The Rise of Modern Japan

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Japanese Comic Books Comic books are most popular in Japan Comics were invented in the U.S.

1987 survey said only 15% of American high school students read comics vs. 69% of Japanese

In Japan, most successful comic strip artists are as famous as actors or musicians

Respected art form, read by adults and children Often hundreds of pages and explore many genres

Comedy, drama, science fiction, and nonfiction Political parties publish comic books Stock market investing tips through comic books

Rise of Modern Japan You don’t have to take notes!!! Instead, you are going to create a comic

strip of key historical ideas. Here is an example...

Barefoot Gen: A Cartoon of Hiroshima

2.2A: Key Ideas for Creating a Comic Strip on the Rise of Modern Japan

Highlight the key ideas you want to use for a comic strip

Here is an example of a completed comic strip about Feudal Japan…

Creating Comic Strips Be creative, but do not change facts Include important elements We will examine a picture as a class I will give you information

I will give you 5-10 minutes to brainstorm with your partner a comic strip

Sketch a rough draft Complete the comic strip later (once we have been

through all the events)

Feudal Japan: Divinity of Japanese Emperor

Emperor Jimmu was founder of Imperial State in 660 B. C. Relative of Amaterasu the Sun Goddess As descendant of Sun Goddess, Emperor

embodies religion and government

Feudal Japan: Dual Government 1192: Emperor appoints a powerful Shogun after

years of wars with neighbors “barbarian conquering general” Shogun sets up “Tent Government”

Emperor ruled in theory Actual authority in Shogunate

Similar to Kings in Europe Shogun did not have absolute power Shared political power with lesser lords (shogu) Japan’s warrior class, Samurai, expected to be strong and

virtuous Similar to knights in Europe

Feudal Japan: Tokugawa Shogunate Established in 1600 Expelled Christian missionaries Closed borders to foreigners 250 years of isolation from west

Japanese business grew without foreign competition Japanese culture flourished in isolation

Kabuki theater Bunraku (puppet theater) Haiku

Feudal Japan: Decline of Tokugawa Shogunate 1800s Shogunate showing signs of decline Increasing debt with no attempt to finance Increasing tension between traditional warrior class, samurai,

and new wealthy merchant class Samurai = 7% of population

Dedicated to moral life and selfless service Shameful to open business or consider own financial benefit

Financial Crisis 1800’s impacted Samurai New “dishonoarable” merchant class grew wealthy and powerful Old “high status” samurai class became poor

Feudal Japan: Decline of Tokugawa Shogunate

Opening of Japan Matthew C. Perry forced shogun to agree to

international trade Ended 250 years of economic and cultural

seclusion Revealed Shogun was poised for a larger fall

Feudal Japan: Fall of Tokugawa Shogunate 1858: Shogun dies without an heir

Chaos and turbulence 1860: Shogun, Ii Naosuke,

Assassinated by disgruntled samurai “Revere Emperor” and “ expel the barbarians”

1866: outnumbered army from Choshu province defeated Shogun’s army Showed inferiority of national government

2 years later local army forces from several provinces seized imperial palace and overthrew Shogunate Proclaimed the restoration of the Japanese Emperor to power Ended 700 years of Shogunate domination

The Meiji Restoration Rebel Samurai who overthrew Tokugawa

Shoganate in 1868 “restored” emperor as source of authority 16 year old Meiji Emperor

Actual Power with group of former Samurai Ruled behind the scenes

Dismantled power of lords and samurai Moved capital to Tokyo

Meiji Japan looks West Govt. aggressively pursued Western ideas Leaders traveled to Europe

Awed by industry and modernization Japan quickly set out to imitate

Feared being dominated by economic and military strength

“There is no other way to preserve our independence except through the adoption of Western civilization.”

Emperor starting wearing western military uniform Adults played golf and baseball

Economic Modernization Laid groundwork for modern economy West = private companies, little help from

govt. Japan = govt. started companies and then

sold to private sector for cheap

Disadvantages of Industrialization Crowded cities caused frequent epidemics

and fires 1 in 4 houses burned between 1876 and 1892

Rise of Empire Japan participated in land grab as colonial

power “Enrich the country, strengthen the army.”

Modernized army and navy Quickly became most potent military in east

1894 took Taiwan and Korea from China 1904 took Manchuria from Russia

Japanese Empire and WWII: Rise of Militarism Early 1930’s: Worldwide depression Military leaders blamed government

Too much Western influence Left Japan dependent on foreign resources

Powerful Japanese military gained control of govt. Took Manchuria from China Western nations refused to recognize new “puppet state”

Military success made leaders popular Leaders sought to extend empire

World War II Late 1930’s

Japan controlled Korea, Taiwan, and much of China

WWII, 1939 Japan allies with Germany and Italy after early Nazi

success

Japanese leaders claimed the mission was to create a coalition of Asian nations

Reality: Japan wanted control of East Asian resources to become economically self sufficient

WWII cont… Japan felt foreign dependence made them vulnerable

1939: 85% of oil from US 1941: Japan moves troops into southern Indochina

US and Europeans impose sanctions Refuse to trade scrap iron and oil

Choice: Sever ties with Axis and Retreat from colonies = lose $

Or: Go to war December 7, 1941: Japanese attack Pearl Harbor

Defeat of Japan Japanese strategists

No resources to fight longer than 18 months

1942: Battle of Midway Japan’s Navy seriously crippled

US industry out produces Japan Aircraft carriers and submarines Strangle Japanese trade, navy immobilized

1 week after atomic bombs, Japan surrenders First time emperors voice was heard by public

Allied Occupation: Japan in Ruins Allied bombing destroyed 25% of factories

and 20 % of houses Allied forces demanded Japan give up

colonies form past 50 years First time Japan was under foreign

occupation Destroyed old system, opportunity for new

growth

General MacArthur and the Allied Occupation

Goals: Demilitarize Japan Political and economic reforms to bring

about stable democracy Japan cooperated and no Allies wanted

revenge “No other conquered people in history was

treated more humanely and benefited more at the hands of its conquerors.”

