Contents1. Acknowledgement.32.Abstract.............43. Introduction to thetopic............5a). Demanddriers...............5!). Demand trends......"4.#e$ %hallenges &or thermal powerplant.................'5.(olutions to %ombat the )oregoing%hallenges....1*". Impact o& %oal !ased +hermal ,ower ,lant on -nironment...........11..)l$ash..................12/.,roblems associated o& increasing 0$ash13 '. %onclusion...151*.!ibliograph$........................................................................................................................................1"AcknowledgementWe are deeply indebted to Dr.B.K Saxena- Electrical Departmentfor having allowed me tocarry out the project successfully. I specially than Dr.B.K Saxena for his guidance.We thans our colleagues and friends for providing constant encouragement and help. !inally Iam grateful to my family for their normal support and understanding. AbstractIn&aceo&thelikel$doublingo&theworldpopulationandperhapstriplingo&thepower demand oer the ne1t 5* $ears2 this paper presents some thoughts on thepossiblewa$s tomeet thepower demands under theconstraints o& increasedpopulation and land use while holding the enironmental impact to a tolerable one2and outlines the wa$s e1erg$ anal$sis ma$ be e3ectiel$ used in the conceptionanddeelopmento&suchprocesses. +oe3ectiel$deeloptheinnoatiepowergeneration s$stems needed in the 21st centur$2 irreersibilit$ and e1erg$ anal$sisshould be much more &ocused on the intrinsic process details.IntroductionElectric power is the key to the economic development of the country. India currently has a peakdemand shortage of around 14% and an energy deficit of 8.4%. The utility electricity sector inIndia had an installed capacity of 21.22 !" as of end #arch 2$1%. &enewa'le (ower plantsconstituted28%of total installedcapacityand)on*&enewa'le(ower(lantsconstitutedtheremaining 2%. The gross electricity generated 'y utilities is 11$+ T"h ,11$+-$$$ !"h. and1++ T"h 'y captive power plants during the 2$14 *1% fiscal. The gross electricity generationincludes au/iliary power consumption of power generation plants. India 'ecame the world0s thirdlargest producer of electricity in the year 2$11 with 4.8% glo'al share in electricity generationsurpassing 2apan and &ussia.3ources of electricity in India 'y Installed 4apacity as of 2$115uring the year 2$14*1%- the per capita electricity consumption in India was 1$1$ k"h with totalelectricity consumption ,utilities and non utilities. of 618.821 'illion k"h. Electric energyconsumption in agriculture was recorded highest ,18.4%%. in 2$14*1% among all countries. Theper capita electricity consumption is lower compared to many countries despite cheaperelectricity tariff in India.Demand drivers7f the1.4'illionpeopleof theworldwhohavenoaccesstoelectricityintheworld- Indiaaccounts for over 1$$ million. The International Energy 8gency estimates India will add 'etween+$$ !" to 1-2$$ !" of additional new power generation capacity 'efore 2$%$. This added newcapacity is e9uivalent to the 4$ !" of total power generation capacity of European :nion ,E:*2. in 2$$%. The technologies and fuel sources India adopts- as it adds this electricitygeneration capacity- may make significant impact to glo'al resource usage and environmentalissues..In addition to air pollution pro'lems- a 2$$ study finds that discharge of untreated sewage issingle most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a largegap 'etween generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. The pro'lem is not onlythat India lacks sufficient treatment capacity 'ut also that the sewage treatment plants that e/istdo not operate and are not maintained. #a;ority of the government*owned sewage treatmentplants remain closed most of the time in part 'ecause of the lack of relia'le electricity supply tooperate the plants. The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil orevaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the ur'an areas cause unhygienicconditions- releaseheavymetalsandpollutantsthat leachestosurfaceandgroundwater.8lmost all rivers- lakesandwater'odiesareseverelypollutedinIndia. "aterpollutionalsoadversely impacts river- wetland and ocean life. &elia'le generation and supply of electricity isessential for addressing India0s water pollution and associated environmental issues.Demand trends5uring the fiscal