hectare of
e eld, a farmer needs to hire at least
persons. The farmer pays each one
S$3–4 per day or spends $100–120 per
ctare. Aside from it taking longer, the
orkers would still need to gather the
op for threshing.
Hiring a combine harvester with
an operator, on the other hand, costs $90–
100. Aside from the difference in cost,
grain quality is better, and it doesn’t take
so much time. A large combine harvester
with a cutting width of 3 meters, for
example, can harvest a hectare in only an
hour.
Now, with less labor required in the
eld, Mr. Kimyorn and his family can
devote their extra time to other income-
generating activities such as shing and
selling noodles. Most of all, the family
can spend more quality time with each
other.
Competition benefits the farmersThere are even some cases wherein
farmers do not need to do much after
harvesting because, recently, buyers
from Vietnam and Thailand have been
purchasing rice directly from them.
According to Dr. Meas, though
these purchases are informal and are
not in good order, farmers benet much
from them. Without buyers crossing
the border, farmers rely mostly on rice
millers to buy their paddy. However, withcompetition, farmers can ask for a better
price.
This does not mean, however,
that drying is no longer needed. Some
farmers dry and store their rice, then
wait until the price is high before they
sell it. This is when the information
board greatly helps farmers. The use of
information boards, as part of the holistic
package of the PPWG of IRRI, gives up-
to-date reports on the rice prices in the
market, allowing farmers to plan the best
time to sell their rice.
In addition, most farmers set aside
an amount of rice for their family’s food
until the next harvest and sell only the
surplus. Thus, they still need the benets
from the mechanical drying technology.
Flatbed dryersBringing technology to farmers is
important for them to see their options up
close. Thus, in 2007, the team introduced
mechanical drying in Cambodia, by
installing the rst atbed dryer in Ballat
Village, Battambang, in collaboration
with the irrigators’ association.
When the farmers from the Po Chrey
community in Prey Veng heard about
the benets of using mechanical dryers,
they requested the project team to help
them install a mechanical dryer in their
village. The team assisted the community
by providing a blower and rice husk
furnace, while the farmers nanced and
installed the drying bin and the shed.
In early 2008, two dryers were
installed in Po Chrey community: one
was initially supported by the PPWG
and the other was set up by the private
company ABK in cooperation with the
community. Dryers became so in demand
that, by mid-2009, the number of dryers
increased to nine. Now, the country
already has 11 known dryers.
Before, Koul Savoeun, just like other
farmers in Ballat Mancheay Village of
Battambang Province, had no idea about
moisture content. He relies only on his
gut feeling in determining whether the
paddy is dry or not. After learn ing about
moisture content, he noticed that his
grains became clean, had no bugs, and
had better quality.
According to Mr. Savoeun, after
milling, sun-dried rice is yellowish and
has more broken grains than rice dried
using the mechanical dryer. Since the
quality of the grains dried through a
mechanical dryer has improved, the price
has stepped up also, from $23 per bag to
$25 per bag (a bag contains 50 kilograms
of rice).
Mr. Savoeun added that they no
longer depend on the climate to dry their
paddy. They can dry their paddy even
during rainy days.
Storing the harvestEven if grains are properly dried, this
does not mean that farmers are free from
potential postharvest losses. “In storage,
losses to insects, rodents, and birds are
estimated to be 5–10%," according to
Engr. Gummert.
Rice stored in homes is as common
as a spirit house standing in each front
yard in Cambodia because a Khmer
family secures its rice consumption until
the next harvest. Others store grains to
sell when the price is at its peak.
Seum Kouy, a farmer in Prey Stor
Village, Prey Veng, said that with the
improved granary—a technology also
promoted by the project—her grains are
protected from rain, insects, bird s, and
rats.
And, for grains stored as seeds,
IRRI provides the hermetic “Super Bag,”
which protects the germination ability of
the seed (see Fighting Asia’s postharvest
problems, Vol. 6, No. 1 of Rice Today).
has more potential to go up. “A
as I know, Thailand is already n
ceiling; I don’t think it has mor
climb up,” Dr. Meas added.
“If the country will use mo
varieties along with improved i
infrastructure, let alone use pos
technologies, the country may e
its present rice production,” Dr.
condently predicted.
Contribution to the country’s goIt is hoped that postharvest tech
will help Cambodia attain its go
to be a major exporter and doub
production in 2015. For Engr. G
there are two ways in which be
postharvest management can co
to the country’s goal. First, Sou
Asia loses 15–25% of grains be
of spoilage and pests. Reducing
losses will contribute to the cou
rice output. The other area is ba
quality. “Better quality directly
the ability to export rice becaus
become a major exporter,” expl
Engr. Gummert, “the country n
to produce quality consistently.
only by using advanced posthar
technology can this be attained
Cambodia cannot denitely
on manual labor if it wants to b
major exporter some day. Dr. M
explained that if a country, let u
Philippines, wants rice from Ca
it prefers only one or two variet
same variety ripens at the same
If manual labor is used to harve
difcult to maintain the grain q
and, because of labor shortages
impossible to harvest this varie
the same time. Some plants wil
mature, and others overripe.
“If the rice is less mature, i
have less milling output; if it is
it will have a lot of breakage,” D
explained. “Therefore, use of mis imperative for Cambodia to b
exporter.”
No doubt, combine harvest
atbed dryers, among other pos
technologies, are radically tran
how farmers farm in Cambodia
without saying that Cambodia i
toward efciency and modernit
strives to increase rice producti
leapfrogs to become a major ric
in Asia.
Plausible promiseADB has been funding a new project,
Bringing about a Sustainable Agronomic
Revolution in Rice Production in Asia
by Reducing Preventable Pre– and
Postharvest Losses, since 2009. It builds
on the pilot activities of the ADB-JFPR-
funded project, which ended in 2008,
and aims to reduce postharvest losses by
scaling out technologies that have been
proven effective.
With the success of postharvest
technologies in Cambodia, how did the
team know that the technologies were
mature enough to be released? “I think
a technology is never mature enough to
be released,” explained Engr. Gummert.
“It’s always a process; you have to start
with something. We call it a plausible
promise, wherein the technology has the
potential to solve a problem.”
Vietnam has commercially produced
6,000 mechanical dryers, being used in
counties in the Mekong Delta. For the
team, this is a hint that the technology
is sound and could also be applicable in
Cambodia. Hence, “it became a starting
point to introduce the technology in
another country, rather than initiating a
research project to design a new dryer,”
Engr. Gummert explained.
The combine was rst introduced as
mini or small. Its cutting edge of about
1 meter was just suited for small blocks
of rice elds. “The reason was that it
was cheap and affordable,” said Engr.
Gummert. “We knew that it was limited
in terms of capacity and it is not the
technology that can treat all the needs of
farmers.”
Now, farmers adapt the technology
to their needs. Since Cambodia has bigger
rice areas, medium (2-meter cutting width)
and large combine harvesters (3-meter
cutting width) have been imported from
Thailand, Vietnam, and China.
Developing Cambodia’s potentialA United States Department of
Agriculture report in 2009 says that
Cambodia aims to double its rice
production in 2015 and become a major
exporter. According to Dr. Meas, the
country already has a surplus for export
even if its average rice production is
only 2.7 tons per hectare and it has poor
irrigation infrastructure (only 15% of
its rice areas are irrigated). Thus, it
Rice Today July-September 2010 Rice Today July-September 2010
KOUL SAVOEUN, a Cambodian farmer, said that,because the quality of the rice grains dried through
a mechanical dryer has improved, he can sell them ata higher price.