Japan’s New Constitution May 1947: Occupation officials wrote new

constitution and Diet passed it Diet highest political authority Independent Judiciary system Basic rights of people (education, equality,

suffrage) Article IX: renounced war

Role of Emperor Emperor Hirohito = War criminal? MacArthur feared rebellion

Found place in new govt for Hirohito

“Symbol of State and unity of the People” No longer divine 1946: Emperor publicly denied his divinity

Reforms of Occupation Farmland reform law

Landowner could own 7 ½ acres for himself and rent another 2 ½

Excess land sold to govt. Created a more equal distribution Helped develop middle class Agriculture first economic sector to recover after war.

Dismantled large industrial companies Paved way for smaller companies : Honda and Sony

1952: Japan declared independent

The Foundations of Economic Success1950’s and 1960’s

After independence in 1952, Japan experienced 3 decades of economic growth Economic Miracle

Legally prevented from spending $ on military (except small amount on self defense) Focused resources on economic growth

Economic Recovery in the 1950s War torn nation’s economy boomed from independence and

early 1960s Mid 1950s

Economic production increased 155% from prewar levels Economy showed signs that foreign export would soon boom

Leading shipbuilder 3rd largest producer of iron and steel

Learned to translate foreign technology into industrial strength

# of researchers employed by private companies doubled from 1952-1958 Not simply stealing ideas

Quality Control Occupation experts brought quality control to

Japanese Industries W. Edwards Deming

Deming introduced Statistical sampling to check quality of finished products

Japanese managers adapted idea to fit conservationist values Did not want to waste resources by rejecting poor finished

products Created ways to have workers check quality during

manufacturing process

Quality Control cont… 1960 Ishikawa Karou devised “quality control

circles” Small groups of shop floor workers monitored and

improved their own productivity

Prewar Japanese products considered shoddy and cheap

Postwar Concentrated on products that required high quality

Cameras, watches, radios, TV, electronics, appliances

Stable Government After WWII, Japan developed one of the

most stable democratic governments in the world Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

Conservative political party Remained popular through 1990’s because of

uninterrupted economic success

Govt. encouraged people to relate economic success and political stability

Continued Economic Success in the 1960s Industries regained strength in 1950s 1960s

Workers wages increased Consumers had $ to spend Business prospered

TV broadcasting started in 1952 By 1969, 25 million TVs in Japan

Private cars 1950: 48,309 cars 1969: 6.9 million cars

Continued Economic Success cont.. Cars

1950: produced only 1,593 cars 1969: produced 2,611,499 World’s 3rd largest producer of cars

Per Capita Income 1958: $284 1968: $1,122

1960-1969 Wages increased by 10% each year

“Economic Miracle”:1970s and 1980s Export economy had been growing for two decades

1970s and 1980s gained world dominance 1970: $19 billion exports 1989: $270 billion exports

1981: 70% of world computer chip market Adapted from US

1989: 25% of cars manufactured world wide Over 2 million more than US (8.8 to 6.8 million)

1982: researchers predicted Japan would have highest Gross National product by 2000 Reached milestone in 1991

“Economic Miracle” cont… Economic Growth combined with lack of

resources caused many to refer to period as “Economic Miracle”

Did not just rise from the ashes after WWII Underwent consistent and impressive growth

over a century starting with Meiji era.

Analyzing Economic Miracle Govt. policies protect business and encourage enormous

exports Management style emphasizes group cohesion and long term

company loyalty Traditional social values encourage hard work, discipline and

company loyalty Spirit of Japanese artisans attention to detail and quality lives

on in modern factories Japanese citizens also tend to save personal income

1980: Japanese saved 18% of income. US. 7% Banks have $ to lend to business

Technological, Political, and cultural factors led to miracle

Economic and Social Problems Two-tiered society

Successful students reap huge rewards Unsuccessful students cut off from prosperity

Governments protection of native industries create high prices Late 1980s

Gas: $4.10 per gallon Cherries: $16 pound Top grade beef: $80 pound

Consumers still pay high prices to protect Japanese industries

Social Problems cont… 40 years of economic success led to severe overcrowding of cities

and pollution Housing is most expensive in the world Japan is close to size of CA

Land value in 1988 $15 trillion 5 times value of US which is 24.5 times bigger

Occupation largely unsuccessful at strengthening legal rights of women Social, political and economic conditions have not improved significantly

Outsiders treated unfairly 1 million Koreans brought over to “work” (slaves) after WWII 700,000 remain

Hard to find job Achieve citizenship

Comic Books: Final Draft At least 4 sections Make sure it is factual

Get key ideas in Make sure you and I can understand it Use narratives if necessary Use dialogue when you can Use color Computers

Not all of it on computer (writing, some pics) You might want to make a second draft before you make final