year 2$14*1%- the electricity generated in utility sector is 1-$1$.8% 'illion 4s other trace gasesand air 'orne inorganic particulates- such as fly ash and suspended particulate matter ,3(#..472- )7/and4>4saregreenhousegases,!I!s. Iighashcontent inIndiancoal andinefficient com'ustion technologies contri'ute to IndiaAs emission of air particulate matter andother trace gases- including gases that are responsi'le for the greenhouse effect.The present coal consumption in thermal power station in India results in adding ash estimated12.21 million tons fly ash in to the environment a year of which nearly a third goes in to air andthe rest is dumped on land or water .in spite of various research results a consistent utiliFation isnot evident- and it e/pected that stocks piles of fly ash will continue to grow with the increasingnum'er of super thermal power stationinIndia. 8s relianceuponcoal as afuel sourceincreases .This large 9uantities of this material will 'e increasingly 'rought into contact with thewater and soil environment. (ro'lemsassociatedof increasingflyashIndiahasa'out 211'illiontonsof coal reserves-which is known to 'e the largest resource of energy and presently 24$#T of coal is 'eing usedannually to meet the )ationAs electricity demand. In terms of energy- India stands at world si/thposition accounting 1.%% of the world commercialenergy demand in 2$$1- 'ut the electricitygeneration yet not completely fulfilled the present re9uirement. Environmental pollution 'y thecoal 'ased thermal power plants all over the world is cited to 'e one of the ma;or sources ofpollution affecting the general aesthetics of environment in terms of land use- health haFardsand air- soil and water in particular and thus leads to environmental dangers. >ly ash water alsoaffects the scale structure 'ecause itis a directly in contact with water. Ieavy metals can alsoadverselyaffect thegrowthrateinma;or carps%. 4oal com'ustionresidues,44&s. areacollective term referring to the residues produced during the com'ustion of coal regardless ofultimateutiliFationordisposal. It includesflyash- 'ottomash- 'oilerslag- andfluidiFed'edcom'ustion ash and other solid fine particles4-+. In India- presently coal 'ased thermal powerplants are releasing 1$%#T of 44&s which possesses ma;or environmental pro'lems.(resently fromall these thermal power plants- dry fly ash has 'een collected throughElectrostatic (recipitator ,E3(. in dry condition as well as pond ash from ash ponds in semi*wetcondition. In India most of the thermal.power plants do not have the facility for automatic dryash collection system. 4ommonly 'oth fly ash and 'ottom ash together are discharged as slurryto the ash pond@lagoon these affect on environment- economy- and social factor.Car!on footprints in various economies 3ource*Iuman 5evelopment &eport 2$12.Fly $shThe present coal consumption in thermal power station in India results in adding ash estimated12.21 million tons fly ash in to the environment a year of which nearly a third goes in to air andthe rest is dumped on land or "ater in spite of various research results a consistent utiliFation isnot evident- and it e/pected that stocks piles 7f fly ash will continue to grow with the increasingnum'er of super thermal power stationinIndia. 8s relianceuponcoal as afuel sourceincreases- this large 9uantities of this material will 'e increasingly 'rought into contact with thewater and soil environment.ro!lems associated of increasing fly ashIndia has a'out 211 'illion tons of coal reserves- which is known to 'e the largest resource ofenergyandpresently24$#Tof coal is'eingusedannuallytomeet the)ation selectricity 4demand. In terms of energy- India stands at world si/th position accounting 1.