RICE STORED inhomes is as commonas a spirit house inCambodia.
CAMBODIAN FARMERS rest under a treewhile waiting for the combine to loadrice on a truck.
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Rice Today April-June 2012Rice Today April-June 2012
T he excitement of ricefarmers in Saint-Louis,Senegal, upon seeing anappropriate engine-driven
mall-scale thresher from Asiathe mid-1990s could not have
een far dierent from that of thest American president, George
ashington, in 1796, when he waspecting the rst horse-poweredreshing machine to arrive from
ondon. He described the newachine as one of “the most valuablestitutions in this country; for
othing is more wanting and to beished for on our farms.”
The Asian rice thresher,hich the Senegalese rice farmers
ppreciated, was sent by theternational Rice Research InstituteRRI) upon request by the Africace Center (AfricaRice). It waspected that this thresher could becally manufactured and mountedserve as an alternative to manualreshing.
he making of ASIhanks to an innovative partnershiprged between national andternational research and extensionganizations, local artisans, farmers’ganizations, and the private sector,
n improved rice thresher for thenegal River Valley (the principal
ne for irrigated rice in the country)as soon developed. Based on theRI prototype, it can reduce theudgery associated with handreshing and improve yield andarketability of rice.
Substantial modications wereade to the original thresher,cluding doubling its c apacity,aking it more robust by usingurdier material, increasing itsocessing power, and adding two
wheels to make it a four-wheelversion.
Named “ASI” after the threemain partners—AfricaRice, theSenegal River Valley NationalDevelopment Agency (SAED), and theSenegalese Institute of AgriculturalResearch (ISRA)—the thresher wentthrough several adaptations toensure that it met the requirementsof producers and women rice farmersengaged in threshing activities.
ASI was commercially releasedin Senegal in 1997. Since then, ASIhas become the most widely adoptedthresher in Senegal, with major
impact on the rice production chain.A study showed that, with six
workers, ASI yields six tons of paddyper day vis-á-vis one ton by manualthreshing and four tons by Votex, thealternative small-scale thresher thatwas available in the Senegal RiverValley. Moreover, with a grain-strawseparation rate of 99%, no additionallabor is required for sifting andwinnowing compared to Votex,which could not properly separate
grains from straw after threshing.In other words, it reduces labor
requirements, freeing up familymembers, particularly women,for other useful tasks; speeds upthe postharvest process; allowsproduction of a higher qualityproduct with lower risk of damage;and increases the marketability oflocal rice in the face of imports.
Recognizing its immense valuefor the country as a technical solutionthat is acceptable to everyone in therice-growing community, includingwomen, the Grand Prix du Présidentde la République du Sénégal pour
les Sciences (Special Prize of thePresident of Senegal for ScienticResearch) was conferred in 2003 onthe ASI thresher team. The teamincluded AfricaRice Deputy DirectorGeneral Marco Wopereis, who hadserved as an agronomist in the Saint-Louis Station of AfricaRice in the ’90sand was closely involved in all thestages of ASI’s development.
An impact study conducted byAfricaRice in Senegal 12 years later
in 2009 showed that ASI continuedto be one of the most importantimproved postharvest technologiesin the Senegal River Valley, helpingirrigated rice farmers to cope withlabor scarcity. For farmers, the ASIthresher is a time- and labor-savingdevice with a high grain recoveryrate.
Spreading across the regionAs ASI’s popularity grew amongthe rice farming community andits impact continued to rippleoutward and change the lives ofrural households, the experience in
Senegal was successfully extendedto several West African countries(Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana,Mali, Mauritania, etc.), where eachcountry further adapted the machineto suit its own specic conditions andreleased it under dierent brands.
ASI has recently spread toCentral African countries Cameroonand Chad. Here, the local artisans,who were trained by AfricaRice andpartners, were inspired to develop
Africa shifts from back-
reaking operations to
lmost labor-free threshing
by Savitri MohapaThe little machine that could
a series of modied prototypes forvarious crops. In 2011, the Chadgovernment gave ASI high praiseat the country’s 50th anniversarycelebration, where local ASI modelswere publicly displayed.
Why ASI clickedLabor is a serious concern in sub-Saharan African agriculture sincemany labor-intensive tasks in cropproduction are carried out manually.For example, rice threshing andcleaning are manually carried outpredominantly by women, whospend hours on these back-breaking
operations. This not only aects theirhealth but also the grain quality andprotability of rice.
Field surveys carried out inthe ’90s in the Senegal River Valleyrevealed that the lack of improvedpractices and machinery resulted inpostharvest rice crop losses of up to35% and poor grain quality due toinecient manual threshing.
The surveys also revealed otherconstraints, such as the frequent
shortage of labor during riceand postharvest periods andunsuitability of existing systwere too costly, time-consumlabor-intensive during peak demand. Consequently, paddsit in the eld for weeks or evmonths waiting to be harvesthreshed; quality then deteri because of exposure to the eand shaering.
Therefore, in response todemand from rice stake holdAfricaRice decided to adapt
introduce ASI in the region bcreating a coalition of partneThe partnership model m
technology relevant. AfricaRnow using this model to forgpartnership and alliance to fdevelop rice harvest and postechnologies in sub-Saharan
Now, the Center is introdand adapting a small aordacombine harvester in the SenRiver Valley for timely harveand threshing. The adaptedprototype combine harvesteris under tests, not only harvesmall farm plots more quicklalso provides threshed and bgrain of high quality, makinaractive to local traders.
Given the examples of Aand the mini-combine harveintroduced by AfricaRice anits partners, a number of ricestakeholders from sub-SaharAfrica who met in July 2011 develop a road map for sustamechanization of the rice sec
emphasized the value of smascale, locally adapted machinspecically targeting labor-iactivities.
They also recommendedgovernments consult researcimporting machinery to ensuecacy and durability undefarming conditions, and that be built to provide after-salefor farm machinery. Thus, thcreated by ASI continue to ex
AN ASI thresher is beingused at the Institutd'Economie Rurale (IER),Niono, Mali.
PARTICIPANTS AT a meeting on “Boostingagricultural mechanization in rice-basedsystems in sub-Saharan Africa,” under theGlobal Rice Science Partnership (GRiSP),inspect a mini-combine prototype designedby a local manufacturer.
MARCOWOPEREIS,AFRICARICE
WITH SIX workers, manualthreshing yields only one tonper day, but, using an ASIthresher, it yields six tonsper day.
R.RAMAN,AFRICARICE(2)
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At rst, the atbed rice graindryer did not take o inmost countries because ofthe high-cost kerosene-
eled burner. Its 1-ton dryingpacity per batch was too big for
mall farmers and too small for themmercial sector.
It was only in Vietnam where thechnology was successfully adapted,anks to a version modied by Nongm University (NLU). By 2005,ound 4,000 dryers with 4- to 8-tonpacity were installed in the Mekongelta, all using rice husk as fuel.eighboring Lao PDR, Cambodia,d Myanmar had no dryers at that
me. Indonesian dryers mostlystalled by t he government were not
ing used. And, only a few dryerssed on the Vietnamese design wereed in the Philippines.
