right to use copyright protected research and other materials pirjo kontkanen 31.5.2007 nuas seminar...
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Right to use copyright protected research and other materials
Pirjo Kontkanen
31.5.2007
NUAS seminar Forskning – Arkiv - Forskning
Legal Counsel / Research Affairs
Copyright / Basic principles
• A person who creates literal or artistic work has copyright
to his work. Examples of such works are literal and
spoken presentations, compositions, dramatic and
photographic works, films and works of visual art, works
of architecture and handicraft, maps, explanatory
drawings, graphic or plastic works and computer
programmes
• Also other works than specifically mentioned may be
protected
• Must be the result of its creator’s original creative work
(level of requirements not necessarily very high)
• Ideas and information as such are not protected
Copyright / Basic principles
• If several persons create a work together and their work
contributions cannot be separated from each other they
have copyright together. Each creator’s consent is
needed to use the work
• When someone modifies a work, e.g. by translating or
altering a work to another art type, he may have copyright
to the modified work. Copyright to the original work
cannot be infringed, though.
Copyright / Basic principles
• Copyright regulations also include provisions for rights
regarded as related to copyright (neighbouring rights).
They cover for example the performing actors, ordinary
photographs, producers and sound recordings,
transmission of radio- and television programmes,
catalogues, tables, programmes and databases.
Copyright / Basic principles
• Copyright holder has an exclusive right to authorise
making copies of the work and making it available to the
public in modified or unmodified form, as translation or
adaptation, in another form of literature or art or by using
another method. Making copies means any form of copy
making as well as transferring the work to some device
with which the work can be duplicated.
• Also moral rights, right to be acknowledged as an author
for example, are protected
Copyright / Basic principles
• Permission to use copyright protected material must be asked from the copyright holder (who is the actual right holder?)
Unless restriction provisions/exceptions state otherwise
• There are no general provisions to transfer employee’s rights to the employer
Copyright and Research
• No general restriction provisions to allow the use of copyright protected material in research
• Quotes allowed: from published works in accordance with good custom and to the extent needed for the purpose
• Provisions of private use applicable to certain extent:
a few copies can be made from published works
Copyright and Research
• Owner of database rights not always clear
Rights may belong to the university or individual researchers and one database may be protected by different provisions: copyright or sui generis database right
Separate protection for works gathered to the database
Copyright and archives
• Archives may have some rights to make copies from their collections to preserve collected items and allow them to be used for research (on certain conditions)
• Questions:
What part of the university can be considered as archive according to the legislation at the universities (Not every institution within the university)
When can you regard materials as collections of an archive and not as materials for some other purposes
Effects of Copyright in Practice
• Written agreements with right holders needed in every case
• Different kinds of agreements are made and copyright protected materials are available on various kinds of conditions (Who keeps track and knows what conditions are applied in every case)
• Universities bye back knowledge which has been created in universities
Books, journals, article databases
• In co-operation projects separate agreements must be made between the university and authors or authors otherwise have to accept the obligations in agreements before the university can accept them
Copyright Versus Other Rights
• Research at the universities is governed by the principle called freedom of science which gives researchers and teachers certain rights to decide how to teach and do research
• Both copyright and freedom of science protect individual’s rights
• Copyright is not, however, always in line with the rights stemming from the freedom of science
Individual’s copyright needs to be in balance with other researchers’ needs and rights to use materials
• Universities have obligations against its co-operation parties
individual’s right to decide how to use copyrights cannot be in contradiction with these obligations
Conclusions
• Copyright legislations should better take into account the needs of universities within research and teaching
• It is not always reasonable to expect universities to pay compensation for the use of copyright protected material
• Effective research tools, such as databases, should be available when made at the universities, ownership and user rights should be clear