%% of the worldcommercial energy demand in 2$$1- 'ut the electricity generation yet not completely fulfilled thepresent re9uirement. Environmental pollution 'y the coal 'ased thermal power plants all overthe world is cited to 'e one of the ma;or sources of pollution affecting the general aesthetics ofenvironment in terms of land use- health haFards and air- soil and water in particular and thusleads to environmental dangersJ4K. >ly ash water also affects the scale structure 'ecause it is adirectly in contact with water. Ieavy metals can also adversely affect the growth rate in ma;orcarpsJ%K. 4oal com'ustionresidues,44&s. areacollectivetermreferringtotheresiduesproduced during the com'ustion of coal regardless of ultimate utiliFation or disposal. It includesfly ash- 'ottom ash- 'oiler slag- and fluidiFed 'ed com'ustion ash and other solid fine particlesJ+K. In India- presently coal'ased thermalpower plants are releasing 1$%#T of 44&s whichpossess ma;or environmental pro'lems JK. (resently from all these thermal power plants- dryfly ash has 'een collected through Electrostatic (recipitator ,E3(. in dry condition as wellaspond ash from ash ponds in semi*wet condition. In India most of the thermal power plants donot have the facility for automatic dry ash collection system.Fly Ash Mitigation Measure>ly ash is fine glass powder- the particles of which are generally spherical in shape and rangefrom $.% to 1$$ micron in siFe. The fine particles of fly ash reach the pulmonary region of thelungsandremaintherefor longperiodsof timeH they'ehavelikecumulativepoisons. Thesu'micron particles enter deeper into the lungs and are deposited on the alveolar walls wherethe metals could 'e transferred to the 'lood plasma across the cell mem'rane fly ash can 'edisposed*off in a dry or wet state. 3tudies show that wet disposal of this waste does not protecttheenvironment frommigrationof metal intothesoil. Ieavymetalscannot 'edegraded'iologically into harmless products like other organic waste. 3tudies also show that coalashsatisfiesthecriteriafor landfill disposal- accordingtotheEnvironmental 8gencyof 2apan.8ccording to the haFardous waste management and handling rule of 1686- fly ash is consideredas non*haFardous. "ith the present practice of fly*ash disposal in ash ponds ,generally in theform of slurry.- the total land re9uired for ash disposal would 'e a'out 82-2$$ ha 'y the year2$2$ at an estimated $.+ ha per #". >ly ash can 'e treated as a 'y*product rather than wasteEnvironmental "mpact of Fly $sh Usage:tiliFation offlyash willnot only minimiFe the disposalpro'lem 'utwillalso helpin utiliFingpreciouslandina'etter way. 4onstructionof roadem'ankmentsusingflyash- involvesencapsulation of fly ash in earthen*core or with &44 facing panels. 3ince there is no seepage ofrain water into the fly ash core- leaching of heavy metals is also prevented. "hen fly ash is usedin concrete- it chemically reacts with cement and reduces any leaching effect. Even when it isused in sta'iliFation work- a similar chemical reaction takes place which 'inds fly ash particles.Ience chances of pollution due to use of fly ash in road works are negligi'leEnergy Saving and Environmental &enifits#ost of the developing countries face energy scarcity and huge housing and other infrastructureshortage. Ideally in these countries materials for ha'itat and other construction activities should'e energy efficient ,having low energy demand.. The following ta'le shows some e/amples ofenergy savings achieved through the use of >ly 8sh in the manufacture of conventional 'uildingmaterials. Conclusion4oal isusedwidelyasathermal energysourceinthermal power plant for productionofelectricity'ut availa'lecoal inIndiaisof poor 9uality-withveryhighashcontent andlowcalorific value. :tiliFation of huge amount of coalin thermalpower plant has created severaladverseeffectsonenvironment leadingtoglo'al climatechangeandflyashmanagementpro'lem. 4oal'ased thermalpower plants allover the world is cited to 'e one of the ma;orsources of pollution affecting the general aesthetics of environment in terms of land use- healthhaFards and air- soil and water in particular and thus leads to environmental dangers. 3o- thedisposa'lemanagement of flyashfromthermal power plant is necessarytoprotect ourenvironment. It isadvisa'letoe/ploreall possi'leapplicationforflyashutiliFation. 3everalefforts are needed to utiliFe fly ash for making 'ricks- in manufacture of cement- ceramics etc.Barious governmental and nongovernmental 'odies working in the field of utiliFation of fly ashfor construction of road@road em'ankment The utiliFation of fly ash gives good result in almostevery aspects including good strength- economically feasi'le and environmental friendly.Bibliographywww.crridom.go.in5techni6ues7&acilities51*.pd&http855www.teriin.orgkorba.go.in5kw0$ash.htm)l$ Ash 9ission2 :+I)A%)2 Department o& (cience and +echnolog$2 9inistr$ o& (cience and +echnolog$2 ;oernment o& India2 +echnolog$.www.wealth$waste.com50$7ash7utili