The International Rice Reasearchstitute (IRRI) began working withLU, national partners, and privateakeholders in 2006 to introduce thetbed dryer in Southeast Asia.
yanmarr. Myo Aung Kyaw from theoneer Postharvest Development
Group (PPHDG) and Mr. Tin Oo,a manufacturer, participated in anIRRI-organized dryer manufacturingtraining by NLU in 2006.
After the training, they installedthe rst pilot unit in Myanmar,which sparked the production andinstallation of dryers at rice mills andwith farmers’ groups. By 2012, morethan 70 dryers had been installed bythe PPHDG, 80 by Mr. Tin Oo, and150 by others who had copied thedesign.
The Pioneer postharvest teamconrms that 13,700 farmers are beneting from the dryers that theyhave installed, and about 35,000farmers are already beneting frommore than 300 dryers in the country.
IndonesiaIn the tidal lands of South Sumatra,low-quality discolored rice wascommon because of delays inhandling and drying. This wascaused by shortages in laborand poor postharvest facilities.Then, AGRINDO, a machinerymanufacturer in Java, introduceda kerosene-fueled atbed dryer inSouth Sumatra in 1995. Unfortunately,
users abandoned the dryer because ofrising fuel costs.
In 2003, a r ice-husk-red dryerwith 3.3-ton capacity was developed by the Indonesian Center for RiceResearch in Sukamandi, andintroduced in South Sumatra by theAssessment Institute for AgriculturalTechnology in Palembang. IRRIhelped by transferring a biggerand more ecient fan to a localmanufacturer in Palembang. Come2010, around 200 dryers wereinstalled in South Sumatra, mainly byrice millers. Four local workshops arenow producing dryers there, with oneshop in Palembang already makinggood-quality dryers.
In 2012, IRRI provided additional
training on blower testing andmanufacturing of an improved ricehusk furnace.
The PhilippinesMost Filipino farmers rely on thesun to dry their grain, but now theyface quality problems because ofunpredictable weather.
In the past few years, thePhilippine Rice Research Institute(PhilRice) worked with NLU to bring
Millions of Asian farmers struggled with poor-quality sun-dried grain until a mechanical
atbed dryer adaptable to the tropics was developed in the Philippines in the 1970s
Martin Gummert and Trina Leah Mendoza
Eclipsing the sun:
fatbed dryers
Rice Today January-March 2013
M A R T I N G U M M E R T
of the dryers’ adapted designuse of rice husk as fuel, as wfacilitation of technology trasupport to local manufacture
Each country had localchampions who drove thetechnologies even beyond prhorizons. Multistakeholder psuch as learning alliances hein linking actors across sectocapturing the learning, and mavailable for others.
All these were key ingrethat helped move atbed dryVietnam across Southeast As
Mr. Gummert is a postharvest eand Ms. Mendoza is a communspecialist at IRRI.
For a related video about the fadryer in Cambodia, see hp://yoldsReKPINOE
in the second-generation atbeddryer with reversible airow fromVietnam to the Philippines.
IRRI supported a participatoryverication of the initial units of thesedryers through the Irrigated RiceResearch Consortium (IRRC) andan Asian Development Bank (ADB)-funded postharvest project. And, thePhilippine Department of Agriculturefunded 10 units installed at PhilR icestations.
These dryers are now distr ibutedto end users through PhilRice and apostharvest learning alliance. Bothserve as platforms in which thedryers can be evaluated in a businessmodel context with end users andsupporting institutions such asnongovernment organizations, localgovernment units, and IRRI.
CambodiaThe need for mechanical dryersin Cambodia sprang from theproliferation of combine harvesters inthe country.
Now, with around 2,000combines being used, large amounts
of grain harvested need to be dried.Sun drying is no longer suitable (see
Machines of progress , Vol. 9, No. 3,pages 38 to 41 of Rice Today). Thus,the ADB-IRRI project transferred theatbed dryer from Vietnam to a localmanufacturer in Cambodia.
From one demonstration unitinstalled with a farmers’ group in2007, Cambodia now has hundreds ofatbed dryers. The private sector hasrealized the benets of mechanical
drying and several companies haveinvested in the technology. Nou KimSean, a rice miller who part neredwith the project, has now designed arecirculating batch dr yer—the nextlevel of the technology. In 2012, IRRItested the dryer and assisted him incoming up with an improved secondversion.
Key ingredientsPrevious aempts to introducemechanical dryers for rice h ave failed because of unsuitable technologies,high fuel costs, and markets thataccepted sun-dried paddy without aprice penalty.
However, increased harvestvolumes and markets becoming morequality-conscious pushed the needfor mechanical dryers in SoutheastAsia over the last decade.
Within a few years, neighboringcountries adopted the dryers because
PHILIPPINE RICE ResearchInstitute engineers demonstratethe reversible flatbed dryer tofarmers in Agusan del Norte,Philippines.
NOU KIM Sean (right ), farmer andchairman of the Pursat Rice MillersAssociation, adopted the technologyand built a recirculating batch dryerwith 12-ton capacity.
AN IRRI technician assists ininstalling a privately owned flatbeddryer with rice husk-fueled furnaceat the foot of Mt. Sierra Madre inCagayan Valley, Philippines.
Rice Today January-March 2013
TRINA LEAHMENDOZA
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8 Rice Today April-June 2012Rice Today April-June 2012
A number of examples iAfrica tell stories of hfarmers have successf
adopted small-scale equipmwhich is now being manuflocally.
The model of adoptiongenerally been the same. Oa suitable machine is identit is tested under a range olocal conditions, modied necessary, promoted by thgovernment, and then linklocal entrepreneur.
The use of locallymanufactured mechanicalthreshers in Senegal is onegood example (see story on30-31). When this eq uipmeimported from the InternaRice Research Institute in tPhilippines was brought toAfrica, the government, towith the Africa Rice Centea local manufacturer, extenits use to the broader farmcommunity. Now, more thaof these thre shers—which been adapted to local condare being used in Senegal.
In Tanzania, more tha600 two-wheel tractors, whwere imported from Thailare now being widely usedrice production. Local dealin Dar es Salaam support ttractors by supplying sparparts and training operatoin using and maintaining equipment. In Madagascarlocally manufactured mecweeders have been adoptewidely. These weeders weroriginally imported from Aare now being fabricated lo
In all of these cases, adand promotion have been bon sound business principwithout government subsi
by Joseph Rickman
Small equipment:
A big hit in Af
A farmer’s life has never been an easy one.Before farmers canreap the full benet of
eir harvest, they have to do manynergy-sapping tasks: plowing,anting, irrigating, weeding,
arvesting, threshing, transporting,nd storing.
Traditionally, most activities onmall rice farms require long hours
work, using a lot of family labor or
nergy. Studies show that, for eachn of rice produced, more than 7,000egajoules of energy are needed,hether provided by humans orachines.
In physical terms, work or energya function of force and distance.
he more force you need to apply orstance you need to travel, the more
nergy is required. The faster youcomplish this, the more power you
xert. When humans or animals workthe eld, the problem is that theyn supply only a nite amount of
nergy at a given time. When they getred, eciency drops and so does theuality of work.
Are machines the answer?lthough humans and animals havemited energy over time, machineson’t get tired, and they can get the jobone much faster without sacricinguality of work.
For instance, to plow a hectarequires 150 person-days to nish,
2 days when animals are used, aay with a 2-wheel tractor, and 1–2ours with a 4-wheel tractor. Theme amount of energy of about 1,500egajoules is required to do the job.
he dierence is in the t ime.Aside from time, labor cost
hould also be considered. Using aachine or hiring a contract service
rovider is cheaper. The cost forne-pass plowing using animals, awheel tractor, or a 4-wheel tractor
by Joseph Rickman and Paula Bianca Ferrer
is US$40–50 per hectare dependingon the locality while manual laborcosts more than $200 per hectare,and the job done is no beer than themechanical output anyway.
In terms of harvesting, handharvesting and threshing cost$100–120 per hectare and handcuing with mechanical threshingcosts about $80 per hectare, which issimilar to combine harvesting thatcosts $80–100 per hectare.
When a machine is introducedinto a farming system, it often bringswith it other benets. The engine can be used as a power source for othermachines such as threshers, waterpumps, and electricity generators.Moreover, a farmer who owns amachine such as a 2-wheel tractor orthresher can do contract service workfor other farmers.
Technical loopholesGood management andunderstanding of the machineand the farming environmentare all critical and should not beoverlooked. For example, whenmechanical threshers were broughtto Mozambique from Asia, all had broken down with mechanicalproblems within 2 months. The causeof the problem was that farmers hadalways cut the straws long enough foreasy grip when they manually ailedthem over a drum to release thegrain. However, mechanical threshersrequire short straws to be ecient.
Another problem encounteredwas that the farmers normally lefttheir rice crop in the eld until themoisture dropped to 15–16%, whichmade it easier for threshing. Themechanical threshers, however, were
t takes sound business
rinciples and planning to
ntroduce farm equipment
n a sustainable way
designed to thresh grains at 20–22%moisture, which not only gets thecrop out of the eld 3–4 weeks earlier but also gives higher grain yield of a beer quality. Farmers who were notused to managing grain with highmoisture thus faced a problem. Thisresulted in a s econd technology, solargrain drying, which could dry thegrain to 14% moisture for safe storage.
The biggest lesson here is that it’svery important to analyze the entireproduction chain before introducingnew equipment.
Gears in placeIn rice-producing countries wheremechanization is at an early stage,many nuts and bolts have to bein place to develop a sustainableindustry. Experiences from Asiaand from some parts of Africa
indicate that farm equipment can be introduced in a sustainable waythrough sound business principlesand planning. Governments,training institutes, internationalorganizations, NGOs, nancialinstitutions, and the private sector allhave a role to play.
The government’s main roleis in the importation and testingof new equipment, as well as inthe development of import and taxpolicies that support importers,dealers, and local manufacturers.Vocational training institutes needto develop curricula that focus onmechanization and can provide bothtechnical and basic business planningand training for operators, mechanics,and artisans. Extension oces andNGOs need training to extend andsupport mechanized agriculture.Credit institutions need to beencouraged to structure loans to suitfarmers and contract service suppliers.
Most importantly, there must bechampions for rice mechanizationwho will link to all the stakeholdersand who must be supported by thegovernment to drive the process—from introduction to adoption.
Mr. Rickman is an IRRI senior scientistand regional coordinator for East andSouthern Africa.
J O S E P H R I C K M A N ( 8 )
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Rice Today October-December 2013
With her tiny frame, blunt-cut bangs, and trendyoutts, 28-year-oldTruong Thi Thanh Nhan
looks more like a school girl thana farmer. Nhan earned her degreein software programming from theUniversity of Science in Ho Chi MinhCity, Vietnam, in 2010. But, aftergraduation, she agreed to her parents’wishes to oversee their family farmin Dak Lak Province in Vietnam’sCentral Highlands.
In December 2011, Nhan startedthe daunting task of managingtheir almost 70 hectares of land. Shestarted planting rice twice a year on20 hectares of their farm. Once a year,Nhan also grows maize and pumpkinon 10 hectares each. Although herfamily’s farm is located on a steepslope, bringing water into the eldwas easy because the eld was nextto a water canal. It was managing thewater—making sure that higher areaswere reached—that was the problem.Most of the rice plants in higher areasdie because they lacked sucientwater. She had no choice but to hiremany laborers to replant the eld.
A flair for laser
In early 2012, Nhan chanced upon ashow on a Vietnamese TV channelthat featured rice farmer Nguyen LoiDuc from Tri Ton District, An GiangProvince. She found herself glued tothe channel as Nguyen was sharinghis experiences and the benetsfrom laser leveling his 150-hectareeld. With her interest piqued, shesearched the Internet to learn moreabout the tech nology.
With laser leveling, a tra nsmierplaced at the side of the eld sendsa laser beam to a receiver, which is
aached to a leveling bucket drawn by a tractor. Then, a control panelmounted on a tractor interprets thesignal from the receiver and opensor closes a hydraulic valve, whichin turn raises or lowers the bucket.The bucket then drags and drops soilacross the eld to make it even.
Nhan, together with her family,visited Nong Lam University (NLU)in Ho Chi Minh City. They were briefed on the technology by NLU
Laser-guided
dreamsuong Thi Thanh Nhan doesn’t look like a t ypical farmer, but
he is proving to be a powerful "engine" for growth in Vietnam’s
rming communities
Story and photos by
Trina Leah Mendoza
Rice Today October-December 2013
sta member Tran Van Khanh, aprincipal lecturer on agriculturalmachinery, and Phung Anh VinhTruong, a researcher who becameNhan’s husband in 2013 and nowhelps her manage the farm.
Engr. Khanh emphasizedthe benets of the technologyand assured Nhan’s family thatthe International Rice ResearchInstitute (IRRI) also providestechnical support. Nhan’s familywas convinced anddecided to buy laser-leveling equipmentand a drag bucketfrom a Saigon-baseddistributor, IdealFarming Corporation.
Loads of benefits
They began usinglaser leveling in theirrice-growing area.“Now that 9 hectaresof our r ice eld have been laser-leveled,the benets have been tremendous,”Nanh says. “We saveon water becausewe don’t need topump more water toreach the once-highareas. With even water coverage, thecrops are healthy and thriving—andwe don’t need to hire laborers forreplanting.”
Laser leveling their land hadother benets too. Fertilizer is nowspread evenly among the crop,saving as much as 77 kilograms perhectare. Pests, which used to hide inuneven spots, can no longer do so,resulting in less pesticide applied.Weed control is a lso easier. Herbicide
spraying has been reduced to one, before the emergence of rice, unlike before when they sprayed herbicidetwice during the season. T he yieldfrom the las er-leveled eld duringthe dry season, from January toMay 2013, was higher at 6.7 tons perhectare compared with 4.5 tons perhectare for the unleveled eld.
The laser-leveling equipment,however, is subject to wear and tear.Nhan’s husband, Truong, shares
that the usual cha llenges they facewith laser leveling have more to dowith xing the equipment when it breaks down. It usually takes a weekto repair the system, and Truong, being an agricultural engineer byprofession, does it on his own intheir workshop. However, since theylive in a rural area where powershortages are common, repairing broken equipment takes more timeand eort.
postharvest technologies org by the Asian Development BPostharvest Project.
A role modelAlthough Nhan is not a typiVietnamese farmer, she hasmanaged to turn their farm productive and ecient busBut, many people are surpris by Nanh’s decision to be a faThey do not understand why
young lady liwith a backgrin softwareprogramminprestigious uwould want t back to agric
For Nhanwas no surpr
Her parents bgrew up on fand agricultupart of their ftradition. Goto her roots mher happy anis optimistic her future. Shthat, with a ngeneration oflike her, it wipossible to ch
general perception of farmin“Nowadays, young peop
that farmers a re old-fashioneand lack social standing, andreturning to the farm is a lastsays Nhan. “I am a smart, yodynamic person, and even tham a farmer living in an areamany comforts and I face diwith nances and managi ngI know that I am on the righttoward a stable income and a
sustainable future.“I am contributing to foo
sustainability for my region acountry, which young peoplerarely do. And, I have my famthank for helping me be the fthat I am now.”
Ms. Mendoza is a senior commuspecialist with the Irrigated RiceConsortium at IRRI.
Spreading the wordBut, overall, Nahn’s decision topurchase the equipment is provingto be a very wise one. As theneighboring farmers witnessed theimprovements on Nhan’s rice farm,it wasn’t long before they sought herhelp. She already provided laser-leveling services to one farmer’s2.7-hectare rice eld in December2012 and she has plans to do more.
“After I nish leveling our
20 hectares of rice farm and ourmaize farm, we plan to rent out ourequipment to other farmers, not on lyfor rice but for other crops as well,”says Nhan.
Nhan is now also on amission. An advocate of laser-leveling technology, she sharesher experiences in adopting laserleveling with representatives from both the public and private sectorduring meetings and seminars on
NHAN AND her husband Khanh arechanging farming practices and theimage of farmers in Vietnam.
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Rice Today April-June 2011 Rice Today April-June 2011
F ew countries in Asia are
familiar with precision land
leveling or laser land leveling,
but, in India, the technology
s already been adopted in many
ates and it has almost become an
dispensable tool in agriculture.
hrough laser land leveling, farmers
e able to save water and reduce their
igation cost because laser-leveled
lds, unlike traditionally leveled elds,
ow better water coverage and more
cient irrigation.
Around 7,000 Indian farmers now
wn 10,000 laser land levelers and close
1 million hectares of land in India have
en laser-leveled.
“For traditional agricultural
actices of the rice-wheat farming
stem, pump irrigation is common,”
ys Raj Gupta, regional facilitator of
e Rice-Wheat Consortium (RWC) for
e Indo-Gangetic Plains. “Electricity
nsumption from pumping underground
ater can reach 800 kilowatts per hectare
r year and leveling the land could help
ve up to US$65 million annually.”
“Laser leveling allows us to use
ore efciently water that, at times,
comes scarce,“ he added. “Also,
mpared with unleveled or traditionallyveled elds, laser-leveled elds can
ve 18 centimeters of water. With about
million hectares of land that has been
er-leveled, this translates to 2 cubic
ometers of water saved—roughly the
e of a lake that is 2 kilometers long, 1
ometer deep, and 1 kilometer wide.
“Laser leveling not only allows
en distribution of water so that it can
used more efciently but it also leads
better nitrogen-use efciency, which
Bianca Ferrer
helps give us a much better crop stand,”
he concludes.
Leveling the land using laser
systems has also become a source of
income for farmers as they rent the units
to fellow farmers at 500 rupees ($1) an
hour. Sometimes, these farmers hire out
the system to three to four other farmers
to level their elds, working in shifts.
“The laser land levelers give the farmers
an extra source of income aside from
helping increase their productivity,” cites
Dr. Gupta.
Farmers in India enjoy benets
similar to those enjoyed by farmers in
Pakistan, from where Dr. Gupta and his
colleagues from the RWC rst stumbled
upon the technology.
In 2002, the RWC team visited
farmers’ elds in Pakistan. During the
eld trip, they saw elds that had been
laser-leveled. “We got good feedback
from the farmers,” explains Dr. Gupta.
“They liked laser leveling very much
because it helped them save water, get
extra income from renting out the units
to other farmers, and increase their
productivity. So, we decided to introduce
laser land leveling in India.”
In the same year, a laser land-
leveling unit was supplied by Spectra
Precision, Inc., a dealer in Hyderabad,
India, and was brought to a farmer’s eld
in Haryana for testing. However, the
technology was not a success because the
system buckled and was taken back forfurther improvements. It did, however,
provide two important lessons: that
the unit’s automatic hydraulic scraper
bucket should be assembled with locally
available materials and that local service
providers had to be able to handle defects
in their small workshops.
After the rst unsuccessful attempt,
the RWC asked Joseph Rickman, an
agricultural engineer at the International
Rice Research Institute (IRRI), to
develop a hydraulic scraper bucket for
a 50- to 60-horsepower tractor that was
tted with a laser land-leveling unit. As
he had gained much experience from his
projects in Cambodia and Thailand, Mr.
Rickman developed an automatic scraper
bucket with Beri Udyod Ltd., a local
manufacturer, which offered him free
use of its workshop facilities. As a result,
they were able to build the hydraulic
scraper bucket using local automobile
components and they connected it to a
tractor-driven land-leveling unit.
The machine was tested on a farm
in Karnal Province and the results were
encouraging. This then led to a larger
demonstration and a training workshop at
the Indian Agricultural Research Institute
in New Delhi, where about 200 agr iculture
professionals, service professionals, and
local manufacturers attended.
Through an initiative to promote
laser land leveling in northern India,
similar to Spectra Precision, Inc., in
southern India, another manufacturer
came onto the scene and forayed into
manufacturing units that copied the
hydraulic scraper bucket from Beri and
used a locally-procured control valve
mechanism. Competitive manufacturing
was born with Leica Geosystems and
Beri producing the same units and nine
other suppliers that came on board later.
In 2005, the Atomic Energy
Commission in India also developed
a prototype of a laser land leveler but,
although it was successfully developed
using locally-available materials, it failed
to be mass-produced. Meanwhile, India’s
private sector also developed prototypes
of laser land levelers and, at the same
time, through contacts with foreign
suppliers, imported other units from the
U.S. to India.
Many on-farm demonstrations,
eld days, and training workshops took
place. Units were produced in Karnal,Ludhiana, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar
by 2006 so the technology could reach
farmers’ elds more effect ively. One of
the farmer-service providers, Ranjeet,
together with his brother, undertook more
than 200 eld demonstrations in Bihar’s
12 districts covering West Champaran to
Purnea from 2007 to 2008.
Through subsidies provided by the
state governments of Haryana, Punjab,
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and others, farmers
aser land leveling is
ast changing the face
f traditional farming in
outh Asia
were soon able to purchase their own
units, which they also rented out to
other farmers. A cooperative in Patna
and Samastipur districts in Bihar called
the Primary Agriculture Credit Society,
along with a farmers’ seed village in
Begusarai, promoted laser land leveling
together with their other resource-
conserving technologies.
The Department of Agriculture
in Bihar also bought ve units of laser
land levelers for demonstrations in
2008-09. During the same years, Dr.
Apurba Chowdhury and his team from
Uttarbanga Agriculture University
procured three units of laser land levelers
in Kochbehar and Dakshin Dinazpur for
farmer participatory trials.
Moreover, Dr. Paritosh Bhattacharyya
from the West Bengal Department of
Agriculture took seven more units of laser
land levelers to different districts of West
Bengal. This then became a collaborative
effort with the Indian Council of
Agricultural Research.
The experiences gained in farmers’
elds helped further improve laser land
levelers. Punjab Agriculture University
also took the initiative of modifying
the hitch system for the scraper bucket,
allowing it to improve its turning radius
by 27% and the maneuverability of
tractors in small elds.
Another innovation made on the
machine was the addition of a quick-
release hydraulic coupler that enabled it
to be attached to or detached from the
Even grounds tractor. This helped free the tracthe laser land leveler was not inrestored the tractor to being a m
vehicle. This led to a total of 20
to Bihar, West Bengal, Punjab,
and western Uttar Pradesh.
Since then, more improvem
made on the leveling unit such a
double wheels to it to reduce the
the tractor, which increased the
capacity by 25%. An improvem
that included a powered mast fo
elevation setting of the receiver
enhanced mast-receiver control
laser land levelers but also boos
and tractor efciency during lev
“Like in India, where the te
started with one unit, but has no
to 10,000 units, farmers in Ban
and Nepal, where the technolog
introduced in 2008, are also kee
purchase more,” says Dr. Gupta
Each country now owns thr
and the technology has been intr
in the Cereal Systems I nitiative
Asia, a collaborative project amo
IRRI, the International Maize an
Improvement Center, the Interna
Food Policy Research Institute,
International Livestock Researc
With joint efforts among organizations and Consultativon International Agricultural centers, laser land leveling co
become an indispensable tooagriculture in Bangladesh andholding lots of promise for fa
A LASER land leveler plows a field in thevillage of Matiala, western Uttar Pradesh.
R A J G U P T A ,
R W C ( 3 )
VILLAGERS HELP a local service provider,who rents out a laser land leveler tofarmers, do land surveys.
USAID AGRICULTURAL advisor Robert Be(right ) tests a laser land-leveling unit wIndian agronomist R.K. Naresh (left ).
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Rice Today October-December 2011Rice Today October-December 2011
rvest, and reduced fungicide usage and
ought risk.
In northwest Bangladesh, direct
eding combined with shorter duration
e varieties, appropriate weed
anagement, and crop diversication is
lping to ease monga, a seasonal hunger.
ch year, farm workers suffer from
onga from September to November as
ey wait for the wet-season harvest.
In monga-affected districts of
angpur and Nilphamari, farmers who
rectly seeded their rice got higher net
urns in both the wet and dry seasons.
elds of directly seeded crops in the wet
ason were higher by 493 kilograms
r hectare, and total production costs
ere lower by $47 per hectare than on
rms with transplanted rice. Planting of
tato, maize, and wheat on time in the
y season allowed farmers to sell their
ops at higher prices, because they were
le to harvest earlier when supply in the
arket was still relatively low. On-time
anting of these dry-season crops also
sulted in better yields. Net incomes
farmers who directly seeded during
e wet and dry seasons were higher by
41 per hectare than for farmers who
nsplanted.
With the earlier harvest of the
rectly seeded rice crop in the wet
ason, 55–59 person-days per hectare
n potentially be hired during
rvesting, thus easing the problem of
employment.
ologically based rodent managementis not uncommon for farmers to
se half of their entire crop to rats,
cause rat damage is usually patchy
d family rice plots are small,” says
ant Singleton, IRRC coordinator and
dent expert. Surprisingly, only 10% of
e many different species of rodents are
sts in agriculture. The challenge is to
develop ways to control the pests without
greatly affecting those that are benecial
in our environment.
Farmers are adopting a simple,
environment-friendly community
method called ecologically based rodent
management (EBRM). With EBRM,
farmers are encouraged to conduct
control methods as a community, such as
planting synchronously and hunting rats
together. EBRM reduces rodent damage
by 33–50%, and increases rice yield by
2–5%. It also reduces rodenticide use by
62–90%.
EBRM has been adopted as the
national policy for rodent management
in Vietnam, Indonesia, and Myanmar. It
also was recently included in a national
integrated crop management program in
Indonesia, which was promoted through
50,000 farmer eld schools in 2009 and
2010.
The impact of rodent outbreaksin different parts of the world was
highlighted in the 2010 book Rodent
outbreaks: ecology and impacts,
published by IRRI.
Reducing postharvest lossesAsian rice farmers lose 30–50% of
their earnings from harvest to market.
IRRI postharvest specialist Martin
Gummert leads the IRRC Postproduction
Work Group in tackling problems on
postharvest losses by providing best
practices and technologies to farmers and
other stakeholders. Since 2005, activities
have been funded by SDC and the Asian
Development Bank.
The mechanical at-bed dryer,
which produces better quality rice
than sun drying, was introduced in
Cambodia, Myanmar, and Lao PDR.
Farmers’ groups and private companies
themselves provide funds to install
more dryers in different provinces. As
many as 35,000 farmers in Myanmar
beneted from using at-bed dryers. In
Cambodia, traders pay 20% higher for
dry paddy, and an additional 10–12%
for mechanically dried paddy. In the
Philippines, third-generation at-bed
dryers were transferred from Vietnam,
and adaptation trials are ongoing.
Stakeholders in Cambodia,
Indonesia, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Vietnam,
and the Philippines tested small-scale
hermetic (airtight) storage systems for
grains and seeds. Local distributors were
established as well. An impact survey
indicated that Cambodian farmers who
use IRRI Super bags reduced their seed
rates by 22 kilograms per hectare. In
Myanmar, a locally manufactured bag
for rice seeds was developed, with over
10,000 bags sold to farmers.
Partners share their experiences
in using these postharvest technologies
through national learning alliances
(LA) in Cambodia, Vietnam, and the
Philippines. Five regional LAs have been
established in Vietnam.
Successes in SulawesiThrough country outreach programs
in Myanmar, Vietnam, Indonesia, and
the Philippines, combinations of IRRC
technologies are showing positive results
in trials in farmers’ elds.
From 2008 to 2011, an IRRC-led
project funded by the Australian Centre
for International Agricultural Research
focused on raising rice productivity in
South and Southeast Sulawesi, two major
rice-producing provinces in eastern
Indonesia.
Farmers in four villages tested
AWD, integrated pest management, and
direct seeding (using a drum seeder) with
appropriate weed management. EBRM,
storing seeds using the IRRI Super bag,
and fertilizer management (using a soil
test kit and the computer-based Nutrient
Manager ) were also benchmarked.
Farmers obtained a substantial
increase in yields of 0.5 to 2.3 tons per
hectare. The increase in mean farmer
income ranged from 22% to 566%,
signicantly higher than the 10% target
of the project.
The number of farmers adopting
direct seeding almost doubled in
Southeast Sulawesi, from 26% in the
2008 wet season to 48% in the 2010 wet
season.
None of the farmers had heard of the
Nutrient Manager in 2008, but, in 2010,14–55% of the farmers had heard about it
and 10–20% had used it.
Compared with farmers in control
villages, the number of farmers with
improved knowledge on key insect pest
management principles doubled. For
water management, none of the farmers
had heard of AWD in 2008, but, in 2010,
19–80% of the farmers in the project
villages had adopted AWD.
The project’s adaptive research
approach was integrated into a
program called Integrated Crop
Management-Farmer Field Scho
Closing yield gaps in Southeast The IRRC has proven to be an e
platform for delivering new tec
to small-scale rice farmers acro
With over a decade of valuable
experiences under its belt, the I
envisions that it will continue to
scientic leadership and essenti
networks for environmentally s
increases in rice production in S
Asia’s main rice bowls.
The impacts have been imp
so far, and the IRRC, through it
national partners in both the pu
private sector, has a key role to
facilitating food security in the
Dr. Singleton is coordinator of
IN NORTHWEST Bangladesh, direct seeding, combined withearly-maturing varieties, appropriate weed management,and crop diversification, is helping to ease seasonal hungercalled monga.
T . M E N D O Z A ( 2 )
M . C A S I M E R O
MEN, WOMEN, and children—and theirdogs—hunt rats together in An Giang,Vietnam.
AT POPULATIONS can be su ccessfully managed ifrmers work together as a community—applyingeir control at the right time and in the rightbitats.
C H R I S Q U I N T A N A
CHILDREN AND their families across Asimore reasons to smile as the IRRC conthelp bring rice to their tables.
G R A N T S I N G L E T O N
AFTER A SUCCESSFUL field trial, the women inBone, South Sulawesi, proudly carry the season’sbountiful rice harvest.
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Rice Today September 2005 Rice Today September 2005
A lmost 90% of the 11 millionhectares of rice that areplanted each season inBangladesh is transplanted
— seedlings are grown in nurseriesthen moved to the field. It is aheavily labor-intensive process,requiring nearly half-a-billionperson-days across the country. In
the past, rural laborers abounded, but increasing labor out-migrationto city areas and a shift towardsalternative rural employment has
seen a severe shortage of handsavailable for transplanting rice.
This scarcity of farm workersis hurting Bangladeshi rice farmerson several fronts. The most obvious
impact is an increase in labor costs. Also, the optimal planting per iodsfor the boro (dry) and aman (wet)
seasons are relatively short. A lack of workers
means not allfarmers can
plant theirrice on time.
Delayedplantingleads to late-maturing rice,
increasing
the risk of croplosses at the tail
end of both seasons— due to hailstorms or
flooding from rain during
the boro season and due to drought
during the aman season. Thesefactors, combined with increasing
costs of other inputs and a falling orstagnant market price for rice, arediminishing the economic viabilityof rice production in Bangladesh.
But a simple, inexpensive piece of
equipment has the potential to changethe face of rice farming across thecountry. The drum seeder (see photo,opposite) is a lightweight devicemade from high-density plastic with
a cost of around US$40 and a life of
6-8 years. Originally designeInternational Rice Research
(IRRI), improvements by resand manufacturers in Vietnasubstantially reduced the weand usability of the device. Iof six to eight cylindrical dru
along a central axis. Each drstudded with holes through wpre-germinated seeds drop nrows on puddled soils as the seeder is pulled along. The d
supported by a large plastic weach end, allowing the wholeto be easily pulled along by auser at walking pace. Drum s
has already had success in Vas a seed-saving strategy, butcapacity to save labor is profo
while it may take up to 50 pedays to transplant 1 hectare o
direct wet seeding with a druseeder takes barely 2 person
Bangladesh’s first drum-trial, conducted during the 2
aman season — a collaborati
between IRRI a nd the BanglRice Research Institute (BRRfunded by the International F
Agricultural De velopment (I
— was a comprehensive succthe trial, led by M. Zainul AbFarming Systems Specialist
succes
sDrumming up
n improved way of planting rice
increasing farmers’ incomes
nd strengthening communities
n Bangladesh
Story and photography by Leharne Fountain
A PLASTIC DRUM SEEDER holds six or eight perforated cylindrical drums housing pregerminated seare dropped in rows as the seeder is easily pushed or pulled along by a single person — like Filipi
Jimmy Gonzales — at walking pace. M. Zainul Abedin (below left ), who led the drum-seeding tria
viewed about the technology by Bangladesh TV Channel i during a field day in Pabna. The media hcrucial role in raising awareness of drum seeding throughout Bangladesh.
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Rice Today September 2005 Rice Today September 2005
FARMER Jamal Sheikh (opposite)discusses his drum-seeding expewith Channel i director Shykh Sethe Pabna field day. Looking on aMinister Mirza Fakhrul Islam A
(in white), BRRI Director of ResNiloofar Karim (right of ministerDr. Abedin (left of Seraj ).
RRI’s Social Sciences Division,d implemented by BRRI Chiefientific Officer Musherraf Husaind participating farmers, drum
eding resulted in an average% higher yields and 6% reducedsts compared with transplanting,d drum-seeded crops maturedaverage 10 days earlier. What’s
ore, drum-seeded rice gave anerage gross return 21% higheran for transplanted rice. Thisanslates to more than double theerage profit — a boost of around
20-150 per hectare per crop. All those involved saw t he
chnology as cheaper, requiringss labor, producing higher yields
d resulting in better plant growth.he only areas of concern weree potential cost of acquiring a
um seeder, uncertainty overailability, and weed management.
ore recently, though, a follow-p IFAD-funded project, aiming
accelerate the adoption of thechnology, has given IRRI and
RRI, with the assistance of
the Bangladesh Department of Agricultural E xtension (DAE),the chance to solve some inherentproblems and lead the spread of
drum seeding in Bangladesh.Dr. Abedin developed guidelines
for technology adoption using acommunity participatory approachto research and extension. One key
to the approach is a pre-adoptionanalysis that takes into considerationinstitutional, technical, policy,social and economic factors thatmay help or hinder adoption. This
means understanding an entirefarming community, not justindividual farmers. Many farmersgrow other crops in addition to
rice, so the approach must considerhow drum seeding will affect their
whole farming system. The product
of a Bangladeshi farm familyhimself, Dr. Abedin emphasizes
the value of allowing farmingcommunities to make their owndecisions, and to recognize theyhave the ability to experiment, take
calculated risks and innovate.
Fifty-six groups across thecountry decided to try drum seedingduring the 2004 boro season, in thehope the technology would spread
out from these points. Establishinga drum-seeded crop requires earlierirrigation than does transplanting,so owners of tube wells — eachof which usually irrigates several
rice farms — were the first peoplecontacted in each location.
“It’s useless,” says Dr. Abedin, “toget the farmers involved if they can’tirrigate their crop at the right time,
so it was crucial that we includedthe well owners. Understanding,and working within, the existingcommunity structures is essential.”
Extraordinary paceNow, after just three growing seasons,
the popularity of drum seeding isspreading at an extraordinary pace.
Some 4,000 Bangladeshi farmers inmore than 300 groups are alreadyusing the technology, with hundredsmore seeking access to drum seeders.
Dr. Abedin attributes thesuccessful adoption of drumseeding in large part to theproject’s community participatoryapproach and, critically, the early
establishment of research linkages with development and policymakers, entrepreneurs and themedia. Ultimately, though, it comes
down to the farmers themselves.“It was the farmers who
experimented with the technologyand were confident of success, evenin the face of skepticism,” he says.
“The researchers were continuouslylearning from farmers and integratingthese lessons into the work plan.Farmers also trained other farmers.
Working with groups of farmers
helps establish ongoing, community-level monitoring and evaluation, andensures that drum-seeding successstories spread rapidly to neighbors.”
The project abounds with storiesabout farmers like Abdul Aziz, fromGazipur district northeast of the
capital, Dhaka. Aziz soldiered on even while neighboring farmers scof fed,
believing he wouldn’t harvest anyrice from his drum-seeded crop. At55 bigha, or just under 8 hectares (7
bighas equal 1 hectare), Az iz’s farmis large by Bangladeshi standards.He started growing drum-seededrice during the 2004-05 boro season.
Previously, his entire crop wastransplanted, requiring 25 laborersper 5 bigha. For the same area, drumseeding required just a single laborer.
Aziz expla ins that on top of
the labor savings, he increased his yield by 0.5-0.8 tons per hectare,and he harvested 10 days earlierthan previously with transplantedrice. He has more money in his
pocket and he intends to invest itoutside of rice farming, to increasehis earning capacity and diversifyhis income. Many of Aziz’s fellow
Gazipur farmers are now eager to
try drum seeding for themseand he is only too happy to shknowledge and experience —his drum seeder — with them
It’s a common theme: skneighbors become true believMohammad Ghiasuddin, wha very small farm in Mymensdistrict north of Dhaka, has
harvested three drum-seede After just one season, both hneighbors, who had originallhim mad, were convinced of
virtues of drum seedi ng, and
has shared the technology wIn this way, from farmer
farmer, the technology is spr
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Rice Today September 2005
eld days, often attended byundreds of farmers, give drum-
eding converts the chance tospire others to try the technology.a field day in April 2005, three
rmers shared their experiences of
um seeding with a crowd of nearly00 farmers and extension workersom around Pabna, 240 km west ofhaka. One of the speakers, Jamalheikh, described the experiment he
d some fellow farmers performedtry and reduce both the need
r irrigation and the cost of landeparation by adopting a zero-tillagechnique that made use of residual
oisture in his field from recedingodwaters — and which, in concertth drum seeding, gained them
elds at least 20% higher than for
ansplanted rice. It is this spiritof innovation and determination
that has stirred pride in thosealready drum seeding and
inspired their counterparts.
Involving Bangladeshi policymakers in the adoption process
provided a major boost. From anearly stage, Dr. Abedin realizedgovernment support would becritical (see Grain of truth on page
38). The team fostered relations with the Bangladesh Ministry of Agriculture and subsequently securedgovernment funding of 10 millionBangladeshi taka (US$156,000),
which was mainly used to buyan extra 2,500 drum seeders.The government also pledged tosubsidize the cost of drum seeders forfarmers. The media have also been
instrumental in increasing awarenessof drum seeding. Many people — notonly rice farmers — approachedBRRI and DAE for information on
trying drum seeding after seeingstories about the technology ontelevision or in the newspapers.
But there is still work to bedone. Research is still identifying
the varieties and areasmost suited to drumseeding, particularlytaking into accountland, soil and existing
cropping systems. Weedmanagement is also an issue,
as is the availability of the drumseeders, and the possible need
for adaptations. And althoughscarcity of labor is the primary
basis for using drum
seeding, in some areas the technologyhas the potential to displace jobs.
“Researchers need to be awareof their social responsibility to seethat there is no serious effect on ruralemployment,” cautions Dr. Abedin.
“However, the economic boost caused by drum seeding should create jobselsewhere to absorb displaced labor.”
IRRI, BRRI and the DAEare currently in discussions with
Bangladeshi entrepreneurs interestedin manufacturing drum seederslocally, and two companies havealready manufactured prototypes.This sort of enterprise can help
the availability of drum seedersmeet the rising demand.
Major shift
Drum seeding represents a majorshift from transplanting, and thereis a need to manage the changeand create an environment thatallows change nationally. Training
farmers and both government andnongovernment extension workersis of paramount importance. AnIRRI-led meeting in June 2005,attended by senior government
officials and high-level research,extension, nongovernmental,media and business personnel,established a 5-year plan for
transferring drum-seedingtechnology. Following this, thegovernment has given the go ahead
WEL BUSINESSMAN Haji Shahabuddin (above) approached BRRI, eager to try drum seeding on his land, after seeing the technology showcased on the locallevision program Soil and man. Farmer Mohammad Ghiasuddin (above right ) stands in front of his drum-seeded crop. Filling drum seeders is easy for Filipino farmerernando Bambo (below ) — simply open the hatch in each drum and pour in the pregerminated seeds.
Rice Today September 2005
to the project team for an additional
investment of around 100 milliontaka ($1.56 million) to continuethe work to spread drum-seedingtechnology across Bangladesh.
Originally, the only planned
benefit of drum seeding was thecost saving from reduced laborrequirements. It was expected,however, that this would be offsetslightly by an increased need for
weed management. As it turnsout, farmers have also experiencedimproved plant growth, increased
yields and earlier plant maturity,
and they have used fewer seeds.The latest results of drum
seeding across the country show yield increases of up to 20% in both boro and aman seasons,
and up to double the net profit,translating to additional income,over transplanted rice, of 7,000-10,000 taka ($110-160) per hectareper season, a significant boost for
most Bangladeshi rice farmers. Drumseeding also frees family labor, whichhas wide-ranging social benefits.
Even with modest projections,
Dr. Abedin believes drum seedingcan have a profound impact. “Ifdrum seeding works on only 4
million hectares,” he explains,
“a 15% yield increase equates to3 million tons of extra rice with
very little ext ra investment. I believe drum seeding has thepotential to change the landscape
of rice farming in Bangladesh.”Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service,
a participating nongovernmentalorganization, sees early harvest andincreased yield as more than just a
way to reduce monga (starvation)during the pre-harvest period inOctober and November. First, earlyharvesting generates employment
for landless laborers, providing themincome to buy food. Second, the earlyharvest and increased productionmake food available to vulnerablefarmers during the monga period.
The farmers themselves areoverjoyed by the results and areeagerly sharing the technology withother farmers. Dr. Abedin has also
witness ed benefits of the technology
that run deeper than this — the spiritof innovation and entrepreneurshipamong farmers and the strengtheningof communities through working
together are just as significant.Drum seeding is helping to
advance rice farming in Bangladesh.
In his own words, Ayub Husain is
farmers.” Husain was part of the
of farmers to receive drum-seedi
from BRRI. He then trained others,
with five farmers in two locations
2003-04 boro (dry) season. In theaman (monsoon) season, just two fa
the drum seeder. The next boro seaso
more than 60 farmers sowed 15 hecta
seeding, including almost a hectare
own land. Wanting to spread the word
forces with IRRI and BRRI to hold a f
day, which was attended by the Stafor Agriculture.
Inspired by the results in his
Husain set out 500 km across Banglad
he led trials in the hometown of t
Minister to raise government awaren
technology. The trials were not as suhoped because of unsuitable cond
neither he nor the farmers were d
these same farmers are now testing
in the aus (pre-monsoon) season.What motivates a farmer to g
lengths? Husain claims his mission
to help his fellow Bangladeshi farmegrow enough rice merely to feed them
their families, and many struggle t
even that. By instilling farmers with
innovation, he believes Bangladesh
a whole can move forward. Husain ha
partnerships between farmers, scieresearchers can increase productivi
wants scientists to help farmers realiz
can take a technological approach
problems and improving their farmin
While Husain travels around t
spreading the news about drum se
other technologies, his family lookfarm. It is more important, he feels,
his time to benefit the entire country
professed father of farmers doesn’t
payment for his work: parents don’t e
paid for being parents, he says, For H
a reward in itself to watch hi